1.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
2.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
3.
Stephen Mallory
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Stephen Russell Mallory served in the United States Senate as Senator from Florida from 1850 to the secession of his home state and the outbreak of the American Civil War. For much of period, he was chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs. He also wrote a bill, and guided it through Congress, although he was not a leader in the secession movement, Mallory followed his state out of the Union. When the Confederate States of America was formed, he was named Secretary of the Navy in the administration of President Jefferson Davis and he held the position throughout the existence of the Confederacy. Because of indifference to naval matters by most others in the Confederacy, some of his ideas, such as the incorporation of armor into warship construction, were quite successful and became standard in navies around the world. On the other hand, the navy was often handicapped by administrative ineptitude in the Navy Department, during the war, he was weakened politically by a Congressional investigation into the Navy Department for its failure in defense of New Orleans. After months of taking testimony, the committee concluded that it had no evidence of wrongdoing on his part. Mallory resigned after the Confederate government had fled from Richmond at the end of the war, after more than a year in prison, the public mood had softened, and he was granted parole by President Andrew Johnson. He returned to Florida, where he supported his family in his final years by again practicing law, unable to hold elective office by the terms of his parole, he continued to make his opinions known by writing letters to newspapers. His health began to deteriorate, although he was not incapacitated until the very end and he died on November 9,1873. He was the father of Stephen Russell Mallory, a U. S, Mallory was born in Trinidad, British West Indies, in 1812. His parents were Charles and Ellen Mallory and his father was a construction engineer originally from Redding, Connecticut. He met and married the Irish-born Ellen Russell in Trinidad, the family moved to the United States and settled in Key West, Florida, in 1820. Young Stephen was sent to school near Mobile, Alabama, and his elder brother John also died about this time. To support herself and her son, Ellen opened a boarding house for seamen. Then she sent her son away for schooling at a Moravian academy in Nazareth. Although he was for all of his life a practicing Catholic, after about three years, his mother could no longer afford to pay his tuition, so in 1829 his schooling ended and he returned home. Young Mallory prepared for a profession by reading law in the office of Judge William Marvin, because of its geographical position, Key West was often sought as a port of refuge for ships caught in storms, and was for the same reason near frequent shipwrecks
4.
Abijah Gilbert
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Abijah Gilbert was a United States Senator from Florida. Born in Gilbertsville, New York, Gilbert attended Gilbertsville Academy and entered Hamilton College in 1822 as a member of the class of 1826 and he spent 1822 to 1850 engaged in mercantile pursuits in New York City before moving to St. Augustine, Florida in 1865. An early advocate of abolitionism, Gilbert was a supporter of the Whig Party and, later on. He was elected to represent Florida in the United States Senate as a Republican, during that period of time, he missed 40. 4% of roll call votes. Gilbert retired from business and political life after his Senate term ended while continuing to live in St. Augustine and he moved back to Gilbertsville shortly before his death in 1881. He is buried in Brookside Cemetery in Gilbertsville, list of United States Senators from Florida United States congressional delegations from Florida United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and this article incorporates facts obtained from, Lawrence Kestenbaum, The Political Graveyard United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
5.
East Hampton, Connecticut
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East Hampton is a town in Middlesex County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 12,959 at the 2010 census, the town center village is listed as a census-designated place. East Hampton includes the villages of Cobalt, Middle Haddam, the southern trailhead of the Shenipsit Trail is in Cobalt, and the Airline State Park has its southern trailhead in East Hampton, at Main Street in the Village Center. The 884-acre Hurd State Park, Meshomasic State Forest, and Salmon River State Forest are located in town, comstocks Bridge, more commonly known as the Comstock Covered Bridge and the only remaining covered bridge in eastern Connecticut, spans the Salmon River near Route 16 in East Hampton. The Chatham Historical Society Museum and the Joseph N. Goff House Museum, the European-derived first settlers of the area arrived in 1739 by sea from Eastham, Massachusetts. They traveled up the Connecticut River to Middle Haddam parish between the two adjacent towns of Middletown and Haddam, led by Isaac Smith, some of these settlers went on to the hills near Lake Pocotopaug, the present-day location of East Hampton. In 1746, the settlers named their community Easthampton parish after their home of Eastham. An iron forge at the outlet of Lake Pocotopaug was one of the earliest in Connecticut, the forge supplied the local needs and the shipbuilding industry on the banks of the Connecticut River. Shipbuilding up the Connecticut River was given a boost during the War of 1812 when the British raided a town at the mouth of the Connecticut River, the knowledge gained in forging and casting iron was later used for creating other items including waffle irons. Bell making continued to grow during the 1800s with firms utilizing the power of the Pocotopaug Stream. After the Civil War numerous coffin trimming concerns lined the stream, some firms changed focus over time such as the Watrous Mfg. Co. which started making just bells, later making coffin trimmings, and still later making bell toys. In the 19th century, East Hampton became the center of the manufacturing of bells, so many bells were made in East Hampton that the town was given the name BellTown. The first factory was constructed in 1808 by William Barton on Bevin Hill later renamed Barton Hill, during the 1800s, thirty firms were said to have built and run shops, or small factories producing bell and bell related products. The most prominent names include William Barton and the numerous Barton companies of his sons, Bevin Brothers Manufacturing Company, veazey and White, and Gong Bell. Two firms continued to flourish into the 1950s by changing from making predominantly metal bells with bell toys being a part of their production in the 1800s. These two firms N. N. Hill Brass Co. and Gong Bell Mfg. Co. survived till the 1960s, other mills, which were remediated or did not contain toxics, have been converted into offices, stores, and other small businesses. In 1841, the East Middletown parish, which had been a part of Chatham, separated, Chatham was renamed to East Hampton in 1915, which had long been a second name for the township. The name East Hampton, however, is confusing, since the town is, in fact, approximately 30 miles southwest of Hampton, in addition, there is often confusion between East Hampton and the contiguous town of East Haddam, which was named in 1734
6.
