1.
Leeds
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Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816
2.
Kendal
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Kendal /ˈkɛndəl/, anciently known as Kirkby in Kendal or Kirkby Kendal, is a market town and civil parish within the South Lakeland District of Cumbria, England. Historically in Westmorland, it is situated about 8 miles south-east of Windermere,19 miles north of Lancaster,23 miles north-east of Barrow-in-Furness and 38 miles north-west of Skipton. Kendal today is largely as a centre for tourism, as the home of Kendal mint cake. Its buildings, mostly constructed with the grey limestone, have earned it the nickname Grey Auld Town. Kendal is listed in the Domesday Book as part of Yorkshire with the name Cherchebi, for many centuries it was called Kirkbie Kendal, meaning village with a church in the valley of the River Kent. The earliest castle was a Norman motte and bailey when the settlement went under the name of Kirkbie Strickland, Kendal Green was also worn by slaves in the Americas, and is mentioned in songs and literature from that time. Kendal Green was traditionally the colour of clothing worn by foresters and as such was mentioned by Shakespeare in Henry IV, Part 1. The site of several castles, the most recent one constructed in the late-12th century and it was the castle of the Barony of Kendal, the part of Westmorland ruled from here. The castle is best known for being the home of the Parr family, the Parrs inherited the castle through marriage during the reign of Edward III of England. Rumours still circulate that King Henry VIIIs sixth wife Catherine Parr was born at Kendal Castle, by the time Catherine was born the castle was beyond repair and her father was already based in Blackfriars, London, as a member of the court of King Henry VIII. A Roman fort existed about 2 miles south of the present day town centre and it was built in about AD90, originally as a timber structure, and then rebuilt with stone in about 130 during the reign of Hadrian. The fort was abandoned for about 20 years during the Antonine re-occupation of Scotland and it was then rebuilt during the reign of Marcus Aurelius and occupied until roughly 270. That was probably the last time it was held for military purposes, what remains of the stone structure is now buried under a field. Many of the Roman artefacts from this site may be found in the Kendal museum, early travellers to Kendal complained of eight miles of nothing but a confused mixture of Rockes and Boggs. Riding horseback was the fastest form of travelling for the road was no better than the roughest fell tracks on ground and spongy. It became evident that it was unjust and beyond the power of the scattered rural population thereabouts be called upon to maintain a road used for through traffic. In 1703 by Order of the Quarter Sessions of the Barony of Kendall the surveyors of highways was to make the good and sufficient for the passage of coaches, carts. In 1753 The Keighley and Kendal Turnpike brought the stage coach from Yorkshire to Kendal, Kendal is known for Kendal mint cake, a glucose-based type of confectionery reputedly discovered accidentally by Joseph Wiper during his search for a clear glacier mint
3.
Roads in the United Kingdom
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Roads in the United Kingdom form a network of varied quality and capacity. Road distances are shown in miles or yards and UK speed limits are indicated in miles per hour or by the use of the speed limit symbol. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters, enforcement of UK road speed limits increasingly uses speed guns, automated in-vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras. A unified numbering system is in place for Great Britain, whilst in Northern Ireland, the earliest specifically engineered roads were built during the British Iron Age. The road network was expanded during the Roman occupation, some of these survive and others were lost. New roads were added in the Middle Ages and from the 17th century onwards, certain aspects of the legal framework remain under the competence of the United Kingdom parliament. Although some roads have much older origins, the network was subject to development from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. From then, construction of roads has become controversial with direct action campaigns by environmentalists in opposition. In the UK, vehicles drive on the left and on multi-lane carriageways drivers are expected to keep to the left lane except when overtaking, in Great Britain, the Highway Code applies to drivers. In Northern Ireland, the Highway Code for Northern Ireland applies, UK speed limits are shown in mph. With a few exceptions, they are in multiples of 10, unless a lower speed limit is posted on a road, the national speed limit applies, which varies between class of vehicles and the type of road. In a built-up area, unless signs indicate otherwise, a limit of 30 miles per hour applies, other limits are shown in the table. For a road to be classed as a carriageway, the two directions of traffic flow must be physically separated by a central reservation. Roads in the UK are classified as M, A, or B roads, as well as categories of more minor roads, for internal purposes. These numbers follow a zonal system, there is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers in Northern Ireland. The majority of the major routes are motorways, and are designed to carry long distance traffic. The next category is the A roads, which form the route network. A primary route is defined as, primary destinations are usually cities and large towns, to which, as a result of their size, a high volume of traffic is expected to go
4.
Skipton
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Skipton is a market town and civil parish in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is on the River Aire, at the 2011 Census, Skipton had a population of 14,623. Skipton is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 and it was important during the English Civil War and was the site of a prisoner of war camp during the First World War. The mill as it today is only half of what used to exist when two mills were in operation to produce corn for the whole of Skipton. The mill has been redesigned, from the mill grounds to the buildings themselves. Skipton Castle was built in 1090 as a wooden motte-and-bailey by Robert de Romille, the protection offered by Skipton Castle during the Middle Ages encouraged the urbanisation of the surrounding area, and during times of war and disorder the town attracted an influx of families. It is now one of the most complete and best preserved castles in England and is open to the public. Skipton became a market town, trading sheep and woollen goods, its name derives from the Old English sceap. A market stemming from its formative years still survives, since 1974, Skipton has been the seat of Craven District Council. The Skipton Building Society was founded in the town, Skipton is part of the parliamentary constituency of Skipton and Ripon, which was created in 1983. The constituency has returned a Conservative MP since its inception, the seat is currently held by Julian Smith MP. Before 1983 Skipton had its own eponymous constituency, Skipton forms part of Craven District, a Non-metropolitan district, and is home of the offices of Craven District Council. In 2007, proposals to make North Yorkshire County Council a unitary authority, Skipton has its own town council consisting of 16 Councillors, formed by 4 members from each of the four wards within the parish boundaries. Skipton Town Councillors elect a Town Mayor each year at its Annual General Meeting and this year, the Town Mayor is Councillor Gordon Bell. The Town Council Offices are based on the High Street, above Barclays Bank, the towns major local employer is Skipton Building Society, with its subsidiary companies. The town is home to several companies, including Blue Water Holidays. It is a centre for recruitment, with several hundred people employed in this sector, Recruitment firms include Medacs, JCJ, Templars, Holt and Medic International, and Justteachers. Tourism and retail sales are also significant, there is also a recruitment software company called LMS Recruitment Systems Ltd
5.
Kirkby Lonsdale
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Kirkby Lonsdale /ˈkɜːrbi ˈlɒnzdeɪl/ is a small town and civil parish in the South Lakeland district of Cumbria, England, on the River Lune. Historically in Westmorland, it is situated 13 miles south east of Kendal along the A65, the parish had a population of 1,771, recorded in the 2001 census, increasing to 1,843 at the 2011 Census. Notable buildings include St Marys Church, a Norman structure with fine carved columns. The view of the River Lune from the churchyard is known as Ruskins View, it was praised by John Ruskin as One of the loveliest views in England and painted by J. M. W. Early signs of occupation in the area are a Neolithic stone circle on Casterton Fell, during the Roman occupation, a Roman road followed the course of the River Lune, linking forts at Low Borrow Bridge and Over Burrow. A Roman milestone unearthed in 1836 and described as the best in the country was re erected on a hill near Hawkin Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale developed at a crossing point over the River Lune where several drovers and packhorse routes converged. It is one of the few Cumbrian towns mentioned in the Domesday Book, the earlier church was wholly rebuilt by the Normans, who also erected an artificial mound or motte on nearby glebe land. A wooden tower or keep would have built on the top. In later years, the mound was used for cockfighting, hence the current name of Cockpit Hill, in 1093, Ivo de Taillebois gifted the church at Kirkby Lonsdale to St Marys Abbey in York, which held it until the Dissolution. Thereupon the Abbey and all its possessions, including St Marys Church at Kirkby Lonsdale, were granted to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1227, the town gained a market charter and the right to hold an annual fair every September. Every week, stallholders would gather on Market Street to sell their wares, with traders in the Horsemarket. Thursdays were, as now, the scene of activity as people flocked into the town to buy all manner of goods. By the early 19th century, the old market area was becoming too congested for the volume of trade, the Keighley and Kendal Turnpike of 1753 passed through Kirkby Lonsdale and there met a turnpike from Milnthorpe on the coast. In 1818 the two trusts were amalgamated, Kirkby Lonsdale railway station,2 miles away in Lancashire, opened in 1861 and closed to passengers in 1954. Today, Kirkby Lonsdale bustles with activity, with a market, many local events. The centre is a mix of elegant 18th century buildings and stone cottages huddled around cobbled courtyards and narrow alleyways, with such as Salt Pie Lane. Motorbike enthusiasts meet every Sunday at Devils Bridge, Kirkby Lonsdales secondary school, Queen Elizabeth School, specialises in the performing arts, sports and languages. The school is situated on Biggins Road, and takes pupils from ages 11 to 18, a two day Victorian fair used to be hosted in the town each September
6.
Ilkley
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Ilkley is a spa town and civil parish in West Yorkshire, in Northern England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Ilkley civil parish includes the adjacent village of Ben Rhydding and is a ward within the borough of the City of Bradford. Approximately 12 miles north of Bradford and 17 miles northwest of Leeds, Ilkleys spa town heritage and surrounding countryside make tourism an important local industry. The town centre is characterised by Victorian architecture, wide streets, Ilkley Moor, to the south of the town, is the subject of a folk song, often described as the unofficial anthem of Yorkshire, On Ilkla Moor Baht at. The songs words are written in Yorkshire dialect, its title translated as On Ilkley Moor without a hat, the earliest evidence of habitation in the Ilkley area is from flint arrowheads or microliths, dating to the Mesolithic period, from about 11,000 BC onwards. A druidical stone circle, the Twelve Apostles Stone Circle, was constructed 2,000 years ago, serious interest in the rock art of Ilkley began after the publication in 1879 of the Prehistoric Rock Sculptures of Ilkley by Romilly Allen in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association. The remains of a Roman fort occupy a site near the town centre, some authorities believe it is Olicana, dating to 79 AD, but the identification is not settled. A number of Roman altars have been discovered from the reigns of Antoninus Pius, three Anglo-Saxon crosses from the 8th century that stood in the churchyard of All Saints Church have been moved inside to prevent erosion. The church site, as a centre for Christian worship, extends to 627 AD, the Domesday Book, of 1086, records Ilkley as being in the possession of William de Percy 1st Baron Percy. The land was acquired by the Middelton family of Myddelton Lodge, the family lost possession through a series of land sales and mortgage repossessions over a period of about a hundred years from the early 19th century. The agents of William Middelton were responsible for the design of the new town of Ilkley to replace the village which had stood there before, in the 17th and 18th centuries the town gained a reputation for the efficacy of its water. In the 19th century it established as a fashionable spa town, with the construction of Ben Rhydding Hydro, a hydropathic establishment at Wheatley. Charles Darwin underwent hydropathic treatment at Wells House when his book On the Origin of Species was published on 24 November 1859, tourists flocked to take the waters and bathe in the cold-water spring. Wheatley was renamed Ben Rhydding after the Hydro, which has been demolished, the Midland Railway built a connection to Skipton via Bolton Abbey in May 1888. Other Victorian visitors to the town include Madame Tussaud, the only remaining hydro building is the white cottage known as White Wells House. The cottage can be seen and visited on the edge of the moor overlooking the town, the town has a parish council and although it is a town and has a town hall, the parish council has not exercised its right to be called a town council. The parish consists of four wards and elects 14 councillors, Ilkley North, Ilkley South, Ilkley West, the parish council precept is collected with the annual Council Tax to fund its running and to aid the development of local projects. The parish is a ward in the borough of the City of Bradford and is represented by three Conservative councillors
7.
