1.
Palm Island (Miami Beach)
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Palm Island is a neighborhood of South Beach in the city of Miami Beach on a man-made island in Biscayne Bay, Florida, United States. It is a neighborhood with relatively high property values, solely accessible by land via the MacArthur Causeway. The entire island is only an area of 82 acres, palm Island is zoned to schools in the Miami-Dade County Public Schools
2.
Mount Carmel Cemetery (Hillside, Illinois)
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Mount Carmel Cemetery is a Roman Catholic cemetery located in the Chicago suburb of Hillside, Illinois. Mount Carmel is a cemetery, located within the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago. It is located near the Eisenhower Expressway at Wolf and Roosevelt Roads, another Catholic cemetery, Queen of Heaven, is located immediately south of Mount Carmel, across Roosevelt Road. Mount Carmel Cemetery was consecrated in 1901 and is currently 214 acres in size and it maintained its own office until 1965, when it combined operations with Queen of Heaven Cemetery. There are more than 226,275 remains at Mount Carmel, Mount Carmel Cemetery is also the final resting place of numerous local organized crime figures, the most notorious of these being Al Capone. In all, the grounds contain over 400 family mausoleums. Many remains at the cemetery are people of Italian ancestry, the cemetery contains hundreds of headstones and monuments adorned with statues and elaborate engravings of religious figures such as Jesus, The Blessed Mother and many saints as well as angels. Many of the tombstones contain photographs of the inhabitants, reflecting a common in Italian cemeteries. The cemetery contains Commonwealth war graves of two World War I soldiers of the Canadian Army, the structure informally known as the Bishops Mausoleum, designed by architect William J. The mausoleum was commissioned by Archbishop James Quigley and was constructed between 1905 and 1912, the roughly rectangular-shaped mausoleum has a stepped pyramidal roof surmounted by a statue of the Archangel Gabriel sounding his trumpet at the moment of the final resurrection. The Papal and U. S. flags also flank the altar, brinkmann did not design the lavish interior, however, although he was more than capable, as evidenced by his interior for Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica. The most recent interment was the body of Cardinal Joseph Bernardin after his death in 1996 from liver and pancreatic cancer. Cardinal Bernardin had visited the chapel a few months before his death to select the site of his own crypt, Bernardin was said to have remarked, Ive always been a little left of Cody. Below is a listing of the bodies in Mt. Carmel Cemetery
3.
Hillside, Illinois
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Hillside is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 8,157, Hillside is located at 41°52′29″N 87°54′1″W. According to the 2010 census, Hillside has an area of 3.18 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 8,157 people,2,914 households, the population density was 2,565.1 people per square mile. There were 3,138 housing units at a density of 986.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 37. 7% White,43. 2% African American,0. 3% Native American,3. 3% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,12. 3% some other race, and 3. 0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27. 6% of the population,28. 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9. 2% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71, and the family size was 3.35. In the village, the population was out with 23. 4% under the age of 18,8. 9% from 18 to 24,27. 1% from 25 to 44,27. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38.6 years, for every 100 females there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males, for the period 2007-11, the estimated median annual income for a household in the village was $53,236, and the median income for a family was $61,933. Male full-time workers had an income of $51,033 versus $44,819 for females. The per capita income for the village was $25,047, about 9. 3% of families and 14. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22. 2% of those under age 18 and 5. 0% of those age 65 or over. Hillside is divided between three congressional districts, Hillside residents are served by various school districts for elementary and middle school. One notable landmark in Hillside is the Mount Carmel Cemetery, on the grounds of the cemetery are the graves of a number of organized crime figures, such as Al Capone and Dion OBannion. A number of Bishops and Archbishops of the Archdiocese of Chicago are buried in the Bishops Mausoleum at Mount Carmel Cemetery, Hillside is also the home and birthplace of the famous rap group Do or Die. Nearby colleges and universities include, Commercial Light Company, located at 245 Fencl Lane, is one of the villages largest employers and his grave has become a tourist attraction. Dennis Farina, actor and police officer, is buried at Mount Carmel
4.
Gangster
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A gangster is a criminal who is a member of a gang. Some gangs are considered to be part of organized crime, gangsters are also called mobsters, a term derived from mob and the suffix -ster. Gangs provide a level of organization and resources that support much larger, gangsters have been active for many years in countries around the world. Some gangsters, such as Al Capone have become infamous, gangsters are the subject of many novels and films, particularly from the period between 1920 and 1990. Some contemporary criminals refer to themselves as gangsta in reference to non-rhotic Black American pronunciation, in todays usage, the term gang is generally used for a criminal organization, and the term gangster invariably describes a criminal. Much has been written on the subject of gangs, although there is no consensus about what constitutes a gang or what situations lead to gang formation and evolution. For example, the view that illegal drug distribution in the United States is largely controlled by gangs has been questioned. A gang may be a small group of people who cooperate in criminal acts, as with the Jesse James gang. But a gang may be a group with a formal organization that survives the death of its leader. The Chicago Outfit created by Al Capone outlasted its founders imprisonment and death, the term organized crime is associated with gangs and gangsters, but is not synonymous. A small street gang that engages in sporadic low-level crime would not be seen as organized, an organization that coordinates gangs in different countries involved in the international trade in drugs or prostitutes may not be considered a gang. The Sicilian Mafia, or Cosa Nostra is a syndicate that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century in Sicily, Italy. It is an association of criminal groups that share a common organizational structure. The origins lie in the upheaval of Sicilys transition out of feudalism in 1812, under feudalism, the nobility owned most of the land and enforced law and order through their private armies. After 1812, the feudal barons steadily sold off or rented their lands to private citizens, primogeniture was abolished, land could no longer be seized to settle debts, and one fifth of the land was to become private property of the peasants. Organized crime has existed in Russia since the days of Imperial Russia in the form of banditry and thievery, in the Soviet period Vory v Zakone emerged, a class of criminals that had to abide by certain rules in the prison system. One such rule was that cooperation with the authorities of any kind was forbidden, in 1988 the Soviet Union legalized private enterprise but did not provide regulations to ensure the security of market economy. Crude markets emerged, the most notorious being the Rizhsky market where prostitution rings were run next to the Rizhsky Railway Station in Moscow, as the Soviet Union headed for collapse many former government workers turned to crime, while others moved overseas
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Rum-running
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Rum-running, or bootlegging, is the illegal business of transporting alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law. Smuggling is usually done to circumvent taxation or prohibition laws within a particular jurisdiction, the term rum-running is more commonly applied to smuggling over water, bootlegging is applied to smuggling over land. The term rum-running most likely originated at the start of Prohibition in the United States and it was said that some ships carried $200,000 in contraband in a single run. It was not long after the first taxes on alcoholic beverages that someone began to smuggle them, the British government had revenue cutters in place to stop smugglers as early as the 16th century. Pirates often made extra money running rum to heavily taxed colonies, an irony of the history of prohibition in North America is that industrial-scale smuggling flowed both ways across the Canada–US border at different points in the early twentieth century. National prohibition in the United States did not begin until 1920, as well, Canadas version of prohibition had never included a ban on the manufacture of liquor for export. Soon the black-market trade was reversed with Canadian whisky and beer flowing in large quantities to the United States, again, this illegal international trade undermined the support for prohibition in the receiving country, and the American version ended in 1933. One of the most famous periods of rum-running began in the United States with the Prohibition began on January 16,1920 and this period lasted until the Eighteenth Amendment was repealed with ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, on December 5,1933. At first, there was action on the seas. This was the start of the Bimini–Bahamas rum trade and the introduction of Bill McCoy, with the start of Prohibition Captain McCoy began bringing rum from Bimini and the rest of the Bahamas into south Florida through Government Cut. The rum-running business was good, and McCoy soon bought a Gloucester knockabout schooner named Arethusa at auction. He installed an auxiliary, mounted a concealed machine gun on her deck. In the days of rum running, it was common for captains to add water to the bottles to stretch their profits, any cheap sparkling wine became French champagne or Italian Spumante, unbranded liquor became top-of-the-line name brands. McCoy became famous for never watering his booze, and selling only top brands, although the phrase appears in print in 1882, this is one of several folk etymologies for the origin of the term The real McCoy. On November 15,1923, McCoy and Tomoka encountered the U. S. Coast Guard Cutter Seneca, a boarding party attempted to board, but McCoy chased them off with the machine gun. Tomoka tried to run, but the Seneca placed a shell just off her hull, the small, quick boats could more easily outrun Coast Guard ships and could dock in any small river or eddy and transfer their cargo to a waiting truck. They were also known to float planes and flying boats. Soon others were following suit, the limit became known as Rum Line
6.