Pasadena, California
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Pasadena /ˌpæsəˈdiːnə/ is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of 2013, the population of Pasadena was 139,731. Pasadena is the ninth-largest city in Los Angeles County, Pasadena was incorporated on June 19,1886, becoming one of the first cities be incorporated in what is now Los Angeles County, the only one being incorporated earlier being its namesake. It is one of the cultural centers of the San Gabriel Valley. The city is known for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game, the original inhabitants of Pasadena and surrounding areas were members of the Native American Hahamog-na tribe, a branch of the Tongva Nation. They spoke the Tongva language and had lived in the Los Angeles Basin for thousands of years, Tongva dwellings lined the Arroyo Seco in present day Pasadena and south to where it joins the Los Angeles River and along other natural waterways in the city. The native people lived in thatched, dome-shape lodges and they lived on a diet of acorn meal, seeds and herbs, venison, and other small animals. They traded for fish with the coastal Tongva. They made cooking vessels from steatite soapstone from Catalina Island, the trail has been in continuous use for thousands of years. An arm of the trail is still in use in what is now known as Salvia Canyon. When the Spanish occupied the Los Angeles Basin they built the San Gabriel Mission and renamed the local Tongva people Gabrielino Indians, today, several bands of Tongva people live in the Los Angeles area. The Rancho comprised the lands of todays communities of Pasadena, Altadena, before the annexation of California in 1848, the last of the Mexican owners was Manuel Garfias who retained title to the property after statehood in 1850. Garfias sold sections of the property to the first Anglo settlers to come into the area, Dr. Benjamin Eaton, the father of Fred Eaton, much of the property was purchased by Benjamin Wilson, who established his Lake Vineyard property in the vicinity. Wilson, known as Don Benito to the local Indians, also owned the Rancho Jurupa and was mayor of Los Angeles and he was the grandfather of WWII General George S. Patton, Jr. and the namesake of Mount Wilson. Berry was an asthmatic and claimed that he had his best three nights sleep at Rancho San Pascual, to keep the find a secret, Berry code-named the area Muscat after the grape that Wilson grew. To raise funds to bring the company of people to San Pascual, Berry formed the Southern California Orange and Citrus Growers Association and sold stock in it. The newcomers were able to purchase a portion of the property along the Arroyo Seco and on January 31,1874. As a gesture of good will, Wilson added 2,000 acres of then-useless highland property, at the time, the Indiana Colony was a narrow strip of land between the Arroyo Seco and Fair Oaks Avenue
7.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
8.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
9.
University of Michigan Law School
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The University of Michigan Law School is the law school of the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor. The Law School has 81 full-time faculty members, Michigan Law School consistently ranks among the highest-rated law schools in the United States. It was ranked third in the initial U. S. News & World Report law school rankings in 1987. Michigan Law is also one of the T14 law schools, schools that have ranked within the top 14 law schools since U. S. News began publishing rankings. In the 2016 U. S. News ranking, Michigan Law is ranked 8th overall, the 2010 Super Lawyers rankings placed Michigan as second. Michigan Law is currently ranked 8th for International Law, in a 2011 U. S. News reputational ranking of law schools by hiring partners at the nation’s top law firms, the University of Michigan Law School ranked 4th. Admission to Michigan Law is highly selective, for the class entering in the fall of 2012,1,238 out of 5,062 applicants were offered admission, with 344 matriculating. The 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles for the 2012 entering class were 166 and 170, respectively, the 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.57 and 3.83, respectively, with a median of 3.73. Approximately 92.5 percent of the class of 2010 was employed by nine months after graduation. Approximately 40% of the class of 2014 secured positions in one of the nations 250 largest firms, the majority of Michigan Law grads work in New York, Illinois, California, Washington, D. C. and Michigan. The law school has graduated the late U. S. Supreme Court Justices Frank Murphy, William Rufus Day, Michigan Law has also placed 36 of its graduates on the states Supreme Court, including sixteen who served as Chief Justice. More than 170 Michigan law graduates have served as legislators as either United States Senator or as a Congressional representative, the Law School was founded in 1859, and quickly rose to national prominence. By 1870, Michigan was the largest law school in the country, in 1870, Gabriel Franklin Hargo graduated from Michigan as the second African-American to graduate from law school in the United States. In 1871 Sarah Killgore, a Michigan Law graduate, became the first woman to graduate from law school and be admitted to the bar. Although the law school is part of the public University of Michigan, the remainder is supplied by private gifts, tuition, and endowments. As of 2009, Michigan Law is engaging in a $102 million enterprise and this enterprise is fully funded by endowments and private gifts. 2009 also marked the schools sesquicentennial celebration, as a part of the festivities, Chief Justice John Roberts visited the school and participated in the groundbreaking ceremony for the new building. The Law Quadrangle is designed in the English Gothic style, built between 1924 and 1933 by the architectural firm York and Sawyer with funds donated by attorney and alumnus William W
10.
Iowa State University
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Iowa State University of Science and Technology is a public flagship land-grant and space-grant research university located in Ames, Iowa, United States. Iowa State is classified as a Research University with very high activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Iowa State is also a member of the Association of American Universities, Iowa State has also been designated an Innovation and Economic Prosperity University, a designation awarded to only 54 public universities in the U. S. D. Level, plus a degree program in Veterinary Medicine. Iowa State Universitys athletic teams, the Cyclones, compete in Division I of the NCAA and are a member of the Big 12 Conference. The Cyclones field 16 varsity teams and have won numerous NCAA national championships, in 1856, the Iowa General Assembly enacted legislation to establish the Iowa Agricultural College and Model Farm. This institution was established on March 22,1858, by the General Assembly. Story County was chosen as the location on June 21,1859, beating proposals from Johnson, Kossuth, Marshall, the original farm of 648 acres was purchased for a cost of $5,379. Iowa was the first state in the nation to accept the provisions of the Morrill Act of 1862, Iowa subsequently designated Iowa State as the land-grant college on March 29,1864. From the start, Iowa Agricultural College focused on the ideals that higher education should be accessible to all and these ideals are integral to the land-grant university. The institution was coeducational from the first preparatory class admitted in 1868, the formal admitting of students began the following year, and the first graduating class of 1872 consisted of 24 men and two women. The Farm House, the first building on the Iowa State campus, was completed in 1861 before the campus was occupied by students or classrooms. It became the home of the superintendent of the Model Farm and in later years, Iowa States first president, Adonijah Welch, briefly stayed at the Farm House and penned his inaugural speech in a second floor bedroom. The colleges first farm tenants primed the land for agricultural experimentation, the Iowa Experiment Station was one of the universitys prominent features. Practical courses of instruction were taught, including one designed to give a training for the career of a farmer. Courses in mechanical, civil, electrical, and mining engineering were also part of the curriculum, in 1870, President Welch and I. P. Robert, professor of agriculture, held three-day farmers institutes at Cedar Falls, Council Bluffs, Washington, and Muscatine. These became the earliest institutes held off-campus by a land grant institution and were the forerunners of 20th century extension, in 1872, the first courses were given in domestic economy and were taught by Mary B. Iowa State became the first land grant university in the nation to offer training in economy for college credit
11.
