1.
Portrait photography
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Portrait photography or portraiture is photography of a person or group of people that captures the personality of a subject by using effective lighting, backdrops, and poses. A portrait picture might be artistic, or it might be clinical, frequently, portraits are commissioned for special occasions, such as weddings or school events. Portraits can serve many purposes, from usage on a personal Web site to display in the lobby of a business, the style of these early works reflected the technical challenges associated with long exposure times and the painterly aesthetic of the time. Subjects were generally seated against plain backgrounds and lit with the light of an overhead window. Advances in photographic equipment and techniques developed, and gave photographers the ability to capture images with exposure times. When portrait photographs are composed and captured in a studio, the photographer has control over the lighting of the composition of the subject and can adjust direction and intensity of light. There are many ways to light a subjects face, but there are several common lighting plans which are enough to describe. One of the most basic lighting plans is called three-point lighting and this plan uses three lights to fully model the subjects features. The purpose of the Key-Light is to shape to a subject. This relies on the first principle of lighting, white out of a plane. The depth of shadow created by the Main-Light can be controlled with a Fill-Light, in modern photography, the fill-in light is used to control the contrast in the scene and is nearly always placed above the lens axis and is a large light source. As the amount of light is less than the key-light, the acts by lifting the shadows only. The relative intensity of the Key-light to the fill-light is most easily discussed in terms of Stops difference, a 2 Stop reduction in intensity for the Fill-Light would be a typical start point to maintain dimensionality in a portrait shot. Back lights, or accent lighting, serve the purpose of accentuating a subject, typically a back light will separate a subject from a background. Examples would be a light shining onto a subjects hair to add a rim effect or shining onto a background to lift the tones of a background, there can be many accent lights in a shot, another example would be a spotlight on a handbag in a fashion shot. When used for separation, i. e. a hair-light, think in terms of a kiss of moonlight, rather than a strike of lightning, although there are no shoulds in photography and it is up to the photographer to decide on the authorship of their shot. A kicker is a form of accent light, often used to give a backlit edge to a subject on the shadow side of the subject. Butterfly lighting uses only two lights, the key light is placed directly in front of the subject, often above the camera or slightly to one side, and a bit higher than is common for a three-point lighting plan
2.
Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
3.
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
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His term as Commander-in-Chief of the Army in India saw him quarrel with another eminent proconsul, the Viceroy Lord Curzon, who eventually resigned. Kitchener then returned to Egypt as British Agent and Consul-General, in 1914, at the start of the First World War, Kitchener became Secretary of State for War, a Cabinet Minister. Kitchener died on 5 June 1916 when HMS Hampshire sank west of the Orkney Islands and he was making his way to Russia in order to attend negotiations when the ship struck a German mine. He was one of more than 600 killed on board the ship, Kitchener was born in Ballylongford near Listowel, County Kerry, in Ireland, son of army officer Henry Horatio Kitchener and Frances Anne Chevallier. His father had recently bought land in Ireland under a scheme to encourage the purchase of land after selling his commission. They then moved to Switzerland where the young Kitchener was educated at Montreux, then at the Royal Military Academy, pro-French and eager to see action, he joined a French field ambulance unit in the Franco-Prussian War. His father took him back to England after he caught pneumonia after ascending in a balloon to see the French Army of the Loire in action. Commissioned into the Royal Engineers on 4 January 1871, his service in France had violated British neutrality, and he was reprimanded by the Duke of Cambridge, the commander-in-chief. He served in Palestine, Egypt, and Cyprus as a surveyor, learned Arabic, Sir Walter Kitchener, had also entered the army, and was Governor of Bermuda from 1908 to 1912. In 1874, at age 24, Kitchener was assigned by the Palestine Exploration Fund to a mapping-survey of the Holy Land, replacing Charles Tyrwhitt-Drake, who had died of malaria. Conder and Kitchener’s expedition became known as the Survey of Western Palestine because it was confined to the area west of the Jordan River. The survey collected data on the topography and toponymy of the area, as well as local flora, the results of the survey were published in an eight-volume series, with Kitchener’s contribution in the first three tomes. This survey has had an effect on the Middle East for several reasons, The ordnance survey serves as the basis for the grid system used in the modern maps of Israel. The collection of data compiled by Conder and Kitchener are still consulted by archaeologists, the survey itself effectively delineated and defined the political borders of the southern Levant. For instance, the border between Israel and Lebanon is established at the point in upper Galilee where Conder and Kitchener’s survey stopped. In 1878 having completed the survey of Western Palestine, Kitchener was sent to Cyprus to undertake a survey of newly acquired British protectorate. Then in 1879 he became vice-consul in Anatolia, in 1883 Kitchener became a Freemason. On 4 January 1883 Kitchener was promoted to captain, given the Turkish rank bimbashi, Egypt had recently become a British puppet state, its army led by British officers, although still nominally under the sovereignty of the Khedive and his nominal overlord the Sultan of Turkey
4.
Lord Kitchener Wants You
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Lord Kitchener Wants You was a 1914 advertisement by Alfred Leete which was developed into a recruitment poster. It depicted Lord Kitchener, the British Secretary of State for War, Kitchener, wearing the cap of a British Field Marshal, stares and points at the viewer calling them to enlist in the British Army against the Central Powers. The image is considered one of the most iconic and enduring images of World War I, a hugely influential image and slogan, it has also inspired imitations in other countries, from the United States to the Soviet Union. Prior to the institution of conscription in 1916, the United Kingdom relied upon volunteers for military service, until the outbreak of the First World War, recruiting posters had not been used in Britain on a regular basis since the Napoleonic Wars. As war loomed in late 1913 the number of advertising contracts expanded to other firms. Seely, then the Secretary of State for War, awarded Sir Hedley Le Bas, Eric Field, Eric Field designed a prototype full-page advertisement with the Coat of Arms of King George V and the phrase Your King and Country Need You. Britain declared war on the German Empire on 4 August 1914, prime Minister of the United Kingdom H. H. Asquith had appointed Kitchener as Secretary of State for War. Kitchener was the first currently serving soldier to hold the post and was given the task of recruiting an army to fight Germany. Unlike some of his contemporaries who expected a short conflict, Kitchener foresaw a much longer war requiring hundreds of thousands of enlistees. In the following months Le Bas formed a committee of ad men to develop further newspaper recruiting advertisements, most of which ran vertically 11 inches. At the time, the magazine had a circulation of 300,000, in response to requests for reproductions, the magazine offered postcard-sized copies for sale. The Parliamentary Recruiting Committee obtained permission to use the design in poster form, a similar poster used the words YOUR COUNTRY NEEDS YOU. Kitchener made his name in the Sudan Campaign, avenging the death of General Gordon with brutality and he became a hero of New Imperialism alongside other widely regarded figures in Britain like Field Marshal Wolseley and Field Marshal Roberts. Kitcheners appearance including his bushy mustache and court dress jacket was reminiscent of romanticized Victorian era styles, Kitchener,6 ft 2 in tall and powerfully built, was for many the personification of military ethos so popular in the present Edwardian era. After the scorched earth tactics and hard-fought victory of the Second Boer War, the fact that Kitcheners name is not used in the poster demonstrates how easily he was visually recognized. David Lubin opines that the image may be one of the earliest successful celebrity endorsements as the practice expanded greatly in the 1920s. Keith Surridge posits that Kitcheners features evoked the harsh, feared militarism of the Germans which bode well for British fortune in the war, Kitchener would not see the end of the war, he died onboard HMS Hampshire in 1916. Leetes drawing of Kitchener was the most famous image used in the British Army recruitment campaign of World War I and it continues to be considered a masterful piece of wartime propaganda as well as an enduring and iconic image of the war
5.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
6.
Fishmonger
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A fishmonger is someone who sells raw fish and seafood. Fishmongers can be wholesalers or retailers, and are trained at selecting and purchasing, handling, gutting, boning, filleting, displaying, merchandising and selling their product, in some countries modern supermarkets are replacing fishmongers who operate in shops or fish markets. The fishmongers guild, one of the earliest guilds, was established in the City of London by a Royal Charter granted by Edward I shortly after he became king in 1272. Partnership with foreigners was forbidden and the sale of fish was tightly controlled to ensure freshness and restrain profit, nevertheless, the guild grew rich and, after Edwards victory over the Scots, was able to make a great show, including one thousand mounted knights. During the reign of Edward II, the power of the fishmongers waned. This was soon rescinded and their wealth increased further so that, during the reign of Edward III, the guild could provide £40 to the war against the French, the guild was then reformed by Great Charter as the Mystery of the Fishmongers of London. They were given a monopoly over the crying and selling of fish, the guild still continues today as one of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies. Molly Malone is a character from a popular Irish song about a young fishwife who tragically dies at a young age, charles Fort in his book Lo. Compiles the story of the Mad Fishmonger or St. Fishmonger, St. Fishmonger allegedly caused crabs and periwinkles to fall from the sky. In the English translation of the Asterix series, the village fishmonger is called Unhygienix, in the film The Beach, the Islands chef has only fish as a source of meat, and is named Unhygienix in reference to the Asterix character. In Shakespeares Hamlet, some contend that the word fishmonger was a euphemism for a fleshmonger, or pimp
7.