Tax evasion
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Tax evasion is the illegal evasion of taxes by individuals, corporations, and trusts. Tax evasion is an activity associated with the informal economy. In contrast, tax avoidance is the use of tax laws to reduce ones tax burden. In 1968, Nobel laureate economist Gary Becker first theorized the economics of crime, allingham and A. Sandmo produced, in 1972, an economic model of tax evasion. This model deals with the evasion of tax, the main source of tax revenue in developed countries. According to the authors, the level of evasion of income tax depends on the detection probability, the literatures theoretical models are elegant in their effort to identify the variables likely to affect non-compliance. Alternative specifications, however, yield conflicting results concerning both the signs and magnitudes of variables believed to affect tax evasion, empirical work is required to resolve the theoretical ambiguities. Income tax evasion appears to be influenced by the tax rate, the unemployment rate. The U. S. Tax Reform Act of 1986 appears to have reduced tax evasion in the United States, customs duties are an important source of revenue in developing countries. Importers purport to evade customs duty by under-invoicing and misdeclaration of quantity, when there is ad valorem import duty, the tax base can be reduced through underinvoicing. Misdeclaration of quantity is more relevant for products with specific duty, production description is changed to match a H. S. Code commensurate with a lower rate of duty. Smuggling is importation or exportation of products by illegal means. Smuggling is resorted to for total evasion of customs duties, as well as for the importation of contraband, during the second half of the 20th century, value-added tax emerged as a modern form of consumption tax throughout the world, with the notable exception of the United States. Producers who collect VAT from consumers may evade tax by under-reporting the amount of sales, the US has no broad-based consumption tax at the federal level, and no state currently collects VAT, the overwhelming majority of states instead collect sales taxes. Canada uses both a VAT at the level and sales taxes at the provincial level, some provinces have a single tax combining both forms. In addition, most jurisdictions which levy a VAT or sales tax also legally require their residents to report and this is especially prevalent in federal countries like Nigeria, US and Canada where sub-national jurisdictions charge varying rates of VAT or sales tax. In Nigeria, for example, some federated states enforce VAT on each item of goods sold by traders, the price must be clearly stated and the VAT shown separately from the basic price. If the trader does not comply this is punishable as an attempt to siphon the VAT, therefore, it is not generally cost-effective to enforce tax collection on low-value goods carried in private vehicles from one jurisdiction to another with a different tax rate
7.
United States Penitentiary, Atlanta
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The United States Penitentiary, Atlanta is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Atlanta, Georgia. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice, the facility also has a detention center for pretrial and holdover inmates, and a satellite prison camp for minimum-security male inmates. In 1899, President William McKinley authorized the construction of a new prison in Atlanta. Georgia Congressman Leonidas F. Livingston advocated placing the prison in Atlanta. William S. Eanes, an architect from St. Louis, Missouri, construction was completed in January 1902 and the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary opened with the transfer of six convicts from the Sing Sing Correctional Facility in upstate New York. They were the beneficiaries of the Three Prisons Act of 1891, which established penitentiaries in Leavenworth, Kansas, Atlanta, Georgia, the first two remain open today, the third closed in 1976. The Atlanta site was the largest Federal prison, with a capacity of 3,000 inmates, inmate case files presented mini-biographies of men confined in the penitentiary. It encompassed 300 acres and had a capacity of 1200 inmates, the facility was subsequently renamed the United States Penitentiary, Atlanta when US government created the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 1930. In the 1980s, USP Atlanta was used as a center for Cuban refugees from the Mariel Boatlift who were ineligible for release into American society. USP Atlanta is currently one of several facilities, including the Federal Transfer Center, Oklahoma City, as of 2006, the prison was housing three to five in-transit prisoners in each approximately 56-square-foot isolation cell for up to eight weeks at a time. At least one prisoner was killed, local hospitals reported admitting a total of eight Cubans suffering gunshot wounds, along with two prison guards who were slightly injured. *Inmates released from custody prior to 1982 are not listed on the Bureau of Prisons website
8.
Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
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The main prison building was built in 1910–1912 during its time as a United States Army military prison, Alcatraz had been the site of a citadel since the 1860s. Alcatraz was designed to hold prisoners who continuously caused trouble at other federal prisons, Doc Barker, and Alvin Creepy Karpis. It also provided housing for the Bureau of Prisons staff and their families, faced with high maintenance costs and a poor reputation, Alcatraz closed on March 21,1963. The three-story cellhouse included the four blocks of the jail, A-block, B-block, C-block, and D-block, the wardens office, visitation room, the library. The prison cells typically measured 9 feet by 5 feet and 7 feet high, the cells were primitive and lacked privacy, with a bed, a desk and a washbasin and toilet on the back wall, with few furnishings except a blanket. African-Americans were segregated from the rest in cell designation due to racial abuse being prevalent, D-Block housed the worst inmates and five cells at the end of it were designated as The Hole, where badly behaving prisoners would be sent for periods of punishment, often brutally so. The dining hall and kitchen lay off the building in an extended part where both prisoners and staff would eat three meals a day together. The Alcatraz Hospital was above the dining hall, corridors of the prison were named after major American streets such as Broadway and Michigan Avenue. Today the penitentiary is a museum and one of San Franciscos major tourist attractions. The main cellhouse was originally the location of the cellhouse for the military citadel, a new cellhouse was built in 1910–1912 on a budget of $250,000 and upon completion, the 500 feet long concrete building was reputedly the longest concrete building in the world at the time. In 1933–34 this building remained, but was modernized and became the main cellhouse of the federal penitentiary until it was closed in 1963, when the new concrete prison was built, many materials were reused in its construction. After the U. S. Armys use of the island for over 80 years, the purpose of this transfer was to punish those involved in the rampant crime which prevailed in the country in the 1920s and 1930s. The $260,000 conversion to the prison took place from January 1934. George Hess of the United States Public Health Service was appointed the medical officer of the prison. The hospital facilities were checked by three officials from the Marine Hospital of San Francisco, the Bureau of Prisons personnel arrived on Alcatraz in early February, among them was Loring O. Mills, acting chief clerk. In April 1934, the old material was removed from the prison, holes were cut in the concrete and 269 cell fronts were installed, two of four new stairways were built, as were 12 doors to the utility corridors and gratings at the top of the cells. On April 26, a small fire broke out on the roof. Fencing around Alcatraz was added by the Anchor Post Fence Company and emergency lighting in the morgue, final checks and assessments were made on the first two days of August
9.
Prohibition in the United States
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Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. One result was that many communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries introduced alcohol prohibition, Prohibition supporters, called drys, presented it as a victory for public morals and health. Promoted by the dry crusaders, a movement was led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic and it gained a national grass roots base through the Womans Christian Temperance Union. After 1900 it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League, Prohibition was mandated in state after state, then finally nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the ban, for example, religious uses of wine were allowed. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, in the 1920s the laws were widely disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Opposition mobilized nationwide, and Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, some states continued statewide prohibition, marking one of the last stages of the Progressive Era. Anti-prohibitionists, known as wets, criticized the ban as an intrusion of mainly rural Protestant ideals on a central aspect of urban, immigrant. Some researchers contend that its failure is attributable more to a changing historical context than to characteristics of the law itself. Criticism remains that Prohibition led to unintended consequences such as the growth of urban crime organizations, as an experiment it lost supporters every year, and lost tax revenue that governments needed when the Great Depression began in 1929. The U. S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18,1917, upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16,1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30,1919, with July 1,1919, on October 28,1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilsons veto. The act established the definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them. Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the government lacked resources to enforce it. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, by 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs. While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized, many were astonished and disenchanted with the rise of spectacular gangland crimes, when prohibition was supposed to reduce crime. Prohibition lost its advocates one by one, while the wet opposition talked of personal liberty, new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor, and the scourge of organized crime. On March 22,1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen–Harrison Act, legalizing beer with a content of 3. 2%
10.
