1.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
2.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
3.
Stephen Mallory
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Stephen Russell Mallory served in the United States Senate as Senator from Florida from 1850 to the secession of his home state and the outbreak of the American Civil War. For much of period, he was chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs. He also wrote a bill, and guided it through Congress, although he was not a leader in the secession movement, Mallory followed his state out of the Union. When the Confederate States of America was formed, he was named Secretary of the Navy in the administration of President Jefferson Davis and he held the position throughout the existence of the Confederacy. Because of indifference to naval matters by most others in the Confederacy, some of his ideas, such as the incorporation of armor into warship construction, were quite successful and became standard in navies around the world. On the other hand, the navy was often handicapped by administrative ineptitude in the Navy Department, during the war, he was weakened politically by a Congressional investigation into the Navy Department for its failure in defense of New Orleans. After months of taking testimony, the committee concluded that it had no evidence of wrongdoing on his part. Mallory resigned after the Confederate government had fled from Richmond at the end of the war, after more than a year in prison, the public mood had softened, and he was granted parole by President Andrew Johnson. He returned to Florida, where he supported his family in his final years by again practicing law, unable to hold elective office by the terms of his parole, he continued to make his opinions known by writing letters to newspapers. His health began to deteriorate, although he was not incapacitated until the very end and he died on November 9,1873. He was the father of Stephen Russell Mallory, a U. S, Mallory was born in Trinidad, British West Indies, in 1812. His parents were Charles and Ellen Mallory and his father was a construction engineer originally from Redding, Connecticut. He met and married the Irish-born Ellen Russell in Trinidad, the family moved to the United States and settled in Key West, Florida, in 1820. Young Stephen was sent to school near Mobile, Alabama, and his elder brother John also died about this time. To support herself and her son, Ellen opened a boarding house for seamen. Then she sent her son away for schooling at a Moravian academy in Nazareth. Although he was for all of his life a practicing Catholic, after about three years, his mother could no longer afford to pay his tuition, so in 1829 his schooling ended and he returned home. Young Mallory prepared for a profession by reading law in the office of Judge William Marvin, because of its geographical position, Key West was often sought as a port of refuge for ships caught in storms, and was for the same reason near frequent shipwrecks
4.
Abijah Gilbert
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Abijah Gilbert was a United States Senator from Florida. Born in Gilbertsville, New York, Gilbert attended Gilbertsville Academy and entered Hamilton College in 1822 as a member of the class of 1826 and he spent 1822 to 1850 engaged in mercantile pursuits in New York City before moving to St. Augustine, Florida in 1865. An early advocate of abolitionism, Gilbert was a supporter of the Whig Party and, later on. He was elected to represent Florida in the United States Senate as a Republican, during that period of time, he missed 40. 4% of roll call votes. Gilbert retired from business and political life after his Senate term ended while continuing to live in St. Augustine and he moved back to Gilbertsville shortly before his death in 1881. He is buried in Brookside Cemetery in Gilbertsville, list of United States Senators from Florida United States congressional delegations from Florida United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and this article incorporates facts obtained from, Lawrence Kestenbaum, The Political Graveyard United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
5.
