1.
Baron Tennyson
–
Baron Tennyson, of Aldworth in the County of Sussex and of Freshwater in the Isle of Wight, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1884 for the poet Alfred Tennyson and his son, the second Baron, served as Governor-General of Australia, and his grandson, the third Baron, as a captain for the English cricket team. On the death in 2006 of the younger son, the fifth Baron. The title was inherited by the late Barons second cousin once removed and he is the great-grandson of Hon. Lionel Tennyson, second son of the first Baron, another member of the Tennyson family was the naval architect Sir Eustace Tennyson-dEyncourt, 1st Baronet. He was the grandson of Charles Tennyson-dEyncourt, uncle of the first Baron Tennyson, new York, St Martins Press,1990, Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages
2.
Royal Society
–
Founded in November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as The Royal Society. The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the Societys President, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows, the members of the society. As of 2016, there are about 1,600 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS, there are also royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members, the last of which are allowed to use the postnominal title ForMemRS. The Royal Society President is Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, who took up the post on 30 November 2015, since 1967, the society has been based at 6–9 Carlton House Terrace, a Grade I listed building in central London which was previously used by the Embassy of Germany, London. The Royal Society started from groups of physicians and natural philosophers, meeting at variety of locations and they were influenced by the new science, as promoted by Francis Bacon in his New Atlantis, from approximately 1645 onwards. A group known as The Philosophical Society of Oxford was run under a set of rules still retained by the Bodleian Library, after the English Restoration, there were regular meetings at Gresham College. It is widely held that these groups were the inspiration for the foundation of the Royal Society, I will not say, that Mr Oldenburg did rather inspire the French to follow the English, or, at least, did help them, and hinder us. But tis well known who were the men that began and promoted that design. This initial royal favour has continued and, since then, every monarch has been the patron of the society, the societys early meetings included experiments performed first by Hooke and then by Denis Papin, who was appointed in 1684. These experiments varied in their area, and were both important in some cases and trivial in others. The Society returned to Gresham in 1673, there had been an attempt in 1667 to establish a permanent college for the society. Michael Hunter argues that this was influenced by Solomons House in Bacons New Atlantis and, to a lesser extent, by J. V. The first proposal was given by John Evelyn to Robert Boyle in a letter dated 3 September 1659, he suggested a scheme, with apartments for members. The societys ideas were simpler and only included residences for a handful of staff and these plans were progressing by November 1667, but never came to anything, given the lack of contributions from members and the unrealised—perhaps unrealistic—aspirations of the society. During the 18th century, the gusto that had characterised the early years of the society faded, with a number of scientific greats compared to other periods. The pointed lightning conductor had been invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1749, during the same time period, it became customary to appoint society fellows to serve on government committees where science was concerned, something that still continues. The 18th century featured remedies to many of the early problems
3.
George Frederic Watts
–
George Frederic Watts OM RA was an English Victorian painter and sculptor associated with the Symbolist movement. He said I paint ideas, not things, Watts became famous in his lifetime for his allegorical works, such as Hope and Love and Life. These paintings were intended to form part of an epic symbolic cycle called the House of Life, Watts was born in Marylebone, London on the birthday of George Frederic Handel, to the second wife of a poor piano-maker. The former put him off conventional religion for life, while the latter was an influence on his art. He first exhibited at the Academy in 1837 and he also began his portraiture career, receiving patronage from his close contemporary Alexander Constantine Ionides, who later came to be a close friend. He came to the eye with a drawing entitled Caractacus. Watts won a first prize in the competition, which was intended to promote narrative paintings on patriotic subjects, also while in Italy Watts began producing landscapes and was inspired by Michelangelos Sistine Chapel and Giottos Scrovegni Chapel. Leaving Florence in April 1847 for what was intended to be a return to London. In consequence most of his works are conventional oil paintings. In his studio he met Henry Thoby Prinsep and his wife Sara, Watts thus joined the Prinsep circle of bohemians, including Saras seven sisters, and Julia Margaret Cameron. One of only two pupils Watts ever accepted was Henrys son Valentine Cameron Prinsep, the other was John Roddam Spencer Stanhope – both remained friends, but neither became a major artist. He also took a trip back to Italy in 1853 and with Charles Thomas Newton to excavate Halicarnassus in 1856–57, via Constantinople. In the 1860s, Watts work shows the influence of Rossetti, often emphasising sensuous pleasure, when she eloped with another man after less than a year of marriage, Watts was obliged to divorce her. These works formed part of a version of the House of Life, influenced by the ideas of Max Müller. Watts hoped to trace the evolving mythologies of the races in a synthesis of spiritual ideas with modern science. To maintain his friendship with the Prinsep family as their children began leaving home, he built The Briary for them near Freshwater, in 1877, his decree nisi from Ellen Terry finally came through, and the Grosvenor Gallery was opened by his friend Coutts Lindsay. This was to prove his ideal venue for the ten years. In 1886, at the age of 69, Watts remarried, to Mary Fraser Tytler, in 1891 he bought land near Compton, south of Guildford, in Surrey
4.
Somersby, Lincolnshire
–
Somersby is a village in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 6 miles north-west from Spilsby and 7 miles east-north-east from Horncastle, the village lies in the civil parish of Greetham with Somersby in the Lincolnshire Wolds, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the parish covers about 600 acres. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Poet Laureate, was born and brought up in Somersby, the son of the rector, when he wrote The Babbling Brook he was referring to a small stream here. Other features of the landscape are claimed as features mentioned in Tennysons poetry, such as Woods that belt the grey hillside. The same poem also mentions leaving the well-beloved place / Where first we gazed upon the sky, in such poems as The Lady of Shalott Tennyson uses the word wold for a hill in a sense found in Lincolnshire. The Anglican parish church is dedicated to Saint Margaret and it is an ancient sandstone building, constructed some time before 1612, and restored between 1863 and 1865. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, was baptised in St Margarets, stone from the now disused Somersby Quarry, an outcrop of Spilsby Sandstone, was used to repair the church. This soft stone is khaki-green colour when exposed to weathering, Somersby Grange is a Grade I listed Georgian manor house which stands adjacent to the rector where Tennyson was born. Media related to Somersby, Lincolnshire at Wikimedia Commons East Lindsey District Council website
5.
Lincolnshire, England
–
Lincolnshire is a county in the east of England. It also borders Northamptonshire in the south for just 20 yards, Englands shortest county boundary, the county town is Lincoln, where the county council has its headquarters. The ceremonial county of Lincolnshire is composed of the county of Lincolnshire. Therefore, part of the county is in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. The county is the second-largest of the English ceremonial counties and one that is predominantly agricultural in land use, the county is fifth largest of the two-tier counties, as the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire are not included. The county can be broken down into a number of geographical sub-regions including, Lincolnshire derived from the merging of the territory of the ancient Kingdom of Lindsey with that controlled by the Danelaw borough of Stamford. For some time the county was called Lindsey, and it is recorded as such in the 11th-century Domesday Book. In 1888 when county councils were set up, Lindsey, Holland and these survived until 1974, when Holland, Kesteven, and most of Lindsey were unified into Lincolnshire. A local government reform in 1996 abolished Humberside, and the south of the Humber was allocated to the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire. These two areas became part of Lincolnshire for ceremonial such as the Lord-Lieutenancy, but are not covered by the Lincolnshire police and are in the Yorkshire. The remaining districts of Lincolnshire are Boston, East Lindsey, Lincoln, North Kesteven, South Holland, South Kesteven and they are part of the East Midlands region. Lincolnshire is home to Woolsthorpe Manor, birthplace and home of Sir Isaac Newton and he attended The Kings School, Grantham and its library has preserved his signature, applied to a window sill when he was a teenager. Lincolnshire is an area, growing large amounts of wheat, barley, sugar beet. In South Lincolnshire, where the soil is rich in nutrients, some of the most common crops include potatoes, cabbages, cauliflowers. Most such companies are long gone, and Lincolnshire is no longer an engineering centre, however, as a result of the current economic climate some food production facilities have closed down, this has caused some reduction in the levels of migrant workers. The large number of people from Portugal is still obvious in the town of Boston. A coalition of Conservatives, Liberal Democrats and Independents currently controls Lincolnshire County Council, the Conservative Party comfortably controlled the County Council following the 2009 local elections, in which they increased their majority to 43 seats. The Labour Party lost a total of 15 seats including 7 in Lincoln, the Lincolnshire Independents gained a total of four seats, although one of their number moved to the Conservative group during 2010, increasing the number of Conservative seats to 61
6.