Italian Americans
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Italian Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Italy, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States, about 5.5 million Italians immigrated to the United States from 1820 to 2004. Immigration began in earnest during the 1870s, when more than twice as many Italians immigrated than during the five previous decades altogether. The 1870s were followed by the greatest surge of immigration, which occurred in the period between 1880 and 1914 and brought more than 4 million Italians to America. This period of large scale immigration ended abruptly with the onset of the First World War in 1914 and, except for one year, further immigration would be greatly limited by a number of restrictive laws passed by Congress in the 1920s. Approximately 84% of the Italian immigrants came from Southern Italy and Sicily, after unification, the Italian government initially encouraged emigration to relieve economic pressures in the South. After the American Civil War, which resulted in over a million killed or wounded, immigrant workers were recruited from Italy. In the United States, most Italians began their new lives as manual laborers in Eastern cities, mining camps, Italian Americans gradually moved from the lower rungs of the economic scale in the first generation to a level comparable to the national average by 1970. By 1990, more than 65% of Italian Americans were managerial, professional, the Italian-American communities have often been characterized by strong ties with family, the Catholic Church, fraternal organizations and political parties. Today, over 17 million Americans claim Italian ancestry, third only to Brazil with 31 million, and Argentina, Italians and their descendants in America have helped to shape the country and, in turn, have adapted to it. They have gained prominence in politics, sports, the media, the arts, the culinary arts. Italian navigators and explorers played a key role in the discovery, exploration, christopher Columbus, the explorer who first reached the Americas in 1492–1504, was Italian. Another notable Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, who explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502, is the source of the name America. Englands claims in North America were based on the voyages of the Italian explorer John Cabot, in 1524 the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to map the Atlantic coast of todays United States, and to enter New York Bay. In 1539, Marco da Nizza, explored the territory later became the states of Arizona. In the 17th century, Henri de Tonti, together with the French explorer LaSalle, De Tonti founded the first European settlement in Illinois in 1679, and in Arkansas in 1683. With LaSalle, he co-founded New Orleans, and was governor of the Louisiana Territory for the next 20 years and his brother Alphonse de Tonty, with French explorer Antoine Cadillac, was the co-founder of Detroit in 1701, and was its acting colonial governor for 12 years. Spain and France were Catholic countries and sent many missionaries to convert the native population, included among these missionaries were numerous Italians
11.
Five Points Gang
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Five Points Gang was a 19th-century and early 20th-century criminal organization, primarily of Irish-American origins, based in the Sixth Ward of Manhattan, New York City. In the early 19th century, the area was first known for gangs of Irish immigrants and their descendants gradually moved out, to be followed by the next immigrants. Paul Kelly, born as Paolo Antonio Vaccarelli, was an Italian American who founded the Five Points Gang, over the years, Kelly recruited youths who later became prominent criminals, such as Johnny Torrio, Al Capone and Lucky Luciano. The area of Manhattan where four streets – Anthony, Cross, Orange, mulberry, notorious for slum tenements, was one street down from the Five Points. This area, now the location of Chinatown, lay between Broadway and the Bowery, by the 1820s, this district had been a center of settlement for poor immigrants and was considered a slum area. Gambling dens and brothels were numerous in the Five Points area, and it was considered a dangerous destination, in 1842, Charles Dickens visited the area and was appalled at the poor living conditions in substandard housing. By the 1870s a wave of Italian and Eastern European Jewish immigrants were settling into the area, criminal gangs competed for control of the revenue to be made from illicit activities. Irish gangs, such as the Whyos, replaced the Chichesters, Monk Eastmans Eastman Coin Collectors had many Irish members. The 2002 film Gangs of New York is set in Five Points, the Italian immigrant Paul Kelly, formed the Five Points Gang, made up mostly of Italians. During the gangs later years, Kellys second-in-command John Torrio, helped form a crime syndicate in the United States. The Five Points Gang had a reputation for brutality, and in battles with rival gangs, Kelly and Torrio recruited members from other gangs in New York to join the Five Points organization. Al Capone came from the James Street gang, and would lead the Chicago Outfit. Torrio was the first to establish his style of racketeering in Chicago, Charles Lucky Luciano, also joined the Five Points crew, and was later considered the most powerful criminal in the country. As the Five Points Gang became more experienced, Kelly and his lieutenants saw the money to be made by supporting corrupt politicians in their election bids. By threatening voters, falsifying voter lists and stuffing ballot boxes, at the turn of the 20th century, the only competitors to the Five Pointers were from Monk Eastmans gang. The rivals disputed claims to a strip of territory of the Lower East Side in Manhattan, in 1901 a Five Pointer shot Eastman in the stomach, but he survived. Soon after, one of his crew killed a Five Pointer in retaliation, by 1903 the feud escalated, and the two gangs openly engaged in warfare. In one incident Kelly, Torrio and 50 Five Pointers were in a gun battle with a similarly sized force of Eastmans gang, police called to the scene had to retreat from the battle, which lasted several hours
12.
Johnny Torrio
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He also put forth the idea of the National Crime Syndicate in the 1930s and later became an unofficial adviser to the Genovese crime family. The U. S. Treasury official Elmer Irey considered him the biggest gangster in America and wrote as follows, He was the smartest and, I dare say, best referring to talent, not morals. Virgil W. Peterson of the Chicago Crime Commission stated that his talents as an organizational genius were widely respected by the gang bosses in the New York City area. Torrioanna was born in Irsina, Basilicata, from Tommaso and Maria Carluccio originally from Altamura, after his father died when he was two years old, Torrioanna emigrated to New York City with his widowed mother in 1902 according to Ellis Island records. His first jobs were as a porter and bouncer in Manhattan, Torrioannas business acumen caught the eye of Paul Kelly, the leader of the famous Five Points Gang. Jimmy The Shiv DeStefano, Danny Big Wang Glaister and Al Capone, Torrioanna greatly admired Kelly, who knew much about organized crime culture, Kelly convinced the younger man to dress conservatively, stop swearing, and set up a front as a legitimate entrepreneur. He soon became known as The Fox for his cunning and diplomacy, Torrioannas gang ran legitimate businesses, but its main concern was the numbers game, supplemented by incomes from bookmaking, loan sharking, hijacking, prostitution, and opium trafficking. Capone and DeStefano were members of the Juniors, and soon joined the Five Points Gang, Torrioanna eventually hired Capone and DeStefano to bartend at the Harvard Inn, a bar in the Coney Island section of Brooklyn owned by Torrios business associate, Francesco Ioele. Torrioanna was the nephew of Victoria Moresco, the wife and business partner of Big Jim Colosimo, Colosimo invited Torrioanna to Chicago in order to deal with extortion demands from the Black Hand. Torrioanna eliminated the extortionists and stayed on to run Colosimos operations and they were hunting for a scar-faced man, so Yale sent Capone to Chicago to lie low for a year. Capone however, never returned to New York, becoming a bouncer at one of Torrios Chicago brothels and soon became manager of The Four Deuces, in 1920 Prohibition went into effect, making all manufacture, purchase, or sale of alcoholic beverages illegal. Torrio immediately realized the immense profits bootlegging could bring and urged Big Jim Colosimo to enter the business, Colosimo, however, refused, fearing that expansion into other rackets would only draw more attention from the police and rival gangs. During this same period, Colosimo divorced Victoria, Torrios aunt, and married Dale Winter, Winter convinced Colosimo to settle down, dress more conservatively, and stay out of the news. At this point, Torrioanna realized that Colosimo was an impediment to the mobs potential fortunes. With the approval of Colosimos allies, the Genna brothers and Aiello, Torrioanna invited Frankie Yale to come to Chicago, the murder took place on May 11,1920, in the main foyer of Colosimos Cafe. Torrioanna took over the deceased Colosimos vast criminal kingdom and started to venture into bootlegging, as the 1920s progressed, Torrioanna and Capone presided over the expansion of the Chicago Outfit as it raked in millions from gambling, prostitution, and now bootlegging. The Outfit soon came to control the Loop, as well as much of the South Side, however, it was also intent on seizing the profitable Gold Coast territory, which drew the ire of the powerful North Side Gang led by Dean OBanion. The Outfit and the North Side Gang began a fragile alliance, the Gennas wanted to kill OBanion, but Torrio, not wanting all-out gang warfare, resisted the move
13.