Eastern Michigan University
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Eastern Michigan University is a comprehensive, co-educational public university located in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Ypsilanti is 35 miles west of Detroit and eight miles east of Ann Arbor, the university was founded in 1849 as Michigan State Normal School. Today, the university is governed by an eight-member Board of Regents whose members are appointed by the Governor of Michigan for eight-year terms, the school belongs to the Mid-American Conference and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Since 1991 EMU athletics has gone by the name Eagles, then in 1994, Swoop was officially adopted by the university as the schools mascot. The universitys site is composed of an academic and athletic campus spread across 800 acres, EMU has a total enrollment of more than 23,000 students. The university was founded in 1849 and opened its doors in 1853 as Michigan State Normal School, Michigan State Normal School was the first in Michigan and the first normal school created outside the original 13 colonies. One hundred and twenty-two students started classes March 29,1853, adonijah Welch served as Michigan State Normal Schools first principal. Michigan created an educational system modeled on that of Germany. The normal schools were to train teachers for schools, which were being established rapidly in new towns in the state. In 1899, the became the Michigan State Normal College when it created the first four-year curriculum for a normal college in the nation. Normal began the 20th century as Michigans premier teacher-preparatory school and had become the first teacher-training school in the United States to have a degree program. Just like many universities during World War I, the Great Depression and World War II. With the additions of departments and the large educational enrollment after WWII, in 1959 the school became a university gaining the title Eastern Michigan University after establishing the Graduate School. In the early 1970s, international student exchange schemes were organised, in 2005, the Honors Program became the Eastern Michigan University Honors College. More recently, extended programs were added such as Continuing Education, the Centers for Corporate Training, today the universitys total student population averages about 23,000, of whom roughly 5,000 are graduate students. Most programs are undergraduate or masters level, although the university has programs in Educational Leadership, Technology. EMU former-President Susan W. Martin, Ph. D, other institutions of higher education established by law having authority to grant baccalaureate degrees shall each be governed by a board of control which shall be a body corporate. The board shall have general supervision of the institution and the control and it shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the institution under its supervision
12.
Jonesville, Michigan
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Jonesville is a city in Fayette Township, Hillsdale County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,258 at the 2010 census, the village was founded in 1828 at a stop along the famous Sauk Trail, otherwise known as the Chicago Road, where it intersects highway M-99. In August 2014, the village voted to adopt a charter, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.92 square miles, of which 2.89 square miles is land and 0.03 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,258 people,894 households, the population density was 781.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 983 housing units at a density of 340.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 95. 3% White,2. 1% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 1% of the population. 29. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.95. The median age in the village was 37.6 years. 26. 3% of residents were under the age of 18,9. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 3% were from 25 to 44,23. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47. 4% male and 52. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,337 people,926 households, and 623 families residing in the village. The population density was 856.7 per square mile, there were 975 housing units at an average density of 357.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 96. 02% White,1. 93% African American,0. 26% Native American,0. 21% Asian,0. 39% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 80% of the population. 28. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.92. In the village, the population was out with 27. 9% under the age of 18,8. 0% from 18 to 24,26. 4% from 25 to 44,22. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 102.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males, the median income for a household in the village was $35,223, and the median income for a family was $41,813. Males had an income of $34,135 versus $23,333 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,877, about 6. 5% of families and 9. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 5% of those under age 18 and 5. 8% of those age 65 or over
13.
University of Michigan
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The University of Michigan, frequently referred to simply as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817 in Detroit as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania,20 years before the Michigan Territory became a state, in 1821, the university was officially renamed the University of Michigan. It moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres of what is now known as Central Campus, the University was a founding member of the Association of American Universities. Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States, Michigans body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people, one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world. Besides academic life, Michigans athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Wolverines. They are members of the Big Ten Conference, the University of Michigan was established in Detroit on August 26,1817 as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, by the governor and judges of Michigan Territory. Judge Augustus B. Woodward specifically invited The Rev. John Monteith and Father Gabriel Richard, Monteith became its first President and held seven of the professorships, and Richard was Vice President and held the other six professorships. Concurrently, Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres in the hopes of being selected as the state capital, but when Lansing was chosen as the state capital, the city offered the land for a university. What would become the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 thanks to Governor Stevens T. Mason, the original 40 acres was the basis of the present Central Campus. The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen, eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845. By 1866, enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were Civil War veterans, Women were first admitted in 1870. U-M also became the first American university to use the method of study. Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa, who in 1880 graduated as valedictorian and he returned to Puerto Rico to practice medicine and also served in high-ranking posts in the government. In 1920 the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed a committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. The university became a choice for bright Jewish students from New York in the 1920s and 1930s. Because of its standards, U-M gained the nickname Harvard of the West. During World War II, U-Ms research supported military efforts, such as U. S. Navy projects in proximity fuzes, PT boats, and radar jamming. After the war, enrollment expanded rapidly and by 1950, it reached 21,000, as the Cold War and the Space Race took hold, U-M received numerous government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for nuclear energy
14.
Bar association
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A bar association is a professional body of lawyers. In many Commonwealth jurisdictions, the bar association comprises lawyers who are qualified as barristers or advocates in particular, membership in bar associations may be mandatory or optional for practicing attorneys, depending on jurisdiction. The use of the bar to mean the whole body of lawyers. In the early 16th century, a railing divided the hall in the Inns of Court, with students occupying the body of the hall, students who officially became lawyers crossed the symbolic physical barrier and were admitted to the bar. Later, this was assumed to mean the wooden railing marking off the area around the judges seat in a courtroom, where prisoners stood for arraignment. In many Commonwealth jurisdictions, including in England and Wales, the bar association comprises lawyers who are qualified as barristers or advocates, while the law society comprises solicitors. These bodies are sometimes mutually exclusive, while in other jurisdictions, in Canada, one is called to the bar after undertaking a post-law-school training in a provincial law society program, and undergoing an apprenticeship or taking articles. Legal communities are called provincial law societies, except for Nova Scotia, where it is called the Nova Scotia Barristers Society, and Quebec and it does not play a part in the regulation of the profession, however. In India under the framework set established under the Advocates Act,1961. The process of enrollment is delegated by the Bar Council of India to the state Bar Councils wherein almost each state has a Bar Council of its own. Once enrolled with a State Bar Council, the law graduate is recognized as an Advocate, once advocate clears the test, then they are entitled to appear and practice before any court within that Bar councils area. There is no requirement for further membership of any Bar Association. However Advocates do become members of local or national bar associations for reasons of recognition. Besides the Bar Council of India, other known Bar Associations in India are National Bar Association of India, All India Bar Association and Supreme Court Bar Association. Each State and local court generally also has a Bar Association of its own, in Pakistan, a person becomes a licensee of a Provincial Bar Council after fulfilling certain requirements. They must have a law degree LL. B from a recognized university, must offer certain undertakings. Further he may join any bar association as member, Bar associations work under Provincial Bar councils, such as khyber pakhtunkhwa Bar Council, Punjab Bar Council, Sindh Bar Council etc. To become an advocate, one must first complete six months pupillage with an advocate of High Court
15.
