1.
Swansea
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Swansea, officially known as the City and County of Swansea, is a coastal city and county in Wales. It is the second largest city in Wales after Cardiff, Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr. Situated on the sandy South West Wales coast, the county includes the Gower Peninsula. According to its council, the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014. During its 19th-century industrial heyday, Swansea was a key centre of the copper industry, archaeological finds are mostly confined to the Gower Peninsula, and include items from the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The Romans reached the area, as did the Norsemen, Swansea is thought to have developed as a Viking trading post. Its English name may be derived from Sveinns island – the reference to an island may refer to a bank at the mouth of the river Tawe, an alternative explanation is that the name derives from the Norse name Sweyn and ey, which can mean inlet. This explanation supports the tradition that the city was founded by the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard, the name is pronounced Swans-y /ˈswɒnzi/), not Swan-sea. The charter gave Swansea the status of a borough, granting the townsmen, a second charter was granted in 1215 by King John. In this charter, the name appears as Sweyneshe, the town seal which is believed to date from this period names the town as Sweyse. Following the Norman Conquest, a marcher lordship was created under the title of Gower and it included land around Swansea Bay as far as the River Tawe, the manor of Kilvey beyond the Tawe, and the peninsula itself. Swansea was designated chief town of the lordship and received a borough charter some time between 1158 and 1184, the port of Swansea initially traded in wine, hides, wool, cloth and later in coal. Smelters were operating by 1720 and proliferated, following this, more coal mines were opened and smelters were opened and flourished. Over the next century and a half, works were established to process arsenic, zinc and tin and to create tinplate, the city expanded rapidly in the 18th and 19th centuries, and was termed Copperopolis. However, the census understated Swanseas true size, as much of the area lay outside the contemporary boundaries of the borough. Swanseas population was overtaken by Merthyr in 1821 and by Cardiff in 1881. Through the 20th century, heavy industries in the town declined, leaving the Lower Swansea Valley filled with derelict works, the Lower Swansea Valley Scheme reclaimed much of the land. The present Enterprise Zone was the result and, of the original docks, only those outside the city continue to work as docks, North Dock is now Parc Tawe
2.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
3.
Universities in the United Kingdom
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Universities in the United Kingdom have generally been instituted by Royal Charter, Papal Bull, Act of Parliament or an instrument of government under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. For new public universities, approval is required from the Privy Council, the exact criteria for University title vary between the four countries of the United Kingdom. These include a number of institutions that feature regularly in the tables of the worlds top universities, such as UCL. The central co-ordinating bodies for universities in the United Kingdom is Universities UK, Universities in Britain date back to the dawn of mediaeval studium generale, with Oxford and Cambridge taking their place among the worlds oldest universities. No other universities were founded in England during this period, opposition from Oxford and Cambridge blocked attempts to establish universities in Northampton. Medical schools in London, though not a university in its own right, were among the first to provide medical teachings in England, in Scotland, St Andrews, Glasgow and Kings College, Aberdeen were founded by Papal Bull. Post-Reformation, these were joined by Edinburgh, Marischal College, Aberdeen, gresham College was, however, established in London in the late 16th century, despite concerns expressed by Cambridge. In Ireland, Trinity College Dublin was founded as the mother of a University by a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth, the 18th century saw the establishment of medical schools at Edinburgh and Glasgow universities and at hospitals in London. A number of dissenting academies were also established, but the next attempt to found a university did not come until the Andersonian Institute was established in Glasgow in 1798. The French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic wars led to over 40% of universities in Europe closing, from 153 universities in 1789, numbers fell to only 83 in 1815. The next quarter century saw a rebound, with 15 new universities founded, by then, the higher education revolution was well under way. This would, however, have required government support, the opinion of Robert Peel – cabinet minister and MP for Oxford University – was sought, and he advised against proceeding. This period also saw the establishment of Mechanics Institutes in a number of cities, many others would eventually become polytechnics and then, in 1992, universities. Very soon after news of the York scheme broke, Thomas Campbell wrote to The Times proposing a university be founded in London and this would become UCL, founded in 1826 as a joint stock company under the name of London University. This became Kings College London, granted a charter in 1829 –. Neither of the Colleges was residential – a break from the two ancient English universities, although non-residential universities were the norm in Scotland, Cambridge voted to petition the King not to allow the awarding of degrees with the same name as theirs or Oxfords. Then, later in 1831, a plan was announced to found a university in Durham, greys government supported the bill to establish the university, despite it limiting its degrees to Anglicans. Thus the University of Durham was established by Act of Parliament in 1832, in 1836 it pioneered the system of external examiners for its final degree examinations, bringing in Oxford academics to ensure the same standards
4.
Lord Cullen of Whitekirk
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William Douglas Cullen, Baron Cullen of Whitekirk, KT PC FRSE FREng is a former senior member of the Scottish judiciary. William Douglas Cullen was educated at the High School of Dundee and he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1960 and was Standing Junior Counsel to Her Majestys Customs and Excise from 1970 to 1973. He was appointed Queens Counsel in 1973 and served as an Advocate Depute from 1978 to 1981, Lord Cullen was a Chairman of the Medical Appeal Tribunals from 1977 until his appointment as a judge in 1986. He was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice, a judge of the High Court of Justiciary and Court of Session, as Lord Cullen. From 1988 to 1990 he conducted the Public Inquiry into the Piper Alpha disaster, in October 1999 he was appointed to chair the Ladbroke Grove Rail Inquiry. He was Lord Justice Clerk and President of the Second Division of the Inner House from 1997 to 2001, on 15 July 2005, Lord Cullen announced his intention to retire in November 2005. In 2003, Cullen was created a peer, as Baron Cullen of Whitekirk. He sits as a member of the House of Lords. On 25 June 2005, he was elected President of the Saltire Society, replacing The Right Honourable The Lord Sutherland of Houndwood, on 30 November 2007 it was announced that Lord Cullen would be appointed a Knight of the Thistle. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II at a ceremony in Edinburgh on 2 July 2008, on 4 September 2009 he was also formally installed as chancellor of Abertay University in Dundee. Lord Cullen reads the verdict in the Lockerbie appeal,14 March 2002
5.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
6.
