1.
Lyttelton Harbour
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Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō is one of two major inlets in Banks Peninsula, on the coast of Canterbury, New Zealand, the other is Akaroa Harbour. Diamond Harbour lies to the south and the Māori village of Rāpaki to the west, at the head of the harbour is the settlement of Governors Bay. The reserve of Quail Island is near the head and Ripapa Island is just off its south shore at the entrance to Purau Bay. The harbour provides access to a commercial port at Lyttelton which today includes a petroleum storage facility. Hectors dolphins, an endemic to New Zealand, and New Zealand fur seals live in the harbour. Māori referred to the harbour as Te Whakaraupō, with this translating as harbour of the raupō reed, the common original European name for the harbour was Port Cooper, after Daniel Cooper). The surveyors under Joseph Thomas who surveyed Canterbury in the late 1840s named the harbour Port Victoria after the monarch of the United Kingdom, the name was officially changed to Lyttelton Harbour in 1858, in honour of George William Lyttelton, who was the chairman of the Canterbury Association. The official name of the harbour was amended again to become a name by the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. Early European settlers used Quail Island as a colony in 1918–25. It is now a nature reserve, fort Jervois was built on the island of Rīpapa in 1885–95. Rīpapa was used in World War I to intern German nationals as enemy aliens, from 1907 it was worked with turbine steamships and from 1933 it was named the Steamer Express. However, in 1962 New Zealand Railways started the Interislander ferry service on the 55-nautical-mile route between Picton and Wellington and this competing service not only offered a shorter crossing but also used diesel ships that had lower running costs than the Union Companys turbine steamers. The wreck of the Steamer Express TEV Wahine in 1968 was a setback for the Lyttelton service but the Union Company introduced a new ship, TEV Rangatira, in 1972. She lost money, survived on a Ministry of Transport subsidy from 1974 and was withdrawn in 1976, media related to Lyttelton Harbour at Wikimedia Commons
Lyttelton Harbour
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Lyttelton Harbour from the
Bridle Path, 1937,
Sydney Lough Thompson
Lyttelton Harbour
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Lyttelton Harbour as seen from
Mount Cavendish
2.
Banks Peninsula
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Banks Peninsula is a peninsula of volcanic origin on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It has an area of approximately 1,150 square kilometres and encompasses two large harbours and many bays and coves. The South Islands largest city, Christchurch, is north of the peninsula. Three successive phases of Māori settlement took place on the peninsula, Rakaihautu brought the Waitaha to the South Island in the waka Uruao, they were the first people to light the fires of occupation. Thus Banks Peninsula was named Te Pataka o Rakaihautu in recognition of his deeds, Waitaha settled there first, followed by Kāti Mamoe, and then Ngai Tahu took over in the 17th century. The crew of Captain James Cook became the first Europeans to sight the peninsula on 17 February 1770, Cook described the land as of a circular figure. Of a very broken uneven surface and more the appearance of barrenness than fertility, deceived by the outline of higher land behind the peninsula, Cook mistook it for an island and named it Banks Island in honour of Endeavours botanist, Joseph Banks. Distracted by a sighting of land to the southeast, Cook then ordered Endeavour away to the south without exploring more closely. Two significant events in the assumption of British sovereignty over New Zealand occurred at Akaroa, first, in 1830 the Māori settlement at Takapuneke became the scene of a notorious incident. The Captain of the British brig Elizabeth, John Stewart, helped North Island Ngāti Toa chief, Te Rauparaha, to capture the local Ngai Tahu chief, the settlement of Takapuneke was sacked. Then in 1838 Captain Langlois, a French whaler, decided that Akaroa would make a settlement to service whaling ships. On hearing of the French plan for colonisation, Hobson quickly dispatched the HMS Britomart from the Bay of Islands to Akaroa with police magistrates on board. From the 1850s, Lyttelton and then Christchurch outgrew Akaroa, which has developed into a holiday resort, historic harbour defence works dating from 1874 onwards survive at Ripapa Island in Lyttelton Harbour, and at Godley Head. In 2011, the Christchurch earthquakes of Feb and June had their epicentres in the Port Hills, Banks Peninsula forms the most prominent volcanic feature of the South Island. Geologically, the peninsula comprises the eroded remnants of two large shield volcanoes, and the smaller Mt Herbert Volcanic Group. These formed due to intraplate volcanism between approximately eleven and eight years ago on a continental crust. The peninsula formed as offshore islands, with the volcanoes reaching to about 1,500 m above sea level, two dominant craters formed Lyttelton and Akaroa Harbours. The Canterbury Plains formed from the erosion of the Southern Alps and these plains reach their widest point where they meet the hilly sub-region of Banks Peninsula
Banks Peninsula
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French ships in
Akaroa in the early 19th century
Banks Peninsula
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Banks Peninsula has a roughly circular shape, with many bays and two deep harbours.