Lurgashall
–
Lurgashall is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It is 6.5 km north west of Petworth and just inside the new South Downs National Park, the church of St Laurence, The Noahs Ark pub, the old school and several old houses are built around a village green which contains the village cricket pitch. In the 2001 census the parish covered 21 km² and had 220 households with a population of 581. The population at the 2011 Census was 609, the Church has had many additions over the years, it still retains some evidence of the original Saxon structure. The village had become almost extinct in 1100, and finds no mention in the Domesday Book of 1086, after the Norman Conquest, the King gave the Lurgashall area to a Norman family called Alta Rippa, who built a Manor House there in about 1100. The Manor House itself has not survived but the area that the estate occupied is now Park Farm, the coming of the Manor revived the villages fortunes and it grew in importance throughout the feudal period. An account of what it was like to live in the village in the part of the 20th century is given in the book A view of Edwardian Lurgashall by H. S. Roots. It was re-published in 2000 and is based on the memories of a child called Harold who came to the village aged four in 1899, in 1557 a village inn was built at the side of the Green, probably with funds provided by the Manor. At first it had no name at all, since it was not necessary to distinguish it from any other, with the inn was built a brew house, which continued for over 350 years to brew its own beer, which was delivered to other Inns in the district. As well as brewing beer, The Noahs Ark baked bread for the village, giving rise to the old jingle, For well-baked bread and home-brewed ale, you must come to Lurgashale. In 1871, The Noahs Ark was sold to an Arundel Brewery and, from that date, in 1906 it was sold again, this time to the Eagle Brewery for the price of £1,250.00. Fifteen years later it was sold, this time to Friary, Holroyde and Healy who owned it until 1990 when the present brewers, Greene King. For over thirty years, The Noahs Ark has played host to a theatrical production. Started in 1967, the received a boost when the late Tad Swannell took over the Inn in 1970. His participation resulted in an extension of the run from the one night to the present three, has been continued by his successors. The Rev AA Evans wrote in A Countrymans Diary, This was Lurgashall, have been to it several times since and with heightened appreciation. Its beauty increases with familiarity, it endures, while the merely catchy, Lurgashall cricket club plays on the village green, and is often the guest team at the Ebernoe Horn Fair. Some of the sheeps horn trophies won by highest scoring batsmen used to be displayed in the Noahs Ark pub, there is a village hall for indoor activities, parties and receptions
7.
Sussex
–
Sussex, from the Old English Sūþsēaxe, is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. Brighton and Hove was created as an authority in 1997. Until then, Chichester was Sussexs only city, Sussex has three main geographic sub-regions, each oriented approximately east to west. In the south-west is the fertile and densely populated coastal plain, North of this are the rolling chalk hills of the South Downs, beyond which is the well-wooded Sussex Weald. The name derives from the Kingdom of Sussex, which was founded, according to legend, in 825, it was absorbed into the kingdom of Wessex and subsequently into the kingdom of England. It was the home of some of Europes earliest hominids, whose remains have been found at Boxgrove, in 1974, the Lord-Lieutenant of Sussex was replaced with one each for East and West Sussex, which became separate ceremonial counties. Sussex continues to be recognised as a territory and cultural region. It has had a police force since 1968 and its name is in common use in the media. In 2007, Sussex Day was created to celebrate the rich culture. Based on the emblem of Sussex, a blue shield with six gold martlets. In 2013, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government Eric Pickles formally recognised and acknowledged the existence of Englands 39 historic counties. The name Sussex is derived from the Middle English Suth-sæxe, which is in turn derived from the Old English Suth-Seaxe which means of the South Saxons, the South Saxons were a Germanic tribe that settled in the region from the North German Plain during the 5th and 6th centuries. The earliest known usage of the term South Saxons is in a charter of 689 which names them and their king, Noðhelm. The monastic chronicler who wrote up the entry classifying the invasion seems to have got his dates wrong, the New Latin word Suthsexia was used for Sussex by Dutch cartographer Joan Blaeu in his 1645 map. Three United States counties, and a former division of Western Australia, are named after Sussex. The flag of Sussex consists of six gold martlets, or heraldic swallows, on a background, blazoned as Azure. Officially recognised by the Flag Institute on 20 May 2011, its design is based on the shield of Sussex. The first known recording of this emblem being used to represent the county was in 1611 when cartographer John Speed deployed it to represent the Kingdom of the South Saxons
8.
Westminster Abbey
–
It is one of the United Kingdoms most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556, the abbey had the status of a cathedral, since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England Royal Peculiar—a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the abbey church. According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, construction of the present church began in 1245, on the orders of King Henry III. Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066, all coronations of English and British monarchs have held in Westminster Abbey. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100, two were of reigning monarchs, although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years. The first reports of the abbey are based on a tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years, in the present was, the Fishmongers Company still gives a salmon every year. The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, between 1042 and 1052, King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peters Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style, the building was completed around 1090 and was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edwards death on 5 January 1066. A week later, he was buried in the church, and, nine years later and his successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year. The only extant depiction of Edwards abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry, construction of the present church was begun in 1245 by Henry III who selected the site for his burial. The abbot and monks, in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster, the abbot often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary, the abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings. The Confessors shrine subsequently played a part in his canonisation. The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II. Henry III also commissioned the unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar, Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503. Much of the came from Caen, in France, the Isle of Portland
9.
Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom
–
The British Poet Laureate is an honorary position appointed by the monarch of the United Kingdom on the advice of the Prime Minister. The role does not entail any specific duties, but there is an expectation that the holder will write verse for significant national occasions. The origins of the date back to 1616 when a pension was provided to Ben Jonson. Three poets, Thomas Gray, Samuel Rogers and Walter Scott, the holder of the position as of 2017 is Carol Ann Duffy, who was appointed in May 2009 on a fixed ten-year term. The origins of the laureateship date back to 1616 when James I of England granted a pension to the writer Ben Jonson. Although there were subsequent court poets it was not until 1668, and the appointment of John Dryden by Charles II, that the post was made an established royal office within the royal household. Dryden, a Catholic convert, refused to take the Oath of Allegiance to the new monarchs, drydens successor, Thomas Shadwell, was appointed in 1689 for life. He introduced the custom of producing poems for the new year and the monarchs birthday, after the appointment of William Wordsworth in 1843 the duties settled into an expectation, not requirement, for major court and national occasions. Alfred, Lord Tennyson held the post between November 1850 and October 1892, on his death the post was left vacant as a mark of respect, a new laureate was not appointed until four years later, with the appointment of Alfred Austin in January 1896. As at 2015 the position is an one, and the office holder is left to decide on which occasions they will produce poetry. Duffy is the first female poet to hold the role, after Shadwells selection the laureate was appointed by the Lord Chamberlain, on the monarchs instructions. Since the appointment of Henry James Pye in 1790, the Prime Minister has recommended which candidate to appoint and he, in conjunction with the Cabinet Office then submitted the name to the Queen for approval. Drydens salary for the laureateship was £200 per year, in 1630 Charles I added an annual butt of Canary wine, although this was later discontinued in place of the monetary equivalent. When John Betjeman was appointed, he rekindled the tradition, and received 720 bottles of sherry, since Motions appointment the DCMS provided an annual honorarium of £5,750, Motion also received an additional £19,000 for his work in education. With Duffys appointment, the returned to £5,750
10.
Trinity College, Cambridge
–
Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England. With around 600 undergraduates,300 graduates, and over 180 fellows, by combined student numbers, it is second to Homerton College, Cambridge. Members of Trinity have won 32 Nobel Prizes out of the 91 won by members of Cambridge University, five Fields Medals in mathematics were won by members of the college and one Abel Prize was won. Other royal family members have studied there without obtaining degrees, including King Edward VII, King George VI, along with Christs, Jesus, Kings and St Johns colleges, it has also provided several of the well known members of the Apostles, an intellectual secret society. In 1848, Trinity hosted the meeting at which Cambridge undergraduates representing private schools such as Westminster drew up the first formal rules of football, Trinitys sister college in Oxford is Christ Church. Like that college, Trinity has been linked with Westminster School since the schools re-foundation in 1560, the college was founded by Henry VIII in 1546, from the merger of two existing colleges, Michaelhouse, and Kings Hall. At the time, Henry had been seizing church lands from abbeys, the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, being both religious institutions and quite rich, expected to be next in line. The King duly passed an Act of Parliament that allowed him to any college he wished. The universities used their contacts to plead with his sixth wife, the Queen persuaded her husband not to close them down, but to create a new college. The king did not want to use royal funds, so he combined two colleges and seven hostels to form Trinity. Contrary to popular belief, the lands granted by Henry VIII were not on their own sufficient to ensure Trinitys eventual rise. In its infancy Trinity had owed a great deal to its college of St Johns. Its first four Masters were educated at St Johns, and it took until around 1575 for the two colleges application numbers to draw even, a position in which they have remained since the Civil War. Bentley himself was notorious for the construction of a hugely expensive staircase in the Masters Lodge, most of the Trinitys major buildings date from the 16th and 17th centuries. Thomas Nevile, who became Master of Trinity in 1593, rebuilt and this work included the enlargement and completion of Great Court, and the construction of Neviles Court between Great Court and the river Cam. Neviles Court was completed in the late 17th century when the Wren Library, in the 20th century, Trinity College, St Johns College and Kings College were for decades the main recruiting grounds for the Cambridge Apostles, an elite, intellectual secret society. In 2011, the John Templeton Foundation awarded Trinity Colleges Master, Trinity is the richest Oxbridge college, with a landholding alone worth £800 million. Trinity is sometimes suggested to be the second, third or fourth wealthiest landowner in the UK – after the Crown Estate, the National Trust, in 2005, Trinitys annual rental income from its properties was reported to be in excess of £20 million
11.
Emily Tennyson, Lady Tennyson
–
Emily Sarah Tennyson, Lady Tennyson was the wife of the poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and a creative talent in her own right. She was born in Horncastle, Lincolnshire and her father was a solicitor who acted for the Tennyson family many times over the years. Her mother Sarah, who died aged 28 when Emily was three, was a member of the Franklin family, sister of Sir John Franklin, an explorer, and Sir Willingham Franklin. Emily first met Alfred Tennyson during childhood, but they did not become close until much later, for much of the intervening time, they did not see one another at all. They had two sons, Hallam and Lionel, during Tennysons lifetime, Emily was his strong supporter and employed her own talents in setting some of his lyrics to music. After his death in 1892, Lady Tennyson devoted herself to helping her son write the authorised biography and she is buried in All Saints Church, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. Tennyson, Emily Sarah, Lady Tennyson in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 54, 147-149
12.
Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson
–
Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson GCMG, PC was a British peer and the second Governor-General of Australia. He was the son of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the most popular and prominent poet of late Victorian England. Hallam Tennyson was born at Chapel House, Twickenham, in Surrey, England and his career aspirations ended when his parents age and ill-health obliged him to leave Cambridge to become their personal secretary. The idea of going into politics was also abandoned and it was partly for Hallams benefit that Alfred Tennyson accepted a peerage in 1884, the year Hallam married Audrey Boyle. On his fathers death in 1892, he inherited the title Baron Tennyson and his Tennyson, a Memoir was published in 1897. It was this connection, as well as the Tennyson name and he was still in this position when the Governor-General of Australia, the Earl of Hopetoun, resigned suddenly in May 1902. Tennyson was the senior state Governor and thus became acting Governor-General upon Hopetouns departure on 17 July, there were some doubts about his ability to fill the job on a permanent basis since he had little experience of politics. But he had made an impression in Australia through his modesty and frugality. In January 1903 he accepted the post for, at his own suggestion, the new Governor-General was popular and got on with Australians far better than his predecessor had done. But problems arose through the ambiguity of his position, the Prime Minister, Alfred Deakin, insisted that the Governor-Generals official secretary must be appointed and paid by the Australian government. The British government objected because this would mean that the Governor-General could not carry out what was seen in London as his role in supervising the Australian government. As a result, relations between Deakin and Tennyson grew tense, Deakin suspected that Tennyson was reporting on him to London and trying to interfere on matters of policy, such as the naval agreement between Britain and Australia. For this reason Deakin did not encourage Tennyson to seek an extension of his one-year term, none of this was known to the public and Tennyson left Australia in January 1904 to universal expressions of approval. He spent the rest of his life in the Isle of Wight and his wife died in 1916, and in 1918 he married again. Tennysons second wife was the daughter of an English family long prominent in India, mary Emily Prinsep was the daughter of Charles Robert Prinsep, born in India and later the owner of a large nutmeg plantation in Singapore. Tennyson was May Prinseps second husband, her first husband was Andrew Hichens, the National Portrait Gallery has eight photographs of May Prinsep, taken by her relation Julia Margaret Cameron on the Isle of Wight. He died at his house, Farringford in Freshwater on the Isle of Wight in December 1928, a large oil portrait of Tennyson hangs in Admiralty House, Kirribilli. Tennysons coat of arms is painted in the foyer of Government House
13.
Queen Victoria
–
Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
14.
Break, Break, Break
–
Break, Break, Break is a poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson written during early 1835 and published in 1842. The poem is an elegy that describes Tennysons feelings of loss after Arthur Hallam died and his feelings of isolation while at Mablethorpe, the poem is minimalistic in terms of detail and style. During the Christmas holiday of 1834/1835, Tennyson was working on many poems and he also became dissatisfied with his earlier works and was busy revising the poems that he was still willing to see as publishable. Break, break, break, On thy cold grey stones, and I would that my tongue could utter The thoughts that arise in me. O well for the boy, That he shouts with his sister at play. O well for the lad, That he sings in his boat on the bay. And the stately ships go on To their haven under the hill, Break, break, break, At the foot of thy crags, O Sea. But the tender grace of a day that is dead, Will never come back to me, the poem describes feelings of loss and the realization that there is something beyond the cycle of life and death. It has a biographical connection, containing Tennysons feelings of melancholy along with his feelings of nostalgia. Tennyson captures his strong emotions in poems, including Morte D Arthur, Tithonus. The suffering felt within the poem is connected to the suffering described in Tennysons In Memoriam, there is also a connection between the two in that they describe longing for Tennysons deceased friend Hallam. This appears in the stanza of Break, Break, Break. Break, Break, Break can be classified as an elegy, like On a Mourner written a year before, both poems use a very simple style and describe a scene in minimalistic terms. This technique is used in later elegies written by Tennyson, including Crossing the Bar, In the Garden at Swainston. In On a Mourner, Tennyson relies on myth to help with the poem and it is one of the great short lyrics. New York, St. Martins Press,1992
15.
The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)
–
The Charge of the Light Brigade is an 1854 narrative poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson about the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. He was the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom at the time he wrote the poem, the poem was written on December 2,1854, and it was published on December 9,1854 in The Examiner. During the 1850s, when England was engaged in the Crimean War and feared invasion from Russia, the poem was written after the Light Cavalry Brigade suffered great casualties in the Battle of Balaclava. Tennyson wrote the poem based on two articles published in The Times, the first, published in November,1854, provided the phrase Some one has blunderd and thus the meter of the poem. Tennyson made revisions to the due to criticisms by the American poet Frederick Goddard Tuckerman and others. These changes were criticized by several, including both Tennyson and Tuckerman, Tennyson sent a version of the poem, after correcting the revisions in Maud, at the soldiers request. There, it was distributed in form at the behest of Jane. The same version was used for the printing of Maud. Tennyson recited this poem onto a wax cylinder in 1890 and its purpose was to shame the British public into offering financial assistance. At the beginning of the horror film Burnt Offerings, patriarch Ben prophetically foreshadows his familys destruction by paraphrasing, later in the episode Elim Garak asks how that poem ends, to be told by OBrien You dont want to know. In the film Saving Private Ryan, Private Reiben asks why eight men are sent to save one, corporal Timothy E. Upham replies with a quote from the poem, Theirs not to reason why, theirs but to do and die. Captain Miller responds that it is about their duty as soldiers to follow their orders, Captain Miller shows his acquaintance with Emersons works too. The film later reveals that Captain Miller taught English composition at Thomas Alva Edison High School for eleven years before the war and this would explain why he instantly knew the quote and understood the meaning. Jean Johnsons military sci-fi book series, Theirs Not To Reason Why, and the first book, A Soldiers Duty, were nominated for the Philip K. Dick Award in 2011. In a response to the destruction of Taffy 3 at the Battle of Leyte Gulf. The poem inspired the Iron Maiden song The Trooper, the character Dr. Reed Akley on Manhattan recites three lines of the poem, in Episode 12. The TV show Top Gear referenced the poem and its origins in series 21, episode 3, when stopping at a spot near the battlefield, the team commented on the event and Richard Hammond quoted Tennysons poem. In the film The Blind Side Michael Oher doesnt know what to write about in his final English essay and his adoptive father quotes the first two stanzas and explains them using a football analogy
16.
Tears, Idle Tears
–
Tears, Idle Tears is a lyric poem written in 1847 by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the Victorian-era English poet. Published as one of the songs in his The Princess, it is regarded for the quality of its lyrics, a Tennyson anthology describes the poem as one of the most Virgilian of Tennysons poems and perhaps his most famous lyric. Readers often overlook the poems blank verse—the poem does not rhyme, Tennyson was inspired to write Tears, Idle Tears upon a visit to Tintern Abbey in Monmouthshire, an abbey that was abandoned in 1536. He said the convent was full for me of its memories, and that the poem was about the passion of the past. William Wordsworth also wrote a poem inspired by this location in 1798, Tintern Abbey, while Tintern Abbey may have prompted the poem, it seems unlikely that its powerful emotion derives only from a generalised feeling for the past. The final stanza in particular strongly suggests Tennysons unhappy attachment to the lovely Rosa Baring, whose family lived in Harrington Hall. Rosas family evidently disapproved of Rosas continued relationship with the son of Somersbys alcoholic clergyman, Tears, Idle Tears is noted for its lyric richness, and for its tones of paradox and ambiguity—especially as Tennyson did not often bring his doubts into the grammar and symbolism of his works. The ambiguity occurs in the descriptions of the tears, they are idle, yet come from deep within the narrator. Readers tend not to notice the lack of rhyme because of the richness, each lines end-sound—except for the second-last lines regret—is an open vowel or a consonant or consonant group that can be drawn out in reading. Each line trails away, suggesting a passage into some infinite beyond, just as each image is clear and precise, the poem, one of the songs of The Princess, has been set to music a number of times. Hill, Robert W. Jr. ed. Tennysons poetry, authoritative texts, juvenilia and early responses, new York, W. W. Norton & Company. Critical essays on the poetry of Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears public domain audiobook at LibriVox
17.
Classical mythology
–
Classical mythology or Greco-Roman mythology is both the body of and the study of myths from the ancient Greeks and Romans as they are used or transformed by cultural reception. Along with philosophy and political thought, mythology represents one of the major survivals of classical antiquity throughout later Western culture, the Greek word mythos refers to the spoken word or speech, but it also denotes a tale, story or narrative. Classical myths are also alluded to in scientific naming, particularly in astronomy, chemistry, and biology, and in the theory of Freud. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, when Latin remained the dominant language in Europe for international educated discourse, mythological names almost always appeared in Latinized form. With the Greek revival of the 19th century, however, Greek names began to be used more often, classical mythology is a term often used to designate the myths belonging to the Greek and Roman traditions. A classical myth as it appears in later Western culture is usually a syncretism of various versions from both Greek and Latin sources. Greek myths were narratives related to ancient Greek religion, often concerned with the actions of gods and other supernatural beings, major sources for Greek myths include the Homeric epics, that is, the Iliad and the Odyssey, and the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Known versions are preserved in sophisticated literary works shaped by the artistry of individuals and by the conventions of genre, or in vase painting. In these forms, mythological narratives often serve purposes that are not primarily religious, such as entertainment and even comedy, Roman myths have a dynamic relation to Roman historiography, as in the early books of Livys Ab urbe condita. The literary collection of Greco-Roman myths with the greatest influence on later Western culture was the Metamorphoses of the Augustan poet Ovid. The myths as they appear in popular culture of the 20th and 21st centuries often have only a tangential relation to the stories as told in ancient Greek and Latin literature
18.