Dundee
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Dundee, officially the City of Dundee, is Scotlands fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. The mid-year population estimate for 2015 was 148,210 which gave Dundee a population density of 2, 477/km2 or 6, 420/sq mi and it lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea. Under the name of Dundee City, it one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland. Historically part of Angus, the city developed into a burgh in the late 12th century, rapid expansion was brought on by the Industrial Revolution, particularly in the 19th century when Dundee was the centre of the global jute industry. This, along with its major industries gave Dundee its epithet as the city of jute, jam. Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s, and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdoms digital-entertainment industry, Dundee has two universities — the University of Dundee and the Abertay University. In 2014 Dundee was recognised by the United Nations as the UKs first UNESCO City of Design for its contributions to fields including medical research, comics. A unique feature of Dundee is that its two football clubs Dundee United and Dundee F. C. have stadiums all but adjacent to each other. With the decline of industry, the city has adopted a plan to regenerate. The name Dundee is made up of two parts, the common Celtic place-name element dun, meaning fort, and a part that may derive from a Celtic element, cognate with the Gaelic dè. The situation of the town and its promotion by Earl David as a trading centre led to a period of prosperity, the earldom was passed down to Davids descendants, amongst whom was John Balliol. The town became a Royal Burgh on Johns coronation as king in 1292, the town and its castle were occupied by English forces for several years during the First War of Independence and recaptured by Robert the Bruce in early 1312. The original Burghal charters were lost during the occupation and subsequently renewed by Bruce in 1327, the burgh suffered considerably during the conflict known as the Rough Wooing of 1543 to 1550, and was occupied by the English forces of Andrew Dudley from 1547. In 1548, unable to defend the town against an advancing Scottish force, in 1645, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist Marquess of Montrose. The town was destroyed by Parliamentarian forces led by George Monck in 1651. The town played a role in the establishment of the Jacobite cause when John Graham of Claverhouse. The town was held by the Jacobites in the 1715–16 rising, many in Scotland, including many in Dundee, regarded him as the rightful king. The economy of mediaeval Dundee centred on the export of raw wool, expansion of the whaling industry was triggered by the second Bounty Act, introduced in 1750 to increase Britains maritime and naval skill base
7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
Million+
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Million+ is funded by subscriptions from its members, currently 19 UK universities. While all of the institutions are new universities, many have long histories as colleges. Formed in 1997 as the Coalition of Modern Universities, the name was changed in 2004 to the Campaign for Mainstream Universities, in November 2007, the organisation was rebranded with the present name. This name was chosen to reflect the fact that the member institutions educate over a million students, million+ is involved in the political debate about the role and contribution of universities to the economy and society, where it is seen as representing the post-1992 new universities. The group is chaired by Professor David Phoenix, Vice-Chancellor of London South Bank University, the Chief Executive is Pam Tatlow
9.
GuildHE
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The chair is Professor Joy Carter, Vice Chancellor of The University of Winchester. GuildHE is one of the two representative bodies for higher education in the UK. It is a limited by guarantee and a charity. It was founded in the late 1970s as the Standing Conference of Principals, full Members Associate Members Official Website List of members from official website
10.
Universities Scotland
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Universities Scotland was formed in 1992 as the Committee of Scottish Higher Education Principals adopting its current name in 2000, when Universities UK was also formed. It represents 16 Universities and three higher education institutions in Scotland. The Convener serves a term of office. As of 2012, this post is held by Prof Pete Downes, the director of the permanent staff is Alastair Sim
11.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
12.
University of Dundee
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The University of Dundee is a public research university based in the city and Royal burgh of Dundee on the east coast of the central Lowlands of Scotland. It is consistently ranked within the Top 250 universities in the world, following significant expansion, the University of Dundee became an independent body in 1967 whilst retaining much of its ancient heritage and governance structure. Since its independence, the university has grown to become a recognised centre for research. The main campus of the university is located in Dundees West End and consists of a mixture of Victorian, Edwardian and postmodern architecture. Dundee has developed a significant reputation for students entering the professions, most notably law, medicine and dentistry as well as emerging areas such as life sciences. The University of Dundee has its roots in the earlier University college based in Dundee, at the same time, the University of St Andrews was, as were the other universities in Scotland at the time, suffering from significant financial problems. Moreover, St Andrews position, isolation and small size contributed to a significant decline, finally, agreement was reached that what was needed was expansion of the sciences and professions, rather than the arts at St Andrews. In this endeavour, she was assisted by her relative, Dr John Boyd Baxter, no religious oaths were to be required of members. Later that year, University College, Dundee was established as an academic institution, when opened in 1883, it comprised five faculties, Maths and Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Engineering and Drawing, English Language and Literature and Modern History, and Philosophy. The University College had no power to award degrees and for some students were prepared for external examinations of the University of London. The policy of no discrimination between the sexes, which was insisted upon by Mary Ann Baxter, meant that the new college recruited several able female students. Their number included the social reformer Mary Lily Walker and, later and this move was of notable benefit to both, enabling the University of St Andrews to support a medical school. Medical students could choose to undertake preclinical studies either in Dundee or St Andrews after which all students would undertake their studies at Dundee. Eventually, law, dentistry and other subjects were taught at University College. By 1904 University College had a roll of 208, making up 40 per cent of the roll of the University generally, by session 1909-10234 students were studying at University College,101 of whom were female. Attempts were made to raise income, kipling implored those who had lost their sons in the Great War to consider giving a donation so that their names would live on. In 1947, the Principal of University College, Douglas Wimberley released the Wimberley Memo, in 1954, after a Royal Commission, University College was renamed Queens College and the Dundee-based elements of the University gained a greater degree of independence and flexibility. It was also at this time that Queens College absorbed the former Dundee School of Economics, Queens Colleges size and location, alongside a willingness to expand, led to an eventual decision to separate from the wider University of which it remained an integral part
13.
Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design
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Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design is an integral part of the University of Dundee in Dundee, Scotland. It is ranked as one of the top schools of art and design in the United Kingdom and has a reputation in teaching, practice. Attempts were made to establish an art school in Dundee from the 1850s, and evening classes in art were taught at the High School, a full-time art school only became a possibility following the creation of the Dundee Technical Institute in 1888. The Institute was based in Smalls Wynd, now part of the University of Dundees main campus, the Technical Institutes main building, designed by J Murray Robertson, soon became inadequate, particularly when the High School and YMCA art classes were amalgamated with those of the Institute. A further incentive to the development of the school had come in 1909 with the bequest of £60,000 by James Duncan of Jordanstone to establishment of an independent art school in the city. A site was chosen and plans drawn up by architect James Wallace in 1937, classes began in what is now called the Crawford Building in 1955, though it would not be completed until 1964. The College did not become independent of the Institute of Technology until 1975. By that time it has expanded into a new building next door, the College remained independent until 1994, when it became part of the University of Dundee. Over time Duncan of Jordanstone has built up strong links with other disciplines in the University, manifested in joint programmes such as Digital Interaction Design. DJCAD is structured around Undergraduate, Post-graduate and Research portfolios rather than the more traditional disciplinary departmental approach, the Times rated DJCAD as first in Scotland for art and design, and equal 3rd in the UK by Grade Point Average with 58% of its outputs at 3 or 4-star. The Impact element of DJCAD Research was graded 60% at 4-star, the REF judged DJCAD’s research environment, including underlying support and infrastructure, external income, and PhD performance, 100% at either 3 or 4-star levels. Temporary exhibitions are held in galleries within the College, including the Cooper Gallery. Since January 2008,72 exhibitions,68 events,11 performances,27 talks,11 seminars/workshops and 3 symposia have been staged, there are four galleries, Cooper Gallery, Cooper Gallery Project Space, Bradshaw Art Space, Matthew Gallery. Recent Exhibitions have featured artists, Bruce McLean, Cullinan Richards, Viola Yeşiltaç, aside from the galleries it runs, the College also maintains an art collection of work by its students, usually acquired from the annual Degree Shows. The collection is now managed as a museum collection by the University of Dundee Museum Services. Works from the collection are exhibited within the University, as well being loaned to other museums. Work by College staff is regularly exhibited in sites owned by the City of Dundee, established in 1999, the Visual Research Centre is situated within a contemporary art centre. The Dundee Degree Show is organised annually in May to showcase the work of final year undergraduate students and it usually runs for around a week
14.
College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. This Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally
15.
Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education
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The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education is the independent body that checks on standards and quality in UK higher education. It conducts quality assessment reviews, develops reference points and guidance for providers, QAA checks how universities, colleges and alternative providers of UK higher education maintain their academic standards and quality. It does this through external peer review, reviewers check that the 19 expectations of the Quality Code, agreed and recognised by the UK higher education sector, are met. It also provides advice to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, on institutions requests for degree awarding powers, QAA works closely with other organisations that have an interest in the reputation of UK higher education, including the Higher Education Academy, Universities UK and GuildHE. QAAs mission is to safeguard standards and improve the quality of UK higher education wherever it is delivered around the world. Its four strategic aims may be summarised as, to address the needs of students, to standards, to drive improvements. QAA is an independent body, a company and a registered charity in England, Wales. Its objects and constitution are set out in its Memorandum and Articles of Association and its board includes representatives of UK universities, funding councils, and students. It has a office in Gloucester, a Scottish office in Glasgow. QAA is the body that undertakes this independent role in the UK and it does so through processes of peer review. Reviewers have extensive experience of education at a senior level. While there are differences between the methods used by QAA to achieve this, they have some key features in common. Each review results in a report containing judgements on whether UK expectations are met. Separate judgements comment on academic standards, academic quality, and the information provided about courses. Reports include recommendations for improvement, citations of good practice, qAA’s review methods are informed by a self-evaluation submitted in advance by each university or college, and by a student submission - a commentary by its students. Evidence is obtained in a variety of ways, including interviews with relevant individuals and structured discussions with student, QAA reviews do not generally look at individual courses or programmes of study, neither do they review or evaluate students work. Where appropriate, QAA also works with professional, regulatory and statutory bodies, draft guidance is published on QAAs website, where it is accessible for public consultation before being formally published. The Quality Code sets out 19 expectations that must be met by UK higher education providers that receive any kind of public or student loan funding, in 2015 the Quality Code was extended to include the UK frameworks for higher education qualifications and the subject benchmark statements
16.
Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework
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The Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework is the national credit transfer system for all levels of qualifications in Scotland. The Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework Partnership promotes lifelong learning in Scotland, through the SCQF learners can gain a better understanding of qualifications in Scotland and plan their future learning. The SCQF is in the custody of, and managed by and its members are, the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education, College Development Network, the Scottish Qualifications Authority, and Universities Scotland. Scottish Higher Education Institutions had long used the SCOTCAT system for equating courses from differences institutions, SCOTCAT had 3 levels - Levels 1,2 and 3. Level 1 was equivalent to University 1st Year, an HNC or a Certificate of Higher Education, level 2 was equivalent to University 2nd Year, an HND or a Diploma of Higher Education. Level 3 was equivalent to Years 3 and 4 at a Scottish University, the aim was to make it easier for employers and education institutions to understand the level to which a person had been educated. A secondary aim was to prejudice against vocational and non-traditional qualifications. Following from these two efforts all the education and training providers in Scotland agreed to create a framework for all qualifications. This led to the development of a 12 level framework with different courses, units, modules, changes have been made to Higher Education level courses to prepare the Scottish system for the Bologna process
17.
Association of Chartered Certified Accountants
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Founded in 1904, the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants is the global professional accounting body offering the Chartered Certified Accountant qualification. From June 2016, ACCA recorded that it has 188,000 members and 480,000 students in 178 countries, ACCAs headquarters are in London with principal administrative office in Glasgow. ACCA works through a network of 100 offices and centres and more than 7,100 Approved Employers worldwide, the term Chartered in ACCA qualification refers to the Royal Charter granted in 1974. Chartered Certified Accountant is a protected term. The Association of Authorised Public Accountants, one of the British professional bodies for public accountants, has been a subsidiary of ACCA since 1996, ACCA works in the public interest, assuring that its members are appropriately regulated. ACCA actively seeks to enhance the value of accounting in society through international research and it takes progressive stances on global issues to ensure accountancy as a profession continues to grow in reputation and influence. As of 2006, the goal of ACCA is to become the world’s largest global professional body, key dates in ACCA history include,1930, London Association of Accountants successfully campaigns for the right to audit companies. 1933, London Association of Accountants renamed London Association of Certified Accountants,1939, Corporation of Accountants merges with London Association of Certified Accountants to become the Association of Certified and Corporate Accountants. 1941, Institution of Certified Public Accountants merges with Association of Certified,1971, Association of Certified and Corporate Accountants renamed Association of Certified Accountants. 1974, Royal Charter Queen Elizabeth II,1974, ACCA becomes one of six founding members of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies. 1977, ACCA becomes a member of the International Federation of Accountants. 1984, Association of Certified Accountants renamed Chartered Association of Certified Accountants,1995, ACCA members vote at an extraordinary general meeting to rename itself Association of Chartered Public Accountants and to introduce the designation Chartered Public Accountant. The Privy Council subsequently rejected this proposal over concerns about the term public and it did however agree that any accountancy body bearing a royal charter could use chartered as part of its designation. 1996, Chartered Association of Certified Accountants renamed Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, members become entitled to use the title Chartered Certified Accountant. The Association of Authorised Public Accountants became a subsidiary of ACCA, ACCA was a participant in the consultative group that devised this global Benchmark. 2001, ACCA received a Queens Award for Enterprise in International Trade, recognising ACCAs growth,2002, ACCA received its second Queens Award for Enterprise in the space of 12 months, in the Sustainable Development category. The award recognized ACCAs continuing work on social and environmental issues,2009, ACCA members allowed to provide probate services as of 1 August under Probate Services Order 2009 Number 1588. 2011 to 2012, ACCA is the first accountancy body to publish an integrated report 2014, ACCA members, the ACCA professional examinations are offered worldwide four times yearly, in March, June, September and December as paper-based exams
18.