Jermyn Street
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Jermyn Street is a one-way street in the St Jamess area of the City of Westminster in London, England. It is to the south of, parallel, and adjacent to Piccadilly, gentlemens outfitters Hackett and DAKS are also located on Jermyn Street, as well as shoe- and boot-makers John Lobb and Foster & Son. F. Trumper, and Taylor of Old Bond Street, cigar shop Davidoff, as well as Britains oldest cheese shop, Paxton & Whitfield, trading since 1797. Among the restaurants in the street are the historic Wiltons, the new Fortnum and Mason restaurant -45 Jermyn St, tramp nightclub and the 70-seat Jermyn Street Theatre are also on the street. Jermyn Street was created by and named after Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans, as part of his development of the St Jamess area of central London, the street was first recorded as Jarman Streete in the 1667 rate books of St Martins, listing 56 properties. In 1675 there were 108 names listed, floris, a perfumers in the street, has display cabinets acquired directly from the Great Exhibition in 1851. The Gun Tavern was one of the resorts for foreigners of revolutionary tastes during the end of the 18th century. At the Brunswick Hotel, Louis Napoleon took up his residence under the name of Count DArenberg on his escape from captivity in the fortress of Ham. Twentieth-century residents included the 1930s big band singer Al Bowlly, though he did not live there, a statue of Beau Brummell stands on Jermyn Street at its junction with Piccadilly Arcade, as embodying its elegant clothing values. Aleister Crowley lived in No.93 during the Second World War up until 1 April and it was through Crowley that Nancy Cunard resided in a flat in Jermyn Street. Jermyn Street shops traditionally sell shirts and other apparel, such as hats, shoes, shaving brushes, colognes, braces. Many tailors owned or still own the houses along the street,22, Jermyn Street, for instance was once owned by Italian silk merchant Cesare Salvucci and a military tailor who rented rooms out to people such as the banker Theodore Rothschild. Most of the buildings appear in Survey of London in The Parish of St James Westminster Part 1 South of Piccadilly, Volumes 29 and 30, Vol.29, which can be viewed online. Nikolaus Pevsner writes in The Buildings of England of No 97 “ The Mid Victorian shop-front of No 97 is one of the best of its date in the West End” and “No 93 is another good one”
8.
Augustus Egg
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Augustus Leopold Egg RA was a Victorian artist best known for his modern triptych Past and Present, which depicts the breakup of a middle-class Victorian family. Egg was born to Joseph and Ann Egg, and baptised in St Jamess Church, Piccadilly and he had an elder brother, George Hine Egg. His father Joseph Egg was a gunsmith from the distinguished gun making family. Egg was educated in the schools of the Royal Academy, beginning in 1836, Egg was a member of The Clique, a group of artists founded by Richard Dadd and others in the late 1830s. Egg sought to combine popularity with moral and social activism, in line with the work of his friend Charles Dickens. With Dickens he set up the Guild of Literature and Art and he acted the lead role in Not So Bad As We Seem, a play written by Edward Bulwer-Lytton to raise funds for the organisation. His self-portrait in the role is in Hospitalfield House in Arbroath, eggs early paintings were generally illustrations of literary subjects. Like other members of The Clique, he saw himself as a follower of Hogarth and his interest in Hogarthian moral themes is evidenced in his paired paintings The Life and Death of Buckingham, depicting the dissolute life and sordid death of the Restoration rake. Yet his paintings often took a look at their subjects. Unlike most other members of The Clique, Egg also admired the Pre-Raphaelites, he bought work from the young William Holman Hunt and his own triptych, known as Past and Present, was influenced by Hunts work. The two outer scenes depict the separated mother and children a few later, now living in poverty. The paintings use of flashback — the central scene is occurring in the past — has been seen as a precursor of cinema, Egg was also an active organiser of exhibitions, being admired by fellow-artists for his dedication and fair mindedness. He was one of the organisers of the Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition in 1857 and he was elected to the Royal Academy in 1860. A member of the circle of friends that included Dickens and Wilkie Collins and he participated, as actor and costume designer, in their amateur theatricals, which were often conducted for charitable purposes as noted above. Dickens described Egg as a gentle little fellow, always sweet-tempered, humorous, conscientious, thoroughly good. In a 1953 radio interview, Evelyn Waugh was asked What painters do you admire most and he answered Augustus Egg I’d put among the highest. Edited by William Baker and William Malpas Clarke, London, Palgrave Macmillan,1999, the Dickens Circle, A Narrative of the Novelists Friendships. New York, E. P. Dutton,1919, Art in the Age of Queen Victoria, Treasures from the Royal Academy of Arts Permanent Collection
9.
Regent Street
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Regent Street is a major shopping street in the West End of London. It is named after George, the Prince Regent and was built under the direction of the architect John Nash, the street runs from Waterloo Place in St Jamess at the southern end, through Piccadilly Circus and Oxford Circus, to All Souls Church. From there Langham Place and Portland Place continue the route to Regents Park, the street was completed in 1825 and was an early example of town planning in England, replacing a number of earlier roads including Swallow Street. Nashs street layout has survived, although all the buildings except All Souls Church have been replaced following reconstruction in the late 19th century. The street is known for its retail stores, including Liberty, Hamleys, Jaeger. The Royal Polytechnic Institution, now the University of Westminster, has based on Regent Street since 1838. Regent Street is approximately 0.8 miles long and begins at a junction with Charles II Street as a continuation of Waterloo Place. It runs north to Piccadilly Circus, where it left before curving round the Quadrant to head north again. It ends at a junction with Cavendish Place and Mortimer Street near the BBC Broadcasting House, with the road ahead being Langham Place, the southern section of the road is one-way northbound and part of the A4, a major road through West London. From Piccadilly Circus northwards, it is numbered A4201, though in common with roads inside the London congestion charging zone, the number does not appear on signs. Nearby tube stations are Charing Cross, Piccadilly Circus and Oxford Circus, the lattermost being one of the busiest underground stations in London, numerous bus routes, such as 6,12, and 13, run along Regent Street. Regent Street was one of the first planned developments of London and it was hoped the road could link Pall Mall and the Haymarket, of which has since declined in quality. A further problem was increased congestion around Charing Cross, which would benefit from road improvements, the street was designed by John Nash, who had been appointed to the Office of Woods and Forests in 1806 and previously served as an adviser to the Prince Regent. He put forward his own plans for the street in 1810 following the death of Fordyce, envisioning broad, architecturally distinguished thoroughfares and public spaces. Nash originally wanted to construct a straight boulevard in the style seen in French cities. The northern section involved demolishing most of the existing Swallow Street, the road was designed to curve east between Oxford Street and Piccadilly so that it did not meet St Jamess Square, and the circuses allowed visual continuity down the street. The central section, known as the Quadrant, was designed for shops appropriated to articles of fashion and taste and it was built with a colonnade made out of cast-iron columns, allowing commuters to walk along the street without having to face bad weather. The road was planned to end outside Carlton House in Pall Mall, Nash insisted that businesses on the new street would be of high-quality, rivalling that of the nearby Bond Street, common trades such as butchers or greengrocers were not allowed
10.
Piccadilly
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Piccadilly is a road in the City of Westminster, London to the south of Mayfair, between Hyde Park Corner in the west and Piccadilly Circus in the east. It is part of the A4 road that connects central London to Hammersmith, Earls Court, Heathrow Airport, St Jamess is to the south of the eastern section, while the western section is built up only on the northern side. At just under 1 mile in length, Piccadilly is one of the widest and straightest streets in central London, Piccadilly has been a main road since at least medieval times, and in the middle ages was known as the road to Reading or the way from Colnbrook. Around 1611 or 1612, a Robert Baker acquired land in the area, shortly after purchasing the land, he enclosed it and erected several dwellings, including his home, Pikadilly Hall. Some of the most notable homes in London were built on the northern side of the street during this period, including Clarendon House. Berkeley House, constructed around the time as Clarendon House, was destroyed by a fire in 1733 and rebuilt as Devonshire House in 1737 by William Cavendish. It was later used as the headquarters for the Whig party. Burlington House has since been home to several noted societies, including the Royal Academy of Arts, the Geological Society of London, several members of the Rothschild family had mansions at the western end of the street. St Jamess Church was consecrated in 1684 and the area became St James Parish. The Old White Horse Cellar, at No,155, was one of the most famous coaching inns in England by the late-18th century, by which time the street had become a favourable location for booksellers. The Bath Hotel emerged around 1790, and Walsingham House was built in 1887, both the Bath and the Walsingham were purchased and demolished when the prestigious Ritz Hotel was built on the site in 1906. Piccadilly Circus station, at the east end of the street, was designed by Charles Holden and it was the first underground station to have no above-ground premises, the station is only accessible by subways from street level. The clothing store Simpsons was established at 203 -206 Piccadilly by Alec Simpson in 1936, during the 20th century, Piccadilly became known as a place to acquire heroin, and was notorious in the 1960s as the centre of Londons illegal drug trade. Today, Piccadilly is regarded as one of Londons principal shopping streets and its landmarks include the Ritz, Park Lane, Athenaeum and Intercontinental hotels, Fortnum & Mason, the Royal Academy, the RAF Club, Hatchards, the Embassy of Japan and the High Commission of Malta. Piccadilly has inspired works of fiction, including Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest. It is one of a group of squares on the London Monopoly board, the street has been part of a main road for centuries although there is no evidence that it was part of a Roman Road, unlike Oxford Street further north. In the Middle Ages it was known as the road to Reading or the way from Colnbrook, during the Tudor period, relatively settled conditions made expansion beyond Londons city walls a safer venture. Property speculation became an enterprise and developments grew so rapidly that the threat of disease
11.
