1.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
2.
Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts
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The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts is a professional organisation of film and television practitioners in Australia. The Academys aim is to identify, award, promote and celebrate Australias greatest achievements in film, Australian actor Geoffrey Rush is the inaugural President and hosted the inaugural AACTA Awards in January 2012. The Academy receives funding by the AFI, and Australian state, in June 2011, the AFI proposed the establishment of an Australian Academy. It was also stated that the Academy would not replace the AFI, by 20 July, weeks after the consultation period ended, the AFI announced that it would go ahead with the proposed changes and the Australian Academy. During the event it was made known that the president of the inaugural awards would be Geoffrey Rush. On the night a new gold statuette was revealed, created by Australian sculptor Ron Gomboc, which depicts a human silhouette based on the shape of the Southern Cross constellation. The Academy, which has between 1,500 and 2,000 members, comprises fifteen Chapters, with each representing a different area of speciality in film, television, documentary. It is overseen by the Academys president and the Honorary Council, the role of the Honorary Council is to determine policies and strategies for the way the Academy rewards practitioners. The AACTA Awards replaced the previous Australian Film Institute Awards, the awards were first instituted by the Australian Film Institute in 1958 as part of the Melbourne International Film Festival, until 1972. Before 1969, awards were presented as a prize to non-feature films due to a lack of films produced in Australia. By 1976 competitive film awards were established and in 1987, awards for television was introduced, additionally, awards for achievements in foreign film were presented once at the AACTA International Awards in Los Angeles in 2012
3.
ABC (Australian TV channel)
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ABC is a national public television network in Australia. Launched on 5 November 1956 it is the responsibility of the ABCs television division, commercial station TCN-9 Sydney was the first to broadcast in Australia, soon followed by the ABCs own ABN-2 Sydney and later ABV-2 in Melbourne. Six stations, three in Melbourne and three in Sydney, were in operation in time to cover the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. The channels first television broadcast was inaugurated by prime minister Robert Menzies on 5 November at the Gore Hill studios in Sydney, although radio programmes could be broadcast nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not put in place until the early 1960s. This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually. A purpose-built television studio opened in Sydney on 29 January 1958—replacing temporary sound studios used since ABC-TVs inception, in the same year, technical equipment was also moved to permanent locations, while main transmitters were introduced to Melbourne and Sydney in 1957 and 1958 respectively. Australian Broadcasting Corporation series which debuted in 1956 included TV Channell, starting in 1957 the two ABC stations then in operation each produced one live drama presentation each month, which would be kinescoped for broadcast in the other city. Weekly current-affairs programme Four Corners began in 1961, followed in the year by Profiles of Power. Direct relays between Sydney, Melbourne and Canberra were also established in 1961, replacing temporary microwave relays as a means of simultaneously airing programmes across multiple stations. Videotape equipment, allowing the sharing of footage with much greater ease, ABC-TV was one of the first television networks in Australia to embrace the rocknroll revolution of the late 1950s, most notably with Six OClock Rock, hosted by Johnny OKeefe. In 1967, the weeknightly television current-affairs programme This Day Tonight was launched on ABC-TV, teletext services were introduced to ABC-TV in 1983 to allow hearing impaired viewers access to closed captions. Nationwide, successor to This Day Tonight, was replaced in turn by a new, hour-long, having proved unsuccessful, it reverted to a state ABC News bulletin at 7,00 pm, with a state-based edition of The 7.30 Report following afterwards. Lateline and Media Watch also launched in the 1980s, the year 2001 saw the launch of a new logo to celebrate the introduction of digital terrestrial television in Australia. The logo was modified to a three-dimensional metallic design, the channels idents featured elements – fire, leaf and ice, and the slogan was updated to Everyones ABC. The idents also featured the silver ring that morphs into the ABC logo and this however did not last, as later in 2003, the channels idents were modified to feature everyday Australians. In 2005, The ABC have switched from the Supertext logo to their own Closed Captioning logo, on 19 December that year, the channels idents were revamped featuring a modified ABC logo transforming to a television. These idents were also carried onto ABC2, which launched in the same year, further cementing the change in identity was the change from the slogan Theres more to television to It begins with 1. After concerns in some sections of the media that the 43-year-old Lissajous curve brand was to disappear completely, june 2010 saw ABC1s high definition digital transmission terminated, to be replaced with a fourth channel, ABC News 24
4.
Special Broadcasting Service
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The Special Broadcasting Service is a hybrid-funded Australian public broadcasting radio, online, and television network. SBS operates four TV channels and five radio networks, SBS Online is home to SBS On Demand video streaming service. SBS is one of five main networks in Australia. These started broadcasting in June 1975, with pre-recorded messages in seven and eight foreign languages, the following year, the Federal Government formed the Consultative Committee on Ethnic Broadcasting. Following the recommendation of this and subsequent committees, the Broadcasting and this legislation came into force on 1 January 1978, with the new broadcaster taking responsibility for 2EA and 3EA. SBS TV began test transmissions in April 1979 when it showed various foreign language programs on ABV-2 Melbourne, full-time transmission began at 6,30 p. m. on 24 October 1980, as Channel 0/28. The first program shown was a documentary entitled Who Are We. which was hosted by veteran news man Peter Luck, at the time, SBS was broadcasting on UHF Channel 28 and VHF Channel 0, with a planned discontinuation of the latter at some time in the future. Bruce Gyngell, who introduced television to Australia back in 1956, was given the task of introducing the first batch of programs on the new station. On 14 October 1983, the service expanded into Canberra, Cooma and its new slogan was the long-running Bringing the World Back Home. The network changed its name to SBS on 18 February 1985, SBS expanded to Brisbane, Adelaide, Newcastle, Wollongong, and the Gold Coast in June of that year. On 5 January 1986, SBS ceased broadcasting on the VHF channel 0 frequency, in August 1986, the government proposed legislation that would merge SBS into the ABC. This was highly unpopular with ethnic-minority communities, leading Prime Minister Bob Hawke to announce in 1987 that the amalgamation would not proceed. The SBS Radio and Television Youth Orchestra was launched in 1988 with founding conductor Matthew Krel, plans to introduce limited commercial-program sponsorship, and the establishment of SBS as an independent corporation with its own Charter, were put in place in July 1989. Eat Carpet, showcasing local and international films, was also launched in 1989. The proclamation of the Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 officially made SBS a corporation in 1991, throughout the early 1990s, SBS TV coverage was expanded further to include new areas such as the Latrobe Valley, Spencer Gulf, Darwin, northeast Tasmania, Cairns and Townsville. In 1992, SBSs radio and television facilities were moved to new headquarters in Artarmon, New South Wales, from their original studios at Bondi Junction. The new building was opened on the 10 November 1993 by Prime Minister Paul Keating. A national radio network was launched in January 1994, the new service initially covered Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth and Darwin, while original stations 2EA and 3EA were renamed Radio Sydney and Radio Melbourne, respectively
5.