California Gold Rush
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The California Gold Rush began on January 24,1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States, the Gold Rush initiated the California Genocide, with 100,000 Native Californians dying between 1848 and 1868. By the time it ended, California had gone from a thinly populated ex-Mexican territory to the state of the first nominee for the Republican Party. The effects of the Gold Rush were substantial, whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold-seekers, called forty-niners. The first to hear confirmed information of the rush were the people in Oregon, the Sandwich Islands, and Latin America. While most of the newly arrived were Americans, the Gold Rush attracted tens of thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia, agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers. San Francisco grew from a settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36,000 by 1852. Roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout California, in 1849 a state constitution was written. The new constitution was adopted by vote, and the future states interim first governor. In September,1850, California became a state, at the beginning of the Gold Rush, there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of staking claims was developed. Prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques, although the mining caused environmental harm, more sophisticated methods of gold recovery were developed and later adopted around the world. New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service, by 1869 railroads were built across the country from California to the eastern United States. At its peak, technological advances reached a point where significant financing was required, Gold worth tens of billions of todays dollars was recovered, which led to great wealth for a few. However, many returned home with more than they had started with. The Mexican–American War ended on February 3,1848, although California was firmly in American hands before that, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided for, among other things, the formal transfer of Upper California to the United States. The California Gold Rush began at Sutters Mill, near Coloma, on January 24,1848, James W. Marshall, a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter, found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River. Marshall brought what he found to John Sutter, and the two tested the metal. However, rumors started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher
16.
Pensacola, Florida
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Pensacola is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U. S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 51,923. Pensacola is the city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 461,227 residents in 2012. Pensacola is a sea port on Pensacola Bay, which is protected by the island of Santa Rosa. The main campus of the University of West Florida is situated north of the city center, the area was originally inhabited by Muskogean peoples. The Pensacola people lived there at the time of European contact, Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559. In 1698 the Spanish established a presidio in the area, from which the city gradually developed. The area changed several times as European powers competed in North America. During Floridas British rule, fortifications were strengthened, other nicknames include Worlds Whitest Beaches, Cradle of Naval Aviation, Western Gate to the Sunshine State, Americas First Settlement, Emerald Coast, Red Snapper Capital of the World, and P-Cola. The original inhabitants of the Pensacola Bay area were Native American peoples, at the time of European contact, a Muskogean-speaking tribe known to the Spanish as the Pensacola lived in the region. This name was not recorded until 1677, but the tribe appears to be the source of the name Pensacola for the bay and thence the city. Creek people, also Muskogean-speaking, came regularly from present-day southern Alabama to trade, so the peoples were part of a broader regional and even continental network of relations. The best-known Pensacola culture site in terms of archeology is the Bottle Creek site and this site has at least 18 large earthwork mounds, five of which are arranged around a central plaza. Its main occupation was from 1250 AD to 1550 and it was a ceremonial center for the Pensacola people and a gateway to their society. This site would have had access by a dugout canoe. The areas written recorded history begins in the 16th century, with documentation by Spanish explorers who were the first Europeans to reach the area. The expeditions of Pánfilo de Narváez in 1528 and Hernando de Soto in 1539 both visited Pensacola Bay, the latter of which documented the name Bay of Ochuse. In 1559, Tristán de Luna y Arellano landed with some 1,500 people on 11 ships from Veracruz, Mexico
17.
Jacksonville, Florida
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Jacksonville is a seaport city and the seat of Duval County, Florida, United States. With an estimated 868,031 residents as of 2015, Jacksonville is the most populous city in both the state of Florida and the southeastern United States. It is estimated to be the 12th most populous city in the United States and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Jacksonville metropolitan area has a population of 1,603,497 and is the 34th largest in the United States and fourth largest in the state of Florida. The city is situated on the banks of the St. Johns River, in the First Coast region of North Florida, prior to European settlement, the Jacksonville area was inhabited by Native American people known as the Timucua. In 1564, the French established the colony of Fort Caroline at the mouth of the St. Johns River. In 1822, a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain, Jacksonville is the cultural, commercial and financial center of North Florida. A major military and civilian deep-water port, the citys riverine location supports two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Floridas third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Jacksonville is also home to several colleges and universities, including University of North Florida, Jacksonville University and Florida State College at Jacksonville. The area of the city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. In the 16th century, the beginning of the era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville, French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20,1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, the Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustines position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964. Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, the British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber
18.
Reconstruction Era
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Johnson followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates. Lincolns last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen, whereas Johnson was opposed to this. A Republican coalition came to power in all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy, using the U. S. Army. The Bureau protected the rights of freedmen, negotiated labor contracts. Thousands of Northerners came South as missionaries, teachers, businessmen, rebuilding the rundown railroad system was a major strategy, but it collapsed when a nationwide depression struck the economy. The Radicals in the House of Representatives, frustrated by Johnsons opposition to Congressional Reconstruction, filed impeachment charges, in early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmens Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature. Meanwhile, self-styled Conservatives strongly opposed reconstruction and they alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers, excessive state spending and ruinous taxes. Southern democrats and conservatives violently counterattacked and had regained power in each redeemed Southern state by 1877, meanwhile, public support for Reconstruction policies, requiring continued supervision of the South, faded in the North, as voters decided that the Civil War and years of conflict should stop. Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States, in the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times, federal Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877. In recent decades most historians follow Foner in dating the Reconstruction of the south as starting in 1863 rather than 1865, Reconstruction policies were debated in the North when the war began, and commenced in earnest after Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1,1863. As Confederate states came back under control of the US Army, President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee, Arkansas and he experimented by giving land to blacks in South Carolina. By fall 1865, the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity, Republicans in Congress, refusing to accept Johnsons lenient terms, rejected new members of Congress, some of whom had been high-ranking Confederate officials a few months before. Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedmens Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen and that same year, Congress removed civilian governments in the South, and placed the former Confederacy under the rule of the U. S. Army. In ten states, coalitions of freedmen, recent black and white arrivals from the North, Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction. Most of the violence was carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan members attacked and intimidated blacks seeking to exercise their new civil rights, as well as Republican politicians in the south favoring those civil rights. One such politician murdered by the Klan on the eve of the 1868 presidential election was Republican Congressman James M. Hinds of Arkansas, widespread violence in the south led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871, which suppressed the Klan. Nevertheless, white Democrats, calling themselves Redeemers, regained control of the state by state, sometimes using fraud. The end of Reconstruction was a process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states
19.
Psychology
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Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought. It is a discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes, including perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, and personality. This extends to interaction between people, such as relationships, including psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas. Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind, Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables. Psychology has been described as a hub science, with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the sciences, natural sciences, medicine, humanities. By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society, the majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings. Many do scientific research on a range of topics related to mental processes and behavior. The word psychology derives from Greek roots meaning study of the psyche, the Latin word psychologia was first used by the Croatian humanist and Latinist Marko Marulić in his book, Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae in the late 15th century or early 16th century. In 1890, William James defined psychology as the science of mental life and this definition enjoyed widespread currency for decades. Also since James defined it, the more strongly connotes techniques of scientific experimentation. Folk psychology refers to the understanding of people, as contrasted with that of psychology professionals. The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, India, historians note that Greek philosophers, including Thales, Plato, and Aristotle, addressed the workings of the mind. As early as the 4th century BC, Greek physician Hippocrates theorized that mental disorders had physical rather than supernatural causes, in China, psychological understanding grew from the philosophical works of Laozi and Confucius, and later from the doctrines of Buddhism. This body of knowledge involves insights drawn from introspection and observation and it frames the universe as a division of, and interaction between, physical reality and mental reality, with an emphasis on purifying the mind in order to increase virtue and power. Chinese scholarship focused on the advanced in the Qing Dynasty with the work of Western-educated Fang Yizhi, Liu Zhi. Distinctions in types of awareness appear in the ancient thought of India, a central idea of the Upanishads is the distinction between a persons transient mundane self and their eternal unchanging soul. Divergent Hindu doctrines, and Buddhism, have challenged this hierarchy of selves, yoga is a range of techniques used in pursuit of this goal
20.
