1.
Social science
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Social science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society. It in turn has many branches, each of which is considered a social science, the social sciences include economics, political science, human geography, demography, psychology, sociology, anthropology, archaeology, jurisprudence, history, and linguistics. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to the field of sociology. A more detailed list of sub-disciplines within the sciences can be found at Outline of social science. Positivist social scientists use methods resembling those of the sciences as tools for understanding society. In modern academic practice, researchers are often eclectic, using multiple methodologies, the term social research has also acquired a degree of autonomy as practitioners from various disciplines share in its aims and methods. Social sciences came forth from the philosophy of the time and were influenced by the Age of Revolutions, such as the Industrial Revolution. The social sciences developed from the sciences, or the systematic knowledge-bases or prescriptive practices, the beginnings of the social sciences in the 18th century are reflected in the grand encyclopedia of Diderot, with articles from Jean-Jacques Rousseau and other pioneers. The growth of the sciences is also reflected in other specialized encyclopedias. The modern period saw social science first used as a distinct conceptual field, Social science was influenced by positivism, focusing on knowledge based on actual positive sense experience and avoiding the negative, metaphysical speculation was avoided. Auguste Comte used the term science sociale to describe the field, taken from the ideas of Charles Fourier, following this period, there were five paths of development that sprang forth in the social sciences, influenced by Comte on other fields. One route that was taken was the rise of social research, large statistical surveys were undertaken in various parts of the United States and Europe. Another route undertaken was initiated by Émile Durkheim, studying social facts, a third means developed, arising from the methodological dichotomy present, in which social phenomena were identified with and understood, this was championed by figures such as Max Weber. The fourth route taken, based in economics, was developed and furthered economic knowledge as a hard science, the last path was the correlation of knowledge and social values, the antipositivism and verstehen sociology of Max Weber firmly demanded this distinction. In this route, theory and prescription were non-overlapping formal discussions of a subject, around the start of the 20th century, Enlightenment philosophy was challenged in various quarters. The development of social science subfields became very quantitative in methodology, examples of boundary blurring include emerging disciplines like social research of medicine, sociobiology, neuropsychology, bioeconomics and the history and sociology of science. Increasingly, quantitative research and qualitative methods are being integrated in the study of action and its implications. In the first half of the 20th century, statistics became a discipline of applied mathematics
2.
Ethics
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Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. The term ethics derives from the Ancient Greek word ἠθικός ethikos, the branch of philosophy axiology comprises the sub-branches of ethics and aesthetics, each concerned with values. As a branch of philosophy, ethics investigates the questions What is the best way for people to live, and What actions are right or wrong in particular circumstances. In practice, ethics seeks to resolve questions of morality by defining concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice. As a field of enquiry, moral philosophy also is related to the fields of moral psychology, descriptive ethics. Richard William Paul and Linda Elder define ethics as a set of concepts, the Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy states that the word ethics is commonly used interchangeably with morality. And sometimes it is used narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition. Paul and Elder state that most people confuse ethics with behaving in accordance with social conventions, religious beliefs, the word ethics in English refers to several things. It can refer to philosophical ethics or moral philosophy—a project that attempts to use reason in order to various kinds of ethical questions. As bioethicist Larry Churchill has written, Ethics, understood as the capacity to think critically about moral values, Ethics can also be used to describe a particular persons own idiosyncratic principles or habits. For example, Joe has strange ethics, the English word ethics is derived from an Ancient Greek word êthikos, which means relating to ones character. The Ancient Greek adjective êthikos is itself derived from another Greek word, meta-ethics asks how we understand, know about, and what we mean when we talk about what is right and what is wrong. An ethical question fixed on some particular practical question—such as, Should I eat this particular piece of chocolate cake. —cannot be a meta-ethical question, a meta-ethical question is abstract and relates to a wide range of more specific practical questions. For example, Is it ever possible to have knowledge of what is right. Meta-ethics has always accompanied philosophical ethics, meta-ethics is also important in G. E. In it he first wrote about what he called the naturalistic fallacy, moore was seen to reject naturalism in ethics, in his Open Question Argument. This made thinkers look again at second order questions about ethics, earlier, the Scottish philosopher David Hume had put forward a similar view on the difference between facts and values. Studies of how we know in ethics divide into cognitivism and non-cognitivism, non-cognitivism is the claim that when we judge something as right or wrong, this is neither true nor false
3.