Road
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Roads consist of one or two roadways, each with one or more lanes and any associated sidewalks and road verges. Roads that are available for use by the public may be referred to as parkways, avenues, freeways, interstates, highways, or primary, secondary, and tertiary local roads. In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a function as urban space easement. Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel, historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In the United Kingdom there is ambiguity between the terms highway and road. The Highway code details rules for road users and this includes footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land and many car parks. Vehicle Excise Duty, a use tax, is payable on some vehicles used on the public road. The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway, in the United States, laws distinguish between public roads, which are open to public use, and private roads, which are privately controlled. The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted, others believe that some roads originated from following animal trails. The Icknield Way is given as an example of type of road origination. By about 10,000 BC, rough roads/pathways were used by human travelers, the worlds oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC. Stone-paved streets are found in the city of Ur in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC, corduroy roads are found dating to 4000 BC in Glastonbury, England. The Sweet Track, a timber causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring 3806 BC, tree-ring dating enabled very precise dating and it was claimed to be the oldest road in the world until the 2009 discovery of a 6, 000-year-old trackway in Plumstead, London. Brick-paved streets were used in India as early as 3000 BC, in 500 BC, Darius I the Great started an extensive road system for Persia, including the Royal Road, which was one of the finest highways of its time. The road remained in use after Roman times, a hybrid of road transport and ship transport beginning in about 1740 is the horse-drawn boat in which the horse follows a cleared path along the river bank. From about 312 BC, the Roman Empire built straight strong stone Roman roads throughout Europe and North Africa, at its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from Rome and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 Roman miles of paved roads. In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire, the most sophisticated roads were those in Baghdad, which were paved with tar
8.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
9.
Yorkshire
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Yorkshire, formally known as the County of York, is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom. Due to its size in comparison to other English counties, functions have been undertaken over time by its subdivisions. Throughout these changes, Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as a geographical territory, Yorkshire has sometimes been nicknamed Gods Own County or Gods Own Country. Yorkshire Day, held on 1 August, is a celebration of the culture of Yorkshire. Yorkshire is now divided between different official regions, most of the county falls within Yorkshire and the Humber. The extreme northern part of the county falls within North East England, Small areas in the west of the historic county now form part of North West England, following boundary changes in 1974. Yorkshire or the County of York was so named as it is the shire of the city of York local /ˈjɔːk/ or Yorks Shire, York comes from the Viking name for the city, Jórvík. Shire is from Old English, scir meaning care or official charge, the shire suffix is locally pronounced /-ʃə/ shuh, or occasionally /-ʃiə/, a homophone of sheer. Early inhabitants of Yorkshire were Celts, who formed two tribes, the Brigantes and the Parisi. The Brigantes controlled territory which later became all of the North Riding of Yorkshire, the tribe controlled most of Northern England and more territory than any other Celtic tribe in England. That they had the Yorkshire area as their heartland is evident in that Isurium Brigantum was the town of their civitas under Roman rule. Six of the nine Brigantian poleis described by Claudius Ptolemaeus in the Geographia fall within the historic county, the Parisi, who controlled the area that would become the East Riding of Yorkshire, might have been related to the Parisii of Lutetia Parisiorum, Gaul. Their capital was at Petuaria, close to the Humber estuary, initially, this situation suited both the Romans and the Brigantes, who were known as the most militant tribe in Britain. Queen Cartimandua left her husband Venutius for his bearer, Vellocatus. Cartimandua, due to her relationship with the Romans, was able to keep control of the kingdom. At the second attempt, Venutius seized the kingdom, but the Romans, under general Petillius Cerialis, the fortified city of Eboracum was named as capital of Britannia Inferior and joint-capital of all Roman Britain. During the two years before the death of Emperor Septimius Severus, the Roman Empire was run from Eboracum by him, another emperor, Constantius Chlorus, died in Yorkshire during a visit in 306 AD. This saw his son Constantine the Great proclaimed emperor in the city, in the early 5th century, the Roman rule ceased with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops
10.
Kirkstall
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Kirkstall is a north-western suburb of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, on the eastern side of the River Aire. To the west is Bramley, to the east is Headingley, the population of the ward at the 2011 Census was 21,709. Kirkstall is around 2 miles from the city centre and is close to the University of Leeds and Leeds Metropolitan University and its main visitor attraction is Kirkstall Abbey. Another landmark is St. Stephens Church designed by the architect Robert Dennis Chantrell, richard Oastler, a reformer and fighter for childrens rights, is buried in a crypt under the churchs east end. In the 12th century Cistercian monks founded Kirkstall Abbey, a house of Fountains Abbey in North Yorkshire. The Abbey House Museum opposite the abbey tells the story of the community, Henry De Lacey, Baron of Pontefract, gave the land for the foundation of the abbey, and Kirkstall has a few roads named in his memory. The Abbey Light Railway, which connected the grounds of the abbey with the Bridge Road commercial area, was closed down in 2012, the Kirkstall Festival is an annual event, held in the abbey grounds on the second Saturday in July since 1981. It is a festival of music, local arts and crafts, Kirkstall is part of the Leeds West parliamentary constituency, whose MP is Rachel Reeves of the Labour Party, first elected in 2010. Fred Asquith was a specialist Yorkshire cricket wicketkeeper who was born in Kirkstall, during the English Civil War, the bridge over the Aire at Kirkstall was blown up by Royalist troops from Leeds. Kirkstall was historically an important centre of industry, Kirkstall Forge lays claim to being the longest continually used industrial site in Britain founded in the 13th century by the Cistercian monks of the abbey, and a number of printers. The earliest known activity on the site was a mill race which supplied water to power the corn mill at Kirkstall Abbey. Iron production took place at the forge from the 1580s onwards, during the late 18th century the reconstruction of the upper and lower forges allowed shovel and spade production to commence. A railway was built at the forge in 1830 and sustained growth at the plant, the First World War brought about large scale growth, providing axles for military vehicles and by 1930 most lorries and buses made in the UK had a Kirkstall back axle casing. In 2002 the owners of the site, the Dana Holding Corporation announced the closure of the works, shifting production to India, the site is undergoing major redevelopment, as is the old Waides Printers & Kwik Save site. Printing has, like iron-founding, suffered a decline, several printing companies remain, until the late 1970s when it was closed, Kirkstall was dominated by a coal fired power station. It was replaced by power stations away from town at Ferrybridge, Eggborough. The power station was demolished in the early 1980s, Kirkstall Abbey is a ruined Cistercian monastery set in grounds which are now a public park on the north bank of the River Aire. It was founded in about 1152 and took over 75 years to construct and it was closed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries under the auspices of Henry VIII
11.
Horsforth
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Horsforth is a suburb and civil parish within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England, lying about five miles north west of Leeds city centre. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, it has a population of 18,895 according to the 2011 Census, Horsforth was considered to have the largest population of any village in the United Kingdom during the latter part of the 19th century. It became part of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in 1974, Horsforth was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Horseford, Horseforde, Hoseforde, but late-ninth-century coins with the legend ORSNA FORD and OHSNA FORD may have come from Horsforth. The name derives from Old English hors or, to judge from the coins, *horsa in the plural form horsa/horsna + ford ford. This refers to a crossing on the River Aire that was subsequently used to transport woollen goods to and from Pudsey, Shipley. The original ford was situated off Calverley Lane, but was replaced by a footbridge at the turn of the 19th century. The estate record of the Stanhopes is regarded as one of the most extensive and important collections of its kind, until the mid 19th century, Horsforth was an agricultural community but it expanded rapidly with the growth of the nearby industrial centre of Leeds. A tannery business was founded at Woodside in about 1820 by the Watson family and it was on the eastern edge of their small farm, and memorialised by Tanhouse Hill Lane. Industrially, Horsforth has a history of producing high quality stone from its quarries, situated on Horsforth Beck were mills serving the textile trade. Between 1861 and 1862, there was an outbreak of typhoid, Horsforth was historically a township in the parish of Guiseley. It became a civil parish in 1866. In the late-19th century it achieved note as the village with the largest population in England, railways, turnpike roads, tramways and the nearby canal made it a focus for almost all forms of public and commercial transport and it became a dormitory suburb of Leeds. The civil parish became Horsforth Urban District in 1894, the parish and urban district were abolished in 1974 and merged into the new City of Leeds metropolitan district. In 1999 Horsforth became a parish and a parish council was created. Horsforth Village Museum has collections and displays illustrating aspects of life set against the backdrop of the role of the village. During World War II the £241,000 required to build the corvette HMS Aubretia was raised entirely by the people of Horsforth, in 2000 the US President Bill Clinton acknowledged Horsforths contribution to the war effort in a letter sent to MP Paul Truswell. The letter is in the museum, Horsforth railway station is on the Harrogate Line between Harrogate and Leeds. The station is just outside the Horsforth parish boundary, on the Cookridge side of Moseley Beck, Newlay station, which was built by the Midland Railway, was renamed Newlay & Horsforth station in 1889
12.
Yeadon, West Yorkshire
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Yeadon is a town within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England. It is home to Leeds Bradford International Airport, the appropriate City of Leeds ward is called Otley and Yeadon. The population at the 2011 Census was 22,233, at the time of the Anglo-Saxons in the early 7th century AD much of the Aire valley was still heavily wooded, although perhaps Yeadon stood out above the tree line. The place name is derived from two Old English words meaning high hill, as -don is derived from an Anglo-Saxon word for hill. Between 675 and 725 AD there was a Christian settlement in Airedale, viking settlers called the highest point in the area Yeadon Haw. The suffix haw appears to have been tautological, as it was derived from the Old Norse haugr. When the Domesday Book was compiled, Rawdon, Horsforth and Yeadon were classified as Terra Regis—land owned by the king, historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Yeadon was formed out of Guiseley in 1845. It was a centre of woollen manufactures in the 19th century and its board of health was established in 1863. It had a fair every year on the first Monday in April and the Yeadon Feast in the third week of August. The fair continued until the early 1980s, when housing for the elderly was built on the site, the former Yorkshire and England cricket captain Brian Close lived in the town during his childhood. In chronostratigraphy, the term Yeadonian—for a British sub-stage of the Carboniferous period—is derived from the study of a site at the brick. The line continued over Henshaw Lane where an old bridge can still be seen, immediately after the bridge was the railway station, the line terminated opposite Trinity Church in Rawdon. Yeadon Station was mostly used for goods and served several large mills directly along its route, the only passenger trains were special services. The first train to leave Yeadon Station held 500 people in 1905, the following year, trains took passengers from Yeadon to Blackpool. The line was closed in 1966, Yeadon was connected by tram to Leeds from 1909 until the 1950s. Yeadon has a bus connection to Leeds, Bradford, Harrogate, the local services are operated by First Leeds, Yorkshire Tiger and Transdev Keighley. Most school services are operated by CT Plus with some operated by Transdev Blazefield, the nearest open railway station is Guiseley. Avro had a factory next to Yeadon Aerodrome from 1938 to 1946 which produced many of the companys planes, including the Lancaster, Lincoln, York
13.