Ulysses (poem)
–
Ulysses is a poem in blank verse by the Victorian poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson, written in 1833 and published in 1842 in his well-received second volume of poetry. An oft-quoted poem, it is used to illustrate the dramatic monologue form. Facing old age, mythical hero Ulysses describes his discontent and restlessness upon returning to his kingdom, Ithaca, despite his reunion with his wife Penelope and son Telemachus, Ulysses yearns to explore again. The character of Ulysses has been explored widely in literature, the adventures of Odysseus were first recorded in Homers Iliad and Odyssey, and Tennyson draws on Homers narrative in the poem. Most critics, however, find that Tennysons Ulysses recalls Dantes Ulisse in his Inferno, in Dantes re-telling, Ulisse is condemned to hell among the false counsellors, both for his pursuit of knowledge beyond human bounds and for his adventures in disregard of his family. For much of this history, readers viewed Ulysses as resolute and heroic, admiring him for his determination To strive, to seek, to find. The view that Tennyson intended a heroic character is supported by his statements about the poem, in the twentieth century, some new interpretations of Ulysses highlighted potential ironies in the poem. As the poem begins, Ulysses has returned to his kingdom, Ithaca, confronted again by domestic life, Ulysses expresses his lack of contentment, including his indifference toward the savage race whom he governs. His son Telemachus will inherit the throne that Ulysses finds burdensome, There is often a marked contrast between the sentiment of Ulysses words and the sounds that express them. Many of the poems clauses carry over into the following line, the poems seventy lines of blank verse are presented as a dramatic monologue. Scholars disagree on how Ulysses speech functions in this format, it is not necessarily clear to whom Ulysses is speaking, if anyone, and from what location. In this interpretation, the direct and honest language of the first movement is set against the more politically minded tone of the last two movements. For example, the paragraph about Telemachus, in which Ulysses muses again about domestic life, is a revised version for public consumption. The ironic interpretations of Ulysses may be the result of the tendency to consider the narrator of a dramatic monologue as necessarily unreliable. According to critic Dwight Culler, the poem has been a victim of revisionist readings in which the reader expects to reconstruct the truth from a misleading narrators accidental revelations. Tennyson completed the poem on 20 October 1833, but it was not published until 1842, unlike many of Tennysons other important poems, Ulysses was not revised after its publication. Tennyson originally blocked out the poem in four paragraphs, broken before lines 6,33 and 44, in this structure, the first and third paragraphs are thematically parallel, but may be read as interior and exterior monologues, respectively. However, the poem is printed with the first paragraph break omitted
19.
In Memoriam A.H.H.
–
In Memoriam A. H. H. is a poem by the British poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson, completed in 1849. It is a requiem for the poets beloved Cambridge friend Arthur Henry Hallam and it contains some of Tennysons most accomplished lyrical work, and is an unusually sustained exercise in lyric verse. It is widely considered to be one of the poems of the 19th century. He views the cruelty of nature and mortality in light of materialist science, owing to its length and its arguable breadth of focus, the poem might not be thought an elegy or a dirge in the strictest formal sense. The poem is not arranged exactly in the order in which it was written, the prologue, for example, is thought to have been one of the last things written. The earliest material is thought to be that which begins Fair ship, critics believe, however, that the poem as a whole is meant to be chronological in terms of the progression of Tennysons grief. The passage of time is marked by the three descriptions of Christmas at different points in the poem, and the ends with a description of the marriage of Tennysons sister. In Memoriam is written in four-line ABBA stanzas of iambic tetrameter, though not metrically unusual, given the length of the work, the metre creates a tonal effect which often divides readers – is it the natural sound of mourning and grief, or merely monotonous. The death of Hallam, and Tennysons attempts to cope with this, remain the strand that ties all these together. The most frequently quoted lines in the poem are perhaps I hold it true, whateer befall, I feel it when I sorrow most, Tis better to have loved and this stanza is to be found in Canto 27. The last two lines are taken as offering a meditation on the dissolution of a romantic relationship. However, the originally referred to the death of the poets beloved friend. They are reminiscent of a line from William Congreves popular 1700 play, The Way of the World, an infant crying in the night An infant crying for the light And with no language but a cry. An Evangelical focus on unquestioning belief in revealed truth taken from an interpretation of the Bible was already coming into conflict with emerging findings of science. Are God and Nature then at strife, That Nature lends such evil dreams, although this phrase is commonly ascribed to Tennyson, it already was in use. For example, The Hagerstown Mail in March 1837, Hereupon and this poem was published before Charles Darwin made his theory public in 1859. However, the phrase Nature, red in tooth and claw in canto 56 quickly was adopted by others as a phrase that evokes the process of natural selection and it was and is used by both those opposed to and in favour of the theory of evolution. However, at the end of the poem, Tennyson emerges with his Christian faith reaffirmed, progressing from doubt and despair to faith and hope, a dominant theme also seen in his poem Ulysses
20.
Arthur Hallam
–
Arthur Henry Hallam was an English poet, best known as the subject of a major work, In Memoriam A. H. H. by his close friend and fellow poet, Alfred Tennyson. Hallam has been described as the jeune homme fatal of his generation, Hallam was born in London, son of the historian Henry Hallam. He attended school at Eton, where he met future Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone, Hallam was an important influence on Gladstone, introducing him to Whiggish ideas and people. In October 1828, Hallam went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, as Christopher Ricks observes, The friendship of Hallam and Tennyson was swift and deep. Hallam and Tennyson became friends in April 1829 and they both entered the Chancellors Prize Poem Competition. Both joined the Cambridge Apostles, which met every Saturday night during term to discuss, over coffee and anchovy sandwiches, serious questions of religion, literature, Hallam spent the 1830 Easter vacation with Tennyson in Somersby and declared his love for Emily. Hallam and Tennyson planned to publish a book of poems together, Hallam’s father, however, objected, and Arthurs Poems was privately published and printed in 1830. In the summer vacation, Tennyson and Hallam travelled to the Pyrenees, in December, Hallam again visited Somersby and became engaged to Emily. His father forbade him to visit Somersby until he came of age at twenty-one, in February 1831, Tennyson’s father died, with the result that Tennyson could no longer afford to continue at Cambridge. In August, Hallam wrote an enthusiastic article On Some of the Characteristics of Modern Poetry and he introduced Tennyson to the publisher Edward Moxon. In February 1832, Hallam visited Emily, I love her madly and she was charmed by his bright, angelic spirit and his gentle, chivalrous manner. In July Tennyson and Hallam travelled to the Rhine, in October Hallam entered the office of a conveyancer, Mr Walters, of Lincolns Inn Fields. In December, thanks largely to Hallam’s support and practical help, Hallam again spent Christmas at Somersby. In July 1833, Hallam visited Emily, on 3 August, he left with his father for Europe. On 13 September, they went to Vienna, with Arthur complaining of fever and it was apparently a recurrence of the ague he had suffered earlier that year, and, although it would delay their departure to Prague, there seemed to be little cause for alarm. Quinine and a few days rest were prescribed, by Sunday 15th, Arthur felt sufficiently better to take a short walk with his father in the evening. When he returned to the hotel he ordered some sack and lay down on the sofa, leaving his son reading in front of the fire, his father went out for a further stroll. He returned to find Arthur still on the sofa, apparently asleep, only after a short time did Henry Hallam notice the odd position of his head
21.
Blank verse
–
Blank verse is poetry written with regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always in iambic pentameter. The first documented use of verse in the English language was by Henry Howard. He was possibly inspired by the Latin original, as classical Latin verse did not use rhyme, or he may have inspired by the Italian verse form of versi sciolti. The play Arden of Faversham is an example of end-stopped blank verse. The 1561 play Gorboduc by Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville was the first English play to use blank verse, christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse. Miltonic blank verse was imitated in the 18th century by such poets as James Thomson. Romantic English poets such as William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, among American poets, Hart Crane and Wallace Stevens are notable for using blank verse in extended compositions at a time when many other poets were turning to free verse. Marlowe and then Shakespeare developed its potential greatly in the late 16th century, Shakespeare developed this feature, and also the potential of blank verse for abrupt and irregular speech. For example, in exchange from King John, one blank verse line is broken between two characters, My lord. Shakespeare also used enjambment increasingly often in his verse, and in his last plays was given to using feminine endings, all of this made his later blank verse extremely rich and varied. This very free treatment of blank verse was imitated by Shakespeares contemporaries, however, Shakespearean blank verse was used with some success by John Webster and Thomas Middleton in their plays. Ben Jonson, meanwhile, used a blank verse with less enjambment in his great comedies Volpone. Blank verse was not much used in the poetry of the 17th century until Paradise Lost, in which Milton used it with much license. What though the field be lost, All is not lost, the unconquerable Will, And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield, Milton also wrote Paradise Regained and parts of Samson Agonistes in blank verse. The best examples of verse from this time are probably John Drydens tragedy All for Love. An example notable as much for its failure with the public as for its subsequent influence on the form is John Dyers The Fleece. At the close of the 18th century, William Cowper ushered in a renewal of blank verse with his volume of kaleidoscopic meditations, The Task, published in 1784. After Shakespeare and Milton, Cowper was the influence on the next major poets in blank verse
22.