British Computer Society
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The British Computer Society is a professional body and a learned society that represents those working in Information Technology both in the United Kingdom and internationally. Established in 1957, in 2009 it rebranded as BCS — The Chartered Institute for IT, with a worldwide membership of over 82,000 members in over 100 countries, BCS is a registered charity and was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1984. The BCS is also a member of the Council of European Professional Informatics Societies, BCS is also a member organisation of the Science Council through which it is licensed to award the designation of Chartered Scientist. BCS has offices off the Strand in Southampton Street, south of Covent Garden in central London, the main administrative offices are in Swindon, Wiltshire, west of London. It also has two offices in Sri Lanka and Mauritius. Members are sent the quarterly IT professional magazine ITNOW, the forerunner of BCS was the London Computer Group, founded in 1956. BCS was formed a year later from the merger of the LCG, in October 1957, BCS was incorporated, by Articles of Association, as The British Computer Society Ltd, the first President of BCS was Sir Maurice Wilkes, FRS. In 1966, the BCS was granted charitable status and in 1970, the major ethical responsibilities of BCS are emphasized by the leopards face, surmounting the whole crest and depicting eternal vigilance over the integrity of the Society and its members. The BCS patron is HRH The Duke of Kent, KG and he became patron in December 1976 and has been actively involved in BCS activities, particularly having been President in the Silver Jubilee Year in 1982–1983. In 2007, BCS launched BCSrecruit. com — a job site specifically aimed at IT professionals. In 2008 the BCS was labelled irrelevant by an IT training company, on 21 September 2009, the British Computer Society went through a transformation and re-branded itself as BCS — The Chartered Institute for IT. In 2010, an Extraordinary General Meeting was called to discuss the direction of the BCS, the debate has been covered by the computing press. The BCS advisory Council elects the Honorary Officers — the President, lists of Trust Board and Advisory Council members are maintained online. The advisory Council provides advice to the Trustee Board on the direction and operation of BCS, in particular it is consulted on strategic plans and the annual budget. The Council is a body of the membership, with members elected directly by the professional membership. The BCS is the professional body in the United Kingdom with the ability to grant chartered status to IT professionals under its Royal Charter. Thus having the ability to grant Chartered status to both its Fellows and Professional members, known as Chartered IT Professional, they are entitled to use the suffix CITP. The BCS keeps a register of current Chartered Members and Fellows, other Professional membership bodies apply to the BCS for a licence that enables them to award CITP to their eligible members
19.
British Council
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The British Council is a British organisation specialising in international cultural and educational opportunities. The British Council is a charity registered in England and Wales and it is also a public corporation and an executive nondepartmental public body, sponsored by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Its headquarters are off Trafalgar Square, London and its Chair is Christopher Rodrigues, its CEO is Sir Ciarán Devane and chief operating officer Adrian Greer. 1934, British Foreign Office officials created the British Committee for Relations with Other Countries to support English education abroad, promote British culture, the name quickly became British Council for Relations with Other Countries. 1936, The organisation’s name was shortened to the British Council. 1938, The British Council opens its first four offices in Bucarest, Cairo, Lisbon, the offices in Portugal are currently the oldest in continuous operation in the world. 1942, The British Council undertook a promotion of British culture overseas, the music section of the project was a recording of significant recent compositions by British composers, E. J. 1944, In August, after the liberation of Paris, Austin Gill was sent by the council to reestablish the Paris office,2007, The Russian Foreign Ministry ordered the British Council to close its offices outside Moscow. This caused the British Council to cease carrying out all English-language examinations in Russia from January 2008, in early 2009, a Russian arbitration court ruled that the majority of the tax claims, valued at $6.6 million, were unjustified. All the attackers were killed in counter-attacks by forces guarding the compound, the British Council office was relocated to the British Embassy compound, as the British Council compound was destroyed in the suicide attack. 2013, The British Council in Tripoli, Libya was targeted by a car bomb on the morning of 23 April, diplomatic sources were reported as saying that the bombers were foiled as they were preparing to park a rigged vehicle in front of the compound gate. A jihadist group calling itself the Mujahedeen Brigade was suspected possibly linked to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, the British Council is organised into 7 Regions. The British Council has offices in, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Trinidad, Venezuela, Uruguay and the United States of America. The British Council has offices in, Australia, Brunei, Burma, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam and New Zealand. The British Council has offices in, Egypt, Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Israel, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. The British Council has offices in, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, the British Council is a charity governed by Royal Charter. It is also a corporation and an executive nondepartmental public body, sponsored by the Foreign. Its headquarters are off Trafalgar Square, London and its Chair is Christopher Rodrigues, its CEO is Sir Ciarán Devane and chief operating officer Adrian Greer
20.