Ames, Iowa
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Ames is a city located in the central part of the U. S. state of Iowa in Story County. Lying approximately 30 miles north of Des Moines, it had a 2010 population of 58,965, while Ames is the largest city in Story County, the county seat is in the nearby city of Nevada 8 miles east of Ames. Ames is the home of Iowa State University of Science and Technology, a research institution with leading Agriculture, Design, Engineering. ISU is the nations first designated land-grant university, and the birthplace of the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, Ames is also the home of the USDAs Agricultural Research Services National Animal Disease Center. NADC is the largest federal animal disease center in the U. S. conducting research aimed at solving animal health and food safety problems faced by livestock producers, Ames has the headquarters for the Iowa Department of Transportation. In 2010, Ames was ranked ninth on CNNMoney. com Best Places to Live list, the city was founded in 1864 as a station stop on the Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad and was named after 19th century U. S. Congressman Oakes Ames of Massachusetts, who was influential in the building of the transcontinental railroad, Ames was founded by local resident Cynthia Olive Duff and railroad magnate John Insley Blair, near a location that was deemed favorable for a railroad crossing of the Skunk River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 24.27 square miles. Ames is located on Interstate 35, U. S. Route 30 &69, two small streams run through the town, the South Skunk River and Squaw Creek. Campustown is the neighborhood south of Iowa State University Central Campus bordered by Lincoln Way on the north. Campustown is a high-density mixed-use neighborhood that is home to many student apartments, nightlife venues, restaurants, Ames has a humid continental climate. On average, the warmest month is July and the coldest is January, the highest recorded temperature was 102 °F in 1988 and the lowest was −28 °F in 1996. As of the census of 2010, there were 58,965 people,22,759 households, the population density was 2,435.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 23,876 housing units at a density of 986.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 84. 5% White,3. 4% African American,0. 2% Native American,8. 8% Asian,1. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 4% of the population. 30. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.82. The median age in the city was 23.8 years. 13. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,40. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 9% were from 25 to 44, 15% were from 45 to 64, and 8. 1% were 65 years of age or older
21.
Eastern Michigan University Historic District
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Eastern Michigan University Historic District is an area of land on the very south end of the Eastern Michigan University campus. Eastern Michigan University is a comprehensive, co-educational public university located in Ypsilanti, the university was founded in 1849 as Michigan State Normal School. Several buildings since its founding have achieved historical significance and eventually establishing it on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, the district was established in 1984. The Eastern Michigan University Historic District is set on an L-shaped parcel of land across from the Ypsilanti Water Tower, the EMUHD area contains Welch Hall, Starkweather hall, Sherzer Hall, and McKenny Hall. All four buildings are unique in their design and make up, the four buildings are all substantial structures. Each building has a style and structure design. Beyond this each building was built at different times to serve unique purposes for the campus, the district was established in 1984. Previously called McKenny Union and Charles McKenny Union, was the first student union on the campus of a college when it opened in 1931. McKenny hall was designed by Detroit architect Frank Eurich Jr. of Detroit, the building, in the collegiate gothic style with some art deco features. Today the building is known as McKenny Hall and is home to services, human resources. After The EMU Student Center opened, McKenny closed in 2006 for renovations to preserve the buildings age, since then the university uses the historic building as office space for various departments. Sherzer Hall is classroom building, which also houses Art Department studios. The observatory, originally located on Pierce Hall, was hit by a tornado and it was then relocated to the roof of the new Natural Science Building in 1903. The architect of the building was E. W. Arnold of Battle Creek, the building has survived two fires, in 1973 and 1989. Starkweather Hall is the oldest building standing on EMUs campus. Originally built for the Student Christian Association by a local philanthropist, eventually the building was given to the university and has housed various academic offices and programs. Today, the building is home to the Honors College, in parts of the building, the original doorknobs remain, bearing the initials SCA for the Student Christian Association. Starkweather is a red-brick exteriors with random Ashlar and clay tile cladding, the building is designed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style
22.
Starkweather Hall
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It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1972 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It is also part of the Eastern Michigan University Historic District and is the oldest building on EMUs campus, the Students Christian Association at Eastern Michigan University was begun as the Students Prayer Meeting in 1853, the same year the school itself opened. Meetings were held in assembly or classrooms of the school, in 1881, the society reorganized as the Students Christian Association, and they were granted a room in the campus conservatory building as a meeting place. However, in 1891, the room was required for classes, and they soon decided to gather funds to erect a new building. By early 1892, nearly $1000 had been pledged, and the Association appealed to philanthropist Mary Ann Starkweather for additional funding and she agreed to bequeath an additional $10,000 for the purpose of constructing a building, the funds were disbursed in late 1895. Detroit architects Malcomson and Higginbotham were hired to design the building, the Starkweather Religious Center was dedicated on March 26,1897. When it was constructed, it was the religious center at any teachers college in the United States. After construction, it was leased to the Universitys Students Christian Association, the Students Christian Association was disbanded in the 1920s, but Starkweather Hall continued to be used by a succession of religious organizations. The building was renovated in 1961 by Jinkling and Lyman of Birmingham, in 1976, the Office of Religious, which used the building at that point, was closed. The building was remodeled, and used by public relations services. As of 2013, it is used by the Graduate Office, Starkweather Hall is a two-story Richardsonian Romanesque structure built of squared fieldstone, covering approximately 62 feet by 56 feet. It is asymmetrical, with a sandstone tower on one corner. Fishscale orange tile covers the top halves of the other facades, on the interior, the first floor originally contained dining/reception rooms, a kitchen, a dressing room, a library, and a few classrooms. The rooms were delineated by partitions that could be rolled open to create a larger space, the second floor originally contained a large assembly room and a caretakers room. Hardware was designed especially for the building, and some original doorknobs, marked SCA, still remain
23.