Banks Peninsula
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Model of Banks Peninsula, showing the mountainous nature otherwise atypical for the Christchurch area.
3.
Canterbury Region
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Canterbury is a region of New Zealand, located in the central-eastern South Island. The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres, the region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms. The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council, Christchurch, the South Islands largest city and the countrys third-largest urban area, is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the regions population. Other major towns and cities include Timaru, Ashburton, Rangiora, in 1848, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, a Briton, and John Robert Godley, an Anglo-Irish aristocrat, founded the Canterbury Association to establish an Anglican colony in the South Island. The colony was based upon theories developed by Wakefield while in prison for eloping with a woman not-of-age, due to ties to the prestigious Oxford University, the Canterbury Association succeeded in raising sufficient funds and recruiting middle-class and upper-class settlers. In April 1850, a group led by Godley landed at Port Cooper—modern-day Lyttelton Harbour—and established a port, housing. In December 1850, the first wave of 750 settlers arrived at Lyttelton in a fleet of four ships, following 1850, the provinces economy developed with the introduction of sheep farming. The Canterbury regions tussock plains in particular were suitable for sheep farming. Since they were valued by settlers for their meat and wool. By the 1860s, this figure had risen to three million, during this period, the architect Benjamin Mountfort designed many civic and ecclesiastical buildings in the Gothic Revival style. The Canterbury Province was formed in 1853 following the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 and it was formed from part of New Munster Province and covered the middle part of the South Island, stretching from the east coast to the west coast. The province was abolished, along with provinces of New Zealand. The modern Canterbury Region has slightly different boundaries, particularly in the north and it is New Zealands largest region by area, with an area of 45,346 km2. Canterbury was traditionally bounded in the north by the Conway River, to the west by the Southern Alps, the area is commonly divided into North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury and Christchurch City. Canterbury is home to 600,100 people according to Statistics New Zealands June 2016,13 percent of New Zealands population and it the most populous in the South Island and the second most populous region in New Zealand. The median age of Canterburys population is 39.9 years, around 15.5 percent of the population is aged 65 or over while 18.7 percent is aged under 15. There are 97.5 males for every hundred females in Canterbury, just under 20 percent of Canterburys population was born overseas, compared to 25 percent for New Zealand as a whole. The British Isles remains the largest region of origin, accounting for 36.5 percent of the population in Canterbury
Canterbury Region
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Crossing the Macauley River, Lilybank Station, Canterbury, New Zealand, 1977.
Canterbury Region
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Canterbury Region within New Zealand
Canterbury Region
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The Canterbury Plains seen from Mount Hutt
4.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
New Zealand
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The Waitangi sheet from the
Treaty of Waitangi
New Zealand
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Flag
New Zealand
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Painting of
Mount Earnslaw by John Turnbull Thomson, oil on canvas, 1888
New Zealand
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John Key,
Prime Minister of New Zealand since 2008
5.