Pall Mall, London
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Pall Mall /ˌpæl ˈmæl/ is a street in the St Jamess area of the City of Westminster, Central London. It connects St Jamess Street to Trafalgar Square and is a section of the regional A4 road, the streets name is derived from pall-mall, a ball game played there during the 17th century. The area was built up during the reign of Charles II with fashionable London residences and it became known for high-class shopping in the 18th century, and gentlemens clubs in the 19th. The Reform, Athenaeum and Travellers Clubs have survived to the 21st century, the War Office was based on Pall Mall during the second half of the 19th century, and the Royal Automobile Clubs headquarters have been on the street since 1908. The street is around 0.4 miles long and runs east in the St Jamess area, from St Jamess Street across Waterloo Place, to the Haymarket, the street numbers run consecutively from north-side east to west and then continue on the south-side west to east. It is part of the A4, a road running west from Central London. London Bus Route 9 runs westwards along Pall Mall, connecting Trafalgar Square to Piccadilly, Pall Mall was constructed in 1661, replacing an earlier highway slightly to the south that ran from the Haymarket to the royal residence, St Jamess Palace. When St. Jamess Park was laid out by order of Henry VIII in the 16th century, in 1620, the Privy Council ordered the High Sheriff of Middlesex to clear a number of temporary buildings next to the wall that were of poor quality. Pall-mall, a game similar to croquet, was introduced to England in the early-17th century by James I. The game, already popular in France and Scotland, was enjoyed by James sons Henry, in 1630, St Jamess Field, Londons first pall-mall court, was laid out to the north of the Haymarket – St James road. After the Restoration and King Charles IIs return to London on 29 May 1660, Samuel Pepyss diary entry for 2 April 1661 records that he. Went into St. Jamess Park, where I saw the Duke of York playing at Pelemele and this new court suffered from dust blown over the wall from coaches travelling along the highway. In July 1661 posts and rails were erected, stopping up the old road, the court for pall-mall was very long and narrow, and often known as an alley, so the old court provided a suitable route for relocating the eastern approach to St Jamess Palace. A grant was made to Dan ONeale, Groom of the Bedchamber, the grant was endorsed Our warrant for the building of the new street to St Jamess. A new road was built on the site of the old pall-mall court and it was named Catherine Street, after Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II, but was better known as Pall Mall Street or the Old Pall Mall. The pall-mall field was a place for recreation and Pepys records several other visits. By July 1665 Pepys used Pell Mell to refer to the street as well as the game, in 1662, Pall Mall was one of several streets thought fitt immediately to be repaired, new paved or otherwise amended under the Streets, London and Westminster Act 1662. The paving commissioners appointed to oversee the work included the Earl of St Albans, the terms of the act allowed commissioners to remove any building encroaching on the highway, with compensation for those at least 30 years old
12.
Bond Street
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Bond Street is a major shopping street in the West End of London. The southern section is Old Bond Street and the northern section New Bond Street—a distinction not generally made in everyday usage. The street was built on fields surrounding Clarendon House on Piccadilly and it was built up in the 1720s, and by the end of the 18th century was a popular place for the upper-class residents of Mayfair to socialise. It is one of the most expensive and sought after strips of real estate in Europe, Bond Street is the only street that runs between Oxford Street and Piccadilly. Old Bond Street is at the end between Piccadilly and Burlington Gardens. The northern section, New Bond Street, extends as far as Oxford Street, the entire street is around 0.5 miles long. Many of the shop frontages are less than 20 feet wide, the nearest tube stations are Green Park in Piccadilly, and Bond Street station in Oxford Street. Despite its name, Bond Street station does not directly connect to either New or Old Bond Street, No buses use the street, although the C2 service crosses New Bond Street. Part of New Bond Street is numbered B406 but the remainder, New Bond Street is pedestrianised between Grafton Street and Clifford Street to prevent through traffic and to stop the road being used as a rat run. There is evidence of Roman settlement around what is now Bond Street, in 1894, a culvert made from brick and stone was discovered in the area. At that time, the house backed onto open fields, known as Albemarle Ground, New Bond Street was laid out during a second phase of construction 14 years after Bonds syndicate began developing the area. Most of the building along the street occurred in the 1720s, john Rocques map of London, published in 1746, shows properties along the entire length of Bond Street, including the fully constructed side streets. The two parts of the street have always had separate names, and a plan by the council to merge the two into a singular Bond Street in the 1920s was rejected by locals. During the 18th century, the street began to be popular with the bourgeoisie living around Mayfair, shop owners let out their upper storeys for residential purposes, attracting lodgers such as Jonathan Swift, George Selwyn, William Pitt the Elder and Laurence Stern. In 1784, Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, an active socialite and this had caused him to lose his seat in parliament, leading to the dissolution of the Fox–North Coalition. She insisted people should look for nearer shopping streets, and encouraged people to go to Bond Street, consequently, the street became a retail area for people living in Mayfair. By the end of the century, a social group known as the Bond Street Loungers had appeared, wearing expensive wigs and parading up. Lord Nelson stayed at temporary lodgings in New Bond Street between 1797–8, and again in 1811–13, Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford lived in Bond Street and was unhappy about the presence of the Bond Street Loungers
13.
William Ewart Gladstone
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William Ewart Gladstone, FRS, FSS was a British Liberal and earlier conservative politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times, more than any other person, Gladstone was also Britains oldest Prime Minister, he resigned for the final time when he was 84 years old. Gladstone first entered Parliament in 1832, beginning as a High Tory, Gladstone served in the Cabinet of Sir Robert Peel. After the split of the Conservatives Gladstone was a Peelite – in 1859 the Peelites merged with the Whigs, as Chancellor Gladstone became committed to low public spending and to electoral reform, earning him the sobriquet The Peoples William. Gladstones first ministry saw many reforms including the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland, after his electoral defeat in 1874, Gladstone resigned as leader of the Liberal Party, but from 1876 began a comeback based on opposition to Turkeys reaction to the Bulgarian April Uprising. Gladstones Midlothian Campaign of 1879–80 was an example of many modern political campaigning techniques. The government also passed the Third Reform Act, Back in office in early 1886, Gladstone proposed Irish home rule but this was defeated in the House of Commons in July. The resulting split in the Liberal Party helped keep out of office, with one short break. In 1892 Gladstone formed his last government at the age of 82, the Second Home Rule Bill passed the Commons but was defeated in the Lords in 1893. Gladstone resigned in March 1894, in opposition to increased naval expenditure and he left Parliament in 1895 and died three years later aged 88. Gladstone was known affectionately by his supporters as The Peoples William or the G. O. M, Gladstone is consistently ranked as one of Britains greatest Prime Ministers. Born in 1809 in Liverpool, at 62 Rodney Street, William Ewart Gladstone was the son of the slave-owning merchant Sir John Gladstone. Although born and brought up in Liverpool, William Gladstone was of purely Scottish ancestry, in 1814 young Willy visited Scotland for the first time, as he and his brother John travelled with their father to Edinburgh, Biggar and Dingwall to visit their relatives. William and his brother were both made freemen of the burgh of Dingwall, in 1815 Gladstone also travelled to London and Cambridge for the first time with his parents. In London he attended a service of thanksgiving with his family at St Pauls Cathedral following the Battle of Waterloo, William Gladstone was educated from 1816 to 1821 at a preparatory school at the vicarage of St Thomass Church at Seaforth, close to his familys residence, Seaforth House. In December 1831 he achieved the double first-class degree he had long desired, Gladstone served as President of the Oxford Union debating society, where he developed a reputation as an orator, which followed him into the House of Commons. At university Gladstone was a Tory and denounced Whig proposals for parliamentary reform, following the success of his double first, William travelled with his brother John on a Grand Tour of Europe, visiting Belgium, France, Germany and Italy. On his return to England, William was elected to Parliament in 1832 as Tory Member of Parliament for Newark, partly through the influence of the local patron, the Duke of Newcastle
14.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
15.
Elliott & Fry
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Elliott & Fry was a Victorian photography studio founded in 1863 by Joseph John Elliott and Clarence Edmund Fry. For a century the core business was taking and publishing photographs of the Victorian public and social, artistic, scientific. In the 1880s the company operated three studios and four large facilities for negatives, with a printing works at Barnet. The firms first address was 55 &56 Baker Street in London, during World War II the studio was bombed and most of the early negatives were lost, the National Portrait Gallery holding all the surviving negatives. With the firms centenary in 1963 it was taken over by Bassano & Vandyk, Joseph John Elliott the son of John and Mary Elliott, he married Clarences sister, Elizabeth Lucy Fry, in Brighton on 20 August 1864, eventually producing 4 sons and 3 daughters. Elliotts partnership with Fry was dissolved on 31 July 1887, Elliott acquiring Frys interest, elliotts partnership with his own son, Ernest C. Elliott, was dissolved on 31 December 1892, Ernest went on to compile an album of 50 British sportsmen, Fifty Leaders of British Sport, published in 1904. In 1865 Clarence Edmund Fry married Sophia Dunkin Prideaux, who was a photographic colourist, Clarence Edmund Fry was an early patron of Hubert von Herkomer, who in 1873 moved to Bushey apparently to be near his benefactor, and to start the Herkomer Art School. Fry of 68 East Street, Brighton, photoLondon Accessed 25 August 2012 Lombardi & Co. Sussex PhotoHistory Home Page Elliott & Fry in the National Portrait Gallery
16.
Baker Street
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Baker Street is a street in the Marylebone district of the City of Westminster in London. It is named after builder William Baker, who laid out the street in the 18th century, the street is most famous for its connection to the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, who lived at a fictional 221B Baker Street address on the north of the street. The area was high class residential, but now is mainly occupied by commercial premises. Baker Street is a thoroughfare, lying in postcode areas NW1/W1. It runs south from Regents Park, the junction with Park Road, parallel to Gloucester Place, meeting Marylebone Road, at the junction with Wigmore Street, Baker Street turns into Orchard Street, which ends when it meets with Oxford Street. After Portman Square the road continues as Orchard Street, the street is served by the London Underground by Baker Street tube station, one of the worlds oldest surviving underground stations. Next door is Transport for Londons lost property office, a significant robbery of a branch of Lloyds Bank took place on Baker Street in 1971. In the United States, there is a pub/restaurant chain named Baker Street Pub, some locations even have the iconic British red phone booth outside. In 1835, the first wax museum of Madame Tussauds was opened on Baker Street, the museum moved, just around the corner, to Marylebone Road in 1884. Also in 1835 the sculptor James Fillans came to live and work from 82 Baker Street. Residents of the mansion block, Chiltern Court, on the Regents Park end of Baker Street include the novelists Arnold Bennett. Thomas Charles Druce ran the Baker Street Bazaar until his death in 1864, the Beatles Apple Boutique was based at 94 Baker Street from 1967 to 1968. For many years the office of Marks & Spencer, formerly the United Kingdoms largest retailer, was at Michael House,55 Baker Street. A London County Council blue plaque commemorates Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger who lived at 120 Baker Street from 1803 to 1804, British singer Dusty Springfield lived on Baker Street in the 1960s. The Seychelles maintains a Consulate at 111 Baker Street, in fiction, Sherlock Holmes, Basil, The Great Mouse Detective, Sherlock Hound, Danger Mouse, Sexton Blake, Carland Cross and James Black of Case Closed have all resided along the road. The character Gregory House from the U. S. television series House M. D. resides at the fictional Flat B,221 Baker Street in Princeton, House M. D. is loosely based upon and inspired by Sherlock Holmes. Baker Street is a song by Gerry Rafferty, released in 1978, the song was a major worldwide hit, reaching Number 3 in the UK and Number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. He also released an album entitled Baker Street, Baker St. Muse is a song from Jethro Tulls album Minstrel in the Gallery, which was released in 1975
17.