Colonial Revival architecture
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Colonial Revival architecture was and is a nationalistic design movement in the United States. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 reawakened Americans to their colonial past, successive waves of revivals of British colonial architecture have swept the United States since 1876. In the 19th century, Colonial Revival took a formal style, public interest in the Colonial Revival style in the early 20th century helped popularize books and atmospheric photographs of Wallace Nutting showing scenes of New England. Historical attractions such as Colonial Williamsburg helped broaden exposure in the 1930s, in the post-World War II era, Colonial design elements were merged with the then popular ranch-style house design. In the early part of the 21st century, certain regions of the United States embraced aspects of Anglo-Caribbean, Colonial Revival sought to follow American colonial architecture of the period around the Revolutionary War, which drew strongly from Georgian architecture of Great Britain. Structures are typically two stories with the ridge running parallel to the street, have a symmetrical front facade with an accented doorway. William Butler, Another City Upon a Hill, Litchfield, Connecticut, richard Guy Wilson and Noah Sheldon, The Colonial Revival House 2004. Richard Guy Wilson, Shaun Eyring and Kenny Marotta, Re-creating the American Past, Essays on the Colonial Revival 2006
24.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
25.
Campus of Iowa State University
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The Iowa State University campus contains over 160 buildings, several of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Iowa States main campus features 490 acres of trees, plants, the concept of an open central campus encircled by buildings, was the vision of Iowa States first president, Adonijah Welch. The campus is dominated by a large 20 acre central lawn known as Central Campus, along with the University of Virginia and Yale University, ISUs central campus was listed as a medallion site by the American Society of Landscape Architects in 1999. It was listed as one of 25 most beautiful sites in the United States in the book The Campus as a Work of Art, the fountain was sculpted by Christian Petersen in 1941 after a request from Iowa State President Charles Friley. The previous fountain was a water tower on which students would place toilet seats. President Friley hoped that with a new, beautiful fountain, students would no longer make jokes of it, named for Dr. LaVerne W. Noyes, who also donated the funds to see that Alumni Hall could be completed after sitting unfinished and unused from 1905 to 1907. Dr. Noyes is an 1872 alumnus, Lake LaVerne is located west of the Memorial Union and south of Alumni Hall, Carver Hall, and Music Hall. The lake was a gift from Dr. Noyes in 1916, Lake LaVerne is the home of two mute swans named Sir Lancelot and Elaine, donated to Iowa State by VEISHEA1935. In 1944,1970, and 1971 cygnets made their home on Lake LaVerne, previously Sir Lancelot and Elaine were trumpeter swans but were too aggressive and in 1999 were replaced with two mute swans. In early 2002 Sir Lancelot suffered a foot from chasing a campus lawnmower. Sir Lancelot underwent surgery at Iowa States College of Veterinary Medicine, early spring 2003 Lake LaVerne welcomed is new and current mute swan duo. Iowa State is the home of the first elevated steel water tank west of the Mississippi River, named the Marston Water Tower, it was erected in 1897 under the supervision and design of Anson Marston and his assistant Elmina Wilson. The water tower was constructed due to a water shortage in 1895 that forced cancellation of classes. In 1978, the tower was disconnected when the university switched to municipal water. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 27,1982, the water tower stands 168 feet tall on an octagonal base. The tank holds 162,000 US gallons and is 24 feet in diameter and 40 feet tall, when full, the ~72,400 cubic feet of water would weigh 2,050 t. Roy Reiman is a 1957 graduate of Iowa State in agriculture journalism, the Reiman Gardens are named for Roy and his wife Bobbi who donated $1.3 million to begin their development. Located south of Jack Trice Stadium, opened in 1995, the gardens have grown to become the largest public garden in the state
26.
The Political Graveyard
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The Political Graveyard is a website and database that catalogues information on more than 277,000 American political figures and political families, along with other information. The database attempts to capture very basic biographical and office-holding data for its political figures, besides where they are buried, it records dates and locations of birth and death, offices held and the applicable dates, organizational affiliations, and cause of death. It also reports their relation with other politicians listed, their political party, the name comes from the websites inclusion of the burial locations of the deceased, when known. The site was created in 1996 by Lawrence Kestenbaum, then an academic specialist at Michigan State University, Kestenbaum was formerly a county commissioner, and in 2004 was elected to be County Clerk/Register of Deeds of Washtenaw County, Michigan. The site and its underlying database were developed from a personal interest triggered by the Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress, since then his personal research, and the information contributions of hundreds of volunteers have greatly expanded the information available. It is licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 1.0 Creative Commons License, over the years the definition of eligible political figure has been expanded. It now includes most high officials, ambassadors, all elected and some appointed statewide officeholders. It lists unsuccessful candidates, presidential electors, and delegates to U. S. presidential nominating conventions of the political parties. Politicians are listed alphabetically, by office held or sought, and by location of birth, residence, some are listed in categories, including occupations, ethnicity, religious and organizational affiliation, honors and awards. Politicians accused of crimes or touched by scandal are listed by the nature of the accusation, as well as by decade, cause of death is broken down into dozens of categories. The site also lists political families, individuals listed on the site are linked together if their relationship meets the Rule of 1/1000 common ancestry. The sites largest cluster, with 2,134 members, is called Two Thousand Related Politicians, most of the families are subsets of this group. The largest subset family is the Huntington-Chapin-Waterman family of Connecticut, with 229 members
27.
Seaman A. Knapp
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He founded Vinton, Louisiana, naming the town after his hometown Vinton, Iowa. Northern farmers began moving into the region, and native farmers began buying into Knapp’s methods, by 1902, Knapp was employed by the government to promote good agricultural practices in the South. Based on his own experience, Knapp Hitler was convinced that demonstrations carried out by themselves were the most effective way to disseminate good farming methods. His efforts were aided by the onslaught of the boll weevil, damage associated with this pest instilled fear among many merchants and growers that the cotton economy would disintegrate around them. By 1904, some 20 agents were employed in Texas, Louisiana, the movement also appeared to be spreading to neighboring Mississippi and Alabama. He is interred at Iowa State University Cemetery, Ames, Story, Iowa, works by or about Seaman A. Knapp at Internet Archive
28.