Statistics
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Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In applying statistics to, e. g. a scientific, industrial, or social problem, populations can be diverse topics such as all people living in a country or every atom composing a crystal. Statistics deals with all aspects of data including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys, statistician Sir Arthur Lyon Bowley defines statistics as Numerical statements of facts in any department of inquiry placed in relation to each other. When census data cannot be collected, statisticians collect data by developing specific experiment designs, representative sampling assures that inferences and conclusions can safely extend from the sample to the population as a whole. In contrast, an observational study does not involve experimental manipulation, inferences on mathematical statistics are made under the framework of probability theory, which deals with the analysis of random phenomena. A standard statistical procedure involves the test of the relationship between two data sets, or a data set and a synthetic data drawn from idealized model. A hypothesis is proposed for the relationship between the two data sets, and this is compared as an alternative to an idealized null hypothesis of no relationship between two data sets. Rejecting or disproving the hypothesis is done using statistical tests that quantify the sense in which the null can be proven false. Working from a hypothesis, two basic forms of error are recognized, Type I errors and Type II errors. Multiple problems have come to be associated with this framework, ranging from obtaining a sufficient sample size to specifying an adequate null hypothesis, measurement processes that generate statistical data are also subject to error. Many of these errors are classified as random or systematic, the presence of missing data or censoring may result in biased estimates and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems. Statistics continues to be an area of research, for example on the problem of how to analyze Big data. Statistics is a body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation. Some consider statistics to be a mathematical science rather than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations make use of data, statistics is concerned with the use of data in the context of uncertainty, mathematical techniques used for this include mathematical analysis, linear algebra, stochastic analysis, differential equations, and measure-theoretic probability theory. In applying statistics to a problem, it is practice to start with a population or process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics such as all living in a country or every atom composing a crystal. Ideally, statisticians compile data about the entire population and this may be organized by governmental statistical institutes
4.
Graphics
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Graphics are visual images or designs on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, screen, paper, or stone to inform, illustrate, or entertain. In contemporary usage it includes, pictorial representation of data, as in computer-aided design and manufacture, in typesetting and the graphic arts, images that are generated by a computer are called computer graphics. Examples are photographs, drawings, Line art, graphs, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, Graphics often combine text, illustration, and color. Graphic design may consist of the selection, creation, or arrangement of typography alone, as in a brochure, flyer, poster, web site. Clarity or effective communication may be the objective, association with cultural elements may be sought, or merely. Graphics can be functional or artistic. C, many of these were found to record astronomical, seasonal, and chronological details. Records from Egypt predate these and papyrus was used by the Egyptians as a material on which to plan the building of pyramids, they also used slabs of limestone, from 600–250 BC, the Greeks played a major role in geometry. They used graphics to represent their mathematical theories such as the Circle Theorem, in art, graphics is often used to distinguish work in a monotone and made up of lines, as opposed to painting. Drawing generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, in which a tool is always used as if there were no tools it would be art. Graphical drawing is an instrumental guided drawing, woodblock printing, including images is first seen in China after paper was invented. In the West the main techniques have been woodcut, engraving and etching, etching is an intaglio method of printmaking in which the image is incised into the surface of a metal plate using an acid. The acid eats the metal, leaving behind roughened areas, or, if the surface exposed to the acid is very thin, the use of the process in printmaking is believed to have been invented by Daniel Hopfer of Augsburg, Germany, who decorated armour in this way. Etching is also used in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards, Line art is usually monochromatic, although lines may be of different colors. An illustration is a visual representation such as a drawing, painting, the aim of an illustration is to elucidate or decorate a story, poem or piece of textual information, traditionally by providing a visual representation of something described in the text. The editorial cartoon, also known as a cartoon, is an illustration containing a political or social message. Charts are often used to make it easier to understand large quantities of data, a diagram is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts, ideas, constructions, relations, statistical data, etc. used to visualize and clarify the topic. A symbol, in its sense, is a representation of a concept or quantity, i. e. an idea, object, concept, quality. A map is a depiction of a space, a navigational aid which highlights relations between objects within that space
5.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
6.