East Hampton, Connecticut
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East Hampton is a town in Middlesex County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 12,959 at the 2010 census, the town center village is listed as a census-designated place. East Hampton includes the villages of Cobalt, Middle Haddam, the southern trailhead of the Shenipsit Trail is in Cobalt, and the Airline State Park has its southern trailhead in East Hampton, at Main Street in the Village Center. The 884-acre Hurd State Park, Meshomasic State Forest, and Salmon River State Forest are located in town, comstocks Bridge, more commonly known as the Comstock Covered Bridge and the only remaining covered bridge in eastern Connecticut, spans the Salmon River near Route 16 in East Hampton. The Chatham Historical Society Museum and the Joseph N. Goff House Museum, the European-derived first settlers of the area arrived in 1739 by sea from Eastham, Massachusetts. They traveled up the Connecticut River to Middle Haddam parish between the two adjacent towns of Middletown and Haddam, led by Isaac Smith, some of these settlers went on to the hills near Lake Pocotopaug, the present-day location of East Hampton. In 1746, the settlers named their community Easthampton parish after their home of Eastham. An iron forge at the outlet of Lake Pocotopaug was one of the earliest in Connecticut, the forge supplied the local needs and the shipbuilding industry on the banks of the Connecticut River. Shipbuilding up the Connecticut River was given a boost during the War of 1812 when the British raided a town at the mouth of the Connecticut River, the knowledge gained in forging and casting iron was later used for creating other items including waffle irons. Bell making continued to grow during the 1800s with firms utilizing the power of the Pocotopaug Stream. After the Civil War numerous coffin trimming concerns lined the stream, some firms changed focus over time such as the Watrous Mfg. Co. which started making just bells, later making coffin trimmings, and still later making bell toys. In the 19th century, East Hampton became the center of the manufacturing of bells, so many bells were made in East Hampton that the town was given the name BellTown. The first factory was constructed in 1808 by William Barton on Bevin Hill later renamed Barton Hill, during the 1800s, thirty firms were said to have built and run shops, or small factories producing bell and bell related products. The most prominent names include William Barton and the numerous Barton companies of his sons, Bevin Brothers Manufacturing Company, veazey and White, and Gong Bell. Two firms continued to flourish into the 1950s by changing from making predominantly metal bells with bell toys being a part of their production in the 1800s. These two firms N. N. Hill Brass Co. and Gong Bell Mfg. Co. survived till the 1960s, other mills, which were remediated or did not contain toxics, have been converted into offices, stores, and other small businesses. In 1841, the East Middletown parish, which had been a part of Chatham, separated, Chatham was renamed to East Hampton in 1915, which had long been a second name for the township. The name East Hampton, however, is confusing, since the town is, in fact, approximately 30 miles southwest of Hampton, in addition, there is often confusion between East Hampton and the contiguous town of East Haddam, which was named in 1734
6.
Pasadena, California
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Pasadena /ˌpæsəˈdiːnə/ is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of 2013, the population of Pasadena was 139,731. Pasadena is the ninth-largest city in Los Angeles County, Pasadena was incorporated on June 19,1886, becoming one of the first cities be incorporated in what is now Los Angeles County, the only one being incorporated earlier being its namesake. It is one of the cultural centers of the San Gabriel Valley. The city is known for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game, the original inhabitants of Pasadena and surrounding areas were members of the Native American Hahamog-na tribe, a branch of the Tongva Nation. They spoke the Tongva language and had lived in the Los Angeles Basin for thousands of years, Tongva dwellings lined the Arroyo Seco in present day Pasadena and south to where it joins the Los Angeles River and along other natural waterways in the city. The native people lived in thatched, dome-shape lodges and they lived on a diet of acorn meal, seeds and herbs, venison, and other small animals. They traded for fish with the coastal Tongva. They made cooking vessels from steatite soapstone from Catalina Island, the trail has been in continuous use for thousands of years. An arm of the trail is still in use in what is now known as Salvia Canyon. When the Spanish occupied the Los Angeles Basin they built the San Gabriel Mission and renamed the local Tongva people Gabrielino Indians, today, several bands of Tongva people live in the Los Angeles area. The Rancho comprised the lands of todays communities of Pasadena, Altadena, before the annexation of California in 1848, the last of the Mexican owners was Manuel Garfias who retained title to the property after statehood in 1850. Garfias sold sections of the property to the first Anglo settlers to come into the area, Dr. Benjamin Eaton, the father of Fred Eaton, much of the property was purchased by Benjamin Wilson, who established his Lake Vineyard property in the vicinity. Wilson, known as Don Benito to the local Indians, also owned the Rancho Jurupa and was mayor of Los Angeles and he was the grandfather of WWII General George S. Patton, Jr. and the namesake of Mount Wilson. Berry was an asthmatic and claimed that he had his best three nights sleep at Rancho San Pascual, to keep the find a secret, Berry code-named the area Muscat after the grape that Wilson grew. To raise funds to bring the company of people to San Pascual, Berry formed the Southern California Orange and Citrus Growers Association and sold stock in it. The newcomers were able to purchase a portion of the property along the Arroyo Seco and on January 31,1874. As a gesture of good will, Wilson added 2,000 acres of then-useless highland property, at the time, the Indiana Colony was a narrow strip of land between the Arroyo Seco and Fair Oaks Avenue
7.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
8.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
9.