Idylls of the King
–
The whole work recounts Arthurs attempt and failure to lift up mankind and create a perfect kingdom, from his coming to power to his death at the hands of the traitor Mordred. Individual poems detail the deeds of knights, including Lancelot, Geraint, Galahad, and Balin and Balan, and also Merlin. There is little transition between Idylls, but the figure of Arthur links all the stories. The poems were dedicated to the late Albert, Prince Consort, the Idylls are written in blank verse. Tennysons descriptions of nature are derived from observations of his own surroundings, the dramatic narratives are not an epic either in structure or tone, but derive elegiac sadness in the style of the idylls of Theocritus. Idylls of the King is often read as an allegory of the conflicts in Britain during the mid-Victorian era. In Malory she is sentenced to be burnt at the stake but is rescued by Lancelot, in the Idylls Guinevere flees to a convent, is forgiven by Arthur, repents, Tennyson amended the traditional spellings of several names to fit the metre. Part of the work was written in the Hanbury Arms in Caerleon, the first set of Idylls, Enid, Vivien, Elaine, and Guinevere, was published in 1859. Enid was later divided into The Marriage of Geraint and Geraint and Enid, the Holy Grail and Other Poems appeared ten years later. The Last Tournament was published in Contemporary Review in 1871, Gareth and Lynette was published the following year. The final idyll, Balin and Balan, was published in Tiresias, the Dedication was published in 1862, a year after the Prince Consort had died, the epilogue, To the Queen, was published in 1873. The first of the Idylls covers the period following Arthurs coronation, his accession, the besieged Leodogran, King of Cameliard, appeals to Arthur for help against the beasts and heathen hordes. Arthur vanquishes these and then the Barons who challenge his legitimacy, afterwards he requests the hand of Leodograns daughter, Guinevere, whom he loves. Leodogran, grateful but also doubtful of Arthurs lineage, questions his chamberlain, Arthurs emissaries and he is persuaded at last by a dream of Arthur crowned in heaven. Lancelot is sent to bring Guinevere, and she and Arthur wed in May. At the wedding feast, Arthur refuses to pay the tribute to the Lords from Rome, declaring, “The old order changeth. Tennysons use of the phrase in both the first and last Idyll, and throughout the work, is indicative of the change in Britains, and Arthurs, fortunes. At this point, the indicates the passing of Rome
23.
Tithonus (poem)
–
Tithonus is a poem by the Victorian poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson, originally written in 1833 as Tithon and completed in 1859. It first appeared in the February edition of the Cornhill Magazine in 1860, faced with old age, Tithonus, weary of his immortality, yearns for death. The poem is a monologue with Tithonus addressing his consort Eos. In Greek mythology, Tithonus was a Trojan by birth, the son of King Laomedon of Troy by a nymph named Strymo. Eos, the Greek goddess of the dawn, abducted Ganymede, when Zeus stole Ganymede from her to be his cup-bearer, as a repayment, Eos asked for Tithonus to be made immortal, but forgot to ask for eternal youth. Tithonus indeed lived forever but grew ever older, in later tellings, Eos eventually turned him into a cricket to relieve him of such an existence. In the poem however, it is Eos, and not Zeus, in the poem, Tithonus asks Eos for the gift of immortality, which she readily grants him, but forgets to ask for eternal youth along with it. As time wears on, age catches up with him, wasted and withered, Tithonus is reduced to a mere shadow of himself. But since he is immortal, he cannot die and is destined to live forever, the main classical source that Tennyson draws upon is from the story of Aphrodites relationship with Anchises in the ancient Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite. In this Aphrodite briefly tells of Eoss foolishness in neglecting to ask Zeus for immortal youth for Tithonus along with his immortality, the original version of the poem, named Tithon, was written in 1833 shortly after Tennysons friend Arthur Henry Hallams death but was not published. It was published in the February edition and it was finally published by Tennyson in an anthology in the Enoch Arden volume in 1864. The poem begins with Tithonus speaking to Eos at the limit of the world where he lives with her. Confronted with old age and its attendant pains, he meditates upon death and mortality and he recounts how Eos, choosing him to be her lover, had filled him with so much pride that he had seemed To his great heart none other than a God. Though she carelessly granted him immortality at his asking, he could not escape the ravages of time, the Hours aged him and his youth and beauty faded away−-But thy strong Hours indignant workd their wills / And beat me down and marrd and wasted me. He asks Eos to set him free−-Let me go, take back thy gift −-and questions why anyone should desire that which is unattainable, Eos departs at dawn without replying to his wish that she take back the boon of immortality. As she leaves, her tears fall on his cheek and this fills him with the foreboding that the saying he had learnt on earth, that even The Gods themselves cannot recall their gifts, might be true. In the final section, weary of life and immortality, he yearns for death to take him and he feels that men that have the power to die are happy and fortunate. His death greatly influenced much of Tennysons later poetry, Victorian scholar Matthew Reynolds wrote, Grieving for Arthur Hallam, Tennyson wrote poems which describe what they themselves possess, a life unusually, but not eternally, prolonged through time
24.
William Edward Frank Britten
–
William Edward Frank Britten, or W. E. F. Britten was a British painter and illustrator. It is known that he worked in London, England starting in 1873, brittens work ranged in style from to traditional Victorian to Pre-Raphaelite, and his artistic medium ranged from paintings to book illustrations. His paintings have mostly praised by critics with his illustrations having been treated as either neutral or favourable by reviewers. William Edward Frank Britten was born in 1848 in Lambeth, London to William Goodwyn Price Britten and Ellen Eliza Richardson. On 23 July 1866 he was admitted to the Royal Academy of Arts in Picadilly, London, as a probationer and he began to flourish as a painter after 1873, when he began to hold exhibitions for his works at the Royal Society of British Artists. Britten was also approached to provide designs for the four spandrels - representing the four evangelists. Once again, Britten completed the scheme - this time passing off some of the work as his own, rather than Wattss. In April 1883, Sir Charles Dilke ordered from Mr. W. E. F. Britten, the painter, whom Leighton had commended to him and it proved to be very good. In 1891, Britten had Charles Voysey design a studio for him at 17 St Dunstans Road and this building is recognised as one of Voyseys first and best Arts and Crafts buildings and is still extant. Britten spent most of his working in London and worked as an illustrator. It is known that he was working in the Pimlico area in 1890, there is a suggestion that he worked in Russia for a period on a commission for the Czar, but no firm evidence of this has been found. In c.1912 Britten was giving instruction at the Glasgow School of Art, Professor W. E. F. Britten superintends figure and landscape composition. He was married twice, in 1873 to Rebecca Ling and in 1901 to Rachel Alice Kime, he had four children, Britten died in 1916 in Kingston, Surrey, England. Britten followed in the tradition of Frederick Leighton and Albert Moore. In terms of actual productions, he ranged from working as a decorative artist to paintings, in style, his designs varied from those that followed the tradition of Victorian classicism to those that were influenced by Pre-Raphaelite paintings. His works are located at the Victoria and Albert Museum, Britten illustrated the last published poem of Christina Rossetti before her death for the 1894 issue of Magazine of Art. Since that time his version of Undine, and illustrations to Tennysons Early Poems, have shown the power of graceful composition. However, two of the reviews were more favourable, a 28 January 1893 review notes, A sonnet by Swinburne, January, is framed in an interesting drawing by W. E. F. Britten
25.
Benniworth
–
Benniworth is a village and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The village is situated just west of the B1225 road, and 8 miles west from Louth, according to the 2001 Census, the village had a population of 175, increasing to 193 at the 2011 Census. Benniworth Grade II listed Anglican parish church is dedicated to St Julian, the church is cruciform in plan with a conical roofed tower. Restoration by James Fowler was undertaken in 1875 when the transepts, the Norman west doorway and south side of the nave remains, with the font being reconstructed from Norman fragments. Benniworth, has two entries in the Domesday Book, Benniworth was a relatively large place at that time, with a total of 54 households. In the early post-conquest period, land rose from £5.5 in 1066 to £8.5 in 1086. George Clayton Tennyson, the father of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, was rector of the Church of St Julian in Benniworth, media related to Benniworth at Wikimedia Commons
26.
Bag Enderby
–
Bag Enderby is a hamlet in the civil parish of Greetham with Somersby, in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It lies just north of the A158 road,6 miles north-east from Horncastle and 4 miles north-west from Partney, Bag Enderby is little more than the buildings of Hall Farm, Ferndale Manor, a few cottages and a church. The village Grade II* listed Anglican church is dedicated to St Margaret and it was built in 1407 with money bequeathed by Albinus de Enderby, who died in that year, and is commemorated on a sepulchral slab. Brass inscriptions are to Thomas and Agnes Enderby,1390, in the chancel are effigies of Andrew and Dorothy Gedney and their four children,1591. The font includes sculptures of Pietà, and David playing the harp, there are also fragments of old glass depicting the arms of Crowland Abbey. The father of Alfred, Lord Tennyson was minister of the church from 1807 to 1831, there is a large gas and oil field under the area, owned by Roc Oil Company of Australia. Bag End Mavis Enderby Wood Enderby Enderby, Leicestershire Media related to Bag Enderby at Wikimedia Commons St Margarets Church, Bag Enderby The Enderbys Bag Enderby, Genuki. org. uk
27.