William Hale Thompson
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William Hale Thompson was an American politician, mayor of Chicago for three terms, from 1915 to 1923 and again from 1927 to 1931. Known as Big Bill, Thompson was the last Republican to serve as Mayor of Chicago, historians rank Thompson among the most unethical mayors in American history, mainly for his open alliance with Al Capone. However, others recognize the effectiveness of his methods and publicity-oriented campaigning, acknowledging him as a Political Chameleon. TIME magazine said in 1931, chief credit for creating 20th Century Politics Chicago Style should go to William Thompson, Thompson was known for his over-the-top campaigning and uncensored language that, along with his towering height and weight, earned him the nickname “Big Bill”. The Chicago Tribune compared his language to that of Donald Trump. Though Thompson was a figure, his popularity escalated after his death. Thompson was born in Boston, Massachusetts to William Hale and Mary Ann Thompson, despite being born in Boston, Thompson had strong roots in Chicago. By age twenty-one, hed accumulated a stake of $30,000 and he returned to Chicago in 1892 after his fathers death to manage his estates. His six-foot frame and athletic prowess earned him the nickname Big Bill which would stick with him throughout his career as a politician, in 1901, Thompson married Miss Mary Maysie Walker Wyse a secretary in his fathers office, but the two of them never had children. Thompson began his career in 1900, when he ran for and narrowly won the position as alderman of the 2nd Ward. Two years later, he was named a member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners, during this period, Thompson formed a political alliance with Fred Lundin, a Republican city clerk who worked under William Lorimer, a U. S. Representative from Illinois, known for corrupt election methods, the political duo, according to most citizens, worked very well together earning them the title the Gallagher and Shean of Chicago Politics. In 1915, Thompson was elected as the 41st Mayor of Chicago, beating County Clerk Robert M. Sweitzer, John H. Hill, Seymour Steadman and he was the last Republican to be elected into office since, aside from his third term in 1928. As Thompson entered the first term of his mayorship, he appointed Fred Lundin as chairman on the committee of patronage. Early in his career, Thompson began to amass a war chest to support an eventual run for the Presidency. Thompson gained national attention and condemnation for his attitude toward the events of World War I. Also earning the nickname Kaiser Bill Thompson and these facts later went on to hurt his chances in his 1918 Senatorial Campaign. In his Inaugural Address, given April 26,1915, Thompson spoke of his ambitions for Chicago to become the greatest in the world and his efforts to expand and publicly improve the streets of Chicago earned him another nickname of Big Bill the Builder
14.
Robin Hood
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Robin Hood is a heroic outlaw in English folklore who, according to legend, was a highly skilled archer and swordsman. Traditionally depicted as being dressed in Lincoln green, he is portrayed as robbing from the rich. Robin Hood became a folk figure in the late-medieval period. Little John, Much the Millers Son and Will Scarlet all appear and this view first gained currency in the 16th century. It is not supported by the earliest ballads, the early compilation, A Gest of Robyn Hode, names the king as Edward, and while it does show Robin Hood accepting the Kings pardon, he later repudiates it and returns to the greenwood. The oldest surviving ballad, Robin Hood and the Monk, gives even less support to the picture of Robin Hood as a partisan of the true king. The setting of the early ballads is usually attributed by scholars to either the 13th century or the 14th, the early ballads are also quite clear on Robin Hoods social status, he is a yeoman. While the precise meaning of this changed over time, including free retainers of an aristocrat and small landholders. The essence of it in the present context was neither a knight nor a peasant or husbonde, artisans were among those regarded as yeomen in the 14th century. As well as ballads, the legend was also transmitted by Robin Hood games or plays that were an important part of the late medieval and early modern May Day festivities. The first record of a Robin Hood game was in 1426 in Exeter, the Robin Hood games are known to have flourished in the later 15th and 16th centuries. It is commonly stated as fact that Maid Marian and a jolly friar entered the legend through the May Games, the earliest surviving text of a Robin Hood ballad is the 15th century Robin Hood and the Monk. This is preserved in Cambridge University manuscript Ff.5.48, written after 1450, it contains many of the elements still associated with the legend, from the Nottingham setting to the bitter enmity between Robin and the local sheriff. The first printed version is A Gest of Robyn Hode, a collection of stories that attempts to unite the episodes into a single continuous narrative. After this comes Robin Hood and the Potter, contained in a manuscript of c, the Potter is markedly different in tone from The Monk, whereas the earlier tale is a thriller the latter is more comic, its plot involving trickery and cunning rather than straightforward force. Other early texts are dramatic pieces, the earliest being the fragmentary Robyn Hod, each of these three ballads survived in a single copy, so it is unclear how much of the medieval legend has survived, and what has survived may not be typical of the medieval legend. The story of Robins aid to the knight that takes up much of the Gest may be an example. The character of Robin in these first texts is rougher edged than in his later incarnations, of my good he shall haue some, Yf he be a por man
15.
Saint Valentine's Day Massacre
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The Saint Valentines Day Massacre is the name given to the February 14,1929 murder of seven men of the North Side Irish gang during the Prohibition Era. It resulted from the struggle – between the Irish American gang and the South Side Italian gang led by Al Capone – to take control of organized crime in Chicago, former members of the Egans Rats gang were suspected of a significant role in the incident, assisting Capone. At 10,30 a. m. on February 14,1929, seven men were murdered at the garage at 2122 North Clark Street and they were shot by four men using weapons that included two Thompson submachine guns. Two of the shooters were dressed as uniformed policemen, while the others wore suits, ties, witnesses saw the police leading the other men at gunpoint out of the garage after the shooting. The victims included five members of George Bugs Morans North Side Gang, two collaborators were also shot, Reinhardt H. Schwimmer, a former optician turned gambler and gang associate, and John May, an occasional mechanic for the Moran gang. When real Chicago police officers arrived at the scene, one of the victims and he was taken to the hospital, where doctors stabilized him for a short time. Asked who shot him, Gusenberg, who had sustained fourteen bullet wounds, the massacre was allegedly planned by the organization led by Al Capone to eliminate George Bugs Moran, the boss of the long-established North Side Gang. The former boss of the North Side Gang, Dion OBanion, had been murdered by four gunmen in his shop on North State Street in 1924. After the murder of OBanion, each leader of the North Siders was also killed. Several factors contributed to the timing of the plan to kill George Bugs Moran, earlier in the year, North Sider Frank Gusenberg and his brother Peter unsuccessfully attempted to murder Jack McGurn. The North Side Gang was complicit in the murders of Pasqualino Patsy Lolordo, both had been presidents of the Unione Siciliana, the local Mafia, and close associates of Capone. Moran and Capone had been vying for control of the lucrative Chicago bootlegging trade, Moran was muscling in on a Capone-run dog track in the Chicago suburbs and he had taken over several saloons that were run by Capone, insisting they were in his territory. The plan was to lure Bugs Moran to the SMC Cartage warehouse on North Clark Street on February 14,1929, the intent was to kill Moran, and perhaps two or three of his lieutenants. It is usually assumed that the North Siders were lured to the garage with the promise of a stolen, cut-rate shipment of whiskey, supplied by Detroits Purple Gang, which was associated with Capone. The Gusenberg brothers were supposed to drive two empty trucks to Detroit that day to pick up two loads of stolen Canadian whiskey. All of the victims, with the exception of John May, were dressed in their best clothes, as was customary for the North Siders and other gangsters at the time. On St. Valentines Day, most of the Moran gang had already arrived at the warehouse by approximately 10,30 a. m. Moran was not there, having left his Parkway Hotel apartment late. As Moran and one of his men, Ted Newberry, approached the rear of the warehouse from a side street and they immediately turned and retraced their steps, going to a nearby coffee shop
16.