Caldera
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A caldera is a large cauldron-like depression that forms following the evacuation of a magma chamber/reservoir. When large volumes of magma are erupted over a time period. The ground surface then collapses downward into the emptied magma chamber. Although sometimes described as a crater, the feature is actually a type of sinkhole, as it is formed through subsidence, only seven known caldera-forming collapses have occurred since the start of the 20th century, most recently at Bárðarbunga volcano in Iceland. The word comes from Spanish caldera, and this from Latin caldaria, in some texts the English term cauldron is also used. If enough magma is ejected, the chamber is unable to support the weight of the volcanic edifice above it. A roughly circular fracture, the fault, develops around the edge of the chamber. Ring fractures serve as feeders for fault intrusions which are known as ring dykes. Secondary volcanic vents may form above the ring fracture, as the magma chamber empties, the center of the volcano within the ring fracture begins to collapse. The collapse may occur as the result of a cataclysmic eruption. The total area that collapses may be hundreds or thousands of square kilometers, some calderas are known to host rich ore deposits. One of the worlds best-preserved mineralized calderas is the Sturgeon Lake Caldera in northwestern Ontario, Canada, if the magma is rich in silica, the caldera is often filled in with ignimbrite, tuff, rhyolite, and other igneous rocks. Silica-rich magma has a high viscosity, and therefore does not flow easily like basalt, as a result, gases tend to become trapped at high pressure within the magma. Further lava flows may be erupted, if volcanic activity continues, the center of the caldera may be uplifted in the form of a resurgent dome such as is seen at Cerro Galán, Lake Toba, Yellowstone, etc. by subsequent intrusion of magma. A silicic or rhyolitic caldera may erupt hundreds or even thousands of kilometers of material in a single event. Even small caldera-forming eruptions, such as Krakatoa in 1883 or Mount Pinatubo in 1991, may result in significant local destruction, large calderas may have even greater effects. When Yellowstone Caldera last erupted some 650,000 years ago, it released about 1,000 km3 of material, by comparison, when Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, it released ~1.2 km3 of ejecta. The ecological effects of the eruption of a large caldera can be seen in the record of the Lake Toba eruption in Indonesia, more recently several geneticists, including Lynn Jorde and Henry Harpending have proposed that the human species was reduced to approximately five to ten thousand people
Caldera
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Landsat image of
Lake Toba, on the island of
Sumatra,
Indonesia. A
resurgent dome formed the island of
Samosir. (100 km/62 mi long and 30 km/19 mi wide, a caldera of the world's largest class)
Caldera
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Animation of analogue experiment showing origin of volcanic caldera in box filled with flour.
Caldera
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Satellite photograph of the summit caldera on
Fernandina Island in the
Galapagos archipelago.
Caldera
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Oblique aerial photo of Nemrut Caldera, Van Lake, Eastern Turkey
6.
Volcano
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A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. Earths volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of plate hypothesis volcanism, Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so-called hotspots, for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the boundary,3,000 km deep in the Earth. Volcanoes are usually not created where two plates slide past one another. Erupting volcanoes can pose hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. Historically, so-called volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines, the word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn comes from Vulcan, the god of fire in Roman mythology. The study of volcanoes is called volcanology, sometimes spelled vulcanology, at the mid-oceanic ridges, two tectonic plates diverge from one another as new oceanic crust is formed by the cooling and solidifying of hot molten rock. Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans, therefore, most volcanic activity is submarine, black smokers are evidence of this kind of volcanic activity. Where the mid-oceanic ridge is above sea-level, volcanic islands are formed, for example, subduction zones are places where two plates, usually an oceanic plate and a continental plate, collide. In this case, the plate subducts, or submerges under the continental plate forming a deep ocean trench just offshore. In a process called flux melting, water released from the subducting plate lowers the temperature of the overlying mantle wedge. This magma tends to be very viscous due to its high content, so it often does not reach the surface. When it does reach the surface, a volcano is formed, typical examples of this kind of volcano are Mount Etna and the volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Because tectonic plates move across them, each volcano becomes dormant and is eventually re-formed as the plate advances over the postulated plume and this theory is currently under criticism, however. The most common perception of a volcano is of a mountain, spewing lava and poisonous gases from a crater at its summit, however. The features of volcanoes are more complicated and their structure. Some volcanoes have rugged peaks formed by lava domes rather than a summit crater while others have features such as massive plateaus
Volcano
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Cleveland Volcano in the
Aleutian Islands of
Alaska photographed from the
International Space Station, May 2006
Volcano
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Ash plumes reached a height of 19 kilometres (12 mi) during the climactic
explosive eruption at
Mount Pinatubo, Philippines in 1991.