Grimsby
–
Grimsby, also known as Great Grimsby, is a large town and seaport in Lincolnshire, England, on the South Bank of the Humber Estuary close to where it reaches the North Sea. It is the centre of North East Lincolnshire. Grimsby developed as a sea port on the east coast of England. The fishing industry declined dramatically after the Cod Wars, since then the town has battled with post-industrial decline. Since the 1990s the local council has encouraged food manufacturing, the Grimsby–Cleethorpes conurbation acts as the cultural, shopping and industrial centre for a large area of northern and eastern Lincolnshire. People from Grimsby are called Grimbarians, the term codhead is also used jokingly or disparagingly,22 January is Great Grimsby Day. The town was titled Great Grimsby to distinguish it from Little Grimsby, the town had a population of 88,243 in 2011. It is physically linked to and forms a conurbation with the town of Cleethorpes. Some 11,000 of its residents live in the village of Scartho, all three areas come under the jurisdiction of the same unitary authority, North East Lincolnshire. It is close to the terminus of the A180, which ends in Cleethorpes. Grimsby lies in the national character areas of the Humber, the town was historically settled on low-lying islands and raised areas of the Humber marsh, and subsequently expanded onto the surrounding marshes as they were drained. The town still has areas named East Marsh and West Marsh, the Lincolnshire Wolds are situated to the south west of the town, from which the towns River Freshney rises. There is some evidence of a small town of Roman workers sited in the area in the second century. Located on the River Haven, which flowed into the Humber and it was also well situated to exploit the rich fishing grounds in the North Sea. Grimsby was settled by Danes sometime in the 9th century AD, according to legend, the name Grimsby derives from the name Grim, a Danish fisherman, the suffix -by being the Old Norse word for village. The legendary founding of Grimsby is described in Lay of Havelock the Dane, in Norse mythology, Grim and Grimnir are names adopted by the deity Odin when travelling incognito amongst mortals, as in the short poem known as Grimnirs Sayings in the Poetic Edda. The intended audience of the Havelock tale may have understood the fisherman Grim to be Odin in disguise, the Odinic name Grimr/Grim occurs in many English placenames within the historical Danelaw and elsewhere in Britain, examples being the numerous earthworks named Grimsdyke. As other British placenames containing the element Grim are explained as referring to Woden/Odin, Grimsby is listed in the Domesday Book as having a population of around 200, a priest, a mill and a ferry
28.
Mablethorpe
–
Mablethorpe is a small seaside town in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the town was 12,531 at the 2011 census, Mablethorpe as a town has existed for many centuries, although part of it was lost to the sea in the 1540s. For example, records of the Fitzwilliam family of Mablethorpe Hall date back to the 14th century, in the 19th century it was also a centre for ship breaking during the winter. Mablethorpe Hall is to the west of the town along Alford Road and it is near the parish church of St Mary. In 1883 the first lifeboat station was built in Mablethorpe, the station ran until the First World War when it temporarily closed because of crew shortages. After the war the station was closed due to a continuing shortage of crew. The station remained closed until 1965, when a lifeboat station was established. The town now has a new lifeboat station, a new D class lifeboat, D-506 Patrick Rex Moren, was placed on service on 9 July 1996. In 1998, a medal was awarded to the Helmsman for a service on 12 April. The fishing vessel had broken down in the surf and was drifting helplessly towards the shore, the lifeboat was launched in a force 7 gale and a heavy swell – extreme conditions for this class of lifeboat. The helmsman had considerable difficulty in negotiating the rough seas in order to reach the fishing boat, in 2001, the B class Atlantic 75 lifeboat, B-778 Joan Mary, was placed on service. In 2005, a new D class lifeboat, D-653 William Hadley, was placed on service, in 1953, Mablethorpe was hit by the disastrous East Coast floods. The town was visited regularly by Alfred, Lord Tennyson - one of Britains most popular poets - in the 19th century, some parts of the town are named after Lord Tennyson. Mablethorpe is the destination for the Morel familys first holiday in the D. H. Lawrence novel, Sons and Lovers, at last they got an answer from Mablethorpe, a cottage such as they wished for thirty shillings a week. Paul was wild with joy for his mothers sake and she would have a real holiday now. He and she sat at evening picturing what it would be like, annie came in, and Leonard, and Alice, and Kitty. There was wild rejoicing and anticipation and she seemed to brood with joy over it. But the Morels house rang with excitement, along with many small seaside villages and some inland towns and villages, Mablethorpe lost its railway station in 1970 because of the Beeching Axe
29.
Skegness
–
Skegness is a seaside town and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England, on the Lincolnshire coast of the North Sea,43 miles east of Lincoln. In the 2011 census Skegness civil parish had a population of 19,579, the first Butlins holiday resort opened in Skegness in 1936. Longshore drift carries particles of sediment southwards along the Lincolnshire coast, at Skegness, the slightly elevated dune land sheltered the small natural harbour which the Danes found behind the banks. The finer sediment drifts on to reach the mud of the Wash, the civil parish extends westwards along the A158 to the west side of the South View Hotel, and the boundary follows North Drain, bordering Burgh le Marsh. Just north of Mill Hill it borders Addlethorpe, passing to the west of Ash Tree Farm, at the north end of the leisure park it borders Ingoldmells, and the boundary follows to the south of Walls Lane. The boundary crosses the A52 at a subway across the road, to the south of the hotel on the A158, the parish follows Main Drain, to the west of Warth Lane. Just south of Ivy House, it crosses the A52 and borders Croft, the boundary follows Cow Bank Drain, over a level crossing, to the north of Croft Grange, then passes through Bramble Hills, just north of Seacroft Golf Course to the sea. Skegness is on the eastern side of Britain, this is often used in promoting it as a holiday resort. As with most of the British Isles, Skegness experiences a climate with warm summers. Temperature extremes since 1960 have ranged from 32.4 °C In August 1990, down to −10.1 °C in February 2012, which is the lowest recorded temperature in recent years. The name indicates that Skegness has its origin in the Danish period of settlement of England although there is no reference to a village named Skegness in the Domesday Book, the towns name means either Skeggis headland or beard-shaped headland. Lying within the county boundaries of Lincolnshire from a very early time. Skegness was primarily a village and small port, and significant numbers of visitors were not seen before the arrival of the railway in 1875. In 1908, the Great Northern Railway commissioned a poster to advertise excursions to the resort, the Skegness is so Bracing poster featuring the Jolly Fisherman helped to put Skegness on the map and is now famous. The poster, derived from an oil painting by John Hassall, was purchased by the company for 12 guineas. However Mr Hassall did not visit the resort until 1936 and he is said to have died penniless. Skegness is now served by an East Midlands Trains service from Nottingham via Grantham, most of the land in the modern centre of Skegness formed part of the estate of the Earl of Scarbrough. He and agent H. V. Tippet realised that the sandy beach could be made attractive to holidaymakers from the industrial towns of the Midlands
30.
St James' Church, Louth
–
St. James Church, Louth is a parish church in the Church of England in Louth, Lincolnshire, England. It is notable for its tall spire, the church is a medieval building. It has the tallest steeple of any parish church in Britain. A recent survey has confirmed the height of the stonework as 287 feet and 6 inches and it also confirms it as one of the very finest medieval steeples in the country The chancel and nave were re-built between 1430 and 1440. The building of the tower commenced in the 1440s or 1450s and had been completed to its present height by 1499. Work began on the spire in 1501 and it was not finished until 1515, the weathercock was placed on the top of the spire amongst great rejoicing on the eve of Holy Cross day Thursday 13 September 1515. This wedercoke had been made in Lincoln from a copper basin captured from the Scots at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. The total cost of the spire alone was £305 8s 4d, the spire was restored in 1844 by Lewis Nockalls Cottingham. A further restoration took place between 1861 and 1869 by James Fowler, known as Fowler of Louth, the church is mainly 15th century and is the third building on the site, replacing 11th- and 13th-century buildings. Originally the church had five chapels and altars and a three-storey rood screen. In October 1536, as a result of Henry VIIIs ecclesiastical changes, people gathered in the church to start the Lincolnshire Rising, neither succeeded and the church was stripped of its riches including the rood screen. In 1937, it flew the highest flag in Lincolnshire to mark the coronation of George VI, later that year, renovation work commenced on the spire, under the supervision of the architect, Mr. Goddard, who had previously worked on Lincoln Cathedral. In 2015 came a discovery from the rectory garden of two pieces of a pre-Conquest standing stone cross dating to c. In form the cross is of the ring or wheel head type, the type is more commonly seen today in Ireland. The cross and its implications for the archaeology, history and the church in Louth will be the subject of an article by Everson. The dedication of the church is to James, son of Zebedee, there is a peal of eight bells. They were recast in 1726 by Daniel Hedderly, in 1798 the great bell was cracked when it was rung to celebrate Nelsons victory in the Battle of the Nile. They were rehung in 1957, and the treble and two were recast, the original Gray & Davison organ from 1857 was altered by Forster and Andrews in 1868/9
31.
Horncastle, Lincolnshire
–
Horncastle is a market town in Lincolnshire, England,17 miles east of the county town of Lincoln. Horncastle had a population of 6,815 at the 2011 Census, although fortified, Horncastle was not on any important Roman roads, which suggests that the River Bain was the principal route of access. Roman Horncastle has become known recently as Banovallum – this name has been adopted by local businesses. The Roman walls remain in places – one section is on display in the towns library, the Saxons called the town Hyrnecastre, from whence its modern name was derived. Dating from the 13th century prior to the Reformation, the Anglican parish church is dedicated to Saint Mary, in the Early English style, it is a Grade II*listed building. It was extensively restored between 1859 and 1861 by Ewan Christian, four miles from Horncastle is the village of Winceby. During the 1643 Battle of Winceby – which helped to secure Lincolnshire for Parliament – leader Oliver Cromwell was almost killed. Local legend has it that the thirteen scythe blades, which hang on the wall of the chapel of St. Marys Church, were used as weapons at Winceby. This story is regarded as apocryphal. The accepted historical opinion is that they date from the Lincolnshire Rising of 1536. Both theories about the origin of the scythes are discussed at Church History, Horncastle was granted its market charter by the Crown in the 13th century. It was long known for its great August horse fair, an annual trading event which continued to be held until the mid-20th century. It ended after the Second World War, when horses were no longer used for agriculture. The town is now known as a centre for the antiques trade, the great annual horse fair was probably first held in the 13th century. The fair used to last for a week or more every August, in the 19th century it was likely the largest event of its kind in the United Kingdom. The slogan, Horncastle for horses, was an indication of the standing in this trade. George Borrow set some scenes of his semi-autobiographical books Lavengro and The Romany Rye at the horse fair. The last horse fair was held in 1948, in 1894 the Stanhope Memorial, designed by E. Lingen Barker, was erected in the centre of the Market Place in memory of Edward Stanhope MP
32.