Seven Network
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The Seven Network is an Australian commercial free-to-air television network. It is owned by Seven West Media Limited, and is one of five main television networks in Australia. In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the season for total viewers. Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001, as of 2014, it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach. In 2016, the network had its biggest lead in total people over the Nine Network since the current OzTAM ratings system began, in Melbourne,30 of the 40 ratings weeks were won and all ratings weeks were won in Adelaide and Perth. Sevens administration headquarters are based in a warehouse at Jones Bay Wharf in Pyrmont, Sydney. The networks main playout centre is located in Docklands, Melbourne, National news and current affairs programming are based between flagship station ATN-7 in Sydney and HSV-7 in Melbourne. In 2009, Seven moved its Sydney-based production operations from Epping to a purpose-built high-definition television production facility at the Australian Technology Park in Eveleigh, the present Seven Network began as a group of independent stations in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. HSV-7 Melbourne, licensed to The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd, was launched on 4 November 1956, ATN-7 Sydney, licensed to Amalgamated Television Services, a subsidiary of Fairfax, was launched on 2 December 1956. BTQ-7 Brisbane followed on 1 November, signing on as Brisbanes second commercial television station, ADS-7 Adelaide was launched on 24 October 1959 as the final capital city VHF7 station. In the early 1960s, coaxial cable links, formed initially between Sydney and Melbourne, allowed the sharing of programmes and simultaneous broadcasts of live shows, left without their original partners, ATN-7 and HSV-7 joined to form the Australian Television Network in 1963. The new grouping was soon joined by other capital-city channel 7 stations, ADS-7 Adelaide, however, it was not until 1970 that a national network logo was adopted, albeit still with independently owned and operated stations with local advertising campaigns. Colour television was introduced across the network in 1975, when a new logo was adopted. Rupert Murdoch made a bid for the Herald and Weekly Times, owners of HSV-7, in 1979. Fairfax, however, successfully bought a 14. 9% share of the later in the same year. The 1980s saw the introduction of sound, as well as a number of successful shows, most notably A Country Practice in 1981, and Sons and Daughters. Wheel of Fortune began its 25-year run in July 1981, produced from ADS-7s studios in Adelaide, the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow were shown live on the network the year before. Perth based businessman Robert Holmes à Court, through his business the Bell Group, bought TVW-7 from its original owners, the Herald and Weekly Times, owner of HSV-7 and ADS-7, was sold to Rupert Murdoch in December 1986 for an estimated A$1.8 billion
6.
Nine Network
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The Nine Network is one of three main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia. The Nine Network is one of the two highest-rating television networks in Australia, along with the Seven Network and ahead of Network Ten, ABC, and SBS. The Nine Network was overtaken in the ratings in 2007 by its rival, the Seven Network, as a result, Nines slogan Still the One was discontinued. Since 2009, the slogan has been Welcome Home. After a few years in decline, with a period plagued by mass sackings, programme cancellations, and budget cuts. TCN-9 launched on 16 September 1956, john Godson introduced the station and Bruce Gyngell presented the first programme, This Is Television. Before its formation, TCN-9 was then affiliated with HSV-7, by the late 1960s, the network had begun unofficially calling itself the National Nine Network, and became simply the Nine Network in 1989. In 1967, the New South Wales Rugby Football League grand final became the first football final of any code to be televised live in Australia. The Nine Network paid $5,000 for the broadcasting rights, in the late 1980s, STW-9 Perth, which opened in 1965, became a Nine Network owned-and-operated station when Bond Media purchased the network. In 2011 GTV9 Melbourne moved from 22 Bendigo Street, Richmond, to 717 Bourke Street,22 Bendigo Street started out as the Wertheim Piano Factory, then became the Heinz Soup Factory, then GTV9. The building in Bendigo Street still stands, now as luxury apartments, Nine began using the slogan Let Us Be The One in 1977 and became the number-one free-to-air network in Australia, its National Nine News became the most-watched news service. In 1978, Nine switched its slogan to Still the One, during the 1980s, Nines ratings peaked. From 1999 to 2001, the network began losing ground to the Seven network in news and entertainment, the death of CEO Kerry Packer in 2005 triggered more problems for the network. Digital terrestrial television was introduced on 1 January 2001, Nine stayed strong throughout 2004, but was hit hard when Seven introduced a new line-up in 2005, though Nine finished ahead of Seven that year. Meanwhile, National Nine News was overtaken by Seven News, while Today was beaten by Sevens Sunrise, in 2006, Nine continued on its downward trend, losing most news weeks to Seven News and just winning the year thanks to its coverage of the Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. To try to revitalise the network in its 50th anniversary, Nine adopted a new, but critically received, logo removed the nine dots. In May 2007, Nine partially reintroduced the Nine dots, which resulted in the square logo changing into a cube that rotates. After a period of declining ratings, David Gyngell returned to the job of executive officer in October 2007
7.
Ovation (Australian TV channel)
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In March 2006, management of the channel was given to Independent Entertainment, a company run by former SBS head Paddy Conroy under a deal that would see Optus retain ownership until 2009. In November 2009, it was announced that Foxtel had declined to continue broadcasting Ovation on its platform in 2010, a few days later it was announced that a new arts and entertainment channel run by SBS Television would be replacing Ovation. The following statement was taken from the Ovation Channels website, The Ovation Channel has been advised that from next year it will no longer be broadcast on Foxtel. As a result Ovation will also not be available on Austar, in the meantime, Ovation will continue to provide you with the excellent arts and entertainment programming that you have enjoyed for over 13 years. Ovation thanks you, its large and loyal audience, and invites you to make a comment if you wish, in March 2010 it was announced that the channel would become a la carte from 1 June on the Foxtel and Austar platforms. Ovation Channel was formerly available on SelecTV until the closure of its English service in late 2010, on April 18,2012, AUSTAR stated that as of May 31,2012 Ovation would cease to broadcast. Ovation later announced that they would continue to be available via the internet, and in the months on LG, Samsung. Fetch TV ceased transmission of Ovation on the 27th of February,2017 and this means that the only way to view Ovation is by Subscribing to them directly
8.
Network Ten
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Network Ten is an Australian commercial broadcasting network owned by Ten Network Holdings, and is headquartered in Pyrmont, New South Wales. It first aired on August 1,1964 in Melbourne, Network Ten is the one of five national free-to-air networks in Australia. Its owned-and-operated stations can be found in the capital cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. In the early 1960s, the government began canvassing the idea of licensing a third commercial television station in each capital city. This decision was seen by some as a way for the government to defuse growing public dissatisfaction with the dominance of imported overseas programming, the first of these third licences was granted to United Telecasters Sydney was granted on 4 April 1963. Structurally, the Australian television industry was modelled on the two-tiered system that had been in place in Australian radio since the late 1930s. One tier consisted of a network of publicly funded television stations run by the ABC, the second tier consisted of the commercial networks and independent stations owned by private operators, whose income came from selling advertising time. The network was launched as ATV-0 in Melbourne opened on 1 August 1964 and was owned by the Ansett transport and media group, which at the time owned one of Australias two domestic airlines. TEN-10 in Sydney, which opened on 5 April 1965, was owned by United Telecasters Sydney Ltd. Also opened that month was SAS-10, serving the city of Adelaide in South Australia, for its first five years, the 0/10 Network led a hand-to-mouth existence. By the beginning of the 1970s the network was in a financial position. In 1971, the 0/10 network first aired Young Talent Time, which was a ratings success. However, the true financial reprise came about due to the adult soap opera serial Number 96. The series broke new ground for Australian television and captured the imagination of viewers like few programs before or since and this began when Murdochs News Ltd purchased the Wollongong station WIN Television in the early 1960s, around the same time he bought Festival Records. In 1977, frustrated by regulatory blocks that prevented him from expanding into the Sydney market, Murdoch sold WIN, in 1979, Murdoch made an unsuccessful takeover bid for the Melbourne-based The Herald and Weekly Times media group. Although the bid failed, he gained a 50% stake in Ansett, in 1979, 0/10 first aired soap opera Prisoner, which was a huge ratings success. In 1987 Adelaides Network Ten affiliate and Seven Network affiliate successfully negotiated to exchange affiliation rights and channel frequencies due to ownership problems. On 27 December 1987, the exchange came into effect and ADS-7, owned by the owners as the main Network Ten stations, became ADS-10 with SAS-10 converting to SAS-7
9.