Volcano
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A 2007 eruptive column at
Mount Etna producing volcanic ash, pumice and lava bombs
Volcano
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Ubinas Volcano
7.
Akaroa
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Akaroa is a small town on Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand, situated within a harbour of the same name. The name Akaroa is Kāi Tahu Māori for Long Harbour, which would be spelled Whangaroa in standard Māori, Akaroa is 84 kilometres by road from Christchurch and is the terminus of State Highway 75. In the 2013 New Zealand census, the permanent population was 624, the town has a high ratio of residents aged over 65 It is set on sheltered harbour and is overlooked and surrounded by the remnants of a miocene volcano. Akaroa is a resort town and in summer the temporary population can reach 15,000 which places stress on the summer water supply. Many Hectors dolphins may be found within Akaroa harbour, and swim with the boat tours are a major tourist attraction. In 1830 the Māori settlement at Takapuneke, just east of the current town of Akaroa, the settlement of Takapuneke was sacked. In 1832 Te Rauparaha, fresh from his successful siege of Kaiapoi. After being informed of the French intent to colonise Akaroa and use further as a whaling port, the Britomart arrived in Akaroa on 16 August, Captain Stanley raised the British flag and held a court at each of the occupied settlements. James Robinson Clough, also known as Jimmy Robinson, had arrived at Akaroa several years before and he acted as interpreter for Captain Owen Stanley at the flag-raising of 1840, and was the first Pākehā to travel up the Avon River in 1843. Cloughs descendants are prominent on the Peninsula today. The following English immigrants settled in both Akaroa and German Bay along with many German farmers who set up dairy, sheep, the great majority of the artifacts currently held at Akaroa Museum are of the early farming community and their lifestyle of the time. In 1838 Captain Jean François Langlois made a purchase of land in the greater Banks Peninsula from Tuaanau. A deposit of commodities in the value of £6 was paid, on his return to France, he advertised for settlers to come to New Zealand and ceded his interest in the land to the Nanto-Bordelaise Company, of which he became a part owner. On 9 March 1840,63 emigrants left from Rochefort, the settlers embarked on the Comte de Paris – an old man-of-war ship given to them by the French government – for New Zealand. The French arrived in Akaroa on 18 August and established a settlement, the area still has a French influence, reflected in many local placenames. Before 1840, the area of the current Akaroa town was known as Wangaloa. Archived from the original on 14 April 2006, Akaroa official website Akaroa Street Map Akaroa Civic Trust
Akaroa
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Akaroa township and its main wharf
Akaroa
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A view of the Akaroa harbour. The long, thin peninsula extending out into the harbour is
Onawe peninsula, and the middle of the volcano.
Akaroa
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Saint Peter's Anglican Church (built c.1864), situated 10 Rue Blaguerie in Akaroa
Akaroa
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Langlais-Eteveneaux Cottage, Akaroa (built c.1843)
8.
Duvauchelle
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Duvauchelle is a small town situated at the head of Akaroa Harbour on Banks Peninsula in New Zealand. State Highway 75 passes through the town, the Onawe Peninsula separates Duvauchelle bay from Barrys Bay. Duvauchelle is now part of Christchurch City Council jurisdiction since the amalgamation with Banks Peninsula District in 2006. From 1910 until 1989, Duvauchelle was the seat of the Akaroa County Council, statistics, New Zealand groups Duvauchelle in with other settlements fringing Akaroa Harbour, including French Farm, Wainui, Robinsons Bay and Takamatua. Together, they had a population of 735 at the 2006 census, the site of an ancient Māori pā or fortified settlement is at Oinako, where the Duvauchelle Hotel stands today. At Te Wharau creek, a taua or war party of Ngāti Awa warriors camped during the battles led by Te Rauparaha in 1831. The name of the town and bay comes from the surname of two brothers, who land there from the Nanto-Bordelaise Company, at the time of the French settlement at Akaroa in the 1840s. It is thought that the brothers never lived there, the first freeholds were bought in 1857, economic activity was focussed on timber extraction and sawing, mostly totara trees. Domestic pigs were grazed in the forest, who mingled with the pigs that were already present. As the tree cover was cleared, it was replaced with pasture, the first settler at the Head of the Bay, the location of the present town, was a Frenchman called Libeau, who arrived in 1841. Timber exploitation was also the activity, as well as boat building. The sawn timber was all carried out of the bay by locally built vessels, a public house and a shop were built in the 1850s. A small building that served as church and school was built by local people on a half-acre plot of land donated by Lord Lyttelton. The first permanent roads began to be constructed in the 1860s and 1879 saw the arrival of the County Council offices, both the Duvauchelle Hotel and the post office were badly damaged by the earthquakes that struck the region in 2010 and 2011. The oldest parts of the hotel were demolished after the earthquakes, the Post Office was demolished in late 2012
Duvauchelle
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Duvauchelle Post Office (c.1921)
Duvauchelle
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Robinsons Bay Post Office (c.1912)
9.
