Al-Biruni
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Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, known as al-Biruni was a Khwarazmian Iranic scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age. He has been called variously "Father of Comparative Religion",
An imaginary rendition of Al Biruni on a 1973 Soviet postage stamp
An illustration from al-Biruni's astronomical works in Persian, explains the different phases of the Moon, with respect to the position of the Sun
Four directions and political divisions of Iran by Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī
The statue of Al-Biruni in United Nations Office in Vienna
Geodesy
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Geodesy or geodetics is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D space. It is called planetary geodesy when studyi
Al-Biruni
…Khwarazmian Iranic scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age. He has been called variously "Father of Comparative Religion", "Father of modern geodesy", Founder of Indology and the first anthropologist. Al-Biruni was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences; he also…
Geoid, an approximation for the shape of the Earth; shown here with vertical exaggeration (10000 vertical scaling factor).
Height measurement using satellite altimetry
GPS Block IIA satellite orbits over the Earth.
Geodetic control mark