Louth, Lincolnshire
–
Louth /ˈlaʊθ/ is a market town and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. Louth is the town and centre for a large rural area of eastern Lincolnshire attracting visitors for its market, Lincolnshires last remaining cattle market. Louth is at the foot of the Lincolnshire Wolds where they meet the Lincolnshire Marsh and is known as the Capital of the Lincolnshire Wolds and it developed where the ancient trackway along the Wolds, known as the Barton Street, crossed the River Lud. The town is east of a gorge carved into the Wolds that forms the Hubbards Hills and this area was formed from a glacial overspill channel in the last glacial period. The River Lud meanders through the gorge before entering the town, Louth has a population of 15,930. The Greenwich Meridian passes through the town and is marked on Eastgate with a plaque on the side of the street. The three-mile £6.6 million A16 Louth Bypass opened in 1991, the former route through the town is now designated as the B1520. Three handaxes have been found on the wolds surrounding Louth, dating from between 424,000 and 191,000 years ago, indicating inhabitation in Paleolithic era, bronze Age archeological finds include a barbed and tanged arrowhead found in the grounds of Monks Dyke Tennyson College. The Anglo-Saxon pagan burial ground, northwest of Louth, dates from the fifth to sixth centuries, with an estimated 1200 urn burials it is one of the largest Anglo-Saxon cremation cemeteries in England. Æthelhard, a Bishop of Winchester who was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 793, was an abbot of Louth in his early life, Louth is listed in the 1086 Domesday Book as a town of 124 households. Louth Park Abbey was founded in 1139 by the Bishop Alexander of Lincoln as a daughter-house of the Cistercian Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire, following its dissolution in 1536 it fell into ruin and, today, only earthworks survive, on private land, between Louth and Keddington. Monks Dyke, now a ditch, was dug to supply the abbey with water from the springs of Ashwell. In 1643, Sir Charles Bolles, a resident of Louth, fighting took place in, and around the town and, at one point, Bolles was forced to take refuge under the Ramsgate bridge. By the battles end Three strangers, being souldgeres, was slain at a skirmish at Lowth, the Louth flood of 1920 occurred in the town on 29 May 1920, causing 23 deaths. One woman climbed a chimney to survive, another was the survivor from a row of twelve terrace houses. Four stone plaques exist in the town to show how high the water level reached, other, less devastating floods occurred on 25 June and 20 July in 2007. Margaret Wintringham succeeded her husband at the Louth by-election in September 1921, to become the Liberals first female MP. St Herefrith, or Herefrid, is Louths forgotten saint, whose feast day is 27 February and he was a bishop, who died around 873, possibly killed by the Danes
33.
Cambridge Apostles
–
The Cambridge Apostles is an intellectual society at the University of Cambridge founded in 1820 by George Tomlinson, a Cambridge student who went on to become the first Bishop of Gibraltar. The origin of the Apostles nickname dates from the number, twelve, membership consists largely of undergraduates, though there have been graduate student members, and members who already hold university and college posts. The society traditionally drew most of its members from Christs, St Johns, Jesus, Trinity, the society is essentially a discussion group. Meetings are held once a week, traditionally on Saturday evenings, during which one gives a prepared talk on a topic. The usual procedure was for members to meet at the rooms of those whose turn it was to present the topic, the host would provide refreshments consisting of coffee and sardines on toast, called whales. Women first gained acceptance into the society in the 1970s, the Apostles retain a leather diary of their membership stretching back to its founder, which includes handwritten notes about the topics on which each member has spoken. It was a point of honour that the question voted on should bear only a relationship to the matter debated. The members referred to as the Apostles are the active, usually undergraduate members, undergraduates apply to become angels after graduating or being awarded a fellowship. Every few years, amid great secrecy, all the angels are invited to an Apostles dinner at a Cambridge college, there used to be an annual dinner, usually held in London. Undergraduates being considered for membership are called embryos and are invited to embryo parties, the embryos attend these parties without knowing they are being considered for membership. Becoming an Apostle involves taking an oath of secrecy and listening to the reading of a curse, originally written by Apostle Fenton John Anthony Hort, former members have spoken of the lifelong bond they feel toward one another. Henry Sidgwick, the philosopher, wrote of the Apostles in his memoirs that the tie of attachment to this society is much the strongest corporate bond which I have known in my life and these eleven members were from Christs, Kings, St. Johns College and Trinity. A twelfth member Benjamin Hall Kennedy is buried in the Mill Road Cemetery, bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore joined as students, as did John Maynard Keynes, who invited Ludwig Wittgenstein to join. However, Wittgenstein did not enjoy it and attended infrequently, Russell had been worried that Wittgenstein would not appreciate the groups unseriousness and style of humour. The Apostles became well known outside Cambridge in the years before the First World War with the rise to eminence of the group of known as the Bloomsbury Group. John Maynard Keynes, Leonard Woolf, Lytton Strachey and his brother James, G. E. Moore, E. M. Forster, Keynes, Woolf and Lytton Strachey subsequently gained prominence as members of Bloomsbury. The Apostles came to attention again following the exposure of the Cambridge spy ring in 1951. Three Cambridge graduates with access to the top levels of government in Britain, the three known agents were Apostle Guy Burgess, an MI6 officer and secretary to the deputy foreign minister, Donald MacLean, foreign office secretary, and Kim Philby, MI6 officer and journalist
34.
Mariana (poem)
–
Mariana is a poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, published in 1830. The poem follows a theme in much of Tennysons work—that of despondent isolation. The subject of Mariana is a woman who laments her lack of connection with society. The isolation defines her existence, and her longing for a connection leaves her wishing for death at the end of every stanza, the premise of Mariana originates in William Shakespeares Measure for Measure, but the poem ends before Marianas lover returns. Tennysons version was adapted by others, including John Everett Millais and Elizabeth Gaskell, the poem was well received by critics, and it is described by critics as an example of Tennysons skill at poetry. Tennyson wrote Mariana in 1830 and printed it within his early collection Poems, previously, he contributed poems to the work Poems by Two Brothers, where his early poems dealing with isolation and memory can be found. The theme was continued in the collection, with poems like Mariana, Ode to Memory. During a visit to the Pyrenees during the summer of 1830, Tennyson sought to give aid to Spanish rebels. During that time, he was affected by his experience and the influence appears in Mariana in the South, many of Tennysons poems are in the form of a dramatic monologue. However, Mariana, like The Lady of Shallott, is more accurately a lyrical narrative and it contains elements of dramatic monologies in that it contains a refrain that carries through the poem as found in Oriana and other poems. This technique is used again in Tennysons later poem, The Two Voices, the rhyme scheme of the poem, abab cddc efef, is different than the standard ballad rhyme that serves to contain the poem then allow a free expression. The middle quatrain of the returns in theme to the beginning in a cyclical pattern while the last quatrains lines contain the same words. Within the poem, Tennyson does not teach the audience what melancholy means, the broken sheds looked sad and strange, Unlifted was the clinking latch, Weeded and worn the ancient thatch Upon the lonely moated grange. She only said, My life is dreary, He cometh not, she said, She said, I am aweary, aweary, the narrator of the poem is disconnected from Mariana, and he is able to see what she cannot. She is surrounded by stillness and there is movement within the poem. The water is calm and there is only the growth of moss, About a stone-cast from the wall A sluice with blackened waters slept, And oer it many, round and small, Tennysons poems traditionally rely on the use of visual imagery for effect. In Mariana, Tennyson instead emphasises auditory imagery that serves to emphasise her solitude and her hearing is sensitive and she is able to hear every sound, which only reveals the silence of her surroundings. Her solitude and loneliness causes her to be unable to recognise the beauty of her surroundings, in contrast to Tennysons other poems, including The Lady of Shalott, there is no movement within Mariana
35.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
–
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. He wrote the poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan and his critical work, especially on William Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture. Coleridge coined many words and phrases, including suspension of disbelief. He was an influence on Ralph Waldo Emerson and American transcendentalism. Throughout his adult life Coleridge had crippling bouts of anxiety and depression, it has been speculated that he had bipolar disorder and he was physically unhealthy, which may have stemmed from a bout of rheumatic fever and other childhood illnesses. He was treated for these conditions with laudanum, which fostered a lifelong opium addiction, Coleridge was born on 21 October 1772 in the town of Ottery St Mary in Devon, England. He had previously been Master of Hugh Squiers School in South Molton, Devon, John Coleridge had three children by his first wife. Samuel was the youngest of ten by the Reverend Mr. Coleridges second wife, Anne Bowden, probably the daughter of John Bowden, Mayor of South Molton, Devon, Coleridge suggests that he took no pleasure in boyish sports but instead read incessantly and played by himself. At that school Coleridge became friends with Charles Lamb, a schoolmate, in fancy I can almost hear him now, exclaiming Harp. Pen and ink, boy, you mean, oh aye. the cloister-pump, I suppose. Be this as it may, there was one custom of our masters and he would often permit our theme exercises. To accumulate, till each lad had four or five to be looked over, throughout his life, Coleridge idealised his father as pious and innocent, while his relationship with his mother was more problematic. His childhood was characterised by attention seeking, which has linked to his dependent personality as an adult. He was rarely allowed to return home during the term. He later wrote of his loneliness at school in the poem Frost at Midnight, With unclosed lids, from 1791 until 1794, Coleridge attended Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1792, he won the Browne Gold Medal for an ode that he wrote on the slave trade, afterwards, he was rumoured to have had a bout of severe depression. His brothers arranged for his discharge a few months later under the reason of insanity and he was readmitted to Jesus College, at Jesus College, Coleridge was introduced to political and theological ideas then considered radical, including those of the poet Robert Southey. Coleridge joined Southey in a plan, soon abandoned, to found a utopian society, called Pantisocracy
36.