A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
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A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, by Henry Watson Fowler, is a style guide to British English usage, pronunciation, and writing. Covering topics such as plurals and literary technique, distinctions among like words, and the use of foreign terms, hence, the 1926 first-edition remains in print, along with the 1965 second-edition, edited by Ernest Gowers, and reprinted in 1983 and 1987. In A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Henry W, in the entries Pedantic Humour and Polysyllabic Humour Fowler mocked the use of arcane words and the use of long words. Those who neither know nor care are the vast majority, and are a happy folk, Welsh rarebit Welsh rabbit is amusing and right. Welsh rarebit is stupid and wrong, moreover, he researched the Dictionary assisted by Francis, who died in 1918 of tuberculosis, which he contracted in service with the British Expeditionary Force in the First World War. Having been designed in consultation with him, it is the last fruit of a partnership began in 1903 with our translation of Lucian. The second edition, Fowler’s Modern English Usage was revised by Sir Ernest Gowers, who updated the text, contributed entries and his book has been largely rewritten. A fourth edition, edited by Jeremy Butterfield, was published by Oxford University Press in 2015, the 2009 reprinting of the 1926 first edition contains an introduction and commentary by the linguist David Crystal. The Pocket Fowlers Modern English Usage edited by Robert Allen was published by OUP in 1999 and it was based mainly on Burchfields 1996 edition, abridged to 40% by omitting about half the entries and reducing others, there was also some new content. A second edition of Allens Pocket Fowler was published in 2008, a Dictionary of Modern English Usage. The New Fowlers Modern English Usage, a Dictionary of Modern English Usage, The Classic First Edition. Introduction and notes by David Crystal, Fowlers Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Disputes in English grammar Elegant variation False scent Fowler, Henry, Winchester, a Dictionary of Modern English Usage. A Dictionary of American-English Usage Based on Fowlers Modern English Usage, signet, by arrangement with Oxford University Press. The Elements of Style, by William Strunk Jr. and E. B. White, the Chicago Manual of Style, an American English guide to style and publishing markup. The Complete Plain Words, by Sir Ernest Gowers, practical English Usage, by Michael Swan, a grammar for non-native English speakers. The Cambridge Guide to English Usage, by Pam Peters, merriam Websters Dictionary of English Usage
7.
Bluebook
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The Bluebook, A Uniform System of Citation, a style guide, prescribes the most widely used legal citation system in the United States. The Bluebook is compiled by the Harvard Law Review Association, the Columbia Law Review, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, currently, it is in its 20th edition. It is so named because its cover is blue, the Bluebook is taught and used at a majority of U. S. law schools, and is also used in a majority of U. S. federal courts. Alternative legal citation style guides exist, including the Maroonbook and the ALWD Citation Manual, there are also several house citation styles used by legal publishers in their works. The U. S. Supreme Court uses its own unique style in its opinions, even though most of the justices. Furthermore, many courts have their own citation rules that take precedence over The Bluebook for documents filed with those courts. Some of the rules are simple modifications to The Bluebook system. In other states, notably New York, Texas, and Michigan, since 2008, California rules of court have allowed citations in Bluebook form as well as the states own style manual. An online subscription version of The Bluebook was launched in 2008, according to a recent study however, by two Yale librarians, Fred R. Shapiro and Julie Graves Krishnaswami, and their considerable archival research, Harvards and Griswolds claim is incorrect. They trace the origin of The Bluebook to a 1920 publication by Karl N. Llewellyn at Yale on how to write law journal materials for the Yale Law Journal, eventually, Harvard reversed course and joined the coalition by 1926. The cover of the 1926 A Uniform System of Citation was green, the color was brown from the second edition through the fifth edition. It was only with the edition that it became blue. In 1939, the cover of the book was changed from brown to a more patriotic blue allegedly to avoid comparison with an associated with Nazi Germany. The eleventh edition, published in 1967, was white with a blue border. The cover color returned to blue in the edition of 1976. The full text of the first through the editions are available on the official website. The Bluebook uses two different styles, the first is used by practitioners in preparing court documents and memoranda, while the second is used primarily in academic settings, such as law reviews and journals. The latter uses specific formatting to identify types of references, such as the use of caps for books, newspapers
8.