Federal Bureau of Prisons
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The Federal Bureau of Prisons, is a United States federal law enforcement agency. A subdivision of the U. S. Department of Justice, the system handles inmates who have violated, or are accused of violating, federal law. The BOP also holds inmates who have committed felonies in Washington, the BOP is also responsible for carrying out all judicially ordered federal executions in the United States. The Federal Prison System existed for more than 30 years before the BOP was established, until 1907, prison matters were handled by the Justice Departments General Agent. The General Agent was responsible for Justice Department accounts, oversight of internal operations,325, the Bureau of Prisons was established by the U. S. Congress within the U. S. Department of Justice. The new Prison Bureau was now under the Administration of the 31st President Herbert Hoover and this responsibility covered the administration of the 11 federal prisons in operation at the time. By the end of the year 1930, the system had expanded to 14 institutions with 13,000 inmates. By a decade later in 1940, the Federal prison system had 24 institutions with 24,360 incarcerated, the State of Alaska assumed jurisdiction over its corrections on January 3,1959, using the Alaska Department of Corrections. Prior to statehood, the BOP had correctional jurisdiction over Alaska, the population increase has decelerated since the early 2000s but the federal inmate population continues to grow. National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997 transferred responsibility for adult felons convicted of violating District of Columbia laws to the BOP. As of 2015, 63% of BOP employees are white, 22% are black, 12% are Hispanic, 2% are Asian, all BOP employees undergo 200 hours of formal training in their first year of employment. Employees must also complete additional 120 hours of training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Glynco, the BOP has five security levels. Federal Prison Camps, the BOP minimum-security facilities, feature a lack of or an amount of perimeter fencing. Low-security Federal Correctional Institutions have double-fenced perimeters, and inmates live in mostly cubicle or dormitory housing, medium-security FCIs and some United States Penitentiaries are classified to hold medium-security inmates. The medium facilities have strengthened perimeters, which often consist of double fences with electronic detection systems, medium-security facilities mostly have cell housing. Most U. S. Penitentiaries are classified as high-security facilities, the perimeters, highly secured, often have reinforced fences or walls. Federal Correctional Complexes are co-locations of BOP facilities with different security levels and/or genders, some units have small, minimum-security camps, known as satellite camps, adjacent to the main facilities. Twenty-eight BOP institutions hold female inmates, as of 2010 about 15% of the inmates under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Prisons are in facilities operated by third parties
17.
Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote
18.
Neurosyphilis
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Neurosyphilis is an infection of the brain or spinal cord caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. It usually occurs in people who have had chronic, untreated syphilis, usually about 10 to 20 years after first infection, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises that neurosyphilis can occur at any stage of a syphilis infection. Neurosyphilis has four different forms, asymptomatic, meningovascular, tabes dorsalis, in rare instances, active neurosyphilis can mimic Alzheimers disease. There may be the sign of Argyll Robertson pupils, which are bilateral small pupils that constrict when the patient focuses on a near object, two examples of penicillin therapies include, Aqueous penicillin G 3–4 million units every four hours for 10 to 14 days. One daily intramuscular injection and oral probenecid four times daily, both for 10 to 14 days, follow-up blood tests are generally performed at 3,6,12,24, and 36 months to make sure the infection is gone. Lumbar punctures for CSF fluid analysis are performed every 6 months. Neurosyphilis was almost at the point being unheard of in the United States after penicillin therapy was introduced, however, concurrent infection of T. pallidum with human immunodeficiency virus has been found to affect the course of syphilis. Syphilis can lie dormant for 10 to 20 years before progressing to neurosyphilis, also, infection with HIV has been found to cause penicillin therapy to fail more often. Therefore, neurosyphilis has once again been prevalent in societies with high HIV rates and limited access to penicillin
19.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
20.
Barber
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A barber is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave mens and boys hair. A barbers place of work is known as a shop or a barbers. Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse, in some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns and they were also influential in helping shape male identity. In previous times, barbers performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures. In modern times, the barber is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in mens hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers, in the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location. Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws, for example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In Australia, the term for a barber is hairdresser, barber is only a popular title for mens hairdressers. Most would work in a hairdressing salon, the barbers trade has a long history, razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals, priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς, in an agora which also served as a gathering for debates. Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, the barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars, some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks. Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century as African American businesses that helped to develop African American culture and economy
21.
Sewing
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Sewing is the craft of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with a needle and thread. Sewing is one of the oldest of the arts, arising in the Paleolithic era. For thousands of years, all sewing was done by hand, fine hand sewing is a characteristic of high-quality tailoring, haute couture fashion, and custom dressmaking, and is pursued by both textile artists and hobbyists as a means of creative expression. The first known use of the sewing was in the 14th century. Sewing has an ancient history estimated to begin during the Paleolithic Age, Sewing was used to stitch together animal hides for clothing and for shelter. The weaving of cloth from natural fibres originated in the Middle East around 4000 BCE, and perhaps earlier during the Neolithic Age, during the Middle Ages, Europeans who could afford it employed seamstresses and tailors. Sewing for the most part was an occupation, and most sewing before the 19th century was practical. Clothing was an investment for most people, and women had an important role in extending the longevity of items of clothing. Clothing that was faded would be turned inside-out so that it could continue to be worn, once clothing became worn or torn, it would be taken apart and the reusable cloth sewn together into new items of clothing, made into quilts, or otherwise put to practical use. The many steps involved in making clothing from scratch meant that women often bartered their expertise in a skill with one another. Decorative needlework such as embroidery was a skill, and young women with the time. From the Middle Ages to the 17th century, sewing tools such as needles, decorative embroidery was valued in many cultures worldwide. Some examples are the Cretan Open Filling stitch, Romanian Couching or Oriental Couching, the stitches associated with embroidery spread by way of the trade routes that were active during the Middle Ages. European imperial settlements also spread embroidery and sewing techniques worldwide, however, there are instances of sewing techniques indigenous to cultures in distant locations from one another, where cross-cultural communication would have been historically unlikely. For example, a method of reverse appliqué known to areas of South America is also known to Southeast Asia, the Industrial Revolution shifted the production of textiles from the household to the mills. In the early decades of the Industrial Revolution, the machinery produced whole cloth, the worlds first sewing machine was patented in 1790 by Thomas Saint. By the early 1840s, other early sewing machines began to appear, by the 1850s, Isaac Singer developed the first sewing machines that could operate quickly and accurately and surpass the productivity of a seamstress or tailor sewing by hand. While much clothing was produced at home by female members of the family
22.
Province of Salerno
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The Province of Salerno is a province in the Campania region of Italy. The largest towns in the province are, Salerno, the capital, the province has an area of 4,923 km2, and a total population of about 1.1 million. There are 158 comuni, the one with the largest area being Eboli, see Comuni of the Province of Salerno. One of the features of the rugged country-side is Gole del Calore di Felitto and this area is of great geological interest and is rich in flora and fauna. One of the historical buildings in the province is the chapter house belonging to the Certosa di Padula. The building has evolved over centuries, the earliest parts were constructed in the early 14th century, a mannerist cloister leads to the church, and a later 17th-century cloister has loggias supported by rusticated columns. These features add to the baroque character of the building. The chapter house has been adapted for the Museo Archeologico della Lucania Occidentale, the Monti Picentini area is home to the eponymous regional park, which is home to several natural preserves
23.
Homer, Nebraska
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Homer is a village in Dakota County, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Sioux City, IA–NE–SD Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 549 at the 2010 census. It was named for the Greek poet Homer, Homer is located at 42°19′15″N 96°29′24″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.37 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 549 people,213 households, the population density was 1,483.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 228 housing units at a density of 616.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 92. 5% White,5. 3% Native American,0. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 9% of the population. 25. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.08. The median age in the village was 36.8 years. 29% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 24% were from 25 to 44,23. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46. 3% male and 53. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 590 people,211 households, and 163 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,561.5 people per square mile, there were 222 housing units at an average density of 587.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 96. 95% White,2. 88% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 34% of the population. 18. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.10. In the village, the population was out with 33. 2% under the age of 18,7. 3% from 18 to 24,27. 5% from 25 to 44,20. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 99.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males, as of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $44,500, and the median income for a family was $51,250. Males had an income of $37,667 versus $22,426 for females
24.