Chartered Institute of Management Accountants
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The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants is a UK based professional body offering training and qualification in management accountancy and related subjects. It is focused on working in industry, and provides ongoing support. CIMA is one of the professional associations for accountants in the UK and its particular emphasis is on developing the management accounting profession. CIMA is the largest management accounting body in the world more than 227,000 members. CIMA is also a member of the International Federation of Accountants, CIMA was founded in 1919 as The Institute of Cost and Works Accountants. It specialised in the development of accounting techniques for use in the control of manufacturing, service. It developed a position as the professional body in the areas of product costing, budgeting, management accounting, investment appraisal. In October 1944, the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants organisation in Ireland was formed and its membership has grown from 15,000 in 1970 to 79,757 members and 92,909 students in 2009. CIMA operates a scheme of qualifying examinations for prospective members. CIMA has been active in recent educational and vocational initiatives in former Eastern bloc countries and it publishes a monthly journal, supplied free to members and registered students, called Financial Management. CIMA is recognised as an accounting body for various statutory purposes by UK. The institute regulates the activities of its members by a code of practice, a discipline committee and its governing body is its council, comprising members elected from regional branches. Each of the branches has a committee and is responsible for much of the grass roots activity, activity such as qualification development is undertaken from the London head office. In July 2009, CIMA added an online community – CIMAsphere – to its website, the community consisted of a range of blogs, discussion boards, groups, community answers, expert Q&A sessions and some social networking features for members, students and the general public. This has since shut down. Members are instead encouraged to join the CIMA LinkedIn group, and students are directed to CIMAconnect, in the Americas outside the U. S. non-U. S. CPAs can obtain the new designation as an AICPA International Associate, in the rest of the world, new designation holders are able to become members of CIMA after the same assessment process. The result of research from across 20 countries in five continents, to become a Fellow, a candidate ACMA must, in addition, have appropriate experience at a senior level
21.
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development
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The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development is a professional association for human resource management professionals. It is headquartered in Wimbledon, London, England, the organisation was founded in 1913 - it is the worlds oldest association in its field and has over 135,000 members internationally working across private, public and voluntary sectors. Peter Cheese was announced in June 2012 as CIPDs new CEO from July 2012, in the United Kingdom factory inspectors were appointed for the first time in 1893. In 1896 to look after its women and child workers Rowntrees appointed their first inspector - a Mrs E M Wood. Edward Cadbury of Cadbury Brothers in 1909 called together employers to discuss industrial welfare work, the work of welfare workers came to public attention during a trade show in 1912 at Olympia in London. The forerunner of the CIPD, the Welfare Workers Association was formed at a conference in York on 6 June 1913. The meeting was chaired by Seebohm Rowntree, alongside his company, Rowntrees around fifty other companies were present including, Boots, Cadbury and Chivers and Sons. Thirty-four of the employers present decided that the WWA be founded as. an association of employers interested in industrial betterment and this led to the rapid expansion of female welfare workers. The Associations position was enhanced during the war years by nationally driven encouragement of workers to join trade unions to reduce the occurrence of industrial strife. In 1918, to avoid confusion as to its purpose the Association changed its name to the Central Association of Welfare Workers, another important event which had a recurring impact on the activities of the CAWWI occurred in 1918 when the Rev. From the outset there was a relationship between the two bodies which continued right through the inter-war period until resolved in 1946. The IWS later became the Industrial Society and is now known as the Work Foundation, in November 1919, following merger with welfare associations for men the Central Association of Welfare Workers was renamed the Welfare Workers Institute and now had a membership of 700. However, the five years saw a reduction in membership to 250 coinciding with the rapid collapse in industrial output as the government sought to reduce the national debt. Again in 1924 on incorporation the organisation changed its name to the Institute of Industrial Welfare Workers, minnie Louise Haskins, the author of the famous poem The Gate of the Year and a lecturer at LSE, was closely involved with the IIWW and edited its monthly bulletin. Members of the experienced new demands during the 1930s. Firstly, economic growth resulted in a shortfall in skilled labour as companies competed to recruit workers, secondly, this was followed by lay-offs and industrial action as a world-wide depression took hold, particularly in the industrially-focussed north of England. This influence also had the effect of increasing the number of members of the institute which significantly shifted the gender balance of the membership. In 1938 the first of the branches opened in the Republic of Ireland
22.
Faculty of Advocates
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The Faculty of Advocates is a constituent part of the College of Justice and is based in Edinburgh. Advocates are privileged to plead in any cause before any of the courts of Scotland, including the Sheriff Courts and District Courts, where counsel are not excluded by statute. The Faculty has existed since 1532 when the College of Justice was set up by Act of the Parliament of Scotland, for a long period the Faculty resisted reorganisation, until changes in admissions were introduced in the 1960. The Faculty is led by the Dean of Faculty, who is elected by the whole membership, the post is currently held by Gordon Jackson, who took over in 2016 from James Wolffe. He is supported by the Vice-Dean, Treasurer, Clerk, Keeper of the Library and Chairman of Faculty Services Ltd, there is no standing council as with the Bar association of England and Wales. The Faculty is self-regulating, and the Court of Session delegates to it the task of preparing Intrants for admission as advocates and this task involves a process of examination and practical instruction known as devilling, during which intrants benefit from intensive structured training in the special skills of advocacy. No-one can be presented to the court as suitable to be a practising advocate without satisfying these training requirements, the Faculty also provides for its members an ongoing programme of talks, seminars and conferences covering a wide range of topics. Many Advocates and trainee advocates carry out work for the Free Legal Services Unit and this is part of the Facultys long standing commitment to providing access to justice for everyone in society. The FLSU enables qualified persons to provide advice and representation to clients of accredited advice agencies across Scotland, the Faculty includes practising and non-practising members. The current practising Bar includes an increasing proportion of women, women make up approximately one quarter practising membership. Total numbers now stand at just over 460, of approximately one fifth are Queens Counsel. The taking of Silk, as assumption of the title of Queens Counsel is commonly known and this is exercised through the First Minister of Scotland upon the recommendation of the Lord Justice General. The Dean of Faculty is consulted in the course of this process, as a general rule, silk is awarded to experienced Counsel, who are considered to have achieved distinction in full-time practice. The process of awarding silk has been the subject of some criticism, for more than 300 years, the Faculty has maintained within Parliament House the Advocates Library, often regarded as the finest working law library in the United Kingdom. In addition, the stock is made available to others via the National Library of Scotland. The Library was formally inaugurated in 1689, from the start the collection was a general one. In 1709 the status of the collection was confirmed when Queen Annes Copyright Act gave the Keeper of the Library the right to claim a copy of every book published in the British Isles, the collection was enhanced by purchase and donation, particularly of continental imprints and of manuscripts. The Advocates Library came to be recognised as the depository for literary materials of national importance
23.