Guiseley
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Guiseley is a small town in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is situated south of Otley, at the 2001 census, Guiseley together with Rawdon had a population of over 21,000, increasing to 22,347 at the 2011 Census. The A65, which passes through the town, is the shopping street. Guiseley railway station has train services into Leeds, Bradford. Guiseley is also served by Menston to the north and Baildon to the south, guiseleys name is of Saxon origin. The settlement predates the Domesday Book, in which it is listed as Gisele, much of the Aire valley was once wooded, and ley means a clearing in the woodland. Guiseleys church dedicated to St Oswald was the centre of a parish that included many surrounding villages. It was used by generations of the Longfellow family, henry Wadsworth Longfellows 5th great-grandfather left here for the New World in the 17th century. The rector of St Oswalds for several decades was Rev. Robert More, patrick Brontë and Maria Branwell were married at St Oswalds and became the parents of six children, including Anne, Charlotte and Emily Brontë. Guiseley was an ancient parish in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the parish also included the townships of Carlton, Horsforth, Rawdon and Yeadon, all of which became separate civil parishes in 1866. In 1937 the civil parish of Guiseley was abolished and merged into the new Aireborough Urban District, in 1974 Aireborough was itself abolished and absorbed into the City of Leeds Metropolitan District in the new county of West Yorkshire. Crompton Parkinson was a major employer until its factory closed in 2004, the town was the home of Silver Cross, a pram manufacturer, whose factory was operational from 1936 to 2002. The town is significant for Harry Ramsden, whose fish and chip shop traded from a small shed next to the tram stop, in 1930 he opened the worlds biggest fish and chip shop. The original restaurant was closed in December 2011, the Wetherby Whaler group purchased the site and planned a £500,000 refurbishment to open during the summer of 2012. The new Wetherby Whaler restaurant opened on 22 May 2012, Harry Corbett, significant for his childrens television glove puppet character Sooty stage act, lived with his parents, who owned a fish and chip shop on Springfield Road. The Global CPAD Campaign, was founded in Guiseley by local Community First Responder Brian Firth, the Campaign was launched in 2013 with the initial target of raising funds for one CPAD to be placed in Guiseley. They have now raised funds for in excess of 70 CAPDs throughout Aireborough and nearby communities, one of the recent Defibrillators was actually donated on behalf of Harry Corbett and Sooty and installed at The Guiseley Theatre. The Global CPAD Campaign has also installed defibrillators at the premises originally owned by Harry Ramsdens, St. Oswalds C of E Church is the largest in the town
14.
Settle, North Yorkshire
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Settle is a small market town and civil parish in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is served by Settle railway station located near the town centre and it is 29 miles from Leeds Bradford Airport. The main road through Settle is the B6480, which links to the A65, connecting Settle to Skipton, the town has a population of 2,421 according to the 2001 Census increasing to 2,564 at the 2011 Census. Settle is thought to have 7th century Anglian origins, its name being the Angle word for settlement, Craven in the Domesday Book shows that until 1066 Bo was the lord of Settle but after the Harrying of the North the land was granted to Roger de Poitou. In 1249 a market charter was granted to Henry de Percy, a market square developed and the main route through the medieval town was aligned on an east-west direction, from Albert Hill, Victoria Street, High Street and Cheapside and on through Kirkgate. This road led to Giggleswick where the citizens attended the parish church, the first bridge over the River Ribble was mentioned in 1498. During the English Civil War, the Cliffords, the lords of the manor were Royalists, john Lambert of Calton in Malhamdale, was a general in Cromwells army and his troops camped at Settle in August 1651 while on the road to an encounter in Lancaster. Daniel Defoe wrote Settle is the capital of a little kingdom of its own surrounded by barren hills. Because of its remoteness Settle saw mostly local commerce, the old roads were pack horse trails and drovers roads along hilltops because the valley was soft and swampy before field drainage and the dredging of stream estuaries. In the 1700s textile industrialists supported by traders and landowners campaigned for a turnpike to connect with growing industrial towns, the minute book for the Keighley and Kendal Turnpike Trust shows that most investors were mill owners from the Giggleswick district. In 1827 the trust, having miscalculated the cost of maintenance, was in debt by £34,000. When in 1877 the trust was terminated, the received on average 54% of their deposit. The investors had benefited in that Settle was now well connected, the first passenger stagecoach arrived in 1763. The Mail Coach was running regularly in 1786, the Union coach for passengers ran each way on alternate days in the early 1800s, and daily by 1840. The little North Western Railway reached Giggleswick in 1847 and in 1849 the railway company constructed Station Road from Giggleswick to Settle, in the late 18th century cotton spinning became the towns main employment. Bridge End Mill was converted from corn milling to cotton spinning, john Procter operated mills at Runley and Kings Mill which were taken over by his son Thomas. He built the row of cottages, Procters Row in Lower Kirkgate. In 1835, Dog Kennel Mill and Brennands Weaving Shed, Settle had five mills employing 333 people, Settle is served by a town council made up of 11 councillors
15.
Ingleton, North Yorkshire
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Ingleton is a village and civil parish in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England. The village is 19 miles from Kendal and 17 miles from Lancaster on the side of the Pennines. It is 9.3 miles from Settle, the River Doe and the River Twiss meet to form the source of the River Greta, a tributary of the River Lune. The village is on the A65 road and at the head of the A687, the B6255 takes the south bank of the River Doe to Ribblehead and Hawes. All that remains of the railway in the village is the landmark Ingleton Viaduct, Arthur Conan Doyle was a regular visitor to the area and was married locally, as his mother lived at Masongill from 1882 to 1917. There is growing evidence to support a claim that the inspiration for the name Sherlock Holmes came from here, Whernside,5.7 miles NNE of the village, one of the Yorkshire Three Peaks, is the highest point in the parish at 736 metres. There are major quarries within the parish, Ingleton Quarry is active Meal Bank Quarry no longer is, but extracted Carboniferous limestone and possesses an early Hoffman kiln. Ingleton and the area was settled in the Iron Age by the Brigantes who built a hill fort on top of Ingleborough with walls a kilometer in circumference. The Romans defeated the Brigantes in battle and built a fort alongside the hill fort, the valley was crossed by Roman roads as Ingleton was a strategic river crossing. By the 12th century the Normans had built a church in the village, willian Lowther of Ingleton Hall was Lord of the Manor, Justice of the Peace for the West Riding and had seven children. His son Richard inherited the manor and two joined the church. His daughter Frances married John Walker who leased the Ingleton Colleries, Richard Lowther and his son Gerrard were on the losing Royalist side at the Civil War siege of Pontefract Castle in 1645, and later at Newark. The war ended and his dead, Gerrard was fined by the new government for his delinquency. The Lord of Manor title had passed to Anthony Bouch by 1665, the Ingleton Coalfield was worked for 400 years. It is about 6 miles long by 4 mile wide and extends into the parishes of Burton in Lonsdale and Thornton-in-Lonsdale. The coalfield terminates at the South Craven fault, the coal measures are shallow and represent the lowest layers in the Pennine coal measures sequence. The earliest coal mining occurred along the River Greta where Four Foot, most deep mining was at New Ingleton Pit sunk in 1913. Its sinking led to the discovery of the Ten Foot seam at 127 yards, beneath them are the Four Foot seam at 233 yards, the Three Foot seam at 236 yards and the Six Foot seam at 260 yards
16.
Cumbria
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Cumbria is a non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbrias county town is Carlisle, in the north of the county, the county of Cumbria consists of six districts, and in 2008 had a population of just under half a million. Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in the United Kingdom, a large area of the south east of the county is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park while the east of the county fringes the North Pennines AONB. Much of Cumbria is mountainous, and it contains every peak in England over 3,000 feet above sea level, with Scafell Pike at 3,209 feet being the highest point of England. An upland, coastal, and rural area, Cumbrias history is characterised by invasions, migration, notable historic sites in Cumbria include Carlisle Castle, Furness Abbey, Hardknott Roman Fort, Brough Castle and Hadrians Wall, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. D. Based on inscriptional evidence from the area, the Roman civitas of the Carvetii seems to have covered portions of Cumbria, the names Cumbria, Cymru, Cambria, and Cumberland are derived from the name these people gave themselves, *kombroges in Common Brittonic, which originally meant compatriots. In the Early Middle Ages, Cumberland formed the core of the Brittonic kingdom of Rheged, for the rest of the first millennium, Cumbria was contested by several entities who warred over the area, including the Brythonic Kingdom of Strathclyde and the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria. Most of modern-day Cumbria was a principality in the Kingdom of Scotland at the time of the Norman conquest of England in 1066, in 1092 Cumberland was invaded by William II and incorporated into England. There were at least three sieges of Carlisle fought between England and Scotland, and two sieges during the Jacobite risings. In particular, the west-coast towns of Workington, Millom and Barrow-in-Furness saw large iron and steel mills develop, Kendal, Keswick and Carlisle all became mill towns, with textiles, pencils and biscuits among the products manufactured in the region. Later, the childrens writer Beatrix Potter also wrote in the region and became a major landowner and its strategic authority is Cumbria County Council. Local papers The Westmorland Gazette and Cumberland and Westmorland Herald continue to use the name of their historic county, other publications, such as local government promotional material, describe the area as Cumbria, as do the Lake District National Park Authority and most visitors. Cumbria is the most northwesterly county of England, the northernmost and southernmost points in Cumbria are just west of Deadwater, Northumberland and South Walney respectively. Kirkby Stephen and St Bees Head are the most easterly and westerly points of the county, at 978 metres Scafell Pike is the highest point in Cumbria and in England. Windermere is the largest natural lake in England, the Lancaster Canal runs from Preston into South Cumbria and is partly in use. The Ulverston Canal which once reached to Morecambe Bay is maintained although it was closed in 1945, the Solway Coast and Arnside and Silverdale AONBs lie in the lowland areas of the county, to the north and south respectively. Cumbria is bordered by the English counties of Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, the boundaries are along the Irish Sea to Morecambe Bay in the west, and along the Pennines to the east
17.
Burley in Wharfedale
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Burley-in-Wharfedale is a village and civil parish in the county of West Yorkshire, England, and is situated within the Wharfedale valley. The hamlet of Burley Woodhead, a cluster of farms and homes at the foot of Burley Moor, is 1 mile to the south-west, the cotton mill no longer operates, but the goit is now utilised to provide hydro electric power, and a weir remains. The development of industrial and commercial centres in the cities of Leeds and Bradford, combined with rail and bus links. Council housing was built in the 1920s and 1950s, as the village became a settlement for the two cities. With developments in the half of the 20th century, Burley became a prosperous. The village has a percentage of elderly and retired people. In 2006, following a petition to the authority and permission from the Secretary of State. With Menston, Burley is part of Wharfedale Ward in the borough of the City of Bradford. The village contains a range of local businesses, Burley public buildings include the Queens Hall, originally built as a lecture hall for mill workers. Recent work by community groups has resulted in developments including a new reserve. The school was established in 1889 by Augustus Wooldridge Godby, formerly an all boys school, it became a co-educational school in 1999 when it moved location to Greystone Manor. Burley churches are those for Anglicans, Calvinists, Methodists, the Anglican Parish Church is dedicated to St Mary. Burley has a range of housing types and age, and terrace houses and cottages at the centre, the former hospital was converted into private townhouses and flats. Burley has a station on the Wharfedale Line, with direct trains to Leeds, Bradford and Ilkley. Burley Woodhead was home to the celebrity, the late Richard Whiteley. It may have been the birthplace of Walter of Burley, a medieval English logician and theologian, mark James, Ryder Cup captain in 1999, lives in the village. British cyclist Scott Thwaites is from Burley, in 2012 he became the Mens Elite Road Race Champion in the National road cycling championships held at Otley
18.