National Portrait Gallery, London
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The National Portrait Gallery is an art gallery in London housing a collection of portraits of historically important and famous British people. It was the first portrait gallery in the world when it opened in 1856, the gallery moved in 1896 to its current site at St Martins Place, off Trafalgar Square, and adjoining the National Gallery. It has been expanded twice since then, the National Portrait Gallery also has regional outposts at Beningbrough Hall in Yorkshire and Montacute House in Somerset. It is unconnected to the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh, the gallery is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The gallery houses portraits of important and famous British people, selected on the basis of the significance of the sitter. The collection includes photographs and caricatures as well as paintings, drawings, one of its best-known images is the Chandos portrait, the most famous portrait of William Shakespeare although there is some uncertainty about whether the painting actually is of the playwright. Not all of the portraits are exceptional artistically, although there are self-portraits by William Hogarth, Sir Joshua Reynolds, some, such as the group portrait of the participants in the Somerset House Conference of 1604, are important historical documents in their own right. Portraits of living figures were allowed from 1969, the three people largely responsible for the founding of the National Portrait Gallery are commemorated with busts over the main entrance. At centre is Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope, with his supporters on either side, Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay and it was Stanhope who, in 1846 as a Member of Parliament, first proposed the idea of a National Portrait Gallery. It was not until his attempt, in 1856, this time from the House of Lords. With Queen Victorias approval, the House of Commons set aside a sum of £2000 to establish the gallery, as well as Stanhope and Macaulay, the founder Trustees included Benjamin Disraeli and Lord Ellesmere. It was the latter who donated the Chandos portrait to the nation as the gallerys first portrait, Carlyle became a trustee after the death of Ellesmere in 1857. For the first 40 years, the gallery was housed in locations in London. The first 13 years were spent at 29 Great George Street, there, the collection increased in size from 57 to 208 items, and the number of visitors from 5,300 to 34,500. In 1869, the moved to Exhibition Road and buildings managed by the Royal Horticultural Society. Following a fire in buildings, the collection was moved in 1885. This location was unsuitable due to its distance from the West End, condensation. Following calls for a new location to be found, the government accepted an offer of funds from the philanthropist William Henry Alexander, Alexander donated £60,000 followed by another £20,000, and also chose the architect, Ewan Christian
18.
Museum of London
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The Museum of London documents the history of London from prehistoric to modern times. It is a few minutes north of St Pauls Cathedral, overlooking the remains of the Roman city wall and on the edge of the oldest part of London. It is primarily concerned with the history of London and its inhabitants throughout time. The museum is controlled and funded by the City of London Corporation. The museum is the largest urban history collection in the world and it hosts more than one million visitors each year. In March 2015, the announced plans to move from its Barbican site to nearby Smithfield Market. The move, contingent upon raising an estimated £70 million, is planned to be complete by 2021, the amalgamation of the collections previously held by the City Corporation at the Guildhall Museum and of the London Museum, which was located in Kensington Palace, was agreed in 1964. The Museum of London Act, allowing for the merger, was passed in the following year, fragments of the Roman London Wall can be seen just outside the museum. The museum had a £20 million redevelopment which was completed in May 2010 and this is its biggest investment since opening in 1976. The re-design, by London-based architects Wilkinson Eyre, tells the story of London, the transformation includes four new galleries. The Galleries of Modern London increased the exhibition space by 25 percent. The Expanding City gallery covers the period 1660s to 1850, the new galleries place a renewed emphasis on contemporary London and contemporary collecting. World City is the gallery which tells Londons story from 1950 to the present day. Fashion looms large here – from formal suits of the 1950s, through to the Mary Quant dress of the swinging 1960s, hippy chic in the 1970s, fashion comes right up to date with a pashmina from Alexander McQueens 2008 collection. The Sackler Hall contains an elliptical LED curtain where the work of up-and-coming young filmmakers is screened in a bi-annual Museum of London Film Commission, a temporary exhibition space, Inspiring London, features a changing programme of displays on the theme of creativity and inspiration. In 2003, the Museum of London Docklands was opened in a 19th-century grade I listed warehouse near Canary Wharf on the Isle of Dogs, in November 2007, it opened the capitals first permanent gallery examining Londons involvement in the transatlantic slave trade, London, Sugar & Slavery. Once part of the Museum of London, Museum of London Archaeology became an independent charity in November 2011, regulated by the Charity Commission for England, MOLA now has its own Board of Trustees but the Museum of London and MOLA continue to work together. MOLA employs around 190 archaeologists working on most of the archaeological sites in London
19.
The Times
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The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817
20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
21.
Find a Grave
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Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
22.
William de Wiveleslie Abney
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Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney, KCB, FRS was an English astronomer, chemist, and photographer. Abney was born in Derby, England, the son of Edward Abney vicar of St Alkmunds Derby and he attended Rossall School, the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and joined the Royal Engineers in 1861, with whom he served in India for several years. Thereafter, and to further his knowledge in photography, he became an assistant at the Chatham School of Military Engineering. Abney was a pioneer of technical aspects of photography. His father had been an early photographic experimenter and friend of Richard Keene, Keene became a close friend of William and his brother Charles Edward Abney. Both Abney sons subsequently became members of the Derby Photographic Society in June 1884. His endeavors in the chemistry of photography produced useful photographic products and he wrote many books on photography that were considered standard texts at the time, although he was doubtful that his improvements would have a great impact on the subject. Abney investigated the blackening of a negative to incidental light, in 1874, Abney developed a dry photographic emulsion, which replaced wet emulsions. He used this emulsion in an Egyptian expedition to photograph the transit of Venus across the sun, Abney also introduced new and useful types of photographic paper, including in 1882 a formula for gelatin silver chloride paper. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1876, Abney conducted early research into the field of spectroscopy, developing a red-sensitive emulsion which was used for the infrared spectra of organic molecules. He was also a pioneer in photographing the infrared solar spectrum and he became assistant secretary to the Board of Education in 1899 and advisor to that body in 1903. In 1900 he was Director of the Science and Art Department, Abney invented the Abney level, a combined clinometer and spirit level, used by surveyors to measure slopes and angles. He had married twice, firstly Agnes Matilda Smith, and secondly Mary Louisa Mead, W. de W. Abney, Instruction in Photography, London, published by S. Low, Marston & company,1900. A New Developer, Photographic News,1880,24,345, W. de W. Abney and E. R. Festing, Intensity of Radiation through Turbid Media, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 40, pages 378–380,1886. W. de W. Abney and E. R. Festing, part III. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 50, pages 369–372, 1891–1892. Abney effect Abney, William de Wiveleslie, techniques of Visual Representation in Research and Teaching, Oxford, OUP2002. online preview, search for Abney Elliot, Paul. The Firs,320 Burton Road, Derby, A nineteenth-century house, response, The University of Derbys Online Journal
23.
William Makepeace Thackeray
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William Makepeace Thackeray was an English novelist of the 19th century. He is known for his works, particularly Vanity Fair. Thackeray, a child, was born in Calcutta, British India. His mother, Anne Becher, was the daughter of Harriet Becher and John Harman Becher. Richmond died in 1815, which caused Anne to send her son to England in 1816, the ship on which he travelled made a short stopover at St. Helena, where the imprisoned Napoleon was pointed out to him. Once in England he was educated at schools in Southampton and Chiswick, and then at Charterhouse School, Thackeray disliked Charterhouse, and parodied it in his fiction as Slaughterhouse. Nevertheless, Thackeray was honoured in the Charterhouse Chapel with a monument after his death, Thackeray then travelled for some time on the continent, visiting Paris and Weimar, where he met Goethe. He returned to England and began to study law at the Middle Temple and he also lost a good part of his fortune in the collapse of two Indian banks. The Thackerays had three children, all girls, Anne Isabella, Jane and Harriet Marian, who married Sir Leslie Stephen, editor, Thackeray now began writing for his life, as he put it, turning to journalism in an effort to support his young family. Between 1837 and 1840 he also reviewed books for The Times and he was also a regular contributor to The Morning Chronicle and The Foreign Quarterly Review. Later, through his connection to the illustrator John Leech, he began writing for the newly created magazine Punch, in which he published The Snob Papers and this work popularised the modern meaning of the word snob. Thackeray was a regular contributor to Punch between 1843 and 1854. Tragedy struck in Thackerays personal life as his wife, Isabella, succumbed to depression after the birth of their third child, in 1840. Finding that he could get no work done at home, he spent more and more time away until September 1840, struck by guilt, he set out with his wife to Ireland. During the crossing she threw herself from a water-closet into the sea and they fled back home after a four-week battle with her mother. From November 1840 to February 1842 Isabella was in and out of professional care and she eventually deteriorated into a permanent state of detachment from reality. Isabella outlived her husband by 30 years, in the end being cared for by a family named Thompson in Leigh-on-Sea at Southend until her death in 1894, after his wifes illness Thackeray became a de facto widower, never establishing another permanent relationship. He did pursue other women, however, in particular Mrs Jane Brookfield, in 1851 Mr Brookfield barred Thackeray from further visits to or correspondence with Jane. Baxter, an American twenty years Thackerays junior whom he met during a tour in New York City in 1852
24.