Arena (TV network)
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Arena is an Australian general entertainment cable and satellite channel available on Foxtel, Austar, and Optus Televisions subscription platforms. In the late 1990s, Arena had the slogan The Art of Television and it ran a mix of programs, including UK serial Coronation Street, and cult horror and science fictions films presented by Tabitha Clutterbuck. This included programs from E. prior to the launch of E. in Australia, on 1 March 2001 it relaunched, with an added focus on talk shows and celebrity. On 31 July 2005, its look was updated, with a new logo. It was owned and operated by XYZnetworks until 1 October 2007 when management and programming were taken over by Foxtel, on 1 June 2010, Arena TV switched from standard 4,3 to 16,9 widescreen programming. Many of Arenas programmes like Gilmore Girls, Two and a Half Men, How I Met Your Mother, Arena TVs switch to widescreen is part of Foxtels plan to have every channel in widescreen by the end of 2010. On 3 November 2014, Arena launched a HD feed, in addition, Arena +2 moved from channel 154 to channel 151
10.
Australian cinema
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The Australian film industry has its beginnings with the 1906 production of The Story of the Kelly Gang, the earliest feature film ever made. Since then, many films have produced in Australia, a number of which have received international recognition. Cinema in Australia began with the first public screenings of films in Australia in October 1896, the first Australian exhibition took place at the Athenaeum Hall in Collins Street, Melbourne, to provide alternative entertainment for the dance hall patrons. The venue would continue screenings, but these were all short films, commercially successful Australian films have included Paul Hogans Crocodile Dundee, Baz Luhrmanns Moulin Rouge. Other award winning productions include Picnic at Hanging Rock, Gallipoli, The Tracker, Shine, the Athanaeum Hall in Collins Street, Melbourne, was a dance hall from the 1880s, which from time to time would provide alternative entertainment to patrons. In October 1896, it exhibited the first movie shown in Australia, the Athanaeum would continue screenings, but these early screenings were all short films. The earliest feature length film in the world was the Australian produced The Story of the Kelly Gang. The film was written and directed by Charles Tait and included several of his family, the film was also exhibited in the United Kingdom, and was commercially very successful. Melbourne was also home of one of the worlds first film studios, the Limelight Department produced evangelical material for use by the Salvation Army, as well as private and government contracts. In its 19 years of operation, the Limelight Department produced about 300 films of various lengths, soldiers of the Cross fortified the Limelight Department as a major player in the early film industry. The Limelight Department was commissioned to film the Federation of Australia, the 1910s was a boom period in Australian cinema. While these numbers may seem small, Australia was one of the most prolific film-producing countries at the time, in all, between 1906 and 1928,150 narrative feature films were made, of which almost 90 were made between 1910 and 1912. There are various explanations for the decline of the industry in the 1920s. Some historians point to falling numbers, a lack of interest in Australian product and narratives. Also, there was a ban on bushranger films in 1912. To redress this imbalance, the government imposed a tax on imported film in 1914. Whatever the explanation, by 1923, American films dominated the Australian market with 94% of all exhibited films coming from that country, in 1930, F. W. Thring established the Efftee Studios based in Melbourne to make talking films using optical sound equipment imported from the USA. The first sound films produced were in 1931, when the company produced Diggers, A Co-respondents Course, The Haunted Barn, during the five years of its existence, Efftee produced nine features, over 80 shorts and several stage productions
11.
Television in Australia
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Mainstream television was launched on 16 September 1956 in Sydney, NSW with Nine Network station TCN-9-Sydney. The new medium was introduced by Bruce Gyngell with the words Good evening, and welcome to television, local programs, over the years, have included a broad range of comedy, sport, and in particular drama series, in addition to news and current affairs. Reports differ on whether the Telephane was successfully implemented, the first television broadcast in Australia took place on 30 September 1929 at the Menzies Hotel in Melbourne, using the electro-mechanical Radiovision system. Other transmissions took place in the city over the few weeks. Also in 1929, the Baird system was used on 3DB, after 18 months of test transmissions, regular broadcasts began in Brisbane on 6 May 1934 using a 30-line system, to an estimated 18 receivers around Brisbane. The test transmissions, which were of 1 hour duration each day, were made by Thomas M. B. Elliott, the programs included news headlines, still pictures and silent movies such as the temperance film Horrors of Drink. The Commonwealth Government granted a licence and permission to conduct experimental television by VK4CM. By 1935, it expanded to 180 lines, other experimental transmissions followed in other cities. Television commenced in the United States and in the United Kingdom after the end of World War II, the two countries developed radically different industry models, which were based on the models each used for radio broadcasting. British TV was dominated by the broadcasting corporation, the BBC. In June 1948, the Chifley Labor government opted to follow the British model and it decided to establish a government-controlled TV station in each capital city and called for tenders for the building of the six TV transmitters. The Broadcasting Act 1948 specifically prohibited the granting of commercial TV licences and this policy was never put into practice, however, because the Labor government did not have the opportunity to establish the TV network before it was defeated in December 1949. The economic situation at the time that TV was established in Australia exerted an influence on the foundation. The Menzies government was concerned about the viability of the new industry and worried that it might be called on to bail out struggling stations. TCN-9 Sydney began test transmissions on 16 September of that year, hSV7 Melbourne became the first television station to broadcast to viewers in Melbourne on 4 November, soon followed by ABV-2 then GTV9 on 19 January 1957. Sydney station ABN-2 also started broadcasting in November, All of these stations were operational in time for the 1956 Melbourne Summer Olympics opening ceremony, on 22 November 1956. An interview with Mrs Edna Everage was one of the programmes screened on HSV-7s first day of programming in 1956, the character went on to great success in the United Kingdom and later, the United States. Videotape technology was still in its infancy when Australian television was launched in 1956, for the first few years, the only available method for capturing TV programs was the kinescope process, in which a fixed movie camera filmed broadcasts screened on a specially adjusted TV monitor
12.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
13.
British Academy Film Awards
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The British Academy Film Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts to honour the best British and international contributions to film. Between 2008 and 2016, the ceremony was held in central London at the Royal Opera House, the 70th British Academy Film Awards were held on 12 February 2017 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. British Academy of Film and Television Arts was founded in 1947 as The British Film Academy, by David Lean, Alexander Korda, Carol Reed, Charles Laughton, Roger Manvell and others. BAFTA stated charitable purpose is to support, develop and promote the art forms of the image, by identifying and rewarding excellence, inspiring practitioners. In addition to awards ceremonies BAFTA runs a year-round programme of educational events including film screenings. BAFTA is supported by a membership of about 6,000 people from the film, television, the Academys awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was commissioned by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955. The ceremony previously took place in April or May and since 2002 it takes place in February in order to precede the Oscars. The awards are open to all nationalities, though there is an award for Outstanding British Film. Only UK films are eligible for the categories of The British Short Film, the Awards ceremony is delayed broadcast on British television the same evening, and across the world for example its shown on BBC America in the United States. It has been broadcast in colour since 1970, the award ceremony is held in London. From 2000 to 2007 the ceremonies took place at the flagship Odeon cinema in Leicester Square, between 2008 and 2016, the ceremonies took place at the Royal Opera House. The 70th Awards in 2017 were held at the Royal Albert Hall, until 2012, the mobile network Orange sponsored the awards and starting in 2013 Oranges parent company, EE, began sponsorship. British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Academy Television Awards Official website BAFTA Awards database Museum of Broadcast Communications, BAFTA IMDB, BAFTA
14.