Rijeka
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Rijeka is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia. It is located on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and has a population of 128,624 inhabitants, the metropolitan area, which includes adjacent towns and municipalities, has a population of more than 240,000. According to the 2011 census data, the majority of its citizens are presently Croats, along with small numbers of Bosniaks, Italians. Rijeka is the city of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. The citys economy depends on shipbuilding and maritime transport. Rijeka hosts the Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl. Zajc, first built in 1765, as well as the University of Rijeka, founded in 1973, historically Fiumano served as a lingua franca for the many ethnicities inhabiting the multicultural port-town. In 2016, Rijeka was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2020, alongside Galway, historically, Rijeka was also called Tharsatica, Vitopolis, or Flumen in Latin. The city is called Rijeka in Croatian, Reka in Slovene and it is called Fiume in Italian. All these names mean river in their respective languages, meanwhile, Hungarian has adopted the Italian name while in German the city has been called Sankt Veit am Flaum or Pflaum. The Bay of Rijeka, which is bordered by Vela Vrata, Srednja Vrata, the City of Rijeka lies at the mouth of river Rječina and in the Vinodol micro-region of the Croatian coast. Two important land transport routes start in Rijeka due to its location, the first route is to the Pannonian Basin given that Rijeka is located alongside the narrowest point of the Dinaric Alps. The other route, across Postojna Gate connects Rijeka with Slovenia, Italy, the city long retained its dual character. Pliny mentioned Tarsatica in his Natural History, in the time of Augustus, the Romans rebuilt Tharsatica as a municipium Flumen, situated on the right bank of small river Rječina. It became a city within the Roman Province of Dalmatia until the 6th century, after the 4th century Rijeka was rededicated to St. Vitus, the citys patron saint, as Terra Fluminis sancti Sancti Viti or in German Sankt Veit am Pflaum. From the 5th century onwards, the town was ruled successively by the Ostrogoths, the Byzantines, the Lombards, Croats settled the city starting in the 7th century giving it the Croatian name, Rika svetoga Vida. At the time, Rijeka was a feudal stronghold surrounded by a wall, at the center of the city, its highest point, was a fortress. In 799 Rijeka was attacked by the Frankish troops of Charlemagne and their Siege of Trsat was at first repulsed, during which the Frankish commander Duke Eric of Friuli was killed. However, the Frankish forces finally occupied and devastated the castle, while the Duchy of Croatia passed under the overlordship of the Carolingian Empire, from about 925, the town was part of the Kingdom of Croatia, from 1102 in personal union with Hungary
25.
Austria-Hungary
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The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867. Austria-Hungary consisted of two monarchies, and one region, the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia under the Hungarian crown. It was ruled by the House of Habsburg, and constituted the last phase in the evolution of the Habsburg Monarchy. Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and the Hungarian states were co-equal, Foreign affairs and the military came under joint oversight, but all other governmental faculties were divided between respective states. Austria-Hungary was a state and one of the worlds great powers at the time. Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire, at 621,538 km2, the Empire built up the fourth-largest machine building industry of the world, after the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. After 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina was under Austro-Hungarian military and civilian rule until it was annexed in 1908. The annexation of Bosnia also led to Islam being recognized as a state religion due to Bosnias Muslim population. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I and it was already effectively dissolved by the time the military authorities signed the armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918. The realms full, official name was The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, each enjoyed considerable sovereignty with only a few joint affairs. Certain regions, such as Polish Galicia within Cisleithania and Croatia within Transleithania, enjoyed autonomous status, the division between Austria and Hungary was so marked that there was no common citizenship, one was either an Austrian citizen or a Hungarian citizen, never both. This also meant that there were always separate Austrian and Hungarian passports, however, neither Austrian nor Hungarian passports were used in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia-Dalmatia. Instead, the Kingdom issued its own passports which were written in Croatian and French and it is not known what kind of passports were used in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was under the control of both Austria and Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had always maintained a separate parliament, the Diet of Hungary, the administration and government of the Kingdom of Hungary remained largely untouched by the government structure of the overarching Austrian Empire. Hungarys central government structures remained well separated from the Austrian imperial government, the country was governed by the Council of Lieutenancy of Hungary – located in Pressburg and later in Pest – and by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna. The Hungarian government and Hungarian parliament were suspended after the Hungarian revolution of 1848, despite Austria and Hungary sharing a common currency, they were fiscally sovereign and independent entities. Since the beginnings of the union, the government of the Kingdom of Hungary could preserve its separated. After the revolution of 1848–1849, the Hungarian budget was amalgamated with the Austrian, from 1527 to 1851, the Kingdom of Hungary maintained its own customs controls, which separated her from the other parts of the Habsburg-ruled territories
26.
Brooklyn Navy Yard
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It was bounded by Navy Street and Flushing and Kent Avenues, and at the height of its production of warships for the United States Navy, it covered over 200 acres. The tremendous efforts of its 70,000 workers during World War II earned the yard the nickname The Can-Do Shipyard, following the American Revolution, the waterfront site was used to build merchant vessels. Federal authorities purchased the old docks and 40 acres of land for $40,000 in 1801, many officers were housed in Admirals Row. Military chain of command was strictly observed, the nations first ironclad ship, Monitor, was fitted with its revolutionary iron cladding at the Continental Iron Works in nearby Greenpoint. By the American Civil War, the yard had expanded to employ about 6000 men, in 1890, the ill-fated Maine was launched from the yards ways. In 1937, the battleship North Carolina was laid down, in 1938, the yard employed about 10,000 men, of whom one-third were Works Progress Administration workers. The battleship Iowa was completed in 1942 followed by the Missouri, on 12 January 1953, test operations began on Antietam, which emerged in December 1952 from the yard as Americas first angled-deck aircraft carrier. At its peak, during World War II, the yard employed 70,000 people,24 hours a day, the Brooklyn Naval Hospital, constructed 1830–38 and rebuilt 1841–43, was decommissioned in the mid-1970s. It was one of the oldest naval hospitals in the United States, the 60, 000-square-foot complex was designed by Martin E. Thompson. The hospital had its beginning in 1825 when the Secretary of the Navy purchased 25 acres adjacent to the Brooklyn Naval Yard. The hospital was active from the Civil War through World War II with the Navy Surgeon General reporting in 1864 an average of 229 patients, the hospital also counted on its staff some of first female nurses and medical students in the United States Navy. On November 19,1964, based on the study, the closure of the yard was announced, along with the Armys Fort Jay on Governors Island and its Brooklyn Army Terminal. At the time, the yard employed 10,600 civilian employees and 100 military personnel with a payroll of about US$90 million. The closure was anticipated to save about 18.1 million dollars annually, the plan was never put in place. The Wagner Administration looked to the industry to build a car plant inside the yard. No U. S. car manufacturer was interested, and foreign car manufacturers claimed that with the conversion of the dollar, the Navy decommissioned the yard in 1966, after the completion of the Austin-class amphibious transport dock USS Duluth. The Johnson administration refused to sell the yard to the City of New York for 18 months, when the new Nixon administration came into power, they signed the papers to sell the yard to the city. Leases were signed inside the yard even before the sale to the city was signed, cLICKs lease with the newly formed Seatrain Shipbuilding was not very business friendly
27.
Downtown Brooklyn
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Downtown Brooklyn is the third largest central business district in New York City, United States, and is located in the northwestern section of the borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is known for its office and residential buildings, such as the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower, since the rezoning of Downtown Brooklyn in 2004, the area has been undergoing a transformation, with $9 billion of private investment and $300 million in public improvements underway. This area was inhabited by Lenape Native Americans, until the 17th century. Area close to the Wallabout Bay was called Rinnegokonk, at that time the Dutch arrived, gained control of the land, and called it Breuckelen. The waterfront area being sold by Indians to Joris Jansen Rapelje, until 1814, Downtown Brooklyn and Brooklyn Heights remained sparsely populated. Robert Fulton’s new steam ferry began to offer an easy commuting option to. It made Brooklyn Heights Manhattan’s first suburb, and put Downtown Brooklyn on its way to becoming a center. The city was home to many prominent abolitionists at a time when most of New York was indifferent to slavery, many Brooklyn churches agitated against legalized slavery in the 1850s and 1860s and some acted as safehouses as part of the Underground Railroad movement. Walt Whitman was fired from his job as a reporter at the Brooklyn Eagle due to his support for the Wilmot Proviso when he lived at Willoughby and Myrtle Avenues. The middle 19th century growth of the Port of New York caused shipping to spill over into the City of Brooklyn, New, extensive infrastructure served the Brooklyn Bridge trolleys. The program included plans for new buildings for City and State agencies, significant street widening, by the late 1960s, the patterns of transition that affected much of urban America initiated concern to protect the borough’s Central Business District from deterioration. He identified the need for equity in resource allocation between Manhattan and the city’s other boroughs. An important moment in the history of Downtown Brooklyn came in 1983 with the release of a Regional Plan Association report for the area, according to the document, Downtown Brooklyn could become the city’s third-largest business district because of its proximity to Lower Manhattan. It also could serve as a location for high technology industries. The State Street Houses Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, historically, Downtown Brooklyn was primarily a commercial and civic center, with relatively little residential development. Since the rezoning of parts of Downtown Brooklyn in 2004 to allow for residential development, the area has seen the arrival of new condominium towers, townhouses. In all,14,000 residential units are planned for Downtown Brooklyn. A New York Sun article from November 7,2007, reports on the arrival of Downtown Brooklyn as a 24/7 community, in January 2008, residents started moving into the new residential buildings, according to a New York Sun article
28.