Cruise ship
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Transportation is not the only purpose of cruising, particularly on cruises that return passengers to their originating port, with the ports of call usually in a specified region of a continent. There are even cruises to nowhere or nowhere voyages where the ship makes 2–3 night round trips without any ports of call, by contrast, dedicated transport oriented ocean liners do line voyages and typically transport passengers from one point to another, rather than on round trips. The gradual evolution of passenger ship design from ocean liners to cruise ships has seen passenger cabins shifted from inside the hull to the superstructure with private verandas, the distinction between ocean liners and cruise ships has blurred, particularly with respect to deployment. Larger cruise ships have also engaged in longer trips such as transoceanic voyages which may not return to the port for months. Some former ocean liners operate as cruise ships, such as Marco Polo, the only dedicated transatlantic ocean liner in operation as a liner of December 2013 is Queen Mary 2 of the Cunard fleet. The industrys rapid growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a North American clientele added every year since 2001, smaller markets, such as the Asia-Pacific region, are generally serviced by older ships. These are displaced by new ships in the growth areas. The worlds largest cruise ship is currently Royal Caribbean Internationals Harmony of the Seas beating her sister ships by about 2.15 meters, the birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 1822. The company started out as a line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name Peninsular Steam Navigation Company. It won its first contract to deliver mail in 1837, in 1840, it began mail delivery to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and Malta. The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the Peninsular, P&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, the company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople. It underwent a period of expansion in the latter half of the 19th century, commissioning larger. Some sources mention Francesco I, flying the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and she was built in 1831 and sailed from Naples in early June 1833, preceded by an advertising campaign. The cruise ship was boarded by nobles, authorities, and royal princes from all over Europe, however, it was restricted to the aristocracy of Europe and was not a commercial endeavour. Christian Wilhelm Allers published an account of it as Backschisch. The first vessel built exclusively for cruising, was Prinzessin Victoria Luise of Germany, designed by Albert Ballin. The ship was completed in 1900, the practice of luxury cruising made steady inroads on the more established market for transatlantic crossings
Cruise ship
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Majesty of the Seas
Cruise ship
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Cruise ships in
Tallinn Passenger Port of
Tallinn,
Estonia - a popular tourist destination
Cruise ship
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SS Strathaird, a P&O cruise ship of the early 20th century. The company began offering luxury cruise services in 1844.
Cruise ship
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Prinzessin Victoria Luise was the first ship purpose-built as a cruise ship.
10.
Akaroa Marine Reserve
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The Akaroa Marine Reserve, an area of 475 hectares at the entrance to the Akaroa Harbour in New Zealand, was approved in 2013 after a lengthy campaign. The reserve is yet to be gazetted, the Conservation Minister Kate Wilkinson delined the application for the reserve in 2010 on the grounds that it would adversely affect recreation fishing. The decision was challenged in the High Court and was quashed in a 2012 ruling, in terms of actual numbers the two separate consultation processes for the application had attracted more support than opposition. In April 2013 the Minister of Conservation Nick Smith announced the approval of the reserve, the size was reduced to take into account the concerns about customary and recreational fishing. The harbour as a whole has considerable natural values and fauna of the inner and outer harbour differs, there are pressures on the ecology from human activity such as settlements on the edge of the harbour and there is land and water based industrial activity
Akaroa Marine Reserve
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The entrance of Akaroa Harbour. The reserve is in an area on the left hand side of the entrance.