Sarah Angelina Acland
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Sarah Angelina Acland was an English amateur photographer, known for her portraiture and as a pioneer of colour photography. Sarah Acland was the daughter of Sir Henry Wentworth Acland, Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford University and she lived with her parents at 40–41 Broad Street, central Oxford. As a child, Sarah Acland was photographed by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson with her friend Ina Liddell, the art critic John Ruskin taught her art and she also knew a number of the Pre-Raphaelites. She even assisted Dante Gabriel Rossetti when he was painting murals at the Oxford Union, at the age of 19, Acland met and was influenced by photographer Julia Margaret Cameron. For example, she took a photograph of the Prime Minister William Gladstone during a visit by him to Oxford. On the death of her mother in 1878, Sarah became her fathers housekeeper at the home in Broad Street until his death in 1900. In 1885, she instigated a cabmens shelter in the middle of Broad Street, Acland started to experiment with colour photography in 1899. Her earliest work was accomplished using the Ives Kromskop and Sanger Shepherd colour processes, in 1903 Acland visited her brother Admiral Acland at his home in Gibraltar. In 1904, she exhibited at the Annual Exhibition of the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain with 33 three-colour prints under the title The Home of the Osprey and she later used the Autochrome process of the Lumiere brothers, introduced in 1907. In her later life after the death of her father, until her death in 1930, Sarah Acland lived in Park Town, North Oxford and she also visited and widely photographed on the Atlantic island of Madeira, staying at Reids Hotel to the west of central Funchal. Sarah Acland was a Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society and the Royal Society of Arts and she never married, and in 1901, the year after her fathers death, she moved to Clevedon House, now 10 Park Town, Oxford, where she died in 1930. A blue plaque was dedicated to her on this house on 24 July 2016, a collection of Aclands photographs is housed at the Museum of the History of Science in Oxford. The Bodleian Library in Oxford has catalogues of her albums and papers
25.
Anna Atkins
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Anna Atkins was an English botanist and photographer. She is often considered the first person to publish a book illustrated with photographic images, some sources claim that she was the first woman to create a photograph. Atkins was born in Tonbridge, Kent, England in 1799 and her mother Hester Anne Children didnt recover from the effects of childbirth and died in 1800. Anna became close to her father John George Children, Anna received an unusually scientific education for a woman of her time. Her detailed engravings of shells were used to illustrate her fathers translation of Lamarcks Genera of Shells, in 1825 she married John Pelly Atkins, a London West India merchant, and they moved to Halstead Place, the Atkins family home in Sevenoaks, Kent. Atkins pursued her interests in botany, for example by collecting dried plants and these were probably used as photograms later. John George Children and John Pelly Atkins were friends of William Henry Fox Talbot, Anna Atkins learned directly from Talbot about two of his inventions related to photography, the photogenic drawing technique and calotypes. Atkins was known to have had access to a camera by 1841, some sources claim that Atkins was the first female photographer. Other sources name Constance Talbot, the wife of William Fox Talbot, as no camera-based photographs by Anna Atkins nor any photographs by Constance Talbot survive, the issue may never be resolved. Sir John Herschel, a friend of Atkins and Children, invented the photographic process in 1842. Within a year, Atkins applied the process to algae by making cyanotype photograms that were printed by placing the unmounted dried-algae original directly on the cyanotype paper. Atkins self-published her photograms in the first installment of Photographs of British Algae, Atkins produced a total of three volumes of Photographs of British Algae, Cyanotype Impressions between 1843 and 1853. Only 17 copies of the book are known to exist, in states of completeness. The Linnean Society of London, whose copy lacks part 7 of volume 1, because of the books rarity and historical importance, it is quite expensive. One copy of the book with 411 plates in three volumes sold for £133,500 at auction in 1996, another copy with 382 prints in two volumes which was owned by scientist Robert Hunt sold for £229,250 at auction in 2004. In addition, she published books with non-photographic work and she died at Halstead Place in 1871 of paralysis, rheumatism, and exhaustion at the age of 72. By the author of The perils of fashion, memoir of J. C. Children, including some unpublished poetry by his father and himself. London, John Bowye Nichols and Sons, by the author of The colonel, etc
26.
William Bambridge
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Three of his sons became England international footballers. Bambridge was born in Windsor, Berkshire, England, the son of George White Bambridge and his second wife. His father was a professional flautist whose first wife had died two years of their marriage. He had three children with Harriet who died in June 1821, shortly after the birth of her third son. George remarried in December 1848 and his wife, Mary. William Bambridge married Sophia Thorington at Clewer on 2 November 1841, Bambridge had trained as a teacher and was recruited by Selwyn who had recently been appointed as the first bishop for New Zealand. The party also included William Charles Cotton who had appointed as chaplain. The missionary party of 23 members set sail from Plymouth late on 26 December 1841 on board the barque Tomatin, in April 1842 the Tomatin arrived in Sydney. They arrived in Auckland on 30 May, after spending some time as guests of Captain William Hobson, the first Governor of New Zealand, they set sail for the Bay of Islands on the schooner Wave on 12 June, arriving on 20 June. Selwyn had decided to set up residence at the Waimate Mission Station and it was to become a power house to fuel the spread of the Gospel throughout New Zealand and the islands beyond. Bambridge spent his days in the schoolroom teaching reading, writing, arithmetic, drawing, singing and his contributions to Cottons journal testify to his beautiful copperplate hand writing and facility in drawing. Like his father, Bambridge was a musician and a flautist of some competence. Bambridge was also an accomplished artist and recorded the Mission buildings, occupants, scenery and activities by drawing, in July 1842, Sophia gave birth to her first child, also called William Samuel with George Frederic being born in April 1844. Later in 1844 Selwyn decided to move some 160 miles south to Tamaki near Auckland where he bought 450 acres of land, the party left on 23 October and arrived in Auckland on 17 November. William and Sophias third child, Sophia Esther, was born in August 1846 at Purewa, by now, Sophia was struggling with the rigours of life in the mission and was longing to return to England. Eventually, Selwyn was persuaded to release Bambridge from his contract, shortly after arriving back in England, Bambridge joined the studio of William Fox Talbot in the castle at Windsor. In 1854, he was appointed the Royal Photographer to Queen Victoria and his subjects include not only members of the Royal family and their pets but also still life, scenes from the Royal hunts etc. Many of his photographs are now housed in the Royal Collection, Bambridge used the wet collodion process invented by Frederick Scott Archer on glass plate negatives
27.
Richard Beard (photographer)
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Beard was born at East Stonehouse, Devon, the second son of Richard Bowden Beard and his wife, Elizabeth. Beards father was a grocer and Beard joined the family business, after Beard became manager of the business it thrived, acquiring other local concerns. Beard moved to London in the early 1830s and, in 1833, invested in a coal merchants, again expanding it with his entrepreneurial skill, in 1839, he filed a patent for colour printing of fabric. In 1839, Beard took an interest in the frenzy of excitement over the first announcements of practical photographic processes by Louis Daguerre. In early 1840, Beard was contacted by patent agent William Carpmael, Carpmael brokered a meeting between Beard and an American, William S. Johnson who was marketing a photographic camera on behalf of his son, John, and Alexander Wolcott, an instrument maker. In 1841 with the assistance of the inventor John Johnson, Beard opened Englands first professional photography studio at the The Polytechnic and he explored the possibility of licensing Fox Talbots calotype process but the two could not agree terms. Though Beard was describing himself in 1851 as a photographic artist and exhibited at The Great Exhibition, the surviving Daguerreotypes attributed to him are largely the works of others. Beard was a robust defender of his interests, engaging in many legal actions, including against Antoine Claudet. This long and complicated case seems ultimately to have exhausted his appetite for litigation, Beards interest in photography declined and by 1861 he was describing himself as a coal merchant. In the 1860s, Beard briefly established himself as a medical galvanist, Beard died in Hampstead and was buried at Hampstead Cemetery. The History of Photography,1685 -1914, Heathcote, B. V. & Heathcote, P. F. Richard Beard, an ingenious and enterprising patentee. The bromine question and Mr J. F. Goddard, ward, J. Beard, Richard, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edn, Oxford University Press, accessed 6 Aug 2007 Werge, J. The daguerreotype in England, some material relating to Beards lawsuits. Archived from the original on March 11,2010, court of Queens Bench before Lord Chief Justice Denman. BERRY v. CLAUDET Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography article, Richard Beard by John Hannavy
28.
Robert Jefferson Bingham
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Robert Jefferson Bingham was an English pioneer photographer, mainly active in France, making portraits and reproductions of paintings. He is one of the first photographers to use and write about the collodion process, born in Billesdon, England, probably in 1825, Bingham first started working as a chemist at the London Institution. These pictures and others by Bingham were shown in 1852 at the exhibition Recent Specimens of Photography held at the Society of Arts, London, Bingham also made photographs of the Exposition Universelle of 1855 in Paris. Henry Cole sent him at the time to the Louvre to photograph the masterpieces of the museum collection. At some point in 18511855, or 1859, Bingham moved to Paris to work there as a photographer, Bingham not only worked at the 1855 Exposition, but also displayed his own life-size portraits, for which he won a Medal First Class. Due to a lack of success, however, he soon stopped producing these huge photographs. He became friends with artists, photographing them and their works, and started on a new project. Published in 1858, it was the first photographic catalogue raisonné and it was followed over the next few years by similar works about other artists, including one in 1860 on Ary Scheffer and another one with photographs of the major works of the 1860 Salon. Smaller works with only a handful of photographs were produced for particular collections, Gustave Moreau used to send photographs of his paintings, made by Bingham, to people to inform them of his latest creations, without the need to wait for a Salon or other exhibition. Similarly, Gustave Courbet showed his paintings, which were rejected for the Salon and his 1863 work Retour de conférence, which was even rejected at the Salon des Refusés, was destroyed by a fundamentalist Christian, making the photographs by Bingham the only remaining trace of it. But the public outrage about the painting was so great that the government had the destroyed in 1867 as well. Courbets 1864 Vénus et Psyché has disappeared as well and is only known through Binghams photographs. Bingham continued to exhibit in Great Britain and France, winning another medal at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and he was one of the leading members of the Société française de photographie, contributing a lot of works to their exhibitions. Early in 1870, he suddenly left Paris for Brussels, where he died in February of that year and his atelier remained open until 1875, publishing more reproductions of his negatives. Grand prix de Rome published by Alfred Cadart,1860, Oeuvre de Ary Scheffer, reproduit en photographie par Bingham. Accompagné dune notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de Ary Scheffer, another candidate was Gustave Le Gray, who published another, less practical collodion process in 1850
29.