Park Slope
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Park Slope is a neighborhood in northwest Brooklyn, New York City. Park Slope is roughly bounded by Prospect Park and Prospect Park West to the east, Fourth Avenue to the west, Flatbush Avenue to the north, the neighborhood takes its name from its location on the western slope of neighboring Prospect Park. Fifth Avenue and Seventh Avenue are its primary streets, while its east-west side streets are lined with brownstones. The neighborhood had a population of about 62,200 as of the 2000 census, resulting in a density of approximately 68, 000/square mile, or approximately 26. Park Slope is considered one of New York Citys most desirable neighborhoods, Park Slope is part of Brooklyn Community Board 6. The area that comprises the neighborhood of Park Slope was first inhabited by the Native Americans of the Lenape people. The Dutch colonized the area by the 17th century and farmed the region for more than 200 years, during the American Revolutionary War, on August 27,1776, the Park Slope area served as the backdrop for the beginning of the Battle of Long Island. In this battle, over 10,000 British soldiers and Hessian mercenaries routed outnumbered American forces, the historic site of Battle Pass is now preserved in Prospect Park, and on Fifth Avenue there is a reconstruction of the stone farmhouse where a countercharge covered the American retreat. In the 1850s, a lawyer and railroad developer named Edwin Clarke Litchfield purchased large tracts of what was then farmland. Through the American Civil War era, he sold off much of his land to residential developers, during the 1860s, the City of Brooklyn purchased his estate and adjoining property to complete the West Drive and the southern portion of the Long Meadow in Prospect Park. However, Park Slope’s bucolic period ended soon after, many of the large Victorian mansions on Prospect Park West, known as the Gold Coast, were built in the 1880s and 1890s to take advantage of the beautiful park views. Today, many of these buildings are preserved within the 24-block Park Slope Historic District, by 1883, with the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge, Park Slope continued to boom and subsequent brick and brownstone structures pushed the neighborhoods borders farther. The 1890 census showed Park Slope to be the richest community in the United States, in 1892, President Grover Cleveland presided over the unveiling of the Soldiers and Sailors Arch at Grand Army Plaza, a notable Park Slope landmark. The Park Slope Armory was completed in 1893, nearby, Old Stone House is a 1930 reconstruction of the Vechte-Cortelyou House which was destroyed in 1897. It is located on Third Street between Fourth and Fifth Avenues, beside the former Gowanus Creek, realtors and community members saw a clear connection between Park Slopes bucolic setting and the comfort of living there. Baseball had also played a prominent role in the history of the Park Slope area, from 1879 to 1889, the Brooklyn Atlantics played at Washington Park on 5th Avenue between 3rd and 4th Streets. When the park was destroyed by a fire, the moved to their part-time home in Ridgewood, Queens. In 1898, the New Washington Park was built between Third and Fourth Avenues and between First and Third Streets near the Gowanus Canal, the team, by this point known as the Dodgers, played to an ever-growing fan base at this location
29.
Frankie Yale
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Francesco Ioele, better known as Frankie Uale or Frankie Yale, was a Brooklyn gangster and original employer of Al Capone before the latter moved to Chicago. Born in Longobucco, Francesco Ioele and his family arrived in the United States c, as a teenager, Ioele was befriended by John Torrio, who ushered him into the Five Points Gang and groomed him for a life of crime. Shortly after Torrio left for Chicago, in 1909, Ioele Americanized his last name to Yale, despite his medium height and chubby build, Yale was a fearsome fistfighter and thief. One of his arrests, in October 1912, was on suspicion of homicide. Like his mentor Johnny Torrio, Yale was one of a new breed of gangster who believed in putting business ahead of ego, after getting started with some basic racketeering, Yale took control of Brooklyns ice delivery trade by selling protection and creating monopolies. With the proceeds from these rackets, Yale opened a bar on Seaside Walk in Coney Island known as the Harvard Inn in 1917, hoping to capitalize on the collegiate name of his bar, he began using the name Yale. It was at the Harvard Inn that a waiter named Al Capone got his famous facial scars in a dispute with Frank Galluccio. After two years in Yales employ, Capone was shipped off west to Chicago by Yale, Yales gang engaged in Black Hand extortion activities and ran a string of brothels. Their gang became the first new-style Mafia family which included Italians from all regions, Yales services to his customers included offering protection to local merchants and controlling food services for restaurants, as well as ice deliveries for Brooklyn residents. Yales notorious sideline was his line of cigars, foul-smelling stogies packaged in boxes that bore his smiling face, Yale also owned and operated his own funeral home at 6604 14th Avenue. When asked about his profession, Yale wryly commented that he was an undertaker, at the beginning of Prohibition, Yale became one of Brooklyns biggest bootleggers. In addition to Capone, other gangsters who worked under Yale at one time or another included Joe Adonis, Anthony Little Augie Carfano, Yales top assassin was Willie Two-Knife Altierri, nicknamed as such due to his preferred method of dispatching a victim. Soon after the Harvard Inn opened, Yale married Maria Delapia and he married a younger woman called Lucita in 1927 and they had a daughter called Angelina. Yale was also noted as a dresser, favoring expensive suits. One newspaper reporter called him the Beau Brummell of Brooklyn, Yale was also known for generosity toward the less fortunate people in his neighborhood, who often approached him and requested financial assistance. After a local delicatessen owner was robbed, Yale replaced his lost cash, when a fish peddler lost his cart, Yale gave him $200 with an admonition, Get a horse, youre too old to walk. Yale was dubbed the Prince of Pals, conversely, Yale was a violent man who did not hesitate to inflict pain on others. When angered by his younger brother Angelo, Yale beat him so badly that he wound up in the hospital, when two extortionists attempted to shake down the popular hat-check operator of a neighborhood restaurant, Yale battered the two unconscious
30.
Coney Island
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The site was formerly an outer barrier island but became partially connected to the rest of Long Island by land fill. Coney Island is well known as the site of amusement parks, the attractions reached a historical peak during the first half of the 20th century, declining in popularity after World War II and years of neglect. Coney Island is the westernmost part of the islands of Long Island. At its highest it is 7 feet above sea level, the perimeter of Coney Island features man made structures designed to maintain its current shape. The beaches are not a natural feature with replenishing sand being cut off by the jetty at Breezy Point. Sand has been redeposited on the beaches via beach nourishment since 1922-1923, the first such project ever, Sheepshead Bay on the east side is, for the most part, enclosed in bulkheads. The original Native American inhabitants of the region, the Lenape and this name has been attributed the meaning of land without shadows or always in light describing how its south facing beaches always remained in sunlight. A second meaning attributed to Narrioch is point or corner of land, the Dutch established the colony of Nieuw Amsterdam in that area in the early 17th century. The western most island was Coney Island, a 1.25 mile shifting sandspit with an island at its western end extending into Lower New York Bay. East of Coney was originally a peninsula called Coney Hook but in 1750 a canal was dug through the Coney Hook salt-marsh from Brown’s creek east to Hubbard’s creek. This connection to the waterways behind the islands allowed shipping traffic to travel from Jamaica Bay to New York Harbor without having to venture out into the ocean, the canal turned Coney Hook into a detached half mile long island called Pine Island, due to the woods on it. East of Pine was the largest section of island called Gysberts or Guisberts Island, containing most of the land and extending east through todays Brighton Beach. Each island was separated by an inlet that could only be crossed at low tide, Development of the island was slow over the period of the Dutch occupation up through the early 1800s due to land disputes and the intervening Revolutionary War and War of 1812. By the early 1800s there were only a handful of farms across the entire island. There is no historical consensus on how the island got the name Coney Island, a name, in the form of Conyne Eylandt. Development on Coney Island has always been controversial, when the first structures were built around the 1830s, there was an outcry to prevent any development on the island and preserve it as a natural park. Starting in the early 1900s, the City of New York made efforts to all buildings. It was an effort to reclaim the beach which by then had almost completely built over with bath houses, clam bars, amusements
31.