11.
Whare
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A wharenui is a communal house of the Māori people of New Zealand, generally situated as the focal point of a marae. Wharenui are usually called meeting houses in New Zealand English, or simply called whare, also called a whare rūnanga or whare whakairo, the present style of wharenui originated in the early to middle nineteenth century. The houses are carved inside and out with stylized images of the iwis ancestors. Modern meeting houses are built to regular building standards, photographs of recent ancestors may be used as well as carvings. The houses always have names, sometimes the name of an ancestor or sometimes a figure from Māori mythology. Some meeting houses are built where many Māori are present, even though it is not the location of a tribe, typically, a school or tertiary institution with many Māori students. While a meeting house is considered sacred, it is not a church or house of worship, on most marae, no food may be taken into the meeting house. The building often symbolises an ancestor of the wharenuis tribe and it also serves as an area on which to debate issues. Meeting houses are the centre of any cultural, business, or any affair which is relevant to the iwi as a whole, typically, visitors to the village would be allowed to stay in the meeting house at night. Ceremonial occasions, including wedding and funeral typically take place in the house or on the marae ātea in front of the house. Strict rules of conduct generally govern the use of the wharenui, if anyone should become irate or physically violent, they would be asked to leave the house until they can control their temper. Māori culture Māori language Longhouse This picture is the opening of Te Wheke Hall on December 30,1901, the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois has an original Māori meeting house, called Ruatepupuke II as shown in this photo. The British Museum has a collection of Māori art
Whare
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Tānenuiarangi, the wharenui at Waipapa marae, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
Whare
–
The position of the maihi shown in red
12.
Sapphire Princess
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Sapphire Princess is a cruise ship owned by Princess Cruises that entered service in 2004 as the twin sister ship of Diamond Princess. She is one of the worlds largest cruise ships, with a capacity of 2,670 passengers and is the sixth Gem Class ship built by Princess Cruises, Sapphire Princess was christened on June 10,2004 in Seattle—the first cruise ship ever to be christened in that port. Currently, Sapphire Princess is sailing Asian cruises from Shanghai year-round until the arrival of the Majestic Princess in 2017, after the arrival, it will resume sailing from China in the summer months, then from November through February, sailing roundtrip Asia cruises out of Singapore. Sapphire Princess is technically a ship to Grand Princess, but has several differences. The most notable of these is that the Skywalkers Nightclub suspended across her stern was moved to the back of the funnel, which opens up the terrace pool area. Sapphire takes personal choice dining another step further by splitting the two dining rooms of its older sisters into four, each of which has its own theme. Another dramatic alteration is the repositioning of the Internet Café to the Promenade Deck adjacent to Sabatinis and this moves the Wheelhouse Bar farther to the front of the ship, in place of the Crown Grill. She is otherwise identical to her older sisters. Sapphire Princess was built in Japan by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the second Princess Cruises ship to be built in a Japanese shipyard and her only sister ship, with whom she swapped names, Diamond Princess during construction. The name swap occurred because a fire swept through the original Diamond Princess during construction. Both sister ships were being constructed at the time, so the original Sapphire assumed the role of Diamond. This name swap assisted in keeping the date of Diamond Princess on time. Sapphire Princess was the second Princess Cruises ship to be built in a Japanese shipyard, at the beginning of 2012 Sapphire Princess was refitted with Princess signature Piazza in place of the center atrium, including the International Café and a pizzeria. Princess also added the Movies Under the Stars poolside theatre to the top deck, the refit brings Sapphire Princess in alignment with the newer features from Grand Princess and others in the Grand Fleet. Her diesel-electric plant includes four diesel generators and a gas turbine generator, the diesel generators are Wärtsilä46 series common rail engines, two of the straight 9-cylinder configuration, and two of the straight 8-cylinder configuration. The 8- and 9-cylinder engines can produce approximately 8 1⁄2 and 9 1⁄2 MW of power respectively and these engines are fueled with Heavy Fuel oil and Marine Gas Oil depending on the local regulations regarding emissions, as MGO produces much lower emissions but is much more expensive. The gas turbine generator is a GE2500, producing a peak of 25 MW of power and this generator is much more expensive to run than the diesel generators, and is used mostly in areas, such as Alaska, where the emissions regulations are strict. It is also used when top speed is required to make it to a port in a time period
Sapphire Princess
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Sapphire Princess at
Ketchikan, Alaska
Sapphire Princess
Sapphire Princess
Sapphire Princess
13.
