Abstract machine
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In computer science, an abstract machine is a theoretical model that allows for a detailed and precise analysis of how a computer system functions. It is similar to a mathematical function in that it
Pictorial representation of a Krivine machine
Programming language
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A programming language is an engineered language for expressing computer programs, typically allowing software to be written in a human readable manner.
Abstract machine
…they are expected to perform correctly and independently of hardware. Abstract machines are "machines" because they allow step-by-step execution of programs; they are "abstract" because they ignore many aspects of actual (hardware) machines. A typical abstract machine consists of a definition in terms of…
Two people using an IBM 704 mainframe—the first hardware to support floating-point arithmetic—in 1957. Fortran was designed for this machine.
A small selection of programming language textbooks on sale in Bangalore, India, 2011