Sydney Opera House
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The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney, Australia. It is one of the 20th centurys most famous and distinctive buildings, designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, the building was formally opened on 20 October 1973 after a gestation beginning with Utzons 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition. The government of New South Wales, led by the premier, Joseph Cahill, performances are presented by numerous performing artists, including four resident companies, Opera Australia, The Australian Ballet, the Sydney Theatre Company and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. As one of the most popular attractions in Australia, more than eight million people visit the site annually. The building is managed by the Sydney Opera House Trust, an agency of the New South Wales State Government, on 28 June 2007, the Sydney Opera House became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The building covers 1.8 hectares of land and is 183 m long and 120 m wide at its widest point and it is supported on 588 concrete piers sunk as much as 25 m below sea level. Although the roof structures are referred to as shells, they are precast concrete panels supported by precast concrete ribs. Though the shells appear uniformly white from a distance, they feature a subtle chevron pattern composed of 1,056,006 tiles in two colours, glossy white and matte cream. The tiles were manufactured by the Swedish company Höganäs AB which generally produced stoneware tiles for the paper-mill industry. Apart from the tile of the shells and the curtain walls of the foyer spaces. Significant interior surface treatments also include off-form concrete, Australian white birch plywood supplied from Wauchope in northern New South Wales, of the two larger spaces, the Concert Hall is in the western group of shells, the Joan Sutherland Theatre in the eastern group. The scale of the shells was chosen to reflect the internal requirements, with low entrance spaces. The smaller venues are within the podium, beneath the Concert Hall, a smaller group of shells set to the western side of the Monumental Steps houses the Bennelong Restaurant. The podium is surrounded by substantial open spaces, and the large stone-paved forecourt area with the adjacent monumental steps is regularly used as a performance space. The Sydney Opera House includes a number of venues, Concert Hall, With 2,679 seats. It contains the Sydney Opera House Grand Organ, the largest mechanical action organ in the world. Joan Sutherland Theatre, A proscenium theatre with 1,507 seats, until 16 October 2012 it was known as the Opera Theatre. Drama Theatre, A proscenium theatre with 544 seats, used by the Sydney Theatre Company and other dance, Playhouse, An end-stage theatre with 398 seats
15.
Sydney, New South Wales
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
16.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
17.
Australian Film Institute
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It is responsible for producing Australias premier annual film and television awards, as of 2011 known as AACTA Awards. The work of the institute is supported by government funding, corporate sponsors, the year 1976 marked the first time that the AFI Awards, which had been given since 1958, were televised. Ten years later, television categories were added to the awards, the AFI is affiliated with the Los Angeles Australian Film & Television Association. In August 2011, AFI formed a professional organisation, the Australian Academy of Cinema. The AFI Research Collection is a significant non-lending, specialist film, the collection operates under the auspices of Royal Melbourne Institute of Technologys School of Media and Communication in conjunction with the Australian Film Institute. Cinema of Australia Culture of Australia AFI website AFI Awards 2010 coverage @ Mediasearch AFI History
18.
Melbourne International Film Festival
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The Melbourne International Film Festival is an annual film festival held over three weeks in Melbourne, Australia. It was founded in 1952 and is one of the oldest film festivals in the world, MIFF is one of Melbournes four major film festivals, in addition to the Melbourne International Animation Festival, Melbourne Queer Film Festival and Melbourne Underground Film Festival. As of 2013, the festivals Artistic Director is Michelle Carey, Melbourne is a significant city in the history of film, The Story of the Kelly Gang, the worlds first full-length feature film, was filmed in the city. Established in 1952, the Melbourne International Film Festival is one of the oldest film festivals in the world and has become the most notable event in Australia. MIFF is the largest film festival in both Australia and the hemisphere, and is Australias largest showcase of new Australian cinema. The 2012 festival generated A$8 million for the Victorian economy, as of 2013, the festival is accredited by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the Australian Film Institute and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. As of 2013, the festivals CEO is Maria Amato, Carey is the Artistic Director, the 37ºSouth Market is the only international film financing marketplace to take place during a film festival in Australia or New Zealand. As of 2013, the 37ºSouth Market is also the partner of the Londons Production Finance Market for Australia. Since 1962, MIFF has staged a short film competition, as well as feature film award categories. It also presents audience popularity awards for film and documentary. The festivals inaugural award was Best Short Film, but the title was changed to Grand Prix for Best Short Film in 1965, from 1985 onwards, the Grand Prix has been officially presented by the City of Melbourne. The judges for the 2013 MIFF short film awards were Lorin Clarke, Michael Matrenza, Chinese filmmakers withdrew their films from the festival two days before it opened on 24 July 2009. Later, both pro-Chinese and pro-Uyghur activists attempted to disrupt ticketing due to the media coverage, the festival website was hacked soon after the launch of its 2009 program, with information replaced with the Chinese flag and anti-Kadeer slogans. Victoria Police was placed on alert during the screening of the film, Australias Ambassador to China Geoff Raby was summoned by Chinas Deputy Foreign Minister Zhang Zhijun to express displeasure about Kadeers attendance at MIFF. In 2000, MIFFs rejection of a film written and directed by Richard Wolstencroft led him to form the Melbourne Underground Film Festival. In subsequent years, MUFF has attracted controversy by criticising the content of MIFF, as well as its management, MUFF prioritises and declares that he has a mandate, as a space for exciting and edgy Australian cinema that may not be played at MIFF. Film festival List of film festivals List of short film festivals St Kilda Short Film Festival Cinema of Australia Official website
19.
Jack and Jill: A Postscript
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Jack and Jill, A Postscript is a 1970 Australian film. Jill, a teacher who lives with her parents, meets Jack. The two fall in love but are unable to reconcile their differences, with tragic results and it took several years to film and shooting finished in mid 1969. The film won a award at the 1969 Australian Film Awards. It was released commercially by Columbia Pictures, Jack and Jill, A Postscript at IMDb Jack and Jill, A Postscript at Australian Screen Online Jack and Jill a Postscript at Oz Movies
20.
Hilton Hotel
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Hilton Hotels & Resorts is a global brand of full-service hotels and resorts and the flagship brand of Hilton. The original company was founded by Conrad Hilton, as of 2017, there were more than 570 Hilton Hotels & Resorts properties in 85 countries and territories across six continents. Properties are either owned by, managed by, or franchised to independent operators by Hilton, Hilton Hotels & Resorts is Hiltons flagship brand and one of the largest hotel brands in the world. The brand is targeted at business and leisure travelers with locations in major city centers, near airports, convention centers. Hilton Hotels & Resorts participates in Hilton Honors, Hiltons guest loyalty program, Conrad Hilton founded the hotel chain in 1919, when he bought his first property, the Mobley Hotel, in Cisco, Texas. The first hotel to bear the Hilton name was the Dallas Hilton, in 1954, at the Caribe Hilton Hotels Beachcomber Bar in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Ramon Monchito Marrero reportedly created the Piña Colada. The Conrad Hilton Hotel in Chicago figured prominently in the 1968 Democratic Convention riots that occurred across the street in Grant Park, John Lennon and Yoko Ono held their first Bed-In for Peace between March 25 and March 31,1969 at the Amsterdam Hilton, in Room 902. This room became a popular tourist destination, in 1989, Hilton established the Hilton Honors program, a seal of approval for hotels of the highest quality with a series of benefits for participants. Controversially, only Hilton hotels were ever awarded Honors, and further, basically all Hiltons were so honored, even the worst ones, in 2009, the company relocated its global headquarters from Beverly Hills, California to McLean, Virginia. With construction on the Beirut Hilton finished, the hotel was scheduled to open on April 14,1975, the hotel never opened and was severely damaged during the war, and the building was demolished in the late 1990s. However, a different hotel was established later, under the name Hilton Beirut Grand Habtoor, later on, the Hilton Chain bought the Metropolitan hotel directly facing the Grand Habtoor and renamed it Hilton Metropolitan. On February 13,1978, the Sydney Hilton Hotel was the site of one of the few terrorist incidents on Australian soil, when a bomb blast killed three people. The Hilton Nicosia in Nicosia, Cyprus, was the scene of the assassination of Youssef Sebai, the assassination and the hijacking of a Cyprus Airways DC-8 at Larnaca Airport led to the Egyptian raid on Larnaca International Airport by Egyptian forces. The intervention by the Egyptians led to the deterioration of relations between Cyprus and Egypt, in 2009 Hilton opened Canadas tallest hotel at 58 stories, in Niagara Falls, Ontario. In late 2010, Hilton announced a change of the Hilton Hotels brand to Hilton Hotels & Resorts along with a new logo design. In March 2013, Hilton announced that it would be entering Burma for the first time with the construction of a 300-room hotel in Yangon, in 2015, approximately 20 Hilton Hotels & Resorts properties were inducted into the Historic Hotels of America organization. Among these hotels were Hilton Fort Worth, which hosted John F. Kennedys final speech, and Hilton Hawaiian Village Waikiki Beach Resort, in 2016, Hilton N’Djamena opened in Chad. It was the brands first property in the country and the 100th country Hilton began operations in worldwide, hyatt List of chained-brand hotels List of hotels Sheraton Hotels and Resorts Official Hilton Hotels & Resorts website Hilton Hotels & Resorts index homepage
21.