Addingham
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Addingham is a village and civil parish in the English county of West Yorkshire. It is situated near the A65,6 miles south east of Skipton,3 miles west of Ilkley,19 miles north west of Bradford and it is located in the valley of the River Wharfe and is only 1 mile from the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The name is thought to mean homestead associated with a man called Adda, although in the Domesday Book, the village was referred to as Ediham, the 2001 census numbered Addinghams population at 3,599, increasing to 3,730 at the 2011 Census. The area around Addingham is thought to have been populated from at least Bronze Age times, indicated by the cup and its beginnings may date back to the late Mesolithic period, as evidenced by the scattered remains of early flint tools across Rombalds Moor to the south. The village grew up around three centres, Church Street in the east, The Green, about a mile away in the west and this is thought to be one of the reasons the village used to be known as Long Addingham. Since the decline of the industry during the 20th century. It is home to an award-winning Medical Centre, a park, four public houses, several retirement homes. The first evidence of settlements come from the Iron Age – evidence of tree clearance dating back to 700 BC has been found. Remains of an Iron Age settlement can also be found on Addingham Low Moor, little evidence remains of the 350 years of Roman occupation, save for the Roman road towards Skipton which, up until the 1800s, was still the primary route between the two settlements. The Domesday Book in 1086 places the village in the region of Burghshire, the weir of a medieval corn mill that is located near modern-day High Mill has been dated back to 1315, and is one of the oldest medieval structures in the village. Despite this, the occupation in the 1370s, when poll tax was levied, was agriculture. The Roman Catholic Church Our Lady and of the English Martyrs, during the English Civil War in 1642, Addingham was probably mainly Royalist, as several villagers are thought to have helped to defend Skipton Castle from the Parliamentarians. The earliest indications of the industry in the village can be found in the will of William Atkinson in 1568. They built a mill which enabled yarn to be spun more quickly than by hand. A weir was constructed on the river and a wheel installed to provide the power and it was the first successful worsted mill in the world. These buildings still exist today, and examples can be seen on Stockinger Lane, in 1826, Low Mill, now under the tenancy of Jeremiah Horsfall, was the scene of a Luddite uprising. In the 1851 census, so many of the houses at Low Mill were reported as empty that it is assumed that the mill remained closed until then, by 1861, hand loom weavers had practically disappeared. However, shortly afterwards, Samuel Cunliffe Lister re-opened Low Mill, in 1875, the Lord of the Manor, Richard Smith of London, proposed the construction of 20 streets, each with 40 to 50 houses
19.
A59 road
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The A59 is a major road in England which runs from Wallasey, Merseyside to York, North Yorkshire. The A59 is around 109 miles long, starting in Wallasey at the end of the M53 motorway. In the centre of Liverpool, a separate 0.7 miles spur heads north from the junction at the entrance of the Queensway Tunnel. It continues north through Kirkdale and Walton, passing Aintree Racecourse and Ormskirk Road, before reaching Switch Island junction where it meets the A5036, M57 motorway and the M58 motorway. From Switch Island, the A59 travels through Maghull and Lydiate, into Lancashire through Aughton and thence to Ormskirk, at Ormskirk, it reverts from a dual to single carriageway on an old bypass. The road follows through Burscough and Rufford, before reaching the A565 at Tarleton, the road continues over the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and River Douglas through to Longton bypass, where it returns to dual carriageway. Passing Lancashire Police HQ, the road continues through Penwortham across the River Ribble into Preston, by-passing the city centre via Ring Way, where the A583 from Blackpool converges. It briefly merges with the A6 before heading East and meeting the M6 at junction 31, the A59 continues through Myerscough Smithy then runs around the perimeter of Samlesbury Aerodrome. As Longsight Road, it passes through Salesbury until meeting A666, at which point it bypasses Billington, Whalley, from Horton it enters North Yorkshire and goes through West and East Marton before meeting the A56, after which the road passes Broughton. Past Broughton, the road meets the Skipton bypass at its western end, the road continues over the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway through a roundabout junction with the B6260 before rising up Beamsley hill. At the top of the hill, the road crosses into the Harrogate district, the A59 then runs along the head of Fewston Reservoir and follows the route of a Roman road past the golf balls at Menwith Hill, an RAF station. As Skipton Road, the A59 then declines towards Harrogate passing Kettlesing, reaching Harrogate as Skipton Road, it meets the A61 Ripon Road for Ripon, Harrogate town centre and Leeds, before continuing through the suburbs of the town as Skipton Road. Part of this section travels across the Stray, a tract of grassy land which horseshoes around the town centre. The A59, however, continues to travel through Starbeck as Knaresborough Road and later High Street, the remainder of the route is comparatively flat. From Knaresborough, the A59 meets up with York-directed traffic from Harrogate on the A658, in Yorkshire, the A59 stretch of the Skipton bypass was opened in 1981, providing welcome relief to the town, which often became a bottleneck as through traffic crossed in the town. The concurrent bypass crosses the B6265 north of the town, the A59 was upgraded to primary status during the 1990s due to its increased perceived importance as an east-west route. At Beamsley hill, it has two eastbound and a single lane westbound during the incline - which was improved at various points during the 1980s. This stretch of the route is claimed to be the busiest road in North Yorkshire, the road originally ended to the south of Green Hammerton, with the A66 routed down from Boroughbridge and going into York
20.
Bradford
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Bradford /ˈbrædfərd/ is in the Metropolitan Borough of the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England, in the foothills of the Pennines 8.6 miles west of Leeds, and 16 miles northwest of Wakefield. Bradford became a borough in 1847, and received its charter as a city in 1897. Following local government reform in 1974, city status was bestowed upon the metropolitan borough. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Bradford rose to prominence during the 19th century as a centre of textile manufacture. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the earliest industrialised settlements, the textile sector in Bradford fell into decline from the mid-20th century. However, Bradford has faced challenges to the rest of the post-industrial area of Northern England, including deindustrialisation, social unrest. It was recorded as Bradeford in 1086, after an uprising in 1070, during William the Conquerors Harrying of the North, the manor of Bradford was laid waste and is described as such in the Domesday Book of 1086. It then became part of the Honour of Pontefract given to Ilbert de Lacy for service to the Conqueror, there is evidence of a castle in the time of the Lacys. The manor then passed to the Earl of Lincoln, John of Gaunt, The Crown and, ultimately, by the middle ages Bradford, had become a small town centred on Kirkgate, Westgate and Ivegate. In 1316 there is mention of a mill, a soke mill where all the manor corn was milled. During the Wars of the Roses the inhabitants sided with House of Lancaster, Edward IV granted the right to hold two annual fairs and from this time the town began to prosper. In the reign of Henry VIII Bradford exceeded Leeds as a manufacturing centre, Bradford grew slowly over the next two-hundred years as the woollen trade gained in prominence. During the Civil War the town was garrisoned for the Parliamentarians, Sir Thomas Fairfax took the command of the garrison and marched to meet the Duke of Newcastle but was defeated. The Parliamentarians retreated to Bradford and the Royalists set up headquarters at Bolling Hall from where the town was besieged leading to its surrender, the Civil War caused a decline in industry but after the accession of William and Mary in 1689 prosperity began to return. The launch of manufacturing in the early 18th century marked the start of the development while new canal. In 1801, Bradford was a market town of 6,393 people. Bradford was thus not much bigger than nearby Keighley and was smaller than Halifax. This small town acted as a hub for three nearby townships – Manningham, Bowling and Great and Little Horton, which were separated from the town by countryside
21.
Gargrave
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Gargrave is a large village and civil parish in the Craven district located along the A65,4 miles north-west of Skipton in North Yorkshire, England. It is situated on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales. The River Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal pass through the village and it had a population of 1,764 in 2001 reducing slightly to 1,755 at the 2011 census. At Kirk Sink in the century the Romans built a villa in flat meadowland near the River Aire. It was excavated in 1968-1974 by Brian Hartley and its central room had a seven-metre square mosaic floor and a bath house was built alongside. The villa was surrounded by two ditches, Gargrave House was built in 1917 by the distinguished Scottish architect, James Dunn. Gargrave is in the Gargrave and Malhamdale ward of the authority, Craven District Council. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was measured at 3,037, for parliamentary elections Gargrave is in the Skipton and Ripon constituency. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal passes through the village and the road is the A65 Leeds to Kendal road. There has been a campaign to have a by-pass built around the village. Gargrave railway station is served by services to Skipton and Leeds to the east and Morecambe. Gargrave has bus links to Skipton, Settle, Malham, Barnoldswick, the parish church is dedicated to St Andrew was built in 1852 but has much earlier origins. Robert of Newminster who was born in the parish in about 1100 was an early rector, former Chancellor of the Exchequer Iain Macleod is buried in the south-east corner of the churchyard. Being on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and having the Pennine Way National Trail going through the village, Gargrave is a destination for hikers. Gargrave has a hall hosting art exhibitions, tea dances, snooker, lectures, indoor bowls. Gargraves football club currently has an A and a B team playing in the Premier Division and Division 1 of the Craven League, the cricket club has first and second team playing in the Craven and District Cricket League. There is also a club and a bowling club in the village as well as the Craven Lawn Tennis Club being sited there. Since the turn of the century there is a society run from the Masons Arms public house in the village
22.
Pennine Way
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The Pennine Way is a National Trail in England, with a small section in Scotland. The path runs along the Pennine hills, sometimes described as the backbone of England, although not the United Kingdoms longest National Trail, it is according to the Ramblers Association one of Britains best known and toughest. The path was the idea of the journalist and rambler Tom Stephenson, inspired by similar trails in the United States of America, Stephenson proposed the concept in an article for the Daily Herald in 1935, and later lobbied Parliament for the creation of an official trail. The walk was planned to end at Wooler but eventually it was decided that Kirk Yetholm would be the finishing point. The final section of the path was declared open in a ceremony held on Malham Moor on 24 April 1965, before the official opening of the Pennine Way the British Army was invited to test the whole route, a task which they accomplished in one day. A report was provided on the signage and route feasibility. The Pennine Way celebrated its 50th anniversary in April 2015, a special four-part BBC One series The Pennine Way was broadcast throughout April. These actions have been effective in reducing the extent of broken ground. Accommodation is available at Youth Hostels, camp sites, B&Bs, there are 535 access points where the Pennine Way intersects with other public rights of way. The route is crossed by many roads, and passes through many villages. This makes it easy to sample a short section of the trail, most of the Pennine Way is on public footpaths, rather than bridleways, and so is not accessible to travellers on horseback or bicycle. However, a roughly parallel Pennine Bridleway is also open from Derbyshire to Cumbria and this route, open to anyone not using motorised vehicles, starts slightly farther south than the Pennine Way. A survey by the National Trails agency reported that a walker covering the length of the trail is obliged to navigate 287 gates,249 timber stiles,183 stone stiles and 204 bridges. 198 miles of the route is on footpaths,70 miles on public bridleways and 20 miles on other public highways. The walker is aided by the provision of 458 waymarks, the Pennine Way originally climbed north from Edale across the middle of the Kinder Scout plateau. It was rerouted to reduce erosion, and now heads west to climb onto the plateau by steps known as Jacobs Ladder and it then turns north to follow the western edge of the plateau past Kinder Downfall, crosses the Snake Pass road and climbs Bleaklow. From the summit the trail descends to Longdendale, in the dale it crosses the dam of Torside Reservoir to Crowden, the first village since the start of the trail 16 miles away. From Crowden the Pennine Way climbs a side valley past Laddow Rocks to the summit of Black Hill on the border of Yorkshire and it descends across Wessenden Head Moor and the A635 road to the Wessenden Valley
23.
Giggleswick
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Giggleswick is a village and civil parish in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated on the B6480 road, less than 1 mile north-west from the town of Settle and it is the site of Giggleswick School. A Dictionary of British Place Names contains the entry, Giggleswick N. Yorks, ‘Dwelling or farm of a man called Gikel or Gichel’. The village is served by Giggleswick railway station provides services to Leeds in one direction and Lancaster. The station is served by five trains per day in each direction and is operated by Northern, close to the station, and opposite the Craven Arms Hotel is the Plague Stone. This has a trough which, in times of plague, was filled with vinegar to sterilize the coins that were left by townspeople as payment for food brought from surrounding farms. The stone was moved a distance from its original location when the Settle bypass was built. The parish church is dedicated to St Alkelda, an obscure Anglo-Saxon saint associated with the North Yorkshire town of Middleham. The building dates mostly from the 15th century, but carved stones discovered during the restoration of 1890–92 indicated that a building existed on the site before the Norman Conquest and it has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building. Richard Whiteley of Channel 4s Countdown was a pupil at Giggleswick School, russell Harty was an English teacher at the same time. The operatic soprano, Sarah Fox, was born in the village, the Star Wars actor Anthony Daniels also attended the school. Henry Maudsley, the pioneering British psychiatrist, was born on a farm outside Giggleswick in 1835, the Victorian era actor Sir John Hare was born here in 1844. Professor Sir Nevill Francis Mott, who won the Nobel prize in physics in 1977, was born in Leeds, Giggleswick is notable amongst rock climbers for a limestone crag, retro-bolted with many sports routes during 2005 &2006. The crag is opposite Settle Golf Club on the B6480, North of Giggleswick, an episode of the radio comedy The Shuttleworths was set in Giggleswick. Comedy writers Ray Galton and Alan Simpson used Giggleswick as their emblem of a travelling actors date with obscurity in Hancocks Half Hour, The Train Journey episode, les Dawson did the same, in 1975, in Dawsons Weekly. The television series 24seven was filmed at Giggleswick School, among the few observers of a 24-second solar eclipse in 1927 were those in the Astronomer Royals expedition to Giggleswick. Media related to Giggleswick at Wikimedia Commons Historic England, Giggleswick Parish Council official website Yorksview - Giggleswick Giggleswick Primary Schools Website Giggleswick School Website Walk book on history of Giggleswick A video of the station added
24.