Big Jim Colosimo
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He gained power through petty crime and by heading a chain of brothels. From about 1902 until his murder in 1920, he led a gang that became known after his death as the Chicago Outfit, Johnny Torrio was an enforcer whom Colosimo imported in 1909 from New York and who seized control after his death. Al Capone, a Torrio henchman, allegedly was involved in the murder. Colosimo was born Vincenzo Colosimo to Luigi Colosimo and his second wife Giuseppina Mascaro in the town of Colosimi, Province of Cosenza and he emigrated to Chicago at the age of 17, starting out as a petty criminal. Colosimo attracted the attention of First Ward aldermen Michael Hinky Dink Kenna and they made him a precinct captain and later their bagman. This gave Colosimo the political connections helped him in his rise to power as a mob boss. Later, Colosimo acquired another nickname, Diamond Jim, because he frequently dressed in a suit and wore diamond pins, rings. This, combined with his charm and money, helped him establish relationships with women. He had a love of women and money, which fueled his enthusiasm for prostitution. In 1902, Colosimo married Victoria Moresco, an established Chicago madame, within a few years, Colosimo had expanded this to nearly 200 brothels and had also made inroads into gambling and racketeering. By 1909, Black Hand extortion was a threat to Colosimo in Chicago. He brought in gangster John The Fox Torrio from Brooklyn and made him his second in command, the following year, he opened Colosimos Cafe, a restaurant and nightclub at 2126 South Wabash. It quickly became a destination for prominent Chicagoans and visitors to Chicago. In 1919, Torrio and Colosimo opened a brothel at 2222 South Wabash called the Four Deuces, Torrio hired his old Brooklyn colleague Al Capone to work as a bartender and bouncer, which gave Capone his entry into Chicago crime. When prohibition went into effect in 1920, Torrio pushed for the gang to enter into bootlegging, in May 1920, Colosimo left Chicago to marry his second wife, Dale Winter, having deserted Victoria Moresco. When he returned a week later, Torrio called and told him a shipment was about to arrive at his cafe, Colosimo drove there to await it, but instead he was shot in an ambush and killed. The initial suspect was his new wife Dale, but the murder went unsolved. Many believe that Torrio had ordered the killing so that he could go into the business of bootlegging
32.
Arsphenamine
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This organoarsenic compound was the first modern chemotherapeutic agent. Arsphenamine was first synthesized in 1907 in Paul Ehrlichs lab by Alfred Bertheim, the antisyphilitic activity of this compound was discovered by Sahachiro Hata in 1909, during a survey of hundreds of newly synthesized organic arsenical compounds. Ehrlich had theorized that by screening many compounds, a drug could be discovered that would have anti-microbial activity, Ehrlichs team began their search for such a magic bullet among chemical derivatives of the dangerously toxic drug atoxyl. Arsphenamine was used to treat the disease syphilis because it is toxic to the bacterium Treponema pallidum, arsphenamine was originally called 606 because it was the sixth in the sixth group of compounds synthesized for testing, it was marketed by Hoechst AG under the trade name Salvarsan in 1910. Salvarsan was the first organic antisyphilitic, and an improvement over the inorganic mercury compounds that had been used previously. It was distributed as a yellow, crystalline, hygroscopic powder that was highly unstable in air, some of the side effects attributed to Salvarsan, including rashes, liver damage, and risks of life and limb, were thought to be caused by improper handling and administration. This caused Ehrlich, who worked assiduously to standardize practices, to observe, Ehrlichs laboratory developed a more soluble arsenical compound, Neosalvarsan, which was easier to prepare, and it became available in 1912. Less severe side-effects such as nausea and vomiting were still common, an additional problem was that both Salvarsan and Neosalvarsan had to be stored in sealed vials under a nitrogen atmosphere to prevent oxidation. These arsenical compounds were supplanted as treatments for syphilis in the 1940s by penicillin, after leaving Ehrlichs laboratory, Hata continued parallel investigation of the new medicines in Japan. Salvarsan has long assumed to have an As=As double bond. However, in 2005, an extensive mass spectral analysis Salvarsan was shown to have As-As single bonds, the drug was also found to be a mixture consisting of cyclo-As3 and cyclo-As5 species. Dr. Ehrlichs Magic Bullet,1940 film about Ehrlichs quest to find a cure for syphilis
33.
Prairie Avenue
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The street has a rich history from its origins as a major trail for horseback riders and carriages. The upper six-block section includes part of the historic Prairie Avenue District, several of Chicagos most important historical figures have lived on the street. This is especially true of the period of recovery from the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 when many of the most important families in the city moved to the street, residents of the street have influenced the evolution of the city and have played prominent national and international roles. They have influenced the history, the architecture, the culture. The street has over time been influenced by the demographics of Chicago, the importance of the street has declined, but it still has landmark buildings and is the backbone of a historic district. Preservation battles regarding various properties on the street have been notable with one having been chronicled on the front page of The New York Times, in the early 21st century, the street was redeveloped to host valuable and important condominiums. Recently, developments have extended the north to accommodate new high-rise condominiums, such as One Museum Park. The redevelopment has extended the street so that it has prominent buildings bordering Grant Park with Prairie Avenue addresses, Prairie Avenue once served as an Indian trail linking Fort Dearborn to Fort Wayne in Indiana and thus derived its name from the vast midwestern prairie land between the two endpoints. In 1812, the Battle of Fort Dearborn occurred in the area that is now the section of the street. Casualties of the battle, such as William Wells and George Ronan, were struck down here, over time, the district has evolved from an upscale neighborhood to a factory district and back to an upscale neighborhood. Zoning in 1853 anticipated residential development, although only one grand villa existed at the time, by 1877 the eleven-block area of Prairie Avenue as well as Calumet Avenue housed elite residences. By 1886 the finest mansions in the city, each equipped with its own carriage house, in the 1880s and 1890s, mansions for George Pullman, Marshall Field, John J. Glessner and Philip Armour anchored a neighborhood of over fifty mansions known as Millionaires Row. Many of the architects of the day, such as Richard Morris Hunt, Henry Hobson Richardson. At the time of the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition, guidebooks described the street as the most expensive street west of Fifth Avenue. However, after Bertha Palmer, society wife of Potter Palmer, built the Palmer Mansion that anchored the Gold Coast along Lake Shore Drive, by 1911, warehouses and factories cramped the Prairie Avenue District. Large industry overtook the district by 1950, early 21st century deindustrialisation, urban congestion, and historic preservation have brought the return of trendy buildings, and restored as well as renovated structures. Simultaneously new infill housing is resuscitating the district, now, the historic northern section of the street is part of the Chicago Landmark Prairie Avenue District that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was declared a Chicago Landmark on December 27,1979, the historic district includes the 1800 and 1900-blocks of South Prairie, the 1800 block of South Indiana and 211 through 217 East Cullerton
34.
South Side, Chicago
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The South Side is part of the city of Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the three parts of the city, the others being the West Side and the North Side. Much of it evolved from the incorporation of independent townships. The citys sides have historically divided by the Chicago River. The South Side of Chicago was originally defined as all of the city south of the branch of the Chicago River. The South Side has an ethnic composition. It has great disparity in income and other demographic measures, although it has a reputation for being poor or crime-infested, the reality is more varied. The South Side ranges from affluent to middle class to working class to impoverished, the South Side is served by bus and L train via the Chicago Transit Authority and a number of Metra lines. It has several interstate and national highways, there is some debate as to the South Sides boundaries. The citys address numbering system uses a grid demarcating Madison Street as the East-West axis, Madison is in the middle of the Loop. As a result, much of the downtown Loop district is south of Madison Street, One definition has the South Side beginning at Roosevelt Road, at the Loops southern boundary, with the community area known as the Near South Side immediately adjacent. Lake Michigan and the Indiana state line provide eastern boundaries, the southern border changed over time because of Chicagos evolving city limits, the city limits are now at 138th Street. Using the Roosevelt Road boundary, the South Side is larger than the North, the exact boundaries dividing the Southwest, South and Southeast Sides vary by source. The differing interpretations of the boundary between the South and Southwest Sides are due to a lack of a natural or artificial boundary. One source states that the boundary is Western Avenue or the tracks adjacent to Western Avenue. This border extends south to a former railroad right of way paralleling Beverly Avenue. The Southwest Side of Chicago is a subsection of the South Side comprising mainly residential, predominantly white, architecturally, the Southwest Side is distinguished by the tract of Chicagos Bungalow Belt, which runs through it. With its factories, steel mills and meat-packing plants, the South Side saw a period of immigration which began around the 1840s