Nursing and Midwifery Council
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The Nursing and Midwifery Council is the regulator for nursing and midwifery professions in the UK. The NMC maintains a register of all nurses, midwives and specialist community public health nurses eligible to practise within the UK and it sets and reviews standards for their education, training, conduct and performance. The NMC also investigates allegations of impaired fitness to practise and it has been a statutory body since 2002, with a stated aim to protect the health and well-being of the public. The NMC is also a charity registered with the Charity Commission, charity number 1091434 and in Scotland with the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator, all Council members are trustees of the charity. The UKCC was expected to maintain a register of UK nurses, midwives and health visitors, provide guidance to registrants, at the same time, National Boards were created for each of the UK countries. Their main functions were to monitor the quality of nursing and midwifery education courses and this structure of the UKCC survived with minor modifications up to April 2002, when the UKCC ceased to exist and its functions were taken over by a new Nursing and Midwifery Council. This was legislated for in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, through the Nursing, the English National Board was also abolished and its quality assurance function was taken on board by the NMC. The other National Boards were also abolished, but new bodies were created in country to take over their functions. The NMC Council has two key roles, setting the direction for the NMC and overseeing the work of senior NMC staff. The Council ensures that the NMC complies with all relevant legislation, including the Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001, the Council is made up of 12 lay and registrant members, including one member from each of the four UK countries. They are appointed by the Privy Council, registrant members are from a nursing or midwifery background, lay members are selected for their expertise in various fields and strategic experience. The current Council took office on 1 May 2013, the NMC has an annual income in excess of £52 million and employs over 400 staff. To fulfill the activities of the NMC it charges a fee to its members. The NMC set standards, guidance and requirements for nursing and midwifery education across the UK and these standards help to shape the content and design of programmes and state what a registered nurse or midwife needs to know and be able to do. The NMC approves higher education institutions to deliver programmes and they currently accredit 1000 programmes in 79 education institutions across the UK. If they are deemed fit to practise they will then be eligible to apply to join the register, each year the NMC receives over 22,000 newly qualified nurses and midwives from education institutions. As of October 2015 there are 685,000 nurses and midwives on the NMC register, nurses and midwives must be on the NMC register in order to practise in the UK. Anyone is able to search the NMC register, the NMC’s revised code became effective on 31 March 2015
24.
Royal Society of Chemistry
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The Royal Society of Chemistry is a learned society in the United Kingdom with the goal of advancing the chemical sciences. At its inception, the Society had a membership of 34,000 in the UK. The headquarters of the Society are at Burlington House, Piccadilly and it also has offices in Thomas Graham House in Cambridge where RSC Publishing is based. The Society has offices in the United States at the University City Science Center, Philadelphia, the organisation carries out research, publishes journals, books and databases, as well as hosting conferences, seminars and workshops. The designation FRSC is given to a group of elected Fellows of the society who have made contributions to chemistry. The names of Fellows are published each year in The Times, Honorary Fellowship of the Society is awarded for distinguished service in the field of chemistry. The rim of the wheel is gold, and the spokes are of non-tarnishable metals. The current president is Sir John Holman, AMRSC, Associate Member, Royal Society of Chemistry The entry level for RSC membership, AMRSC is awarded to graduates in the chemical sciences. HonFRSC, Honorary Fellow of the Society Honorary Fellowship is awarded for distinguished service in the field of chemistry, CChem, Chartered Chemist The award of CChem is considered separately from admission to a category of RSC membership. Candidates need to be MRSC or FRSC and demonstrate development of specific attributes and be in a job which requires their chemical knowledge. CSci, Chartered Scientist The RSC is a licensed by the Science Council for the registration of Chartered Scientists, eurChem, European Chemist The RSC is a member of the European Communities Chemistry Council, and can award this designation to Chartered Chemists. MChemA, Mastership in Chemical Analysis The RSC awards this postgraduate qualification which is the UK statutory qualification for practice as a Public Analyst and it requires candidates to submit a portfolio of suitable experience and to take theory papers and a one-day laboratory practical examination. The qualification GRSC was awarded from 1981 to 1995 for completion of college courses equivalent to a chemistry degree. It replaced the GRIC offered by the Royal Institute of Chemistry, the society is organised around 9 divisions, based on subject areas, and local sections, both in the United Kingdom and overseas. Divisions cover broad areas of chemistry but also many special interest groups for more specific areas. Analytical Division for analytical chemistry and promoting the aims of the Society for Analytical Chemistry. Dalton Division, named after John Dalton, for inorganic chemistry, Faraday Division, named after Michael Faraday, for physical chemistry and promoting the original aims of the Faraday Society. There are 12 subjects groups not attached to a division, there are 35 local sections covering the United Kingdom and Ireland
25.
BBC Scotland
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BBC Scotland is the division of the BBC, and the publicly funded broadcaster for Scotland. Established in 1952, BBC Scotland is based in Glasgow and employs approximately 1,250 staff to produce 15,000 hours of television, BBC Scotland has three TV channels and two radio stations. Some £320 million of licence fee revenue is raised in Scotland, the remainder of licence fee revenue raised in the country is spent on networked programmes. BBC Scotlands TV channels compete with the ITV networks STV and ITV Border for regional programming, the first radio service in Scotland was launched by the British Broadcasting Company on 6 March 1923. Named 5SC and located in Glasgow, the services gradually expanded to include the new stations 2BD, 2DE and 2EH, based at Aberdeen, Dundee and Edinburgh respectively. Around 1927, the new Corporation, as the BBC now was, Television in Scotland began on 14 March 1952 using the 405-line television system broadcast from the Kirk oShotts transmitter. Television upgraded to colour in 1967 with regular colour broadcasts starting from 1971 when BBC Scotlands studios were upgraded. BBC Scotland has increased the number of programmes shown on the network services. BBC Scotland broadcasts three services to Scottish audiences. The latter of these services adheres to network scheduling more frequently than the former, the flagship news programme Reporting Scotland is presented by Jackie Bird and Sally Magnusson. In addition to two channels BBC Scotland also operates the digital channel BBC Alba, broadcasting programming in Gaelic for up to seven hours a day. The channel is a joint partnership between BBC Scotland and MG Alba and is available across the UK on satellite services, the proposed newscast been considered a response to the perennial proposals for a local opt-out of the BBC News at Six. The channel will be allocated £30 million in annual funding, hall also announced that the BBC would increase its spending on factual and drama productions in Scotland by £20 million annually. BBC Scotland also operates two radio stations covering Scotland, BBC Radio Scotland and BBC Radio nan Gàidheal, the former broadcasts English programming 24 hours a day on the frequencies 92-95 FM and 810 MW. The station has specific programming opt outs for Orkney and Shetland in addition to regional news opt outs for four additional sub regions - North East, Highlands & Islands, South West and Borders. BBC Radio nan Gàidheal in contrast is a Gaelic-language station broadcasting for the majority of the day on 103. 5-105 FM, BBC Scotland operates a mini site on BBC Online consisting of a portal to Scottish news, sport, programmes and items of cultural interest through BBC Online. The department also provides content from Scotland on these subjects to the website, BBC Scotland previously offered a podcast download of the top news items of the week and the online streaming of several key sections of output. BBC Scotlands headquarters are located at BBC Pacific Quay on the banks of the River Clyde in Glasgow
26.