Clapham, North Yorkshire
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Clapham is a village in the civil parish of Clapham cum Newby in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England. It was previously in the West Riding of Yorkshire and it lies within the Yorkshire Dales National Park,6 miles north-west of Settle, and just off the A65 road. The church of St James in Clapham was founded in Norman times and it is mentioned in records dating back to 1160. The village and church were burned during a Scottish raid following the Battle of Bannockburn in the early 14th century, the church tower was probably erected following this incident, but the rest of the church dates from the 19th century. In the 14th century John de Clapham, who took his surname from the village, was a supporter of the Earl of Warwick and his descendants took part in the Wars of the Roses on the side of the House of Lancaster. Since the 18th century Clapham has been home to the Farrer family who established their Ingleborough estate, the family owns, and is responsible for, much of the land, walls, woods, fields and moors of the village, surrounding countryside and farms. Electricity has been generated on the Ingleborough estate since 1893, there is an operating water turbine-powered generator at the top of the village next to the waterfall. Originally it supplied the church, Ingleborough Hall, Home Farm and 13 street lights, there is another turbine in the sawmill which is in use although it is now helped by an electric motor when the larger saw is in use. In August 1947 the Trow Ghyll skeleton was discovered in a cave above the village, Clapham is situated at the base of Ingleborough mountain, one of Yorkshires Three Peaks - Ingleborough, Whernside and Pen-y-ghent, and is a starting point for its ascent. The beck feeds into the River Lune via the River Wenning, the beck is crossed by four bridges in the village. Above the village is a lake built and expanded in the 19th century. This provided pressure for the turbines and the drinking water supply. Clapham lies on the Craven Fault zone, a geological fault which marks the division of the sandstone rocks of the Bowland area. However, the valley of Clapham Beck has cut through the limestone and into the underlying Ordovician basement rocks which produce soils that are acid and this is beneficial to the many species of rhododendron planted along Clapdale and which would suffer in alkaline soils. From 1939 until 2000 The Dalesman magazine was based in the village, the car park is run by the Yorkshire Dales National Park, with fees going directly to it. Ingleborough Cave is a show cave open to the public, accessed through the grounds of the Ingleborough Estate, beyond the show cave a path continues through the gorge of Trow Gill and Gaping Gill. Local caving clubs set up a winch down Gaping Gill during the Spring and August bank holidays, the Cave Rescue Organisation, which serves people and animals above and below ground across a wide area of the Dales, is based in the village. The village is served by Clapham railway station which is situated 1 mile south-west of the village, the notable botanist Reginald Farrer was brought up in Clapham
25.
The National Archives (United Kingdom)
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The National Archives is a non-ministerial government department. Its parent department is the Department for Culture, Media and Sport of the United Kingdom and it is the official archive of the UK government and for England and Wales, and guardian of some of the nations most iconic documents, dating back more than 1,000 years. There are separate national archives for Scotland and Northern Ireland, TNA was formerly four separate organisations, the Public Record Office, the Historical Manuscripts Commission, the Office of Public Sector Information and Her Majestys Stationery Office. It is institutional policy to include the article, with an initial capital letter, in its name. The National Archives is based in Kew in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in south-west London, the building was opened in 1977 as an additional home for the public records, which were held in a building on Chancery Lane. The site was originally a World War I hospital, which was used by several government departments. It is near to Kew Gardens Underground station, until its closure in March 2008, the Family Records Centre in Islington was run jointly by The National Archives and the General Register Office. The National Archives has an office in Norwich, which is primarily for former OPSI staff. There is also a record storage facility in the worked-out parts of Winsford Rock Salt Mine, Winsford. For earlier history, see Public Record Office, the name remained The National Archives. This work helps inform todays decisions and ensure that they become tomorrows permanent record, the National Archives has long had a role of oversight and leadership for the entire archives sector and archives profession in the UK, including local government and non-governmental archives. Under the Public Records Act 1958 it is responsible for overseeing the appropriate custody of certain non-governmental public records in England, under the 2003 Historical Manuscripts Commission Warrant it has responsibility for investigating and reporting on non-governmental records and archives of all kinds throughout the United Kingdom. The National Archives now sees part of its role as being to enhance the archival health of the nation. The collections held by the National Archives can be searched using their online catalogue, entrance to The National Archives is free. Anybody aged 16 or over can access the documents at the Kew site. The reading room has terminals from which documents can be ordered up from secure storage areas by their reference number, Documents can also be ordered in advance. Once a document has been ordered, The National Archives aims to get it to the reader within 45 minutes, special arrangements are in place for readers wishing to retrieve large groups of files. A readers ticket is not needed to access records on microform or online, frequently accessed documents such as the Abdication Papers have been put on microfilm, as have records for two million First World War soldiers
26.
A58 road
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The A58 is a major road in Northern England that runs between Prescot, Merseyside and Wetherby, West Yorkshire. The road then goes through Ripponden and Sowerby Bridge to Halifax and onwards to Leeds via the villages of Hipperholme, Birkenshaw and it runs through Leeds as the A58 motorway, then north-east through Scarcroft, Bardsey and Collingham to its terminus at Wetherby. The original route between Leeds and Wetherby was bypassed with a new dual carriageway diverting from Roundhay Road/ Wetherby Road and it runs along the Easterly Road dual carriageway passing Oakwood and Gipton. The re-routed A58 meets its original route at Boggart Hill in Seacroft, the re-routed section was constructed in the 1930s and had a branch of the Leeds Tramway running along the central reservation until the 1950s. The proposed Leeds Supertram was also to run this route, google map of A58 Media related to A58 road at Wikimedia Commons
27.
Leeds Outer Ring Road
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The Leeds Outer Ring Road is a main road that runs around most of the perimeter of the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. The ring road is approximately 25 miles long and consists of single, hence the road is not a loop and so is not a true ring road, although it is designated as such. The road begins in Belle Isle and ends in Colton at junction 46 of the M1 motorway and it begins in Belle Isle as an un-numbered road and goes through to Beeston. For the rest of the way between Farsley and Colton the road is the A6120 and it is a mixture of single, the ring road becomes the A63 road following a short concurrency and ends in Colton. There are future proposals for the dualling of the congested Outer Ring Road. The road name of the ring road reflects the district it passes through, the table below states the name of the ring road and the number of carriageways in each district. As A6110 A643 road Ring Road Beeston / Elland Road There is a concurrency where the A6110. As A6120 A64 road Ring Road Seacroft There is a concurrency where the A6120. A63 road Selby Road The former A63 between M1 J46 and Whitkirk Roundabout was redesignated A6120 in 2001, A6120 Leeds Outer Ring Road study - Leeds City Council. Leeds Outer Ring Road - UK Roads, Leeds
28.
Rawdon, West Yorkshire
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Rawdon is a village and civil parish in the metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. The appropriate City of Leeds Ward is Guiseley and Rawdon, granting manors to military leaders was more than a matter of largesse on William’s part. It was the method of controlling newly conquered countries. At the time of invasion, Paulyn, in common with his peers, had no true surname, surnames were not yet necessary to distinguish one man from another. In fact, it seems that the first real use of the surname came about because of the Norman invaders’ need to know how much land they controlled and what the value of the land was. To determine this, a census, called the Domesday Survey, was taken of the 5, 500-or-so land-holding knights, if Paulyn was still alive when the Domesday Survey was made, we assume that he received his surname – taken from the place-name Rawden. He is generally referred to as Paulyn de Rawden, meaning simply Paulyn of Rawden Hill Manor. “Rawden” means in Old English “rough valley. ”The manor, or tract of land, on the hill near the “rough valley” awarded to Paulyn was on the River Aire in the former Urban District of Aireborough in Yorkshire, England’s largest county. Rawdon, as it is spelled nowadays, is a residential village with a fine view of Aire valley. Rawdon is famous as being the town of cricketers Brian Close. Leeds United utility man Paul Madeley used to live in Rawdon, Benton Park School in Rawdon is used as a fictional location in the soap opera Emmerdale. Rawdon is situated next to Yeadon, where Leeds Bradford International Airport is located, william Thompson, a Quaker from Rawdon, is claimed to have been the first wool merchant in the country to import Australian wool. He lived in a house called The Mount situated between Town Street and Layton Avenue, which was known as Back Lane. There is still an active Quaker meeting in Rawdon in the original building, frazer Hines ex Doctor Who actor, and ex-Emmerdale star, used to live in the Little London area of Rawdon. Originally from nearby Horsforth Rawdon Billing is a hill and well known local landmark that can be seen from a considerable distance, Rawdon has a conservation area called Little London which lies to the westernmost area of Rawdon. Little London conservation area is unique in that the area covered by the designation straddles the boundary of the district and one of its neighbours. This area was, until the local government reorganisation in 1974, the portion of the conservation area lying in Leeds was designated in 1975 and was extended in 1988. The portion of the area lying in Bradford was designated in 1977
29.
Menston
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Menston is a village and civil parish in the county of West Yorkshire, England. Along with Burley in Wharfedale, part of Menston is within Wharfedale Ward in the borough of the City of Bradford. The remainder of Menston is in the Leeds City Council area and it has a population of 4,660, reducing to 4,498 at the 2011 Census. Menstons Anglican parish church is dedicated to St John the Divine, other notable buildings include the former High Royds Hospital and St. Marys Menston Catholic Academy, both of which are in the Leeds part of Menston. The site of High Royds Hospital, originally the West Riding Pauper Lunatic Asylum and this is a reflection of Menstons growing size. In the past 20 years there has increased demand for much needed housing in the area. The population of Menston has been steadily increasing, as a result, Menston primary school, which was threatened with closure in the 1980s, has increased student numbers. It lies on the A65, approximately ten miles north-west of the centre of Leeds and 9 miles north of Bradford centre, Menston also has a railway station between Guiseley and Burley on the Wharfedale Line, with direct trains to Leeds, Bradford Forster Square and Ilkley. There are bus services to Leeds, Otley and Wetherby, Menston once had rail links to Otley, via the Arthington to Menston Line. Highroyds is mentioned in the Kaiser Chiefs song of the name, from the album. The Kaiser Chiefs met and formed in the class at St Marys Catholic High School. Menston is home to club, Menston Town FC who currently play in the Wharfedale Triangle Division 2 after being established in 2010. Paul Jewell, a footballer and the former manager of Bradford City, Sheffield Wednesday, Wigan Athletic. Dean Windass, the former Bradford City and Hull City footballer, Nick Hodgson, Nick Baines and Simon Rix, all members of the rock band, the Kaiser Chiefs, met while attending St. Marys Roman Catholic High School in Menston. Menston Village Alternative Menston website Menston at DMOZ St. Marys Menston Catholic Voluntary Academy St Johns church, Menston Menston information from local councillor Matt Palmer Menston Town FC
30.
