Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
'Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi was a Syrian author and Pan-Arab solidarity supporter. He was one of the most prominent intellectuals of his time; however, his thoughts and writings continue to be relevant to the issues of Islamic identity and Pan-Arabism. His criticisms of the Ottoman Empire eventually led to Arabs calling for the sovereignty of the Arab Nations, setting the basis for Pan-Arab nationalism. Al-Kawakibi articulated his ideas in two influential books, The nature of tyranny and the struggle against slavery and Mother of All Villages. He died in 1902 of “mysterious” causes. His family alleged that he was poisoned by Turkish agents.
Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
Muhammad Rashid Rida was a prominent early Salafist Sunni Islamic scholar, reformer, theologian, and Islamic revivalist. As a Salafi scholar who called for the revival of hadith studies and a theoretician of an Islamic state, Riḍā condemned the rising currents of secularism and nationalism across the Islamic world following the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate and championed a global pan-Islamist program aimed at re-establishing an Islamic caliphate.
Muhammad Rashid Rida
A Photo of Muhammad Rashid Rida dated 1315 A.H / 1897 C.E
Employees of the Al-Manar Press run by Imam Rashid Rida. Al-Manar became a global outlet for pan-Islamist revolutionary themes and Islamic revivalist ideals
Imam Rashid Rida alongside his sons Muhammad Shafi’ (right) and Al-Mu’tasim (left)