Samuel Bourne
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Samuel Bourne was a British photographer known for his prolific seven years work in India, from 1863 to 1870. Together with Charles Shepherd, he set up Bourne & Shepherd first in Shimla in 1863 and later in Kolkata, the company closed in June 2016. Samuel Bourne was born on 30 October 1834, at Napley Heath, near Mucklestone, on the Staffordshire & Shropshire border to Thomas Bourne, after being educated by a clergyman near Fairburn, he secured a job with Moore and Robinsons Bank, Nottingham in 1855. In 1858, Bourne made a tour of the Lake District. The following year, his photographs were shown in London. This reception he received motivated him to give up his position at the bank and he initially set up in partnership with an already established Calcutta photographer, William Howard. They moved up to Simla, where established an new studio ‘Howard & Bourne’, to be joined in 1864 by Charles Shepherd, to form ‘Howard. On 29 July 1863, he left Simla on the first of his three major Himalayan photographic expeditions, in the following year, Bourne set out on another major trip, this time a nine-month trip to Kashmir. Leaving Lahore on 17 March, he journeyed north-east to Kangra and from there, via Byjnath, Holta, Dharmsala and Dalhousie, to Chamba. From there, he went on to Kashmir, arriving on the borders on 8 June, the return journey took in the Sind Valley, Baramula, Murree, Delhi and Cawnpore before arriving in Lucknow on Christmas Eve 1864. Bournes third and last major trip was perhaps his most ambitious and he left Simla on 3 July 1866, in the company of Dr. G. R. Playfair, and travelled with him through Kulu and Lahaul, over the Kunzum Pass into the Spiti valley, thence, down to the junction of the Spiti and Sutlej Rivers and on to Sungnam and the Buspa Valley. He then climbed up over the Neela Pass, and down into the Upper Ganges Valley, there he went on to photograph one of the prime sources of the Ganges, as it issued from the mouth of the glacial ice cave at Gaumukh. His return journey took in Agra, Mussoorie, Roorkee, Meerut and Naini Tal and he wrote extensively about his travels in the Himalayas, in a long series of letters, which appeared in The British Journal of Photography, between 1863 and 1870. He departed Bombay for England permanently in November 1870, Bourne settled back in Nottingham, where he founded a cotton-doubling business, in partnership with his brother-in-law J. B. Tolley. The business prospered, and Bourne become a local magistrate, although continuing to photograph as a relaxation, and belonging to the local Photographic Society, much of his creative energy from this time onwards was devoted to water-colour painting. He died in Nottingham on 24 April 1912, Bourne is justly regarded as one of the finest landscape and travel photographers of 19th century India, combining a fine eye for composition with high technical expertise. John Burke Frederick Fiebig Linnaeus Tripe Arthur Ollmann, Samuel Bourne, Images of India, ISBN 0-933286-36-8 Bourne & Shepherd National Portrait Gallery Carsten Rasch, The photographic work of Samuel Bourne - Photographs of Indien and Himalayas
30.
Julia Margaret Cameron
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Julia Margaret Cameron was a British photographer. She became known for her portraits of celebrities of the time, Camerons photographic career was short, spanning eleven years of her life. She took up photography at the late age of 48. She found more acceptance among pre-Raphaelite artists than among photographers and her work has influenced modern photographers, especially her closely cropped portraits. Her house, Dimbola Lodge, on the Isle of Wight is open to the public, Julia Margaret Cameron was born Julia Margaret Pattle in Calcutta, India, to Adeline de lEtang and James Pattle, a British official of the East India Company. Adeline de lEtang was the daughter of Chevalier Antoine de lEtang and he had married the Indian-born Therese Blin de Grincourt, a daughter of French aristocrats. Cameron was from a family of celebrated beauties and was considered an ugly duckling among her sisters, as her great-niece Virginia Woolf wrote in the 1926 introduction to the Hogarth Press collection of Camerons photographs, In the trio where. Was Beauty, and Dash, Mrs. Cameron was undoubtedly Talent, Camerons sister Virginia was the mother of the temperance leader Lady Henry Somerset. Cameron was educated in France, but returned to India, and in 1838 married Charles Hay Cameron, a jurist and member of the Law Commission stationed in Calcutta, who was twenty years her senior. They had five children together, and also raised five young relations, in 1848, Charles Hay Cameron retired, and the family moved to London, England. In 1860, Cameron visited the estate of poet Alfred Lord Tennyson on the Isle of Wight, Cameron was taken with the location, and the Cameron family purchased a property on the island soon after. They called it Dimbola Lodge after the familys Ceylon estate, in 1863, when Cameron was 48 years old, her daughter gave her a camera as a present, thereby starting her career as a photographer. Within a year, Cameron became a member of the Photographic Societies of London and she remained a member of the Photographic Society, London, until her death. In her photography, Cameron strove to capture beauty and she wrote, I longed to arrest all the beauty that came before me and at length the longing has been satisfied. The basic techniques of soft-focus fancy portraits, which she developed, were taught to her by David Wilkie Wynfield. She later wrote that to my feeling about his beautiful photography I owed all my attempts, Lord Tennyson, her neighbour on the Isle of Wight, often brought friends to see the photographer and her works. At the time, photography was an art that also was highly dependent upon crucial timing. Sometimes Cameron was obsessive about her new occupation, with sitting for countless exposures in the blinding light as she laboriously coated, exposed
31.
Lewis Carroll
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Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon, and photographer. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, There are societies in many parts of the world dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life. Dodgsons family was predominantly northern English, with Irish connections, conservative, most of Dodgsons male ancestors were army officers or Church of England clergy. His great-grandfather, also named Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the church to become the Bishop of Elphin. His paternal grandfather, another Charles, had been an army captain, the older of these sons – yet another Charles Dodgson – was Carrolls father. He went to Westminster School and then to Christ Church, Oxford and he reverted to the other family tradition and took holy orders. He was mathematically gifted and won a double first degree, which could have been the prelude to a brilliant academic career, instead, he married his first cousin Frances Jane Lutwidge in 1830 and became a country parson. Dodgson was born in the parsonage at Daresbury in Cheshire near the towns of Warrington and Runcorn. When Charles was 11, his father was given the living of Croft-on-Tees in North Yorkshire, and this remained their home for the next 25 years. He was High Church, inclining to Anglo-Catholicism, an admirer of John Henry Newman and the Tractarian movement, Young Charles was to develop an ambiguous relationship with his fathers values and with the Church of England as a whole. During his early youth, Dodgson was educated at home and his reading lists preserved in the family archives testify to a precocious intellect, at the age of seven, he was reading books such as The Pilgrims Progress. He also suffered from a stammer – a condition shared by most of his siblings – that often influenced his life throughout his years. At the age of twelve, he was sent to Richmond Grammar School at nearby Richmond, in 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School where he was evidently unhappy, as he wrote some years after leaving, I cannot say. That any earthly considerations would induce me to go through my three years again, I can honestly say that if I could have been. Secure from annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would have been comparative trifles to bear, scholastically, though, he excelled with apparent ease. I have not had a promising boy at his age since I came to Rugby. He left Rugby at the end of 1849 and matriculated at Oxford in May 1850 as a member of his fathers old college, after waiting for rooms in college to become available, he went into residence in January 1851. He had been at Oxford only two days when he received a summons home and his mother had died of inflammation of the brain – perhaps meningitis or a stroke – at the age of 47
32.
Philip Henry Delamotte
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Philip Henry Delamotte was a British photographer and illustrator. Delamotte was born at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, the son of Mary, philip Delamotte became an artist and was famous for his photographic images of the Crystal Palace of 1854. He eventually became Professor of Drawing and Fine Art at Kings College London, on 4 August 1846, at Paddington, he married Ellen Maria George, a farmers daughter. The couple had a son and five daughters, the fourth of whom - Constance George - married Henry Charles Bond in 1887, Delamotte died on 24 February 1889 at the home of his son-in-law Henry Bond in Bromley. He was commissioned to record the disassembly of the Crystal Palace in 1852, and its reconstruction and expansion at Sydenham and his photographic record of the events is one of the best archives of the way the building was constructed and he published the prints in several books. They were some of the first books in which prints were published. He and Roger Fenton were among the first artists to use photography as a way of recording important structures and they were both founding members of the Calotype Club. The National Monuments Record, the archive of English Heritage holds a rare album of 47 photographs recording the building and exhibits in about 1859
33.
William England
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William England was a successful Victorian photographer specialising in stereoscopic photographs. Sources disagree on his date of birth, with dates from 1816 to 1830 quoted by different authors, in the 1840s England ran a London daguerreotype portrait studio. In 1854 he joined the London Stereoscopic Company, where another eminent stereoscopic photographer Thomas Richard Williams was also active at that time, in due course England became the LSCs principal photographer. In 1859 he traveled to America for the LSC and brought back a series of stereoviews of USA, in 1862 the LSC paid 3,000 guineas for the exclusive rights to photograph the International Exhibition to be held in South Kensington, London. In later years he was active in several photographic organizations including the London Photographic Society, in 1886 he was a founding member of the Photographic Convention of the United Kingdom. He died in London in 1896, media related to William England at Wikimedia Commons
34.