A660 road
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The A660 is a major road in West Yorkshire, England that runs from Leeds to Burley-in-Wharfedale where it meets the A65. The A660 is approximately 10 miles long, and crosses the watershed from Airedale to lower Wharfedale, for most of its length the road is in the metropolitan district of the City of Leeds, the last 0.4 miles is in City of Bradford district. The A660 starts in Leeds city centre, officially at the junction of Woodhouse Lane, the northbound carriageway passes Leeds Metropolitan Universitys civic quarter campus, crosses the A58, which is in a cutting, and passes the University of Leeds with its landmark tower. The southbound carriageway is separated, at one stage by several terraced streets, the carriageways combine before crossing Woodhouse Moor to Hyde Park. The road passes the buildings of Leeds Girls High School and climbs to Headingley, passing St Michaels Church and many shops and bars including the Arndale Centre. Shortly after the church, a plaque shows the site of the oak tree which gave its name to the wapentake of Skyrack. The road continues through Far Headingley and West Park and this stretch of the A660 was the route of the first tram service in Leeds and is still a major bus corridor, with several peak hour bus lanes. It suffers from congestion, and there were historic plans to create a Headingley bypass. Line 2 of the proposed Leeds Supertram was to be on this road, many students live near the road, and its many licensed premises host the Otley Run pub crawl. The road has names in this section, Woodhouse Lane from Claypit Lane to Hyde Park. The A660 crosses the A6120 at Lawnswood, and then passes the western part of Adel, at Golden Acre Park the road crosses the Leeds Country Way footpath, which uses the underpass taking pedestrians from the car park to the park. The road skirts the northern slopes of The Chevin before bypassing Otley to the south along the line of the former Otley and Ilkley Joint Railway. At the end of the Otley bypass the road crosses the A6038, about 0.4 miles before its end, the road crosses into City of Bradford metropolitan district, having been in the City of Leeds district for the rest of its length. The road is separated from the county of North Yorkshire by a few yards and the width of the river Wharfe. The road is known as Otley Road until Golden Acre Park, in the early 18th century the main road from Leeds to Otley ran via Burley and Cookridge and over the top of The Chevin, while the road from Leeds to Headingley was only a country lane. The Leeds-Otley Turnpike Trust was established in 1755, and improved the road from Leeds to Headingley, there were toll bars in Woodhouse Lane and at Otley, and in 1775 a third toll house was built in Headingley village. In 1836 the trustees commissioned George Hayward to design a new route to bypass the steep slopes of The Chevin. The necessary Act of Parliament was passed in 1837, and the new stretch of road was opened in 1842, tolls on the road were abolished in January 1867, following the Leeds Improvement Act of 1866
31.
Ben Rhydding
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Ben Rhydding is a village in the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. It is part of the Ilkley urban area and civil parish, the village is situated on a north-facing valley side beneath the Cow and Calf rocks and above and to the south of the River Wharfe. It was in the historic West Riding of Yorkshire, the villages former name was Wheatley. In the 19th century it was noted for its hydropathic establishment that opened on 29 March 1844 at a cost of £30,000 and it was the third major hydropathic establishment in England, perhaps the most deeply respected and certainly the longest-lived. Nancy Wharton, our hostess, said she knew, and gave us the name Ben Rydding. It had passed out the memory, but had survived by some good hap in Nancys mind. A picturesque nine-hole golf course remains as a legacy of the hydropathic hotel, the village is within the travel to work area of Bradford and Leeds. R. Woodrow Thomson, published by John Shuttleworth,1862 Ben Rhydding at DMOZ
32.
Hellifield
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Hellifield is a village and civil parish in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated on the A65, between Skipton and Settle, Hellifield currently has a population of 1,060 residents, increasing to 1,426 at the 2011 census. In the Domesday Book Hellifield is mentioned as Helgeflet, meaning Holy Marsh or Stream, translated from Anglo-Saxon, there is also the possibility that the name derives from the Norse The Farm of Helgi. The modern spelling of Hellifield appears in the century, on maps. In medieval times it seems that the area between Hellifield and Long Preston was hunted by wolves, so men were employed to guide travellers between the two settlements, livestock suffered until the extinction of the grey wolf. Hellifield was historically a township in the ancient parish of Long Preston in the West Riding of Yorkshire and it became a separate civil parish in 1866. In the mid-19th century, the village was nothing more than a hamlet, the local workforce mainly concentrated within agriculture and associated trades. Cotton weaving did take place in the village and several weaving sheds were constructed in the area, during the 19th century, the railway revolution reached the village, which dramatically changed the growth and population changes of the small hamlet. The original railway station was located on Haw Lane, but in 1880 a new station replaced the old one and this coincided with the opening of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Companys new line from Blackburn to Hellifield. This line and the Midland Railways Settle to Carlisle Railway, turned Hellifield into a major passenger, consequently, many houses and streets were built in the early 20th century to house a large railway population. Regular passenger services to Blackburn were cut in 1962, and the Motive Power Depot closed in 1963, new houses were constructed on top of previous railway land and the auction mart. Hellifield was transferred to the new county of North Yorkshire in 1974, in 2014 the small former civil parishes of Nappa and Swinden were added to the parish. Hellifield is a part of the electoral ward called Hellifield. Its population at the 2011 census was 2,168, the Hellifield Flashes are part of the village life and history. The largest is Hellifield Flash or Gallaber Lake, the second Dunbars, the Flashes provide habitat for wildfowl and migratory birds. This important area provides a sanctuary for 12 species on the RSPB red list, where once wolves roam, now a wildlife habitat reigns. However, the land is under threat from development and villagers desperate to preserve their countryside are fighting hard to prevent any further development, the birdlife is monitored regularly by the RSPB and features high on the must visit list of ornithologists. Hellifield nestles on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and is surrounded by rolling hills, dry stone walls and agricultural land
33.
Long Preston
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Long Preston is a village and civil parish in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England, in the Yorkshire Dales. It lies along the A65 road, and is 12 miles from Skipton and 4 miles from Settle, the population of Long Preston in 2001 was 680, increasing to 742 at the 2011 Census. Human occupation of the area around Long Preston goes back to times as remains have been found at Victoria Cave on the hills above Settle. A stone age axe head was found in the area of Bookil Gill. In 1086, Long Preston was known as Prestune, meaning the farmstead or town. Later Long was added, referring to its development and distinguishing it from the many other Prestons. A school was built in the village during the reign of Edward IV as part of the Hammerton Chapel and it is likely that it was closed in 1541 during the dissolution of the religious houses. In 1672 the Petty School was held, most likely either in the chapel or in a building near an old vicarage, a new school replaced the Petty School in 1819. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Long Preston was dominated by agriculture, in the 1750s a turnpike road was constructed from Long Preston to Settle. In the 1960s this road was raised, widened, and straighted, several homes and farms were demolished to accomplish this. In 1790, a spinning mill was constructed, possibly on the site of an old corn mill. The mill was demolished in 1881 due to flooding, later on Fleets cotton mill was built, which was three storeys high and water powered. The railway was opened in 1849 and expanded in 1875 with the building of the Settle-Carlisle Line and it declined in the 1970s and 80s but is now seeing an increase in heavy freight and passenger traffic. In 1801 the population of Long Preston was 573, this rose to 808 in 1831, between 1923 and 1935, Long Preston was the railhead for the construction of Stocks Reservoir built by the Fylde Water Board. In the 20th century, most people were employed in the town at the garage, wool warehouse, auction mart, farms or in the surrounding area, a number of houses were rented at Long Preston making it affordable to live there. In the 1960s people started to purchase their own homes, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, there was a livestock auction mart, shoe shop, tailors, butchers, bakers, post office, cafés, wool warehouse and corn mill. A bypass was proposed and was given the go-ahead in 1994 but after the 1997 general election, with Labour gaining power, Long Preston is the home of audiobook producer Magna Story Sound. Long Preston is served by Long Preston railway station, which is on the Leeds to Morecambe Line, Long Preston has a primary school, Long Preston Endowed School, with around 60 pupils attending over a range of six year groups
34.
M6 motorway
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Here, just short of the Scottish border it becomes the A74 which continues to Glasgow as the M74. It is also part of the east−west route between the Midlands and the east-coast ports, the section from the M1 to the M6 Toll split near Birmingham forms part of the unsigned E-road E24 and the section from the M6 Toll and the M42 forms part of E05. The motorway has major junctions with the M56 and M62 at Warrington, giving access to Chester, Manchester, the M6 then heads north past Wigan, Preston and Lancaster. The first section of the motorway and the first motorway in the country was the Preston By-pass and it was built by Tarmac Construction and opened by the Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 5 December 1958. In January 1959 the Preston by-pass was closed because of rapid surface deterioration over a stretch of 100 yards due to water freezing, motorists were diverted to the old road while the UK road research laboratory at Harmondsworth pondered the importance of surface water drainage. Later, other sections of the motorway were constructed, and finally it was all linked together, the second phase of construction was completed in 1960, forming the Lancaster by-pass. Some 100 miles south, the Stafford by-pass was completed in 1962, by 1965, the remaining sections of motorway Stafford–Preston and Preston–Lancaster had been completed. 1968 saw the completion of the Walsall to Stafford link as well as the Penrith by-pass some 150 miles north in Cumberland, in 1970, the Lancaster–Penrith link was completed, along with a short section of motorway by-passing the south of Walsall. The most northerly section of the motorway opened in 1970. Junction 6 in Birmingham is widely known as Spaghetti Junction because of its complexity, on the elevated ground between Shap and Tebay, the north- and south-bound carriages split apart. At this point a road runs between the two carriageways without a link to the motorway. The section of the M6 that runs over Shap Fell in Cumbria is 1,050 ft above sea level, the northbound entry slip road at Lancaster was unusually short, presenting problems for traffic joining the motorway. The M6 crosses the River Lune at this point and unless the bridge had been made wider and this junction was upgraded from an earlier emergency-vehicles-only access point, which explains the substandard design. The route was intended to replace the old A6, which it does along the northern section starting with the Preston Bypass. However, a closer approximation to the overall actual route of the M6 is provided by following the A45, A34, A50, A49. South of Preston, the A6 route is instead supplemented by the M61 as far as Manchester, south of Manchester, there is no true motorway replacement for the old road. Across the Pennines, the old road remains the main local through-route, in July 1972 the UK Minister for Transport Industries announced that 86 miles of UK motorway particularly prone to fog would benefit from lighting in a project which should be completed by 1973. Sections to be illuminated included the M6 between junctions 10 and 11, and between junctions 20 and 27, the road opened on 5 December 2008, the 50th anniversary of the M6 Preston By-pass
35.
A6 road (England)
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The A6 is one of the main historic north-south roads in England. It currently runs from Luton in Bedfordshire to Carlisle in Cumbria and it is the fourth longest numbered road in Britain, behind only the A1, A38 and A30. Between Derby and Manchester the A6 follows a different routing to the motorway network. Because of these duplications, the A6 is less important than it was formerly, the A6 begins as St Marys Road at an elongated roundabout with the A505 road – part of the Luton inner ring road. The A6 follows Guildford Street – near the railway station – and it meets the A5228 outer ring road at a roundabout. On the outskirts of Luton, now Barton Road, it meets the Icknield Way Path, leaving Luton, it enters Central Bedfordshire after a roundabout with Quantock Rise. There is a roundabout at Streatley, where the road becomes the dual-carriageway Luton Road, the road becomes single carriageway at the roundabout with the B655 at the other end of the Barton-le-Clay bypass. It meets the A507 at a roundabout at Clophill, crossing the River Flit and it passes by Maulden Wood as the dual-carriage up Deadmans Hill then passes Haynes West End. It enters the district of Bedford and bypasses Wilstead and it meets the A421 at the Elstow Interchange grade-separated junction. The A6 meets the A5134 at a large signal-controlled junction, the road crosses the Marston Vale Line, then enters Bedford as Ampthill Road. There is a roundabout with the A5141, then it crosses the railway again near Bedford St Johns railway station and it meets the A600 and A5140 at a roundabout, then passes Bedford College and crosses the River Great Ouse as King Street. The A6 crosses the River Great Ouse twice more, and is crossed by the John Bunyan Trail, near a GSJ for Clapham, there is another GSJ for Highfield Parc Industrial Estate. At the end of the bypass, the road loses the broad expanse of tarmac and looks like a minor B road and becomes Bedford Road. It passes through Milton Ernest, passing the Queens Head pub and it then carries on for around three miles, passing the Falcon pub near Bletsoe then passes Sharnbrook at a Roundabout. Around a mile later it crosses the border into Northamptonshire and enters the district of East Northamptonshire, from here the road bridges the River Nene and the Nene Way before bypassing Irthlingborough. The A6 then passes through the village of Finedon and intersects the A510 at a roundabout, leaving Finedon, the road then passes the Burton Wold Wind Farm and bypasses the town of Burton Latimer, finally arriving at Junction 10 of the A14 at Barton Seagrave. Kettering was bypassed when sections of the east-west corridor A14 were built, the road enters Leicestershire and the district of Harborough as Harborough Road at the start of the five-mile Market Harborough Bypass. It briefly re-enters Northamptonshire again, and at this point there is a roundabout with the A427 and A4304, and it is crossed by the Leicestershire Round
36.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
37.