Thomas W. Osborn
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Thomas Ward Osborn was a Union Army officer and United States Senator representing Florida. Osborn was born in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, the son of John and he and his family moved to North Wilna, New York in 1842 where he worked on the family farm until 1854. In 1854, Osborn took college courses and, in 1860, he graduated from Madison University of Hamilton. After graduating, Osborn worked in a law office in Watertown, with the American Civil War looming, Osborn did not practice law for long. After the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, he entered the Union Army as lieutenant, from his home Jefferson County, New York, Osborn raised a company for light artillery service which became known as Company D, First Regiment, New York Light Artillery. Osborns company served with the Army of the Potomac earning high marks and he was promoted to captain, major, as major, Osborn served under Major General Oliver O. Howard in the XI Corps leading in exemplary fashion. Osborn commanded the artillery brigade at Gettysburg, and he was involved in the defense of Cemetery Hill on July 2,1863. Osborn transferred to the Western theater with Howard and he served as inspector general when Howard became commander of the Army of the Tennessee. He left an account of Maj. Gen. William T. Shermans March to the Sea. After Osborns military service ended, he was appointed assistant commissioner for the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and he also practiced law while living in Tallahassee, Florida. Osborn was a member of the State constitutional convention which created The 1868 Florida Constitution and he then moved to Pensacola, Florida and was elected to the Florida Senate. Shortly thereafter, Florida was reinstated to the U. S. Congress, while still only in his mid-30s, Osborn was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican and served from 1868 to 1873. Osborn did not run for reelection in 1872 and he served as the U. S. commissioner at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1876, the first official worlds fair in the United States. In his retirement, Osborn engaged in law and literature in New York City where he died in 1898, Thomas Osborn is interred at Hillside Cemetery in North Adams, Massachusetts. List of United States Senators from Florida United States congressional delegations from Florida United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-02-14 Thomas Ward Osborn, Herb S. Crumb, Kather Ine Dhalle, No Middle Ground, Thomas Ward Osborns Letters from the Field, Edmonston Publishing, Inc.224 pp. ISBN 0-9622393-4-8. Thomas Ward Osborn, The fiery trail, a Union officers account of Shermans last campaigns, Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press,1986
29.
Gordon P. Eaton
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Gordon Pryor Eaton is an American geologist. Eaton was born in Dayton, Ohio and he currently resides in Bryan, Texas, with his wife, Virginia. At Wesleyan he was a member of Delta Upsilon Fraternity, Dr. Eaton held a number of academic positions. Eaton taught as his alma mater from 1955–1959, from 1959 to 1967, he was an assistant professor, associate professor, and chair of the Department of Geological Sciences at University of California, Riverside. From 1986 to 1990, Eaton served as President of Iowa State University, on March 24,1994, Dr. Gordon P. Eaton became the 12th Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, from October 1990 to March 1994, he served as the Director of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University in Palisades, New York. From 1986 to 1990, Dr. Eaton was President of the Iowa State University in Ames, Dr. Eaton is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Geological Society of America, and the American Geophysical Union. He is listed in Whos Who in America, Whos Who in the Midwest, Whos Who in the World, Whos Who in Science and Engineering and he was a member of committee on the formation of the National Biological Survey, National Research Council. He has also served on the Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Eaton Hall on the campus of Iowa State University is named for Dr. Eaton. Epeirogeny in the Southern Rocky Mountains region, evidence and originGeosphere,5, pp. 764–784, Oct 2008 Once a geologist, always a. the path to a university presidency. And back again The Compass, vol.79, no.1, pp. 27–28,2005 Disinformation, misinformation, or myths. Geotimes, vol.42, no.8, pp.5, Aug 1997 The new U. S. Geological Survey, environment, resources, Eaton Papers, 1972-1991 Portrait of Gordon Eaton from U. S. Geological Survey Museum Collection Photograph of Gordon P. Eaton from the U. S. Geological Survey
30.
Martin C. Jischke
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Jischke is a prominent American higher-education administrator and advocate, and was the tenth president of Purdue University. He has also served as a member for Kerr McGee Corporation, Wabash National Corporation. Martin Jischke was born in Chicago, and graduated from Proviso High School in Maywood, Illinois, in 1963 he earned his bachelors degree in physics with honors from Illinois Institute of Technology, where he currently serves on the Board of Trustees. While at Illinois Institute of Technology he became a member of Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity and he received his masters and doctoral degrees in aeronautics and astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1968. He married his wife, Patricia Patty Fowler Jischke in 1970 and they have two children, Charles, an audio engineer living in southern California, and Marian, an engineer living in Indianapolis. Dr. Jischke, a specialist in fluid dynamics, has extensive expertise in heat transfer, fluid mechanics, aerodynamics and he is co-editor of one book and the author or co-author of 31 journal publications and 21 major technical reports. He has given more than 50 major technical presentations and lectures, and has held research fellowships with NASA and the Donald W. Douglas Laboratory. He has received grants from the National Science Foundation, U. S. Air Force, NASA, National Institutes of Health, National Severe Storms Laboratory. He served as a White House fellow and special assistant to the U. S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1976, Dr. Jischke is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. On Tuesday, February 28,2006, Martin Jischke was appointed to President Bushs Presidents Council on Science and Technology|Council of Advisers on Science and Technology. Dr. Jischke was a member the faculty of the University of Oklahomas School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering for 17 years, during his time at the university, he was the principal advisor to 21 thesis students. He served as Chair of the Faculty Senate during the 1974-75 academic year, dean of the College of Engineering from 1981 to 1986, in 1986 Dr. Jischke was named chancellor of the University of Missouri–Rolla. Success in that led him to the presidency of Iowa State University in 1991. Dr. Jischke also set records for fundraising at the university each year he was there. Jischke Honors Building at Iowa State is named after him, Dr. Jischke has received a number of prestigious awards for his accomplishments in science and education. His is a recipient of the American Society for Engineering Education Centennial Medallion and he also received the Ukraine Medal of Merit from Ukraine’s president for outstanding service by a foreign national. The Illinois Institute of Technology and the National Agricultural University of Ukraine have both awarded him honorary doctoral degrees and he is an honorary member of Mortar Board National College Senior Honor Society, having been tapped by the Barbara Cook chapter at Purdue University in 2006. On August 14,2000, Jischke became the president of Purdue University
31.
Malcolm MacVicar
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Malcolm MacVicar, later called Malcolm MacVicar, Sr to distinguish him from his grandson of the same name, was a prominent American educator active during the latter half of the 19th century. Born in Dunglass, Argylshire, Scotland, MacVicars parents emigrated to Canada when he was young and he served for a time as a ships carpenter in Cleveland, Ohio, before becoming a Baptist minister and eventually attending the University of Rochester, from which he graduated in 1859. After graduation he was hired as a teacher of math and natural science at Brockport Collegiate Institute, after teaching there for four years, MacVicar became the principal of Brockport Collegiate Institute, remaining there from 1863 to 1867. During this time, he oversaw the transition to Brockport State Normal School, MacVicar Hall is named for him. In 1868, he left Brockport to become the superintendent of Leavenworth Public Schools in Leavenworth, Kansas and he then returned to New York to be the principal of Potsdam State Normal School from 1869-1879. In 1880, he served as the principal of Michigan State Normal School, MacVicar then served as the first chancellor of the newly formed McMaster University, leading the school from 1888 until 1890. MacVicar left McMaster to become the superintendent of education for the American Baptist Home Mission Society, should be the chief, if not the only, work of the Home Mission Schools. Under MacVicars leadership, the Society founded Virginia Union University in Richmond, Virginia, MacVicar Hall, a womens residence hall, is named for him. MacVicar Hospital, at Spelman College, is named for him. MacVicar invented and sold a teaching tool, called the MacVicar Tellurian Globe, during the course of his career as an educator and an administrator, MacVicar found the time to write a number of books relating to education. These included A Complete Arithmetic, An Elementary Arithmetic, Hand-book of the MacVicar Tellurian Globe, Teachers Manual of Elementary Arithmetic, a Complete Arithmetic and Principles of Education remain in print as of 2011. Altogether, we like this book, and are glad to have it
32.