Roger Fenton
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Roger Fenton was a pioneering British photographer, one of the first war photographers. Fenton was born in Crimble Hall, Rochdale, Lancashire, on 28 March 1819 and his grandfather was a wealthy cotton manufacturer and banker, his father a banker and Member of Parliament. Fenton was the fourth of seven children by his fathers first marriage and his father had 10 more children by his second wife. In 1838 Fenton went to the University of Oxford where he graduated in 1840 with a first class Bachelor of Arts degree, having read English, mathematics, Greek and Latin. In 1841, he began to read law at University College, evidently sporadically as he did not qualify as a solicitor until 1847, partly because he had become interested in learning to be a painter. In Yorkshire in 1843 Fenton married Grace Elizabeth Maynard, presumably after his first sojourn in Paris where he may briefly have studied painting in the studio of Paul Delaroche, in 1849,1850 and 1851 he exhibited paintings in the annual exhibitions of the Royal Academy. Fenton visited the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park in London in 1851 and was impressed by the photography on display there. He then visited Paris to learn the waxed paper calotype process, most likely from Gustave Le Gray who had modified the methods employed by William Henry Fox Talbot, its inventor. By 1852 he had exhibited in Britain, and travelled to Kiev, Moscow and St. Petersburg. His published call for the setting up of a society was answered in 1853 with the establishment of the Photographic Society, with Fenton as founder. It later became the Royal Photographic Society under the patronage of Prince Albert and he set off aboard HMS Hecla in February, landed at Balaklava on 8 March and remained there until 22 June. The photographs were to be converted into woodblocks and published in the less critical Illustrated London News, Fenton took Marcus Sparling as his photographic assistant, a servant known as William and a large horse-drawn van of equipment. Due to the size and cumbersome nature of his photographic equipment, but he also photographed the landscape, including an area near to where the Charge of the Light Brigade - made famous in Tennysons poem - took place. In 2007 film-maker Errol Morris went to Sevastopol to identify the site of this first iconic photograph of war and he identified the small valley, shown on a later map as The Valley of the Shadow of Death, as the place where Fenton had taken his photograph. Two pictures were taken of this area, one with several cannonballs on the road, hitherto opinions differed concerning which one was taken first but Morris spotted evidence that the photo without the cannonballs was taken first. He remains uncertain about why balls were moved onto the road in the second picture—perhaps, he notes, the alternative is that soldiers were gathering up cannonballs for reuse and they threw down balls higher up the hill onto the road and ditch for collection later. Other art historians, such as Nigel Spivey of Cambridge University and this is the location accepted by the local tour guides. An exhibition of 312 prints was soon on show in London, Fenton also showed them to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and also to Emperor Napoleon III in Paris
35.
Francis Frith
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Francis Frith was an English photographer of the Middle East and many towns in the United Kingdom. Frith was born in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, attending Quaker schools at Ackworth and Quaker Camp Hill in Birmingham and he suffered a nervous breakdown in 1843, recuperating over the next two years. In 1850 he started a studio in Liverpool, known as Frith & Hayward. A successful grocer, and later, printer, Frith fostered an interest in photography, Frith sold his companies in 1855 in order to dedicate himself entirely to photography. He journeyed to the Middle East on three occasions, the first of which was a trip to Egypt in 1856 with very large cameras and he used the collodion process, a major technical achievement in hot and dusty conditions. Francis Frith Jr was born in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, the child and only son of Francis Frith Sr and his wife Alice. These words express the goal that Frith set for himself when he departed on his first trip to the Nile Valley in 1856. He also made two other trips before 1860, extending his photo-taking to Palestine and Syria, Frith also noticed the compositional problems regarding the point of view from the camera. Oh what pictures we would if we could command our point of views. An image he took known as the Approach to Philae is just one example which elaborates his ability to find refreshing photographic solutions to these problems. When he had finished his travels in the Middle East in 1859, he opened the firm of Francis Frith & Co. in Reigate, Surrey, as the worlds first specialist photographic publisher. In 1860, he married Mary Ann Rosling and embarked upon a colossal project—to photograph every town and village in the United Kingdom, in particular, within a few years, over two thousand shops throughout the United Kingdom were selling his postcards. Frith was recorded as a Quaker minister in 1872 and he served on numerous committees, and frequently spoke in favour of pacifism and abstinence. He was a contributor of philosophical and religious articles and poems to the Quaker journal. In his sixties, Frith positioned himself at the liberal wing of society. In 1884, he published A Reasonable Faith, a controversial pamphlet which challenged evangelical orthodoxy by questioning the factuality of the Bible. Frith married Mary Ann Rosling, and they had five children, Mary Alice, Eustace, Francis Edgar, Mabel, Frith died at his villa in Cannes, France, on 25 February 1898. His family continued the firm, which was sold in 1968
36.
Peter Wickens Fry
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Peter Wickens Fry was a pioneering English amateur photographer, although professionally he was a London solicitor. In the early 1850s, Fry worked with Frederick Scott Archer and he was also active in helping Roger Fenton to set up the Royal Photographic Society in 1853. Several of his photographs are in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, Fry was born to Peter Fry and Joanna Chapman in Compton Bishop, a village in northern Somerset, some time during 1795. He had two brothers and two sisters. His younger brother Bruges later lived at Hill House in Cheddar and he trained as a solicitor and began his career in the legal profession but later he became one of the pioneers of photography in the country. In the early 1840s he developed an interest in the art of photography. He apparently experimented with photogenic drawing before Henry Fox Talbot developed the process in 1841. The first stage of experimentation was with daguerreotype portraits and his interest and developments in photography led to his being elected to the Society of Arts in 1845. He established the Calotype Club to pursue his keen interest with friends at his own home, the first meeting of the club was held in 1847. It was a gathering of 12 photographers involved in the calotype process. Meeting once or twice a month, the club discussed technical developments, the club was renamed the Royal Photographic Club in 1848. Hugh Welch Diamond who was superintendent of the Surrey County Lunatic Asylum, in the early 1850s, Fry worked with Archer, assisting him in the early experiments of wet collodion. The Photographic Journal reported that he had much to support the application of the collodion process. Frys first picture using the process was exhibited at a meeting of the Society of Arts in 1851. It was Fry who introduced Archer to Richard Horne, and Hornes exposition case at The Great Exhibition, Fry, in 1852, collaborated with Archer in applying the collodion positive, or ambrotype process for portraiture, which found extensive application. In the winter of 1852–53, Fry and the Society held its first exhibition of photographs and he was active in helping Roger Fenton to set up the Royal Photographic Society in 1853. He was active on the Council of the Royal Photographic Society until he was forced to resign his seat when he became ill, the attorneys John Loxley and Henry William Bull were articled to Fry, Fry and Loxley practised together as solicitors at 80 Cheapside, London. During his legal career, he became a London Commissioner to administer oaths in Chancery and he also served as Director of the Legal and Commercial Life Assurance Society whose offices were close by at 73 Cheapside
37.
Norman Heathcote
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John Norman Heathcote was a British author, watercolourist and photographer, who wrote the book St Kilda, published in 1900, about the Scottish Hebridean archipelago of St Kilda. Norman Heathcote was the child and eldest son of John Moyer Heathcote. His father was a barrister and distinguished amateur player of real tennis and his mother was the eldest child of Norman Macleod, 25th chief of Clan Macleod. As a child Norman lived in London, Brighton and at Conington Castle, Heathcote was born in 1863 and attended Eton College and then Trinity College, Cambridge from 1882, where he took a BA degree in 1885. He became a Justice of the Peace in 1906 and was High Sheriff of Huntingdonshire in 1917/18, on his fathers death in 1912, he inherited Conington Castle, Conington, Huntingdonshire with its estate of over 7,000 acres and lived there for many years. He also inherited the lordship of the manor of Steeple Gidding which he sold to a Mr Tower in 1915, in 1933 he owned a steam yacht called Ketch. He did not marry or have children and he died in 1946 and is buried in Conington churchyard. In 1898 and again in 1899 Heathcote visited the archipelago with his sister, at that time St Kilda was owned by his uncle, Reginald MacLeod of MacLeod. He went on to write a book about the islands which was published in London by Longmans, Green in 1900 and it included eighty of his own illustrations – photographs, sketches, paintings and a map. He was the first to record several bird species on the islands, the book deals with the people of St Kilda, their history and customs, the wildlife and his and his sisters experiences boating and climbing with the St Kildans. In 1898 Heathcote and his sister arrived after a voyage on the Martin Orme steamer SS Dunara Castle for a stay of ten days. Dunara and the McCallum steamer Hebrides between them visited about once a fortnight but only in the three summer months, there were about twenty visitors, some were tourists but others had arrived to start building the new schoolhouse – until that time lessons had been given in the kirk. In 1898 Evelyn laid the stone and by the time of their 1899 visit the school had been completed. The resident population numbered seventy and most spoke only Gaelic although the children were taught English at school, in 1899 their visit lasted two months and in July Heathcote and Evelyn were rowed to Boreray and from there they together climbed the sea stack Stac Lee. He wrote that Stac Lee was not a difficult climb and that, before Evelyn, when he visited Stac Levenish he was told he was the first person who was not a St Kildan ever to have been there. Unable to board the boat again, he had to climb the stack so as to descend on the side where the boat could be in more sheltered water. He considered the most difficult stack to climb was Stac Biorach and he also published a paper A Map of St Kilda in the Geographical Journal of 1900 describing his surveying methods in producing the map that was included in the St Kilda book. Except at Village Bay on Hirta it is difficult to climb down to the shore, at Soay and Boreray he did not even try to get his theodolite ashore
38.