Great Britain road numbering scheme
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The Great Britain road numbering scheme is a numbering scheme used to classify and identify all roads in Great Britain. Each road is given a letter, which represents the roads category. Introduced to arrange funding allocations, the numbers soon became used on maps, two sub-schemes exist, one for motorways, and another for non-motorway roads. The scheme applies only to England, Scotland and Wales, similar systems are used in Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey and British overseas territories. All of these schemes use identical basic conventions and road-sign designs. Work on classification began in 1913 by the governments Roads Board to determine the quality, the definitive list of these roads was published on 1 April 1923 following consultations with local authorities. Government funding towards the repairs of roads were set at 60% for the former. Shortly after this, the numbers started to appear in road atlases and on signs on the roads themselves, the Trunk Roads Act 1936 gave the Ministry direct control of the major routes and a new classification system was created to identify these routes. Originally these numbers beginning in T were to be made public, with the introduction of motorways in the late 1950s, a new classification M was introduced. In many cases the motorways duplicated existing stretches of A-road, which therefore lost much of their significance and were in some cases renumbered, occasionally the new motorway would take the name of the old A-road rather than having its own number. The most notable example of this is the A1, in England and Wales the road numbering system for all-purpose roads is based on a radial pattern centred on London. In Scotland the same scheme is centred on Edinburgh, in both cases the main single-digit roads normally define the zone boundaries. The exception is between Zones 1 and 2, where the River Thames defines the boundary, Zone 5, North/East of the A5, west of the A6, south of the Solway Firth/Eden Estuary covering North Wales, North Midlands, western Leicestershire, Cheshire, Cumbria and Lancashire. In Central London, the A40 provides a border between the 4 and 5 zones east of Marble Arch, the original A5 also provides such a border, and north of St Albans the original A6 provides an Eastern border. Zone 6, East of the A6 and A7, west of the A1 covering North East England, Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, eastern Leicestershire and Rutland, between St Albans and Luton, the original A6 provides the Western border of the 6-zone. For example, the A38 road, a road running from Bodmin to Mansfield starts in Zone 3. Additionally, the A1 in Newcastle upon Tyne has moved twice, originally along the Great North Road, it then moved to the Tyne Tunnel, causing some of the roads in Zone 1 to lie in Zone 6. The designated A1 later moved to the bypass around the city
38.
A61 road
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The A61 is a major trunk road in England connecting Derby and Thirsk in North Yorkshire by way of Alfreton, Clay Cross, Chesterfield, Sheffield, Barnsley, Wakefield, Leeds, Harrogate and Ripon. The road is paralleled by the M1 motorway between Derby and Leeds. Heading south, the road begins as single carriageway from Thirsk which bypasses Ripon and travels towards Harrogate, here, the road divides into two major one-way streets which enclose the town centre and run along The Stray. As Leeds Road, it passes through the southern suburbs of Harrogate before meeting the A658 near the village of Pannal. The A61 continues through Harewood before approaching the norths metropolis, where a sudden urban fringe approaches, as the road enters Leeds and crosses the A6120 outer ring road, the road becomes Scott Hall Road, a main dual carriageway and artery for north Leeds. For a distance it stays the same before the arrival of the superbusway near Potternewton, here, the A61 rises slightly, and a panoramic view of Leeds skyline is revealed. The descent into Leeds is quick and the road turns into a multi-lane road. Fast-flowing traffic is directed onto the A61, although traffic is directed off the A61 to avoid Leeds City Centre as it routes around the back of Quarry House. The A61 meets it shortly after, as it shares the city loop for a short distance. After crossing the river, the road again before taking traffic out to the motorways. The road then continues out of Leeds towards Wakefield and Barnsley, south of Barnsley it crosses the M1 at Junction 36 then heads towards Sheffield. Between the M1 at Junction 36 and the Westwood roundabout intersection with the A616, the A61 travels into Sheffield through Grenoside and Hillsborough, passing next to the Sheffield Wednesday football stadium. At this point it forms a major artery into the City Centre from the north and it meets the A57 twice, at Park Square and Brookhill roundabout. The A61 takes a southerly course past Sheffield United football stadium through Heeley as Chesterfield Road and climbs up to Norton, between Sheffield and Chesterfield is a dual carriageway, avoids Dronfield as the eponymous by-pass. The road used to go through Chesterfield town centre, passing by the crooked spire. This was alleviated by the construction of the Chesterfield bypass in the 1980s on the alignment of the former Great Central Railway, the road reverts to single carriageway south of Chesterfield, passing through Clay Cross and Alfreton. South of Alfreton, the A61 merges with the dual carriageway A38, the A61 road continues towards the city centre along Sir Frank Whittle Road until it finally ends at the junction with the A52 near to the headquarters of Derbyshire County Cricket Club. Route of A61 overlaid on Google Maps In June 2008 a 6. 2-mile stretch of the A61 between Barnsley and Wakefield was named as the most dangerous road in Britain, when motorcycle accidents were excluded
39.
A62 road
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The A62 is a major road in Northern England that runs between the two major cities of Manchester and Leeds, covering a distance of 38.5 miles. The A62 runs north east from the Manchester Inner Ring Road through Failsworth, continuing through Marsden, Slaithwaite, Linthwaite, Huddersfield, Liversedge, Heckmondwike and Birstall. It terminates just short of Leeds city centre at its junction with the A58 road and it has primary status from Manchester as far as Oldham. It is paralleled by part of the M62 Trans-Pennine motorway, prior to the building of the M62, the A62 was the main trans-Pennine road between Oldham and Huddersfield. The M62 is numbered after the A62 and now takes most of the traffic between Manchester and Leeds. SABRE page on the A622012 photo essay on effects of recession
40.
A63 road
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The A63 is a major road in Yorkshire, England between Leeds and Kingston upon Hull. A section between South Cave and Hull forms the continuation of the M62 motorway and is part of the unsigned Euroroute E20. The route from Leeds out to Selby runs roughly parallel, at the end of this dual carriageway section, the route meets the M1, and the road continues north along the motorway for one junction then resumes as the A63. From junction 46 of the M1, the Thorpe Park roundabout, there is a turning for Lidgett Lane to the left, next to Garforth Academy, with the Shell garage on the right. It crosses the Leeds Country Way, and there is the B6137 to the right for Kippax, on the Garforth/Micklefield parish boundary is a roundabout with the A656 Roman Ridge. At the Boot and Shoe junction, with the former A1, there is the Esso Boot & Shoe Service Station, there is a grade-separated left turn for the B1222. At the Selby Fork junction south of the Selby Fork Hotel, the A1246 continues southwards along the former A1, and it crosses the A1 at junction 42 at South Milford. It meets the A162 at a roundabout, crosses a railway and it follows Causeway Dike and passes through Hambleton, where to the east it crosses the Selby Diversion of the East Coast Main Line, and the A1238 at a roundabout. The route follows the six-mile £44 million Selby Bypass and £5 million Barlby Bypass, the short section around Barlby follows what was the old East Coast Main Line railway before the Selby Diversion opened in the early 1980s. An alternative route eastwards from the Selby bypass, to the M62, is the A1041 via Camblesforth, the route out to Hull is shadowed by the Selby-Hull railway line. It leaves at the Barlby Roundabout to the right, passing Osgodby then over the railway line, a planned bypass at Osgodby was cancelled due to increases in prices of land. It crosses the River Derwent and enters the East Riding of Yorkshire and it passes through Newsholme before passing straight through Howden next to Howden Minster. It passes through the town as Bridgegate and Hull Road, passing Howden School, access to the M62 is via junction 37 to the west, along Boothferry Road. From Howden, the A63 is renamed to be the B1230, the B1230 continues and carries the A63 traffic over the M62 motorway and onwards into Gilberdyke. When the B1230 was originally the A63, the road through Gilberdyke was a dual carriageway for about three miles to the other side of Newport. Where the B1230 crosses the M62 motorway at Newport, the M62 finishes, before the last eastern section of the M62 to be built, the motorway terminated at a temporary junction at Balkholme onto the A63. Before the M62 opened, the single carriageway A63 was Hulls main route to the South of England, the section from junction 38 of the M62 to the A1034 junction near South Cave was single carriageway before the M62 opened in May 1976. The section was constructed as the dualling of the Caves Bypass and opened when the last eastern section of the M62 opened, from junction 38, the B1230 leads to North Cave along the former A63
41.
A64 road
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The A64 is a major road in North and West Yorkshire, England, which links Leeds, York and Scarborough. The road approximates a section of the old Roman road running from Chester to Bridlington, the road begins in Leeds as the motorway A64 at Richmond Hill and the Woodpecker Junction, and close to the West Yorkshire Playhouse and the NHSs imposing Quarry House. At Killingbeck, the A63 forks to the right at its western terminus and it passes Asda on the left, with the Killingbeck Retail Park, and Seacroft Hospital on the right. It meets Foundry Lane and Cross Gates Road at a next to Killingbeck police station. At Arthursdale it passes over the former Wetherby - Cross Gates railway line, at Saw Wood it is crossed by the Leeds Country Way. The section from Leeds to Bramham was scheduled for improvement in two stages, but this was cancelled in the mid-1980s, just before junction 45 of the A1, the road enters North Yorkshire, and the district of Selby. At the Bramham Moor Interchange there are roads to Aberford. Where the road meets the A1, it used to pass unhindered as a carriageway, but since the motorway section of the A1 was opened on 4 February 1999. East of the junction at Stutton with Hazlewood, the Roman Ridge joins the road, the four-mile £8.9 million dual carriageway Tadcaster Bypass opened in September 1978. The A659 is to the left, with University of Leeds Headley Hall Farm to the west, on the bypass there is a junction for the A162 near Stutton. It crosses the River Wharfe south of the breweries of Samuel Smith, near to the right is Oxton Hall, home of Humphrey Smith. At Oxton the road rejoins the former route, on the eastbound side is the Total Bilbrough Filling Station, with the York East Little Chef and Travelodge at the point where the Roman road join from the west, briefly following the road. In February 2004, work began on a new £11 million flyover at the Colton Lane/Bilbrough Top junction, the central reserve had long been an accident blackspot, and residents of the local villages had campaigned for its closure. The flyover was opened on 9 June 2005 by Dr Stephen Ladyman, the BP Bilbrough Top Service Station on the west-bound side was built as well, with a McDonalds. At the turn-off for Askham Richard, the road enters the City of York next to the Buckles Inn, on the left is Askham Bryan College, then Copmanthorpe is on the right, followed by Bishopthorpe. There is a junction for Yorks northern bypass, which was built in the late 1980s, the East Coast Main Line passes under the A1036 junction for York to the left. To the east of the junction, the former ECML is crossed, the road then crosses the River Ouse. The nine-mile £12 million dual carriageway York Bypass opened in April 1976 and it passes under the B1222 and meets the A19 at the Fulford Interchange, near the headquarters of Persimmon plc, and is crossed by the Minster Way, then the Wilberforce Way
42.