Coastline of New Zealand
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New Zealand has 14,000 kilometres of coastline making it the 10th longest in the world. The coastline borders the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean, the northern and southern most points of the coastline on the two main islands are Surville Cliffs and Slope Point respectively. Cape Reinga in the north and Bluff in the south are often given as the extremities of the coastline on the North and South Islands. Coastal development, such as buildings and marine farms, has become contentious in recent decades. It meets on the top, the geography of the New Zealand coastline is varied. As well as sheltered sandy beaches there are rugged, remote, ironsand gives the beaches on west coast of the North Island a black colouration. Pine plantation were established on some of the coastal dune sections, woodhill, Riverhead and Bottle Lake Forest are such examples. Marram grass was planted for dune stabilisation displacing native plants such as Pīkao, some of the installations have been restored and are open to the public. New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy Water in New Zealand Environment of New Zealand Peart, castles in the Sand, Whats Happening to New Zealands Coast. Nelson, N. Z, Craig Potton Pub. in association with the Environmental Defence Society, marine and Coastal page at the Department of Conservation New Zealand Coastal Trust Dune Restoration Trust
Coastline of New Zealand
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The New Zealand coastline.
14.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
15.
Environment Canterbury
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Canterbury Regional Council is the regional council for Canterbury, the largest region in the South Island of New Zealand. It is part of New Zealands structure of local government and it uses the promotional name Environment Canterbury, frequently abbreviated to ECan. The area of its jurisdiction consists of all the river catchments on the east coast of the South Island from the Clarence River, north of Kaikoura, to the Waitaki River, in South Canterbury. The region includes the Canterbury Plains, north and south Canterbury, the braided rivers of the South Island, the Mackenzie Basin. Canterbury Regional Council has strategic responsibilities for air, water and transport, Christchurch often has temperature inversions which trap pollutants causing air quality issues. Ecan set up the Clean Heat Project in 2002 and it ran until 2011 to assist with cleaner burning home heating, however this united council was replaced by the current regional council in 1988 after local government reforms. Environment Canterburys main office is at 200 Tuam Street Christchurch in a friendly building designed. The old building was demolished in 2011 after the Canterbury earthquakes, all staff moved into the new building on 18 April 2016. ECan also has offices in Timaru, Ashburton, and Kaikoura. Until May 2010, Canterbury Regional Council was governed by 14 elected councillors who were elected on a first-past-the-post basis from eight regional constituencies. On 24 September 2009, Alec Neill became Chairman after the previous Chairman, Sir Kerry Burke, Burke remained a regional councillor Sir Kerry Burke had been re-elected chairperson in October 2007. The councillors vote was tied between Burke and Alec Neill. Sir Kerry Burke has been a councillor since 1998 and was the Chairman from 2004. The four were, David Sutherland and Rik Tindall, who stood as Save Our Water candidates, the other councillors were Mark Oldfield, Bronwen Murray, Ross Little, Jo Kane, Carole Evans, Pat Harrow, Alec Neill, and Bob Kirk and Sir Kerry Burke. The National Government initially promised a return to elected councillors with the elections in October 2013. In September 2012, this was revised for commissioners to stay until the October 2016 local elections, nick Smith, as Minister for the Environment, stated that it may be appropriate to consider these options beyond 2019. Louise Upston, as Associate Minister for Local Government, justified the mixed model as it could provide the stability for Canterbury from 2016. Former district councillor and now member of parliament Sage criticised the government backdown as denying Cantabrians to make their own decisions
Environment Canterbury
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The main office of Environment Canterbury in Kilmore Street, Christchurch; has now been demolished due to
earthquake damage
Environment Canterbury
16.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