BBC Television
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BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927 and it produced television programmes from its own studios since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. The BBCs domestic television channels have no advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence, the BBC operates several television networks, television stations, and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a number of its own programmes in-house. The simultaneous transmission of sound and pictures was achieved on 30 March 1930, by late 1930, thirty minutes of morning programmes were broadcast from Monday to Friday, and thirty minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays after BBC radio went off the air. Bairds broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. Ally Pally housed two studios, various stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself. BBC television initially used two systems on alternate weeks, the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system. The use of both made the BBCs service the worlds first regular high-definition television service, it broadcast from Monday to Saturday between 15,00 and 16,00, and 21,00 and 22,00. The two systems were to run on a basis for six months, early television sets supported both resolutions. Television production was switched from Bairds company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932, regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from Alexandra Palace in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel – was Opening of the BBC Television Service at 15,00, the first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25, 000–40,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. Also, many of the services technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort. According to figures from Britains Radio Manufacturers Association,18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the announcers, made the first announcement, saying. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later
27.
Sky UK
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Sky UK Limited is a telecommunications company which serves the United Kingdom. Sky provides television and broadband services, fixed line and mobile telephone services to consumers. It is the UKs largest pay-TV broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015 and it was the UKs most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007. Its corporate headquarters are based in Isleworth, formed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, Sky became the UKs largest digital subscription television company. Following Skys 2014 acquisition of Sky Italia and a majority 90. 04% interest in Sky Deutschland in November 2014, the United Kingdom operations also changed the company name from British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited, still trading as Sky. Sky UK Limited is an owned subsidiary of Sky plc, with its current company directors being Andrew Griffith. Griffith acts as the Chief Financial Officer and the Managing Director for the commercial businesses division, after the two companies merged, subscribers could get access to both channels, and later the sports channel Sky Sports also became encrypted. In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid, Murdoch described sport as a battering ram for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High Court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to investigate since it believed Rupert Murdochs media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid. BSkyB retained the rights paying £670m 1997–2001 deal, but was challenged by On Digital for the rights from 2001–2004, in May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the four for £1. 3bn. In February 2015, Sky bid £4. 2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016 and this represented an increase of 70% on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff cuts, increased subscription prices, in September 1993, BSkyB launched Sky Multichannels which was the present digital platforms analogue predecessor. Sky Multichannels was a package that gave access not only to Skys own channels
28.
Channel 4
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Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4
29.
Electronic Arts
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Electronic Arts Inc. is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City, California. Currently, EA develops and publishes games under several labels including EA Sports titles FIFA, Madden NFL, NHL, NCAA Football, NBA Live, and SSX. EA also owns and operates major gaming studios, EA Tiburon in Orlando, EA Canada in Burnaby, BioWare in Edmonton as well as Montreal, the company began developing games in-house and supported consoles by the early 1990s. EA later grew via acquisition of several successful developers, by the early 2000s, EA had become one of the worlds largest third-party publishers. In a note to employees, EA CEO John Riccitiello called this an important milestone for the company. EA began to move toward direct distribution of games and services with the acquisition of the popular online gaming site Pogo. com in 2001. In 2009, EA acquired the London-based social gaming startup Playfish, and in June 2011, EA launched Origin, there is also a On The House feature in Origin that lets you download full versions of EA games for free, it is updated regularly. In July 2011, EA announced that it had acquired PopCap Games, in February 1982, Trip Hawkins arranged a meeting with Don Valentine of Sequoia Capital to discuss financing his new venture, Amazin Software. Valentine encouraged Hawkins to leave Apple Inc. in which Hawkins served as Director of Product Marketing, on May 28,1982, Trip Hawkins incorporated and established the company with a personal investment of an estimated US$200,000. The company was not named Amazin Software, but instead Electronic Arts, seven months later in December 1982, Hawkins secured US$2 million of venture capital from Sequoia Capital, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, and Sevin Rosen Funds. For more than seven months, Hawkins refined his Electronic Arts business plan, with aid from his first employee, Rich Melmon, the original plan was written, mostly by Hawkins, on an Apple II in Sequoia Capitals office in August 1982. The business plan was refined in September and reissued on October 8,1982. By November, employee headcount rose to 11, including Tim Mott, Bing Gordon, David Maynard, having outgrown the office space provided by Sequoia Capital, the company relocated to a San Mateo office that overlooked the San Francisco Airport landing path. Headcount rose rapidly in 1983, including Don Daglow, Richard Hilleman, Stewart Bonn, David Gardner and he recruited his original employees from Apple, Atari, Xerox PARC, and VisiCorp, and got Steve Wozniak to agree to sit on the board of directors. Hawkins was determined to sell directly to buyers, combined with the fact that Hawkins was pioneering new game brands, this made sales growth more challenging. Retailers wanted to buy known brands from existing distribution partners, after more flyers were handed out, former CEO Larry Probst arrived as VP of Sales in late 1984 and helped the company sustain growth into US$18 million in its third full year. This policy of dealing directly with retailers gave EA higher margins and better market awareness, in December 1986, David Gardner and Mark Lewkaspais moved to the UK to open a European headquarters. Up until that point publishing of Electronic Arts Games, and the conversion of many of their games to compact cassette versions in Europe was handled by Ariolasoft
30.