Diana Glenn
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Diana Glenn is an Australian actress with many credits in television, movies and theatre. Glenn has an English father, Greek mother and three siblings, the family emigrated to Australia when she was 14. She attended Melbourne Girls Grammar School and studied arts at Monash University and she has also had significant roles in Secrets and Lies and Underbelly, Squizzy. Her movie roles include Oyster Farmer, Somersault, and Black Water, glenns partner is actor Vince Colosimo. Glenn has lived in Paris, France and speaks French, in April 2014, Glenn gave birth to her son, Massimo Colosimo. Diana Glenn at the Internet Movie Database
22.
Melbourne, Victoria
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
23.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
24.
VHS
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The Video Home System is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976, from the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders. At that time, the devices were used only in professional environments such as television studios. In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the video industry and changing the economics of the television. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders as having the power to disrupt their business, in the 1980s and 1990s, at the peak of VHSs popularity, there were videotape format wars in the home video industry. Two of the formats, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure, VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Optical disc formats later began to better quality than analog consumer video tape such as standard. The earliest of these formats, LaserDisc, was not widely adopted, however, after the introduction of the DVD format in 1997, VHSs market share began to decline. By 2008, DVD had replaced VHS as the preferred method of distribution. After several attempts by other companies, the first commercially successful VTR, at a price of US$50,000 in 1956, and US$300 for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi, a broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japan market. In 1959, JVC developed a video tape recorder. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the companys standard VTR until the mid-1970s, in 1969 JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita Electric in building a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first format to become a unified standard, U-matic was successful in business and some broadcast applications, but due to cost and limited recording time very few of the machines were sold for home use. Soon after, Sony and Matsushita broke away from the collaboration effort, Sony started working on Betamax, while Matsushita started working on VX. JVC released the CR-6060 in 1975, based on the U-matic format, Sony and Matsushita also produced U-matic systems of their own. In 1971, JVC engineers Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano put together a team to develop a consumer-based VTR, by the end of 1971 they created an internal diagram titled VHS Development Matrix, which established twelve objectives for JVCs new VTR. These included, The system must be compatible with any television set
25.
Australian dollar
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Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign, with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is subdivided into 100 cents, in 2011, the Australian dollar was the fifth most traded currency in the world, accounting for 7. 6% of the worlds daily share. It trades in the foreign exchange markets behind the US dollar, the euro, the yen. The currency is referred to by foreign-exchange traders as the Aussie dollar. With pounds, shillings and pence to be replaced by decimal currency on 14 February 1966, in 1963, the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies, a monarchist, wished to name the currency the royal. Other proposed names included more exotic suggestions such as the austral, the oz, the boomer, the roo, the kanga, the emu, the digger, the quid, the dinkum and the ming. Menzies influence resulted in the selection of the royal, and trial designs were prepared and printed by the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Treasurer, Harold Holt, announced the decision in Parliament on 5 June 1963. The royal would be subdivided into 100 cents, but the existing names shilling, florin, the name royal for the currency proved very unpopular, with Holt and his wife even receiving death threats. On 24 July Holt told the Cabinet the decision had been a terrible mistake, on 18 September Holt advised Parliament that the name was to be the dollar, of 100 cents. The Australian pound, introduced in 1910 and officially distinct in value from the pound sterling since devaluation in 1931, was replaced by the dollar on 14 February 1966. The rate of conversion for the new currency was two dollars per Australian pound, or ten Australian shillings per dollar. The exchange rate was pegged to the pound sterling at a rate of $1 =8 shillings, in 1967, Australia effectively left the sterling area, when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar and the Australian dollar did not follow. It maintained its peg to the US dollar at the rate of A$1 = US$1.12, on 27 September 2012, the Reserve Bank of Australia stated that they had ordered work on a project to upgrade the current banknotes. The upgraded banknotes will incorporate a number of new features so that they remain secure into the future, the first new banknotes were issued from the 1st of September 2016, with the remaining denominations to be issued in the coming years. In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1,2,5,10,20 and 50 cents. The initial 50-cent coins contained high silver content and were withdrawn after a year after the value of the silver content was found to exceed the face value of the coins. One-dollar coins were introduced in 1984, followed by two-dollar coins in 1988, the one- and two-cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn from circulation. In commemoration of the 40th anniversary of decimal currency, the 2006 mint proof and uncirculated sets included one-, in early 2013, Australias first triangular coin was introduced, to mark the 25th anniversary of the opening of Parliament House
26.
Ernst and Young
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EY is a multinational professional services firm headquartered in London, United Kingdom. EY is one of the largest professional services firm in the world and is one of the Big Four accounting firms, the organisation operates as a network of member firms which are separate legal entities in individual countries. It has 231,000 employees in over 700 offices around 150 countries in the world and it provides assurance, tax, consulting and advisory services to companies. The firm dates back to 1849 with the founding of Harding & Pullein in England, the current firm was formed by a merger of Ernst & Whinney and Arthur Young & Co. in 1989. It was known as Ernst & Young until 2013, when it underwent a rebranding to EY, the acronym EY was already an informal name for the firm prior to its official adoption. In 2016, Fortune magazine ranked EY as 49th of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, EY is the result of a series of mergers of ancestor organizations. The oldest originating partnership was founded in 1849 in England as Harding & Pullein, in that year the firm was joined by Frederick Whinney. He was made a partner in 1859 and with his sons in the business it was renamed Whinney Smith & Whinney in 1894, in 1903, the firm of Ernst & Ernst was established in Cleveland by Alwin C. Ernst and his brother Theodore and in 1906, Arthur Young & Co. was set up by the Scotsman Arthur Young in Chicago. As early as 1924, these American firms allied with prominent British firms, Young with Broads Paterson & Co. in the year 1979, this led to the formation of Anglo-American Ernst & Whinney, creating the fourth largest accountancy firm in the world. Also in 1979, the European offices of Arthur Young merged with large local European firms. In 1989, the four firm Ernst & Whinney merged with the then number five, Arthur Young. The merger plans were abandoned in February 1998 due to client opposition, antitrust issues, cost problems, EY had built up its consultancy arm heavily during the 1980s and 1990s. In 2002, EY took over many of the ex-Arthur Andersen practices around the world, although not those in the UK, China, in 2010, EY acquired Terco, the Brazilian member firm of Grant Thornton. In 2013, EY changed its name from Ernst & Young to EY. EY expanded further and acquired all of KPMG Denmarks operations including its 150 partners,1500 employees and 21 offices. In 2015, EY opened its first ever global Security Operations Centre at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala in India, in 2017 EY announced it was opening an executive support center in Tucson, Arizona, creating over 125 new jobs. In 2017 the company looking for a location for a new, $4.35 million professional services center in Louisville, Kentucky, creating 125 new jobs
27.