A66 road
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The A66 is a major road in Northern England, which in part follows the course of the Roman road from Scotch Corner to Penrith. It runs from east of Middlesbrough in the county of North Yorkshire to Workington in Cumbria. Most of what is now the A66 west of Penrith was originally A594 – only a stub of this road remains. There is a stretch of dual carriageway along the northern part of Bassenthwaite Lake between Keswick and Cockermouth. Whilst the eastbound section follows the line of the disused Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway. The westbound section was closed due to damage in December 2015. This section has a 50 miles per hour limit monitored by average speed cameras, when road numbers were first designated in the 1920s, the A66 was assigned to the route between Penrith and Hull via Scotch Corner and York, mainly along former Roman roads. Its original route and todays route are largely congruous between Penrith and Scotch Corner, the historic route between Scotch Corner and Hull follows what is now todays A1, A168, B6265, A59 and A1079. The middle 56 miles section of the A66 between Scotch Corner on the A1 and Penrith on the M6 forms one of the key trans-Pennines trunk routes and has one of the worst road-safety records in the UK. Various bypasses and upgrades have been constructed since the early 1970s, giving the current mix of single, in 2002, after many years of local campaigning, the Transport Minister, John Spellar, gave support for the upgrading of the remaining single-carriageway sections by the Highways Agency. The first three projects began construction in early 2006 and opened in 2007 and 2008, the whole route between the A1 and M6 was due to be dualled by 2011, by which time the A1 at Scotch Corner was also due to have been upgraded to motorway standard. After the construction of several sections commenced, it was announced that those schemes currently in the planning phase would not go ahead until 2016 at the earliest. The Highways Agency website states Other than those already committed, the Regions did not identify any other major schemes for the A66 as high priorities to receive funding. This means that there is no likelihood of any additional major schemes on this route being funded within the next ten-year period. However the Regional Funding Allocation process will be reviewed in due course, in September 2015, the government said that £500,000 would be invested into the study of the two Trans-Pennine routes of the A66 and the A69. The proposal would be for one or even roads to be dualled wholly between the A1/A1 and the M6. All dates for openings are based on information provided by the Highways Agency and are subject to change or delay. The section of road between Scotch Corner and Penrith accounted for 70 deaths over ten years up until 2002, which was above the average for single lane carriageways
43.
A68 road
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The A68 is a major road in the United Kingdom, running from Darlington in England to the A720 in Edinburgh. From Darlington, the road north, bypassing Bishop Auckland. The road used to run through the centre of Corbridge but now runs on a new alignment to the east of the town. To bring the back to the previous route of the A68 it now overlaps the A69 for 2.9 miles. The A68 passes through rural Northumberland, following the route of Dere Street for much of this stretch and it reaches the Scottish border at Carter Bar, where there is a junction with the A6088, leading to Hawick. Prior to September 2008, the A68 passed through the town of Dalkeith before terminating at the Sherriffhall Roundabout on the A720, the bypass has removed large volumes of traffic from the centre of Dalkeith. The A68 used to run all the way into Edinburgh, apart from the A69 concurrency the road is entirely single carriageway apart from a short section before it crosses the A1 into Darlington. The A68 is famous for the number of significant blind summits it features, the A68 is part of Euroroute E15 between its northern terminus on the A720, and its junction with the A696 just on the English side of the border. The E15 continues northwards and southwards on the A720 and A696 respectively, british road numbering scheme Dere Street Sabre-Roads. org, A68, Edinburgh-Darlington
44.
A69 road
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The A69 is a major northern trunk road in England, running east-west across the Pennines, through the counties of Tyne and Wear, Northumberland and Cumbria. Originally the road started in Blaydon, but since the creation of the A1 Western Bypass around Newcastle upon Tyne, the route from the A1 junction to Carlisle City Centre is 54 miles. It continues west and passes over what was Hadrians Wall, which now has been south of the road. Hereafter the road is always south of the wall, the road carries on up the Tyne valley, bypassing the village of Corbridge and the market town Hexham. The A69 crosses the River Tyne west of Hexham, re-crosses it west of the village of Haydon Bridge, after crossing the border into Cumbria, the A69 by-passes the town of Brampton, before coming to a roundabout junction with the A689 road. The A69 turns left here, and travels through the village of Warwick Bridge, following a short piece of dual carriageway, the A69 comes to Junction 43 of the M6 motorway, which skirts the eastern edge of Carlisle. The A69 into Carlisle has the name Warwick Road, and is known to be one of the most congested roads in the county. At Saint Aidans Church, the A69 turns right up Victoria Place, and meets the A7 road at a busy traffic-light controlled crossroads, the road forms part of the unsigned Euroroute E18. The A69 is a route linking the north-east and north-west of England. For about 20 miles between its start at Newcastle and the Hexham by-pass the A69 is dual carriageway standard, and is grade separated. The rest of the route, apart from a dual carriageway section near the M6 Junction 43 is single carriageway. Haydon Bridge was the last village on the A69 in Northumberland to have a bypass and this was officially opened on Wednesday 25 March 2009 and passes to the south of the village with a new bridge over the River South Tyne to the west of the village. A report on the A69 in 2011 noted that in the previous year 82 accidents were recorded with 130 injuries,10 serious injuries, campaigning has been ongoing to get the section from Hexham to Carlisle dualled to allow vehicles to overtake safely
45.
A602 road
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The A602 is a road linking Hitchin in Hertfordshire, England, with A10 at Ware in Hertfordshire, via Stevenage. The course of the road has changed significantly since the 1960s with the construction of several bypasses and relief roads. In Hitchin, the starts at a junction with the A505. The village of Little Wymondley is bypassed by a dual carriageway route to the A1 junction at Coreys Mill, in Stevenage, the road takes two courses through the town - the first is a concurrency with the A1 round the new town to the junction at Langley Sidings. The second is a route through the town itself, following closely the route of the old Great North Road, the two routes converge and form a northern bypass for the suburb of Broadwater. The next 3 km of road is the remaining original piece of the route, travelling through the villages of Bragbury End. The next feature is a roundabout, and the once again diverges from its original course. At the eastern end of the Watton-at-Stone bypass it reaches another roundabout, with the opening of the A10 Hoddesdon and Ware bypass in the late 1970s, the A602 temporarily terminated at the A414 in Hertford. In 1987, with the opening of the Tonwell bypass, the road was completely re-routed along the course of the B1001 from Watton-at-Stone to meet the modern A10 at Ware. The B1001 itself remains for a distance, linking the modern A10 with the old road in the town centre. Due to the old nature of the road it suffers from congestion, substandard structure, as such a series of developments along much of its stretch where proposed in the 2006-2011 Local Transport Plan. These comprise a number of different schemes but are put together under the collective title of ‘A602 Corridor Improvements’. The various schemes involve work on junctions, road re-alignment to make severe bends safer, structural maintenance and it also considers the construction of a bypass at Hooks Cross but this remains in the early proposal stage. In 2006 the estimate cost of the strategy was given as between £14.3 and £15.8 million. Each individual scheme is intended to be brought forward as and when funding becomes available, the section between Sacombe Pound and Watton-at-Stone gained planning permission for work to commence in summer 2007 though work was never started, so all sections remain at the proposal stage
46.
A605 road
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The A605 road is a main road in the English counties of Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire. It then continues north east through Whittlesey before terminating at a junction with the A141 between March, Cambridgeshire and Guyhirn, basically, except for a short section at Oundle, its route follows the south bank of the River Nene. The road used to start at the A6 just north of Higham Ferrers and run to Thrapston and Peterborough, following the line of the Roman Road between Irchester and Durobrivae. The road split in two just before the A6 with one joining the A6 by the Irthlingborough Viaduct and the other at the top of the hill as the A6 enters Higham Ferrers. The later branch survives as a local access but the former has been returned to field, in the early 1980s, development of the route from Northampton to Thrapston saw the building of a new section of the A605 mostly on line between Chowns Mill roundabout and the Stanwick roundabout. A year later the Stanwick and Raunds Bypass was opened with land for dualling which, in the mid-1980s, the Ringstead and Denford Bypass was constructed from the Raunds roundabout to a grade separated interchange at Thrapston with the A14. With the completion of the route, the Chowns Mill roundabout to Thrapston roundabout section of the A605 was renumbered the A45, Thrapston is now the terminus of the A45 and the start of the A605. Just before the A14 was built, a section of the A605 was built bypassing Thrapston to the east to the A604. This section began approximately 0.25 miles northeast of Thrapston and terminated at a new roundabout on the A604, the Thrapston Eastern Bypass was opened a few years later running northeast from this roundabout to a new junction with the old A605, just south of the Titchmarsh turn. Excavation of a Roman way station on the site of the junction proved disappointing, the junction at the northeast end of Thrapston was converted to a roundabout around 2005. A bend was also eased between Titchmarsh turn and Thorpe Waterville, around 2000 the A605 was widened between Thorpe Waterville and a new Lilford roundabout was constructed. An original milestone was unearthed and set on the side of the north east exit, the road was improved from Barnwell turn to a new roundabout northeast of Oundle as the Oundle Bypass. This used the alignment of the former BR Northampton to Peterborough railway, the road was opened on 12 December 1985 by Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester and is commemorated by a plinth and brass plaque at the roundabout. A minor alignment change took place here through the hamlet of Elmington. Beyond Elmington a curve was eased as the road climbed out of the valley, the old road enters the garage just south of the roundabout. The Warmington Bypass was one of the last improvements on the A605 and was completed in the late 1990s, the old road south of Warmington roundabout is now a garage access and the old road into Warmington can be seen on the right a short distance after the roundabout. The Elton Bypass takes the A605 onto a new more southerly route to join the A1 at its terminus at Junction 17. This route then overlaps the A1 for 1 mile to Alwalton where it regains its original route, the bypassed section from Elton to Orton suffered from poor alignment and is now the B671 and a C road
47.
A606 road
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The route in earlier times was a far more important route than it is today. It was the road from Nottingham to London. The turnpike went from Nottingham via Melton and Oakham to Kettering, the turnpike trusts were abolished in 1880, the year that the railway line to Melton opened. The trains would run until 1968, the road begins a few hundred yards south of Nottinghamshire County Hall, in West Bridgford in the district of Rushcliffe, at the traffic lights junction of the A60 and the B679. The section to Melton follows the railway from Nottingham to Melton, now the Old Dalby Test Track. The line then continued from Melton to Oakham, then on to Corby and Kettering and it followed the exact line of the former turnpike. It begins as Melton Road, and passes two churches then crosses the railway line to Melton, and the BP Melton Road Filling Station. There is traffic lights at a crossroad for Valley Road, to the left, in Edwalton, the road then crosses the former railway, where a few hundred metres further south it is still accessible by train. To the right is Wheatcrofts garden centre and the road meets the A52 at a busy roundabout, there is a 14 ft 6 in low bridge, so there is a turning point for high vehicles. For the next mile the road is the boundary between Tollerton to the left, and Plumtree, to the right. It passes Tollerton post office and there is traffic lights for Tollerton Lane, the road becomes the parish boundary between Plumtree and Normanton-on-the-Wolds, to the left. The former A606 used to go through both villages before 1930, at the end of the joint bypass, there is a right turn for the British Geological Survey. At the junction for Keyworth, there is the Murco Wolds Service Station, at a crossroads, there is access to Widmerpool, to the right, and the former Widmerpool railway station. The road meets the dual-carriageway A46 at an interchange and this point is the southern end of the A46 Newark to Widmerpool Improvement. At Hickling Pastures, it passes Turnpike Farm, and there is a turn for Hickling. The road becomes more hilly, and it passes through Upper Broughton, crossing the Dalby Brook, the road enters Leicestershire and the district of Melton. In Broughton and Old Dalby, it passes through Nether Broughton, the road is crossed by a pylon line, and ascends Broughton Hill where the road rises 80 metres in 0.5 km. The road descends down a hill into Ab Kettleby, the home of Desert Orchid