Codemasters
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The Codemasters Software Company Limited, doing business as Codemasters, is a British video game developer and publisher founded by David Darling and his brother Richard in 1986. Headquartered in Southam, Warwickshire, Codemasters is one of the oldest British game studios, while rooted in the ZX Spectrum, Codemasters did not write exclusively for this computer. They also released software for the Commodore 64, Commodore 16, BBC Micro, Acorn Electron, Amstrad CPC, Atari 8-bit, Commodore Amiga and Atari ST. The company originally incorporated as Electric Games Company Limited on 6 August 1986 and they were famous for releasing a long series of Simulator games, mostly sports simulations. This led to the parody Advanced Lawnmower Simulator being developed, praised to the skies, Codemasters were one of a number of software houses in the 1980s that only released low retail price titles. However, in 1992 they began to cut down on the releases in favour of full-price titles. The company developed a reputation for creating highly positive fictitious reviews and they had major success with the Micro Machines series and Pete Sampras Tennis on the Sega Mega Drive. Both franchises featured the J-Cart, allowing two extra controllers to be attached to the cart without requiring Electronic Arts 4 way play or SEGAs four player adaptor. Codemasters is notable for making the majority of games published by Camerica. These NES games were known for being shiny gold and silver cartridges that were different from normal NES cartridges in shape. Many Codemasters titles were also featured on Camericas Aladdin Deck Enhancer, in 1990, Codemasters developed a device called the Power Pak, later renamed the Game Genie. It was a cartridge for the NES, released in the US by Galoob and in Canada. In an ultimately unsuccessful lawsuit, Nintendo sued Galoob in the case Galoob v. Nintendo, in 2003 this partnership was dissolved, with Jester releasing their own Music 3000 product. Codemasters released their final music based product called MTV Music Generator 3 in 2004, Codemasters have since continued to release titles for later generation systems, such as the TOCA series, Colin McRae Rally series, Brian Lara Cricket series and Operation Flashpoint. They currently own the rights to use the title Operation Flashpoint, Dragon Rising, in spite of this, Codemasters released Operation Flashpoint, Elite, developed by Bohemia, for Xbox in October 2005. The year 2005 also saw the appointment of Rod Cousens, formerly of Acclaim, home Entertainment Group entered into a game distribution agreement with Codemasters to distribute the companys titles in North America ending May 2008. Also in April, Codemasters launched the multiplayer online role-playing game, The Lord of the Rings Online. In June, Codemasters were purchased by equity group Balderton Capital, later that month they released the latest in the Colin McRae Rally series, Colin McRae, Dirt
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Blitz Games Studios
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Blitz Games Studios Limited was a video game developer located in Leamington Spa, United Kingdom best known for producing games based on franchises such as iCarly, SpongeBob SquarePants and Bratz. It was founded by the Oliver Twins, Andrew and Philip Oliver, the twins themselves had completed their first game in 1984 and started developing titles for video game publisher Codemasters in 1985. The company announced in September 2013 that it was closing following problems raising finance for new projects, Blitz Games Created the games that the company originally became well known for, family titles, often licensed on popular characters and existing intellectual property. Its first release was a series created for the US Burger King chain. After that, Blitz Arcade turned its focus to downloadable titles and had success with its first game of this type and they also developed shooter PowerUp Forever, puzzler Droplitz and the 3DTV-compatible beat em up Invincible Tiger, The Legend of Han Tao. Volatile Games Responsible for the company’s mature games, video games created by this division include Reservoir Dogs, runner-up in the 2006 BAFTA awards for Best Soundtrack. Despite allowing the player to complete the game without firing a single shot and they released Dead to Rights, Retribution on 27 April 2010. TruSim Blitz Games Studios serious games division and it is best known for its work on medical-related training programs including the award-winning Interactive Trauma Trainer. BlitzTech Created and licensed game development engine and toolchain, Blitz Academy The in-house training system and educational outreach programme Virtual Experience Company Past projects include the Tintern Abbey virtual tour. The company was acquired by Blitz Games at the end of 2006 but was back to former owner Mike Gogan in May 2008. In 2008 Blitz Games Studios launched the Blitz1UP programme to help independent developers bring their games to market, the programme provided free help and advice on all aspects of game production as well as crowd sourced QA. The programme was closed in 2011 and was replaced by IndieCity, on 12 September 2013, the company announced via a statement on its website that it was closing after 23 years of business. The closure came as a result of the company struggling to raise money to support development projects. The demise of THQ, a client, was said by Philip Oliver to have hit the company particularly hard. 50 of the firms 175 staff were said to be joining a new set up by the Oliver brothers to continue to work on some of Blitzs former projects. On 27 November 2013, Gamasutra reported the formation of Radiant Worlds, the new company was said to have recruited a number of former Blitz staff including the former companys COO. Blitz Games Studios official website Blitz Games entry at MobyGames OliverTwins. com - a website about the companys founders
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Rare (company)
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Rare is a British video game developer located in Twycross, Leicestershire. The company was established in 1985 by Tim and Chris Stamper, during its early years, Rare was backed by an unlimited budget from Nintendo, primarily concentrated on Nintendo Entertainment System games. During this time they created successful titles such as Wizards & Warriors, Battletoads, Rare became a prominent second-party developer for Nintendo, who came to own a large minority stake of the company. During this period, Rare received international recognition and critical acclaim for such as Donkey Kong Country, GoldenEye 007, Banjo-Kazooie, Perfect Dark. In 2002, Microsoft acquired Rare, who retained their original brand, logo and it has since focused on developing games exclusively for Microsoft Studios video game consoles. Notable releases include Kameo, Elements of Power, Perfect Dark Zero, in 2015, Rare released Rare Replay, a compilation of 30 games produced by the company to celebrate their 30th anniversary. Rare is currently working on Sea of Thieves, an adventure game. Several key employees left Rare to form their own companies, such as Free Radical Design, Rare was widely recognised by the gaming industry and received numerous accolades from critics and journalists. The company has often described as secretive and seclusive. As a result, a new subdivision named Rare Ltd was established by Ashby Computers and its main goal was to reverse-engineer the console and investigate the codes for Famicoms games to learn more about the consoles programming. With successful results, the decided to sell the Ultimate brand to U. S. Gold. Famicoms owner, Nintendo, once claimed that it would be impossible for their console to be decoded, using the information the Ashby Computers and Graphics team learnt from the Rare division, the team prepared several tech demos and showed them to the Nintendo executive Minoru Arakawa in Kyoto. Impressed with their efforts, Nintendo decided to grant the Ashby team an unlimited budget for them to work on games for the Famicom platform. After they returned to England, they moved from Ashby-de-la-Zouch to Twycross and they set their headquarters in a Manor Farmhouse. Rare also set up another company known as Rare Inc. in Miami, headed by Joel Hochberg, the American company was involved in maintaining Rares operation in the US and contacting major US publishers. Famicom was eventually released in the UK under the name Nintendo Entertainment System, with the unlimited budget, the Rare studio could work a large variety of different games. The first project Rare worked on was Slalom, an ice-skiing title and they helped in creating new and original intellectual properties, including R. C. Pro-Am, a game with vehicular combat elements, and Snake Rattle n Roll