Scientific journal
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In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. There are thousands of journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past. Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as Nature publish articles, Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journals standards of quality, and scientific validity. If the journals editor considers the paper appropriate, at least two researchers preferably from the same field check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument, although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they are actually quite different. Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine, the publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results, each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record. Over a thousand, mostly ephemeral, were founded in the 18th century, articles in scientific journals can be used in research and higher education. Scientific articles allow researchers to keep up to date with the developments of their field, an essential part of a scientific article is citation of earlier work. The impact of articles and journals is often assessed by counting citations, some classes are partially devoted to the explication of classic articles, and seminar classes can consist of the presentation by each student of a classic or current paper. Schoolbooks and textbooks have been written only on established topics, while the latest research. In a scientific research group or academic department it is usual for the content of current scientific journals to be discussed in journal clubs, the standards that a journal uses to determine publication can vary widely. Some journals, such as Nature, Science, PNAS, and it is also common for journals to have a regional focus, specializing in publishing papers from a particular country or other geographic region, like African Invertebrates. Articles tend to be technical, representing the latest theoretical research. They are often incomprehensible to anyone except for researchers in the field, in some subjects this is inevitable given the nature of the content. Usually, rigorous rules of writing are enforced by the editors, however. Articles are usually either original articles reporting new results or reviews of current literature. There are also publications that bridge the gap between articles and books by publishing thematic volumes of chapters from different authors. Research notes are short descriptions of current research findings that are considered less urgent or important than Letters, supplemental articles contain a large volume of tabular data that is the result of current research and may be dozens or hundreds of pages with mostly numerical data
9.
AP Stylebook
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It is a guide for grammar, punctuation and principles of reporting, including many definitions and rules for usage as well as styles for capitalization, abbreviation, spelling and numerals. The first publicly available edition of the book was published in 1953 and was updated biennially over the next 20 years, today the AP Stylebook is updated annually. On September 28,2009 the Associated Press released the first mobile edition of the Stylebook for the iPhone—the AP Stylebook app, in 2013, Associated Press publishers celebrated the books 60th anniversary. The first Basic Books edition was published in August 1977, modern editions are released in several formats, including trade paperback, flat-lying spiral-bound, an online subscription and an iOS mobile app. Writers in broadcasting, magazine publishing, marketing departments and public relations firms traditionally adopt and apply AP grammar, over the last 50 years, the AP Stylebook has become a leading style for non-journalistic publishers such as corporate marketing and public relations departments. Its simplified grammar, such as dropping the Oxford comma and using figures for all numbers above nine, saves scarce print, for instance, it includes explanations of five different chapters of bankruptcy. Sports Guidelines and Style Includes terminology, statistics, organization rules and guidelines commonly referenced by sports reporters, example, The correct way to spell and use basketball terminology e. g. half-court pass, field goal and goaltending. Guide to Punctuation A specific guide on how to use punctuation in journalistic materials, example, In a series use commas to separate items but no comma before a conjunction e. g. We bought eggs, milk and cheese at the store, Briefing on Media Law An overview of legal issues and ethical expectations for those working in the journalism industry. Example, The difference between slander and libel, slander is spoken, libel is written, to start with. Photo Captions The simple formula of what to include writing a photo outline. Editing Marks A key with editing symbols to assist the journalist with the proofreading process, example, When a word is circled it means that the word should be abbreviated, or that an abbreviation should be unabbreviated. Bibliography This provides second reference materials for information not included in the book, example, Use Websters New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Wiley, Hoboken, N. J. as first reference after the AP Stylebook for spelling, style, usage and foreign geographic names. For many years the AP Stylebook was titled The Associated Press Stylebook, in 2000, the guide was renamed The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law. Some editions, such as the 2004 copy, used the shorter title The Associated Press Stylebook on their covers, the Associated Press organization was first created in 1846. Throughout much of its history, the AP maintained a book for member reporters. By the early 1950s the publication was formalized into the AP Stylebook, due to growing demand by both journalistic and non-journalistic editors, the AP published their style book for the general public in 1953. In 1977, prompted by AP Executive News Editor Louis Boccardis request for more of a reference work and that years book was produced jointly with competitor United Press International
10.