Southern Cross
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Crux /ˈkrʌks/ is a constellation located in the southern sky in a bright portion of the Milky Way. Its name is Latin for cross, and it is dominated by a cross-shaped or kite-like asterism that is known as the Southern Cross. The constellation contains four Cepheid variables that are visible to the eye under optimum conditions. Crux also contains the bright and colourful open cluster known as the Jewel Box and, to the southwest, partly includes the dark nebula. Crux was known to the Ancient Greeks due to the fact that it can be seen from southern Egypt and it was entirely visible as far north as Britain in the fourth millennium BC. However, the precession of the equinoxes gradually lowered its stars below the European horizon, by AD400, most of the constellation never rose above the horizon for Athenians. The 15th-century Venetian navigator Alvise Cadamosto made note of what was probably the Southern Cross on exiting the Gambia River in 1455, however, Cadamostos accompanying diagram was inaccurate. Faras sketched and described the constellation in a letter written on the beaches of Brazil on May 1,1500, explorer Amerigo Vespucci seems to have observed not only the Southern Cross but also the neighboring Coalsack Nebula on his second voyage in 1501–02. Both authors, however, depended on unreliable sources and placed Crux in the wrong position, Crux was first shown in its correct position on the celestial globes of Petrus Plancius and Jodocus Hondius in 1598 and 1600. Its stars were first catalogued separately from Centaurus by Frederick de Houtman in 1603, later adopters of the constellation included Jakob Bartsch in 1624 and Augustin Royer in 1679. Royer is sometimes cited as initially distinguishing Crux. Crux is bordered by the constellations Centaurus on the east, north and west, covering 68 square degrees and 0. 165% of the night sky, it is the smallest of the 88 constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is Cru, the official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of four segments. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 11h 56. 13m and 12h 57. 45m, while the coordinates are between −55. 68° and −64. 70°. The whole constellation is visible to observers south of latitude 25°N, in tropical regions Crux can be seen in the sky from April to June. Crux is exactly opposite to Cassiopeia on the sphere. For locations south of 34°S, Crux is circumpolar and thus visible in the night sky. Crux is sometimes confused with the nearby False Cross by stargazers, Crux is somewhat kite-shaped, and it has a fifth star
28.
2011 AACTA Film Awards
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The ceremony was televised on the Nine Network. The Academy presented awards for achievements in film, and announced the nominees at the AACTA Awards Luncheon. These awards will serve as a continuum to the Australian Film Institute Awards, a gold statuette was created by Australian sculptor Ron Gomboc, which depicts a human silhouette based on the shape of the Southern Cross constellation. The president of the awards is Australian actor Geoffrey Rush, works entered between 7 October 2010 and 2 November 2011 for films, and 5 May 2010 and 24 May 2011 for short films and documentaries were eligible for awards. The films were showcased at the inaugural Festival of Film from 6 October –14 November in Sydney and Melbourne, for the general public, and for Academy and AFI members to view and judge. The first nominees were announced on 30 August 2011, for non-feature film categories, Best Feature Length Documentary, Best Short Animation, round one voting for feature film categories commenced on 2 November and ended on 16 November. Following the announcement of the nominees on 30 November, round two voting commenced to determine the winners in each category, and ended on 14 December 2011. Foreign films were recognised at the AACTA International Awards ceremony. The nominees were announced at the AACTA Awards Luncheon on 15 January 2011, in conjunction with the Australia Week Black Tie Gala, and this marks the first time in ten years since the awards have been presented in Sydney, which had been held in Melbourne previously. The awards date has been shifted from its usual November/December date, to January,2012, the awards ceremony was broadcast by the Nine Network. During the AACTA Awards luncheon, special awards were handed out to individuals for their contribution to the Australian screen industry. The Longford Lyell Award, an achievement award, was presented to Don McAlpine. The Outstanding Achievement in Television Screen Craft award was given to production designer Herbert Pinter, winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Official website
29.
Jester
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A jester was also an itinerant performer who entertained common folk at fairs and markets. Jesters are also modern-day entertainers who resemble their historical counterparts, Jesters in medieval times are often thought to have worn brightly coloured clothes and eccentric hats in a motley pattern and their modern counterparts usually mimic this costume. Much of the entertainment was performed in a style and many jesters made contemporary jokes in word or song about people or events well known to their audiences. The modern use of the English word jester did not come into use until the mid-16th century during Tudor times and this modern term derives from the older form gestour, or jestour, originally from Anglo-Norman meaning story-teller or minstrel. Other earlier terms included fol, disour, and bourder and these terms described entertainers who differed in their skills and performances but who all shared many similarities in their role as comedic performers for their audiences. Jesters could also give bad news to the King that no one else would dare deliver, the best example of this is in 1340, when the French fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Sluys by the English. Phillippe VIs jester told him the English sailors dont even have the guts to jump into the water like our brave French, early jesters were popular in Ancient Egypt, and entertained Egyptian pharaohs. Jesters were popular with the Aztec people in the 14th to 16th centuries, many courts throughout English royal history employed entertainers and most had professional fools, sometimes called licensed fools. Entertainment included music, storytelling, and physical comedy and it has also been suggested they performed acrobatics and juggling Henry VIII of England employed a jester named Will Sommers. During the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I of England, William Shakespeare wrote his plays, clowns and jesters were featured in Shakespeares plays, and the companys expert on jesting was Robert Armin, author of the book Fooled upon Foole. In Shakespeares Twelfth Night, Feste the jester is described as enough to play the fool. King James VI of Scotland also employed a jester called Archibald Armstrong, during his lifetime Armstrong was given great honours at court. He was eventually out of the Kings employment when he over-reached himself. Even after his disgrace, books telling of his jests were sold in London streets and he held some influence at court still in the reign of Charles I and estates of land in Ireland. Charles later employed a jester called Jeffrey Hudson who was very popular, Jeffrey Hudson had the title of Royal Dwarf because he was short of stature. One of his jests was to be presented hidden in a giant pie from which he would leap out, Hudson fought on the Royalist side in the English Civil War. A third jester associated with Charles I was called Muckle John, the last British nobles to keep jesters were the Queen Mothers family, the Bowes-Lyons. In the 18th century, jesters had died out except in Russia, Spain, in France and Italy, travelling groups of jesters performed plays featuring stylized characters in a form of theatre called the commedia dellarte
30.