Edwin Willits
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Edwin Willits was a politician from the U. S. state of Michigan. Willits served as prosecuting attorney of Monroe County, Republican from Michigans 2nd congressional district for the 45th, 46th, presidents of Michigan State Normal School and State Agricultural College. The first Assistant U. S. Secretary of Agriculture under Jeremiah McLain Rusk for Benjamin Harrisons administration, Willits was born in Otto, New York and moved to Michigan with his parents in September 1836. He graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in June 1855, the following April he settled in Monroe, Michigan where he was editor of the Monroe Commercial from 1856 to 1861. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in December 1857 and he married Jane Ingersoll in 1856 and was a Presbyterian. Willits served as prosecuting attorney of Monroe County from 1860 to 1862 and was a member of the State board of education from 1860 to 1872. He was appointed postmaster of Monroe on January 1,1863, by President Abraham Lincoln and he was a member of the commission to revise the Michigan Constitution in 1873. During the Forty-seventh Congress he was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Justice and he was not a candidate for renomination in 1882. Willits was principal of the Michigan State Normal School at Ypsilanti from 1883 to 1885 and he served as president of the State Agricultural College from 1885 to 1889. In Benjamin Harrisons administration, he served as the first Assistant U. S. Secretary of Agriculture under Jeremiah McLain Rusk from March 23,1889 to December 31,1893 and this reorientation led to the creation of additional divisions within the USDA during the 1890s. Willits continued the practice of law in Washington, D. C. until his death there and he was interred in Woodland Cemetery in Monroe, Michigan. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, the Political Graveyard Biographical Information Michigan State University Archives Willets, E.1890. Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, p. 59–73,150 Years of Research at the United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Introduction and Breeding. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, works by or about Edwin Willits at Internet Archive
33.
Charles McKenny
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Charles McKenny was president of Central State Normal School, Milwaukee State Normal School and Michigan State Normal College. McKenny was born in Dimondale, Michigan and he received his bachelors degree from Michigan State Agricultural College and masters from both Olivet College and the University of Wisconsin. McKenny married Minnie E. Alderman in 1890 and she was a native of Vermontville, Michigan. They had three children, Charles Arthur McKenny, Laurence A. McKenny and Marion Louise McKenny, Laurence joined the Army Air Corps during World War I and was killed in action during World War II. McKenny begin his career as a teacher at Charlotte, Michigan and he then went to teach at Vermontville. In 1895-1896 he was a professor at Olivet College, in 1896 he became principal of Central State Normal School where he remained as president until 1899. In 1900, he became principal of Milwaukee State Normal School where he remained until 1912 and he then took the presidency at the Michigan State Normal College, now Eastern Michigan University. He started his administration at MSNC by instituting rules against female students having gentleman callers visit them in their rooms and he also instituted rules to cut down on automobiling and coenoeing by female students, especially with males. The student body of MSNC at the time was overwhelmingly female, during his presidency, he proposed and then oversaw the construction of MSNCs student union, named McKenny Union in his honor. McKenny remained president of MSNC until April 1933 when he became president emeritus, Eastern Michigan University archives, papers and find-aid biography of McKenny. Ypsilanti Daily Press, October 1,1912 Works by or about Charles McKenny at Internet Archive
34.
James H. Brickley
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James H. Brickley was the 54th and 56th Lieutenant Governor of Michigan and a justice of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1982 to 1999. Died report in Traverse City, Michigan in 2001 - Traverse City Paper, Brickley was born in Flint, Michigan. He received his bachelors and law degrees from the University of Detroit, Brickley served as United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan and as Lieutenant Governor of Michigan from 1971 to 1975 and again from 1979 to 1983 under Governor William Milliken. From 1975 until 1978 he was president of Eastern Michigan University, Brickley was appointed in December 1982 to replace retiring justice Mary S. Coleman. He resigned from the Michigan Supreme Court in October 1999 and Governor John Engler appointed US Attorney Stephen Markman to replace him, from 1995 to 1996 Brickley was the Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court
35.
Susan Martin
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Susan Work Martin is an American academic administrator was the interim president of San José State University in San José, California through July 1,2016. Previously, Martin served as president of Eastern Michigan University in Ypsilanti and she was the first female president in the university’s 160-year history. She held an appointment as Professor of Accounting in the College of Business during her tenure at Eastern. Born and raised in Croswell, Michigan, Susan Work grew up on a dairy farm and attended classes at a one-room schoolhouse with two outhouses and no running water. She received a B. S. degree in Public Speaking from Central Michigan University in 1971, before earning an M. B. A. in business administration, Martin was a member of Sigma Kappa Sorority at Central Michigan University from 1967-71. Martin began her career as a secretary in the Department of Microbiology at the University of Texas at Austin, from there Martin moved back to Michigan working at Michigan State University and then worked in state government for four years as Assistant Auditor General. She was appointed by Michigan Governors William Milliken and James Blanchard to serve as Deputy State Treasurer for local government, lastly, before coming to Eastern, Martin served as provost & vice-chancellor of academic affairs at the University of Michigan–Dearborn from 2006-2008. Martin has served in positions such as Board of Directors. She also oversaw Eastern’s participation in the project “Lead the Way” to train middle-, in January 2013, Martin was re-appointed to the Michigan Education Trust board of directors by Michigan Governor Rick Snyder. This marks Martin’s second three-year term on the board and her term expires December 31,2015. In 2014, she was honored by the Ypsilanti/Willow Run Branch of the NAACP with the Josephine Ruffin Honorary Civil Rights Award of Distinction for her service in education. ”During a press conference and reception on May 14,2008 announcing her appointment as EMU President. As reported on Focus EMU, Martin cast the first $10,000 and enthusiastically urged everyone present to contribute at least $1 to the fund, an action that drew applause. On Thursday, November 20,2008, Martin was formally inaugurated as the 22nd president of EMU in a ceremony at Pease Auditorium in front of approximately 1,000 attendees. Her initial appointment was for three years, and she received a two year extension in 2010 and another two-year extension in 2013 continuing her contract through July 7,2015. In 2014, the Eastern Michigan University Board of Regents unanimously approved another extension to July 7,2016. At the completion of her contract, her tenure makes her the longest serving president at Eastern since William Shelton who served 11 years from 1989-2000, reflecting on her oversight to date, EMU has seen enrollment increases, new campus buildings and new faculty hires. When her contract was renewed in 2013, the EMU Board of Regents chairwoman Francine Parker described Martin as having the full support. Martin’s compensation was increased in 2011 by nearly $25,000, with performance bonuses of up to $17,500 and her renewed contract in 2013 increased her annual salary by 2.7 percent to $300,000