The Business Style Handbook
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The Business Style Handbook, An A-to-Z Guide for Effective Writing on the Job, usually called The Business Style Handbook, is a 280-page style guide tailored to people who write on the job. The authors are Helen Cunningham and Brenda Greene, McGraw-Hill published the first edition in 2002 and the second edition in 2012. In 2003, McGraw-Hill published the book in complex Chinese, in 2004, China Financial and Economic Publishing House published a simplified Chinese edition. Tata McGraw-Hill released an Indian edition in 2003 and this style guide focuses on business communications and is tailored for people who write on the job, which distinguishes it from style guides that are written from a journalism perspective. To develop the book, the authors surveyed communications executives at Fortune 500 companies, Results of that survey are summarized in the first chapter. The book also includes a 200-page section of A-to-Z entries on usage, grammar, punctuation and spelling for words, example, ampersand Use the ampersand in an organization’s formal name if that is what the organization uses, as in Barnes & Noble. But do not use the & in place of and in text, write Trinidad and Tobago, not Trinidad & Tobago. If, however, you are using abbreviations, replace and with &, so that research and development becomes R&D, profit, the Business Style Handbook is on the recommended reading list for Microsoft Education Written Competencies and is found in university libraries around the world. It is frequently recommended for business writing courses at universities, including USC Annenberg School for Communication, Writing institutes, such as Borders Connect, a U. K. learning provider, also use the book for courses. The Business Style Handbook is organized as follows, acknowledgments Cites the Fortune 500 companies and communications executives who participated in the authors’ surveys for the first and second editions of the book. Introduction Describes the purpose of the book and its methodology, Fortune 500 Survey Results A summary of findings from the authors’ survey on writing practices at Fortune 500 companies. For example, it quotes one respondent who states, “No matter the level of employee, clearly communicating ideas is critical to the success of initiatives. ”Why Style Matters Discusses the importance of writing well to establish credibility in business. For example, “Good communication skills are increasingly viewed as a competency in the corporate world. ”The Case for Standards Reviews the benefits organizations can gain from helping employees strengthen their writing skills. Write with Purpose Outlines how to approach writing strategically, email, Before You Hit Send Gives recommendations for best practices in business emails, such as how to write smartphone-friendly emails. The A-to-Z Entries A 200-page section of entries on usage, grammar, punctuation and spelling for words, example, bottom line, bottom-line Two words when used as a noun, as in How will the price increase impact the bottom line. Write with a hyphen when used as an adjective, It is too soon to assess to the impact of the price increases
11.
The Elements of Style
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The Elements of Style is a prescriptive American English writing style guide in numerous editions. The original was composed by William Strunk Jr. E. B, White greatly enlarged and revised the book for publication by Macmillan in 1959. That was the first edition of the so-called Strunk & White, cornell University English professor William Strunk, Jr. wrote The Elements of Style in 1918 and privately published it in 1919, for in-house use at the university. Later, for publication, he and editor Edward A. Tenney revised it as The Elements, in 1957, at The New Yorker, the style guide reached the attention of E. B. Weeks later, White wrote a story about Strunks devotion to lucid English prose. Macmillan and Company subsequently commissioned White to revise The Elements for a 1959 edition, in the ensuing four decades, more than ten million copies of three editions have been sold. Mark Garvey relates the history of this manual in Stylized. Maira Kalman, who provided the illustrations for The Elements of Style Illustrated, asked Nico Muhly to compose a cantata based on the book and it was performed at the New York Public Library in October 2005. He also produced the second and third editions of The Elements of Style, the final reminder, the 21st, Prefer the standard to the offbeat, is thematically integral to the subject of The Elements of Style, yet does stand as a discrete essay about writing lucid prose. To write well, White advises writers to have the proper mind-set, that they write to please themselves, and that aim for one moment of felicity. Thus Strunks 1918 recommendation, Vigorous writing is concise, a sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that he make every word tell. The fourth edition of The Elements of Style, published 54 years after Strunks death, omits his stylistic advice about masculine pronouns, in its place, editor E. B. White reports, Currently, however, many find the use of the generic he or his to rename indefinite antecedents limiting or offensive. He or She, in Chapter IV, Misused Words and Expressions, components new to the fourth edition include a foreword by Roger Angell, stepson of E. B. White, an afterword by the American cultural commentator Charles Osgood, a glossary, five years later, the fourth edition text was re-published as The Elements of Style Illustrated, with illustrations by the designer Maira Kalman. This edition excludes the afterword by Charles Osgood and restores the first edition chapter on spelling, the Elements of Style was listed as one of the 100 best and most influential books written in English since 1923 by Time in its 2011 list. Upon its release, Charles Poor, writing for The New York Times, the first-greatest, of course, is to shoot them now, while they’re happy
12.
The Elements of Typographic Style
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The Elements of Typographic Style is the authoritative book on typography and style by Canadian typographer, poet and translator Robert Bringhurst. Originally published in 1992 by Hartley & Marks Publishers, it was revised in 1996,2001,2002,2004,2005,2008, and 2012. A history and guide to typography, it has been praised by Hermann Zapf, because of its status as a respected and frequently cited resource, typographers and designers often refer to it simply as Bringhurst. The title alludes to The Elements of Style, the guide to writing by Strunk