University of Michigan Law School
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The University of Michigan Law School is the law school of the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor. The Law School has 81 full-time faculty members, Michigan Law School consistently ranks among the highest-rated law schools in the United States. It was ranked third in the initial U. S. News & World Report law school rankings in 1987. Michigan Law is also one of the T14 law schools, schools that have ranked within the top 14 law schools since U. S. News began publishing rankings. In the 2016 U. S. News ranking, Michigan Law is ranked 8th overall, the 2010 Super Lawyers rankings placed Michigan as second. Michigan Law is currently ranked 8th for International Law, in a 2011 U. S. News reputational ranking of law schools by hiring partners at the nation’s top law firms, the University of Michigan Law School ranked 4th. Admission to Michigan Law is highly selective, for the class entering in the fall of 2012,1,238 out of 5,062 applicants were offered admission, with 344 matriculating. The 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles for the 2012 entering class were 166 and 170, respectively, the 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.57 and 3.83, respectively, with a median of 3.73. Approximately 92.5 percent of the class of 2010 was employed by nine months after graduation. Approximately 40% of the class of 2014 secured positions in one of the nations 250 largest firms, the majority of Michigan Law grads work in New York, Illinois, California, Washington, D. C. and Michigan. The law school has graduated the late U. S. Supreme Court Justices Frank Murphy, William Rufus Day, Michigan Law has also placed 36 of its graduates on the states Supreme Court, including sixteen who served as Chief Justice. More than 170 Michigan law graduates have served as legislators as either United States Senator or as a Congressional representative, the Law School was founded in 1859, and quickly rose to national prominence. By 1870, Michigan was the largest law school in the country, in 1870, Gabriel Franklin Hargo graduated from Michigan as the second African-American to graduate from law school in the United States. In 1871 Sarah Killgore, a Michigan Law graduate, became the first woman to graduate from law school and be admitted to the bar. Although the law school is part of the public University of Michigan, the remainder is supplied by private gifts, tuition, and endowments. As of 2009, Michigan Law is engaging in a $102 million enterprise and this enterprise is fully funded by endowments and private gifts. 2009 also marked the schools sesquicentennial celebration, as a part of the festivities, Chief Justice John Roberts visited the school and participated in the groundbreaking ceremony for the new building. The Law Quadrangle is designed in the English Gothic style, built between 1924 and 1933 by the architectural firm York and Sawyer with funds donated by attorney and alumnus William W
10.
Iowa State University
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Iowa State University of Science and Technology is a public flagship land-grant and space-grant research university located in Ames, Iowa, United States. Iowa State is classified as a Research University with very high activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Iowa State is also a member of the Association of American Universities, Iowa State has also been designated an Innovation and Economic Prosperity University, a designation awarded to only 54 public universities in the U. S. D. Level, plus a degree program in Veterinary Medicine. Iowa State Universitys athletic teams, the Cyclones, compete in Division I of the NCAA and are a member of the Big 12 Conference. The Cyclones field 16 varsity teams and have won numerous NCAA national championships, in 1856, the Iowa General Assembly enacted legislation to establish the Iowa Agricultural College and Model Farm. This institution was established on March 22,1858, by the General Assembly. Story County was chosen as the location on June 21,1859, beating proposals from Johnson, Kossuth, Marshall, the original farm of 648 acres was purchased for a cost of $5,379. Iowa was the first state in the nation to accept the provisions of the Morrill Act of 1862, Iowa subsequently designated Iowa State as the land-grant college on March 29,1864. From the start, Iowa Agricultural College focused on the ideals that higher education should be accessible to all and these ideals are integral to the land-grant university. The institution was coeducational from the first preparatory class admitted in 1868, the formal admitting of students began the following year, and the first graduating class of 1872 consisted of 24 men and two women. The Farm House, the first building on the Iowa State campus, was completed in 1861 before the campus was occupied by students or classrooms. It became the home of the superintendent of the Model Farm and in later years, Iowa States first president, Adonijah Welch, briefly stayed at the Farm House and penned his inaugural speech in a second floor bedroom. The colleges first farm tenants primed the land for agricultural experimentation, the Iowa Experiment Station was one of the universitys prominent features. Practical courses of instruction were taught, including one designed to give a training for the career of a farmer. Courses in mechanical, civil, electrical, and mining engineering were also part of the curriculum, in 1870, President Welch and I. P. Robert, professor of agriculture, held three-day farmers institutes at Cedar Falls, Council Bluffs, Washington, and Muscatine. These became the earliest institutes held off-campus by a land grant institution and were the forerunners of 20th century extension, in 1872, the first courses were given in domestic economy and were taught by Mary B. Iowa State became the first land grant university in the nation to offer training in economy for college credit