Filmstrip
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From the 1940s to 1980s, filmstrips provided an easy and inexpensive alternative to 16 mm educational films, requiring very little storage space and being very quick to rewind for the next use. Filmstrips were large and durable, and rarely needed splicing and they are still used in some areas. A filmstrip is a roll of 35 mm positive film with approximately thirty to fifty images arranged in sequential order. Like 16 mm film, a filmstrip was inserted vertically down in front of the projector aperture, therefore, the frame size is smaller than normal 35 mm film. Two image frames of a take up the same amount of space as a single 35mm frame, including its guard band. Early celluloid filmstrips had a habit of melting or combusting from the intense and these were called pictural filmstrips, the first filmstrips that were produced in a complete set. Typically, a running time was between ten and twenty minutes. Depending on how they were narrated or produced, filmstrips were flexible enough to be used in both self-paced learning formats or a full classroom, the instructor would turn on a filmstrip projector that would show the first frame of the filmstrip. The instructor then turned on a 33 RPM record or cassette tape containing the material for the filmstrip which included narration. At the appropriate point, a tone would sound, signaling the instructor to turn a knob, later, technical improvements allowed the projector to advance the film automatically. The music and narration for the filmstrip originally came on a vinyl record, in the 1970s, audio technology advanced, and vinyl records gave way to audio cassettes and became useful in providing individualized instruction. Students could now watch and listen to a filmstrip over and over at their own pace, in the early 1950s production companies started producing filmstrips for home entertainment. There were a number of films from Disney, and also from the Society for Visual Education Inc. among other manufacturers, Film strips were popular in the USSR because movie projectors and VCRs were not in common use until the early 1990s. A great number of films were produced by the Diafilm studio, many filmstrips were produced by cinematographic studios in former Soviet bloc countries such as Poland and Hungary during the 1950s–1960s. In Greece they were known and sold by the name tainies Argo Film from the name of the company that translated the scripts into Greek, the titles included childrens stories, fairy tales, Greek history, Christianity, adventure, science fiction and war stories. Most cassettes accompanying filmstrips in the 1970s and 1980s would have the audio material on both sides of the tape. One side would have audible tones for the projectors. Some select filmstrip releases had both audible and subaudible tones combined, making the filmstrip and its companion cassette compatible with any filmstrip projector, if improperly set up, the narration and film would not be synchronized
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Roll film
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The term originated in contrast to sheet film. Confusingly, roll film was often referred to as cartridge film because of its resemblance to a shotgun cartridge. The opaque backing paper allows roll film to be loaded in daylight and it is typically printed with frame number markings which can be viewed through a small red window at the rear of the camera. A spool of film is usually loaded on one side of the camera. In 1881 a farmer in Cambria, Wisconsin, Peter Houston and his younger brother David, filed the patents for various components of Peters camera. David Henderson Houston, originally from Cambria, Wisconsin, patented the first holders for flexible roll film, Houston moved to Hunter in Dakota Territory in 1880. He was issued an 1881 patent for a film holder which he licensed to George Eastman. Houston sold the patent outright to Eastman for $5000 in 1889, Houston continued developing the camera, creating 21 patents for cameras or camera parts between 1881 and 1902. In 1912 his estate transferred the remainder of his patents to Eastman, the most popular rollfilm is the type 120 film format, which is used in most medium-format cameras and roll film magazines for large-format cameras. Until the 1950s,120 roll film was used in what was then the most simple of snapshot cameras. The use of film in consumer cameras was largely superseded by 135 and 126 cartridges. Film stock Brownie Category, Film formats Film format List of color film systems List of film formats
32.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
33.
Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
34.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
35.
Tiger iron
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Tigers eye is a chatoyant gemstone that is usually a metamorphic rock with a golden to red-brown colour and a silky lustre. Gems are usually given a cut to best display their chatoyance. Red stones are developed by heat treatment. Dark stones are artificially lightened to improve color using an acid treatment. Honey-colored stones have been used to imitate the more valued cats eye chrysoberyl, artificial fibre optic glass is a common imitation of tigers eye, and is produced in a wide range of colours. Tigers eye comes primarily from South Africa and east Asia, tiger iron is an altered rock composed chiefly of tigers eye, red jasper and black hematite. The undulating, contrasting bands of colour and lustre make for an attractive motif, tiger iron is a popular ornamental material used in a variety of applications, from beads to knife hilts. Tiger iron is mined primarily in South Africa and Western Australia, tigers eye is composed chiefly of silicon dioxide and is coloured mainly by iron oxide. The specific gravity ranges from 2.64 to 2.71 and it is formed by the alteration of crocidolite. Serpentine deposits in which are occasionally found chatoyant bands of chrysotile fibres have been found in the US states of Arizona and these have been cut and sold as Arizona tiger-eye and California tigers eye gemstones. The trade name of pietersite is used for a fractured or brecciated chalcedony containing amphibole fibers and promoted as tigers eye from Namibia and China. Common sources of tigers eye include Australia, Burma, India, Namibia, South Africa, United States, Brazil, Canada, China, Korea, in some parts of the world, the stone is believed to ward off the evil eye. New interpretation of the origin of tigers-eye, Comment and Reply
36.
Western Australia
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Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Southern Ocean to the south, the state has about 2.6 million inhabitants, around 11% of the national total. 92% of the lives in the south-west corner of the state. The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog, the first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major Edmund Lockyer on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the New South Wales colonial government. This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, york was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated 97 kilometres east of Perth, it was settled on 16 September 1831, Western Australia achieved responsible government in 1890, and federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901. Today its economy relies on mining, agriculture and tourism. The state produces 46% of Australias exports, Western Australia is the second-largest iron ore producer in the world. The International Hydrographic Organization designates the body of water south of the continent as part of the Indian Ocean, the total length of the states eastern border is 1,862 km. There are 20,781 km of coastline, including 7,892 km of island coastline, the total land area occupied by the state is 2.5 million km2. Most of the state is a low plateau with an elevation of about 400 metres, very low relief. This descends relatively sharply to the plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment. The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile, even soils derived from granitic bedrock contain an order of magnitude less available phosphorus and only half as much nitrogen as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or ironstone are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and also deficient in zinc, copper, molybdenum, the infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of chemical fertilisers, particularly superphosphate, insecticides and herbicides. These have resulted in damage to invertebrate and bacterial populations, the grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in compaction of soils and great damage to the fragile soils. Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora, large areas of the states wheatbelt region have problems with dryland salinity and the loss of fresh water. The southwest coastal area has a Mediterranean climate and it was originally heavily forested, including large stands of karri, one of the tallest trees in the world. This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, thanks to the offshore Leeuwin Current, the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly coral reefs in the world
37.
Geoffrey Rush
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Geoffrey Roy Rush AC is an Australian actor and film producer. Rush is the youngest amongst the few people who have won the Triple Crown of Acting, the Academy Award, the Primetime Emmy Award, and the Tony Award. He has won one Academy Award for acting, three British Academy Film Awards, two Golden Globe Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards, Rush is the founding President of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year. Rush was born in Toowoomba, Queensland, the son of Merle, a department store sales assistant, and Roy Baden Rush and his father was of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, and his mother was of German descent. His parents divorced when he was five, and his mother took him to live with her parents in suburban Brisbane. Before he began his career, Rush attended Everton Park State High School. While at university, he was talent-spotted by Queensland Theatre Company in Brisbane, Rush began his career with QTC in 1971, appearing in 17 productions. In 1975, Rush went to Paris for two years and studied mime, movement and theatre at LÉcole Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq, in 1979, he shared an apartment with actor Mel Gibson for four months while they co-starred in a stage production of Waiting for Godot. Rush made his debut in the QTCs production of Wrong Side of the Moon. He worked with the QTC for four years, appearing in roles ranging across classical plays and pantomime, from Juno, following these, Rush left for Paris where he studied further. Rushs acting credits include Shakespeares plays, The Winters Tale and Troilus and he also appeared in an ongoing production of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest as John Worthing. In September 1998, Rush played the role in the Beaumarchais play The Marriage of Figaro for the QTC. This was the production of the Optus Playhouse at the Queensland Performing Arts Centre at South Bank in Brisbane. A pun on Rushs name was used in the prologue of the play with the comment that the Optus Playhouse was opening with a Rush. Rush has appeared on stage for the Brisbane Arts Theatre and in other theatre venues. He has also worked as a theatre director, in 2007, he starred as King Berenger in a production of Eugène Ionescos Exit the King at the Malthouse Theatre in Melbourne and Company B in Sydney, directed by Neil Armfield. For this performance, he received a Helpmann Award nomination for best male actor in a play, Rush made his Broadway debut in a re-staging of Exit the King under Malthouse Theatres touring moniker Malthouse Melbourne and Company B Belvoir. This re-staging featured a new American cast including Susan Sarandon, the show opened on 26 March 2009 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre
38.
