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Abu Bakr
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Abu Bakr, born Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa, was a senior companion, the closest friend, and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad who served as the first Rashidun caliph, ruling from 632 until hi
Calligraphic seal featuring Abu Bakr's name, on display in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Calligraphic seal featuring Abu Bakr's name, on display in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
A 1595 Ottoman miniature from the Siyer-i Nebi depicting Abu Bakr intervening to stop a Meccan mob, led by Abu Lahab, from killing Muhammad at the Sou
A 1595 Ottoman miniature from the Siyer-i Nebi depicting Abu Bakr intervening to stop a Meccan mob, led by Abu Lahab, from killing Muhammad at the Souk of Okaz.
Muhammad (left) and Abu Bakr hiding in the cave in Jabal Thawr from Siyer-i Nebi.
Muhammad (left) and Abu Bakr hiding in the cave in Jabal Thawr from Siyer-i Nebi.
A 19th-century miniature from a manuscript of Hamla-i Haydari, depicting Abu Bakr dying in the presence of Ali.
A 19th-century miniature from a manuscript of Hamla-i Haydari, depicting Abu Bakr dying in the presence of Ali.
Umar
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Umar ibn al-Khattab was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634 until his assassination in 644. He succeeded Abu Bakr and is regarded as a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic
Abu Bakr
…and Byzantine Empires, which in the years following his death, would result in the Muslim conquests of Persia and the Levant under his successor, Umar (r. 634–644). Apart from politics, Abu Bakr is credited for the compilation of the Quran, of which he had a personal caliphal codex. He is referenced…
Calligraphic seal featuring Umar's name, on display in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Calligraphic seal featuring Umar's name, on display in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Sasanid style coins during the Rashidun period, featuring a crescent-star, fire altar, depictions of Khosrow II, and an Arabic bismillāh in the margin
Sasanid style coins during the Rashidun period, featuring a crescent-star, fire altar, depictions of Khosrow II, and an Arabic bismillāh in the margin). Unlike known historical figures such as Ibn Zubayr and Mu'awiya I, there are no coins minted in the name of these caliphs that could be evidence of political sovereignty.[citation needed]
19th-century colored engraving depicting Umar's entrance into Jerusalem in 638.
19th-century colored engraving depicting Umar's entrance into Jerusalem in 638.
Early 20th-century depiction of (Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf or Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr) witnessing the purported conspiracy of Abu Lu'lu'a, Hormuzan, and
Early 20th-century depiction of (Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf or Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr) witnessing the purported conspiracy of Abu Lu'lu'a, Hormuzan, and Jufayna (wrongly depicted here as a woman; the depiction of the murder weapon may also be wrong) refers to Jufayna as "al-Naṣrānī", indicating that he was a man. Moreover, while the murder weapon seems to be depicted here as a split-blade sword (like Zulfiqar), describes it as "a unique dagger", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle". The picture is taken from