John Herschel
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Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH FRS was an English polymath, mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor, and experimental photographer, who also did valuable botanical work. He was the son of Mary Baldwin and astronomer William Herschel, nephew of astronomer Caroline Herschel, Herschel originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy. He named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus, Herschel was born in Slough, Buckinghamshire, the son of Mary Baldwin and William Herschel. He studied shortly at Eton College and St Johns College, Cambridge and it was during his time as an undergraduate that he became friends with Charles Babbage and George Peacock. He left Cambridge in 1816 and started working with his father and he took up astronomy in 1816, building a reflecting telescope with a mirror 18 inches in diameter and with a 20-foot focal length. Between 1821 and 1823 he re-examined, with James South, the stars catalogued by his father. He was one of the founders of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1820, Herschel was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1831. He served as President of the Royal Astronomical Society three times, 1827–29, 1839–41 and 1847–49, a further complementary volume was published posthumously, as the General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars. His views were published in an article entitled Light in 1828, the voyage to South Africa was made in order to catalogue the stars, nebulae, and other objects of the southern skies. This was to be a completion as well as extension of the survey of the northern heavens undertaken initially by his father William Herschel. He arrived in Cape Town on 15 January 1834 and set up a private 21 ft telescope at Feldhausen at Claremont, amongst his other observations during this time was that of the return of Comet Halley. Herschel collaborated with Thomas Maclear, the Astronomer Royal at the Cape of Good Hope, during this time, he also witnessed the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae. While in southern Africa, he engaged in a variety of scientific pursuits free from a sense of strong obligations to a larger scientific community. It was, he recalled, probably the happiest time in his life. Herschel used a camera lucida to obtain accurate outlines of the specimens, some 112 of the 132 known flower studies were collected and published as Flora Herscheliana in 1996. As their home during their stay in the Cape, the Herschels had selected Feldhausen, here John set up his reflector to begin his survey of the southern skies. — we must not impugn the Scripture Chronology, but we must interpret it in accordance with whatever shall appear on fair enquiry to be the truth for there cannot be two truths. And really there is enough, for the lives of the Patriarchs may as reasonably be extended to 5000 or 50000 years apiece as the days of Creation to as many thousand millions of years
39.
Alfred Horsley Hinton
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Alfred Horsley Hinton was an English landscape photographer, best known for his work in the pictorialist movement in the 1890s and early 1900s. As an original member of the Linked Ring and editor of The Amateur Photographer, Hinton wrote nearly a dozen books on photographic technique, and his photographs were exhibited at expositions throughout Europe and North America. Hinton was born in London in 1863 and he attended art school with the hopes of becoming a painter, and became proficient in oil, watercolors, and black-and-white drawing. By 1882, he had discovered photography, and was hired as editor of the Photographic Art Journal in 1887, Hinton briefly worked for a company in Blackfriars selling photographic equipment before taking over a branch portrait studio of Ralph W. Robinson in Guildford in 1891. In 1893, he was hired as editor of The Amateur Photographer, during the late 1880s, Hinton became one of a growing number of photographers who believed that photography should be considered a form of high art, a movement that became known as pictorialism. Pictorialism, according to Hinton, employed the image of things to create abstract ideas. Hinton helped organise the Photographic Salon in 1893, and became the primary English correspondent for the Bulletin of the French pictorialist group, a poll conducted by Photographic Life in 1897 found Hinton to be the most popular photographer-exhibiter. Hintons staunch defence of pictorialism gained him numerous enemies, Hinton was a member of the Royal Photographic Society between 1889 and 1893. He continued his defence of pictorialism into the century, and was unimpressed with the rise of the American School. During the early 1900s, Hinton was a contributor to the London Times, the Daily Telegraph, the Daily Graphic, and the Yorkshire Post. In 1904, he oversaw the British photographic exhibit at the St. Louis Worlds Fair, in February 1908, he fell ill while returning from a trip to the Scottish Photographic Salon in Aberdeen, and died at his home in Woodford Green. The Royal Photographic Society held an exhibit of Hintons work in April 1908. Hintons landscape photographs tend to be characterised by prominent foregrounds and dramatic cloud formations and he typically used sepia platinotype and gum bichromate printing processes. Unlike many pictorialists, Hinton preferred sharp focus to soft focus lenses and he occasionally cropped and mixed cloud scenes and foregrounds from different photographs, and was known to rearrange the foregrounds of his subjects to make them more pleasing. His favourite topic was the English countryside, especially the Essex mud flats, Hintons photograph, Requiem, was used as the frontispiece of the first issue of Alfred Stieglitzs magazine, Camera Notes, in 1897. His photograph, Days Decline, appeared in Volume 3, Issue 1 of Camera Notes two years later, reed Harvesting, was exhibited at the first London Salon in 1894, and his Salt Marshes was exhibited at the first Paris Salon that same year. Hinton photographs that garnered considerable attention at the Photographic Salon in subsequent years included Recessional, Weeds and Rushes, Fleeting and Far, in a 1907 issue of The Photographic News, Hinton described Melton Meadows as his best photograph. Hintons Melton Meadows, Beyond, Recessional, Woods and Rushes, Fleeting Far, Fleeting Shadows is part of the Metropolitan Museum of Arts collections
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Frederick Hollyer
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Hollyer was the youngest son of Samuel Hollyer, a line engraver, fine art publisher, collector of watercolours, and Deputy Sealer at the Court of Chancery until 1853, when the post was abolished. His brothers Christopher Charles Hollyer, and Samuel Hollyer Jr. also worked as engravers, Frederick Hollyers first published works were mezzotint engravings of two paintings by Edwin Landseer published by J. McQueen in 1869. Hollyer became interested in photography about 1860 and he made albumen and carbon prints, but his preferred medium was the platinotype or platinum print process, admired for its permanence and great tonal range. Under the patronage of Frederic Leighton, Hollyer began to photograph paintings and drawings in the 1870s, artists whose work he published include Edward Burne-Jones, George Frederic Watts, Simeon Solomon, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Of his work with the Pre-Raphaelites, The Times noted that Hollyers photographs of drawings were particularly successful, printed on high-quality paper, one of the most popular was a study of three heads by Burne-Jones for The Masque of Cupid. Hollyer also took portraits and specialised in interior and exterior photos of houses. For 30 years, he reserved Mondays for portrait photography in his Pembroke Square studio, Hollyer eschewed the formal poses of most studio portraiture of his day, in an 1899 interview in The Photogram he said Hollyer did much to establish photography as a fine art. He was a member of the Solar Club and became one of the Founder Members of the Professional Photographers Association in 1901, Frederick Hollyer married Mary Anne Armstrong. Their eldest son Frederick Thomas Hollyer worked with his father and took over the studio when the elder Hollyer retired in 1913, Frederick Hollyer died 21 November 1933 at his eldest sons home in Blewbury, aged 95. Today, Hollyer is remembered chiefly for his photographs of Burne-Jones, William Morris, under British copyright law, Hollyers photographs are now public domain as he died more than 70 years ago. The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art, biography of Frederick Hollyer at Luminous-Lint. National Portrait Gallery Engraving of the Hollyer Brothers, catalogue of Platinotype Reproductions of Pictures &c By Frederick Hollyer
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Alice Hughes
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Alice Mary Hughes was a leading London portrait photographer specializing in images of fashionable women and children. Hughes was the eldest daughter of the portrait painter Edward Robert Hughes, after studying photography at the London Polytechnic she opened a studio in 1891 next to her fathers in Gower Street, London which she operated until December 1910. In her day, she was a photographer of royalty. During her most successful periods, she employed up to 60 women, in 1914, for a short period before the First World War, she ran a business in Berlin but returned to London at the beginning or the war, opening a studio in Ebury Street in 1915. The Ebury Street studio was not as successful as her first business and she closed it in 1933, from 1898 to 1909, she contributed several hundred portraits to Country Life. In 1910, she sold 50,000 negatives to Speaight Ltd, a pioneer of portrait photography, Hughes developed a distinctive style by fusing the conventions of society portraiture with the cool, monochromatic tones of the platinum print. Illuminations, Women Writing on Photography from the 1850s to the Present
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Richard Keene
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Richard Keene was an early Derbyshire photographer. He was a member of The Derby Photographic Society in 1884. Keene was the son of Richard Keene and Priscilla Kimpton, born in London on 15 May 1825, at the age of three, Keene moved with his family to Derby when his father became the manager of Frosts Silk Mill. He was educated at Thomas Swanwicks Academy and then at Matthew Spencers Academy in Derby before becoming an apprentice to Thomas Richardson & Sons, printers in Ashbourne and he subsequently went to work in their London offices before working for Simpkin Marshall & Co publishers and booksellers. He married Mary Barrow in 1851 and had eight children in total, five sons and 3 daughters, living in Radbourne Street and he died at his home in Derby in December 1894. In 1851 Keene returned to Derby from London to set up as a printer, publisher and bookseller in Irongate under the name Richard Keene and Co. He had an early interest in photography and began taking and selling photographs of Derby and he was a friend of the Rev Edward Abney and his sons William de Wiveleslie Abney and Charles Edward Abney - all of whom were early photographic experimenters. Keene established a studio and Repository of Arts selling photographs prints. Keene was a member of the Derby Photographic Society in 1884. He was also a member of the Photographic Convention of the United Kingdom which held its inaugural convention in Derby in 1886. He was a skilled photographer and worked with his friend. These are usually credited as ‘By John Warwick, Published by Richard Keene’, Keene gave an account of his early photographic work with Warwick in a later lecture, which is reprinted in Maxwell Cravens biography of Keene. In this he makes clear that this early work was a joint enterprise between the two men. He was invited to become a member of The Linked Ring, fellow members included Henry Peach Robinson, Frank Sutcliffe and Alfred Stieglitz. Through this organisation and the Photographic Convention he had contact with some of the most prominent