Facebook
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Facebook is an American for-profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park, California. Facebook gradually added support for students at other universities. Since 2006, anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a user of Facebook, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement. The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students, Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops, laptops, tablet computers, and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks. After registering to use the site, users can create a user profile indicating their name, occupation, schools attended and so on. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace, school, hobbies or other topics, in groups, editors can pin posts to top. Additionally, users can complain about or block unpleasant people, because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service, Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies. Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen, Facebook, Inc. held its initial public offering in February 2012, and began selling stock to the public three months later, reaching an original peak market capitalization of $104 billion. On July 13,2015, Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poors 500 Index to reach a market cap of $250 billion, Facebook has more than 1.86 billion monthly active users as of December 31,2016. As of April 2016, Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world, Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only. Zuckerberg wrote a program called Facemash on October 28,2003 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore, to accomplish this, Zuckerberg hacked into protected areas of Harvards computer network and copied private dormitory ID images. Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online, the site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating copyrights, Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final exam. He uploaded 500 Augustan images to a website, each of which was featured with a corresponding comments section and he shared the site with his classmates, and people started sharing notes. The following semester, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website in January 2004 and he said that he was inspired by an editorial about the Facemash incident in The Harvard Crimson. On February 4,2004, Zuckerberg launched Thefacebook, originally located at thefacebook. com. com and they claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to The Harvard Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation and they later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares. Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College, within the first month, eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum, and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website
39.
Sydney Morning Herald
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The Sydney Morning Herald is a daily compact newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1831 as the Sydney Herald, the SMH is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Australia, the newspaper is published six days a week. It is available at outlets in Sydney, regional New South Wales, Canberra, the Sydney Morning Herald includes a variety of supplements, including the magazines Good Weekend, and Sunday Life. By February 2016, average circulation had fallen to 104,000, similarWeb rates the site as the fifth most visited news website in Australia and as the 42nd newspapers website globally, attracting more than 15 million visitors per month. In 1931 a Centenary Supplement was published, the original four-page weekly had a print run of 750. In 1840, the newspaper began to publish daily, in 1841, an Englishman named John Fairfax purchased the operation, renaming it The Sydney Morning Herald the following year. Fairfax, whose family were to control the newspaper for almost 150 years, based his editorial policies upon principles of candour, honesty and we have no wish to mislead, no interest to gratify by unsparing abuse or indiscriminate approbation. During the decade 1890, Donald Murray worked there, the SMH was late to the trend of printing news rather than just advertising on the front page, doing so from 15 April 1944. Of the countrys metropolitan dailies, only The West Australian was later in making the switch, in 1949, the newspaper launched a Sunday edition, The Sunday Herald. Four years later, this was merged with the newly acquired Sun newspaper to create The Sun-Herald, in 1995, the company launched the newspapers web edition smh. com. au. The site has grown to include interactive and multimedia features beyond the content in the print edition. Around the same time, the organisation moved from Jones Street to new offices at Darling Park and built a new printing press at Chullora, the SMH has since moved with other Sydney Fairfax divisions to a building at Darling Island. In May 2007, Fairfax Media announced it would be moving from a format to the smaller compact or tabloid-size, in the footsteps of The Times. Fairfax Media dumped these plans later in the year, however, in June 2012, Fairfax Media again announced it planned to shift both broadsheet newspapers to tabloid size, in March 2013. Fairfax also announced it would cut staff across the group by 1,900 over three years and erect paywalls around the papers websites. The subscription type is to be a model, limiting readers to a number of free stories per month, with a payment required for further access. In July 2013 it was announced that the SMHs news director, Darren Goodsir, would become Editor-in-Chief, on 22 February 2014, the final Saturday edition was produced in broadsheet format with this too converted to compact format on 1 March 2014. Ahead of the decommissioning of the plant at Chullora in June 2014
40.
AUD
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Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign, with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is subdivided into 100 cents, in 2011, the Australian dollar was the fifth most traded currency in the world, accounting for 7. 6% of the worlds daily share. It trades in the foreign exchange markets behind the US dollar, the euro, the yen. The currency is referred to by foreign-exchange traders as the Aussie dollar. With pounds, shillings and pence to be replaced by decimal currency on 14 February 1966, in 1963, the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies, a monarchist, wished to name the currency the royal. Other proposed names included more exotic suggestions such as the austral, the oz, the boomer, the roo, the kanga, the emu, the digger, the quid, the dinkum and the ming. Menzies influence resulted in the selection of the royal, and trial designs were prepared and printed by the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Treasurer, Harold Holt, announced the decision in Parliament on 5 June 1963. The royal would be subdivided into 100 cents, but the existing names shilling, florin, the name royal for the currency proved very unpopular, with Holt and his wife even receiving death threats. On 24 July Holt told the Cabinet the decision had been a terrible mistake, on 18 September Holt advised Parliament that the name was to be the dollar, of 100 cents. The Australian pound, introduced in 1910 and officially distinct in value from the pound sterling since devaluation in 1931, was replaced by the dollar on 14 February 1966. The rate of conversion for the new currency was two dollars per Australian pound, or ten Australian shillings per dollar. The exchange rate was pegged to the pound sterling at a rate of $1 =8 shillings, in 1967, Australia effectively left the sterling area, when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar and the Australian dollar did not follow. It maintained its peg to the US dollar at the rate of A$1 = US$1.12, on 27 September 2012, the Reserve Bank of Australia stated that they had ordered work on a project to upgrade the current banknotes. The upgraded banknotes will incorporate a number of new features so that they remain secure into the future, the first new banknotes were issued from the 1st of September 2016, with the remaining denominations to be issued in the coming years. In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1,2,5,10,20 and 50 cents. The initial 50-cent coins contained high silver content and were withdrawn after a year after the value of the silver content was found to exceed the face value of the coins. One-dollar coins were introduced in 1984, followed by two-dollar coins in 1988, the one- and two-cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn from circulation. In commemoration of the 40th anniversary of decimal currency, the 2006 mint proof and uncirculated sets included one-, in early 2013, Australias first triangular coin was introduced, to mark the 25th anniversary of the opening of Parliament House
41.
Melbourne University
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The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1853, it is Australias second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria, Times Higher Education ranks Melbourne as 33rd in the world, while the Academic Ranking of World Universities places Melbourne 40th in the world. Melbournes main campus is located in Parkville, a suburb north of the Melbourne central business district. Melbourne is a university and a member of the Group of Eight, Universitas 21. Since 1872 various residential colleges have become affiliated with the university, there are 12 colleges located on the main campus and in nearby suburbs offering academic, sporting and cultural programs alongside accommodation for Melbourne students and faculty. Amongst Melbournes 15 graduate schools the Melbourne Business School, the Melbourne Law School, four Australian prime ministers and five governors-general have graduated from Melbourne. Nine Nobel laureates have been students or faculty, the most of any Australian university, the university was established by Act of Incorporation on 22 January 1853, with power to confer degrees in arts, medicine, laws and music. The act provided for an endowment of £9,000. The original buildings were opened by the Lieutenant Governor of the Colony of Victoria, Sir Charles Hotham. The first chancellor, Redmond Barry, held the position until his death in 1880, the inauguration of the university was made possible by the wealth resulting from Victorias gold rush. The institution was designed to be an influence at a time of rapid settlement. In 1881, the admission of women was a seen as victory over the conservative ruling council. The universitys 150th anniversary was celebrated in 2003, as of May 2009 the university suspended the Bachelor of Music Theatre and Puppetry courses at the college and there were fears they may not return under the new curriculum. New dean Sharman Pretty outlined drastic changes under the plan for the college in early April 2009. As a result, it is now being called into question whether the university have upheld that agreement, staff at the college responded to the changes, claiming the university did not value vocational arts training, and voicing fears over the future of quality training at the VCA. Melbourne University has 12 residential colleges in total, seven of which are located in an arc around the oval at the northern edge of the campus. The other five are located outside of university grounds, the residential colleges aim to provide accommodation and holistic education experience to university students. Several of the earliest campus buildings, such as the Old Quadrangle and Baldwin Spencer buildings, the new Wilson Hall replaced the original building which was destroyed by fire
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