Cambridge
–
Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam about 50 miles north of London. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, its population was 123,867, there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area in the Bronze Age and in Roman Britain, under Viking rule, Cambridge became an important trading centre. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although city status was not conferred until 1951, the University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, is one of the top five universities in the world. The university includes the Cavendish Laboratory, Kings College Chapel, the citys skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, the chimney of Addenbrookes Hospital and St Johns College Chapel tower. Anglia Ruskin University, evolved from the Cambridge School of Art, Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies spun out of the university. More than 40% of the workforce has a higher education qualification, the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world, is soon to be home to AstraZeneca, a hotel and the relocated Papworth Hospital. Parkers Piece hosted the first ever game of Association football, the Strawberry Fair music and arts festival and Midsummer Fairs are held on Midsummer Common, and the annual Cambridge Beer Festival takes place on Jesus Green. The city is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads, settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since prehistoric times. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3, the principal Roman site is a small fort Duroliponte on Castle Hill, just northwest of the city centre around the location of the earlier British village. The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the present Mount Pleasant, continuing across Huntingdon Road into Clare Street, the eastern side followed Magrath Avenue, with the southern side running near to Chesterton Lane and Kettles Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill. It was constructed around AD70 and converted to use around 50 years later. Evidence of more widespread Roman settlement has been discovered including numerous farmsteads, evidence exists that the invading Anglo-Saxons had begun occupying the area by the end of the century. Their settlement—also on and around Castle Hill—became known as Grantebrycge, Anglo-Saxon grave goods have been found in the area. During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands, by the 7th century, the town was less significant and described by Bede as a little ruined city containing the burial site of Etheldreda. Cambridge was on the border between the East and Middle Anglian kingdoms and the settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river, the arrival of the Vikings was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875. Viking rule, the Danelaw, had been imposed by 878 Their vigorous trading habits caused the town to grow rapidly. During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank. In 1068, two years after his conquest of England, William of Normandy built a castle on Castle Hill, like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies
37.
The Lady of Shalott
–
The Lady of Shalott is a ballad by the English poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Like his other early poems – Sir Lancelot and Queen Guinevere, Tennyson wrote two versions of the poem, one published in 1833, of 20 stanzas, the other in 1842, of 19 stanzas. Tennyson focused on the Ladys isolation in the tower and her decision to participate in the living world, the first four stanzas of the 1842 poem describe a pastoral setting. The Lady of Shalott lives in a castle in a river which flows to Camelot. And by the moon the reaper weary, Piling sheaves in uplands airy, Listening, whispers, stanzas five to eight describe the ladys life. She suffers from a curse and must continually weave images on her loom without ever looking directly out at the world. Instead, she looks into a mirror, which reflects the busy road and she knows not what the curse may be, And so she weaveth steadily, And little other care hath she, The Lady of Shalott. The reflected images are described as shadows of the world, a metaphor that makes it clear they are a substitute for seeing directly. Stanzas nine to twelve describe bold Sir Lancelot as he rides by and is seen by the lady, All in the blue unclouded weather Thick-jewelld shone the saddle-leather, The helmet and the helmet-feather Burnd like one burning flame together, As he rode down to Camelot. The remaining seven stanzas describe the effect on the lady of seeing Lancelot, she stops weaving and looks out of her window toward Camelot, bringing about the curse. Out flew the web and floated wide- The mirror crackd from side to side, The curse is come upon me and she leaves her tower, finds a boat upon which she writes her name, and floats down the river to Camelot. She dies before arriving at the palace, among the knights and ladies who see her is Lancelot, who thinks she is lovely. According to scholar Anne Zanzucchi, in a general sense. Tennysons biographer Leonée Ormonde finds the Arthurian material is Introduced as a setting for the study of the artist. Feminist critics see the poem as concerned with issues of womens sexuality, critics argue that The Lady of Shalott centers around the temptation of sexuality and her innocence preserved by death. Christine Poulson discusses a feminist viewpoint and suggests, the Lady of Shalotts escape from her tower as an act of defiance, based on Poulsons view, escaping from the tower allows for the Lady of Shalott to emotionally break free and come into terms with female sexuality. The depiction of death has also interpreted as sleep. Critic Christine Poulson says that sleep has a connotation of physical abandonment and vulnerability, fairytales, such as Sleeping Beauty or Snow White, have traditionally depended upon this association
38.
Vienna
–
Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
39.
High Beach
–
High Beach or High Beech is a village inside Epping Forest and is located approximately eleven miles north east of central London. It is the settlement inside Epping Forest. And falls within the parish of Waltham Abbey, London Metropolitan Area, Greater London Urban Area. High Beach is in the uplands of Essex, which reach heights of 110 metres above sea level on the fringes of Epping Forest. Areas of the surrounding forest are also named High Beach or High Beech, however, individual smallholdings of land are given over to residential, agriculture and mixed uses, particularly beside the straight A-road which bisects it. Many of the forest paths are naturally gravel-lined with underlying deposits of Bagshot Sands and it is believed that the name High Beach came from an early description of the localised sand and gravel exposure in this part of the forest. Holy Innocents church is surrounded by forest, the 125 feet tower and spire contains 13 hemispherical bells cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. In July 1837, poet John Clares deteriorating mental disorder caused him to be admitted to the High Beach private asylum under the guidance of the enlightened Dr Matthew Allen, the poet, after suffering from depression, was invited as a guest to Allens asylum. Clare spent four years at the asylum before escaping in July 1841, alfred, Lord Tennyson lived at Beech Hill House from 1837 to 1840. During his short stay he may well have encountered Clare and other inmates, Tennyson was reported by a journalist as being. delighted with the mad people. the most agreeable and the most reasonable persons he has met with. Amenities include the church, primary school, horse riding school, owned and managed by the London Borough of Waltham Forest, the Suntrap Forest Education Centre offers field studies and other activities to schools and other groups. Epping Forest Visitors Centre in Nursery Road is one of three centres in the forest that provide learning, tours, exhibits and recreational facilities. In February 1928, an oval circuit to the rear of the Kings Oak public house was the venue for Britains first motorcycle speedway meeting. Courses and appropriate tracks for outdoor pursuits include horse riding, mountain biking, orienteering, the 15 miles Epping Forest Centenary walking route passes through the locality. The route was established in 1978 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the passing of the Epping Forest Act 1878, section 18 of the London Loop, a long distance footpath, can be joined at nearby Sewardstone. In Mott Street the High Beach Cricket Club play in Division 4 of the Herts & Essex League, at the highest level of local government, responsible for a considerable amount of infrastructure and education is Essex County Council with single-member wards. The relevant ward is Waltham Abbey, on a third tier of local government, Waltham Abbey town council has powers, and the whole of High Beach is part of its civil parish. The district-level ward forms part of the Epping Forest and covers 2,235 ha with a population of 2143, postally High Beach centred on a tripoint such that it is divided between Chingford London E4, Loughton IG10 postal district and Waltham Abbey
40.
Epping Forest
–
Epping Forest is an area of ancient woodland near Epping, straddling the border between Greater London and Essex. It is a royal forest, and is managed by the City of London Corporation. It covers 2,476 hectares and contains areas of woodland, grassland, heath, rivers, bogs and ponds, and most of it is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation. The forest lies on a ridge between the valleys of the rivers Lea and Roding, its elevation and thin gravelly soil historically made it unsuitable for agriculture and it gives its name to the Epping Forest local government district which covers part of it. The name Epping Forest was first recorded in the 17th century, the area which became known as Waltham, and then Epping Forest has been continuously forested since Neolithic times. The former lime/linden Tilia-dominated woodland was permanently altered during Saxon times by cutting of trees. Todays beech-birch and oak-hornbeam-dominated forest was the result of partial forest clearance in Saxon times, the forest is thought to have been given legal status as a royal forest by Henry II in the 12th century. This status allowed commoners to use the forest to gather wood and foodstuffs, and to graze livestock and turn out pigs for mast, but only the king was allowed to hunt there. Forest in the sense of royal forest meant an area of land reserved for royal hunting, where the forest laws applied. In Tudor times, Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I may have hunted in the forest, in 1543, Henry commissioned a building, known as Great Standing, from which to view the chase at Chingford. The building was renovated in 1589 for Queen Elizabeth I and can still be today in Chingford. The building is now known as Queen Elizabeths Hunting Lodge, and is open to the public, there is another hunt standing, which now forms the core of the Forest HQ at the Warren, Loughton. There were disputes between landowners and commoners, one group of commoners was led by Thomas Willingale who on behalf of the villagers of Loughton continued to lop the trees after the Lord of the Manor had enclosed 550 hectares of forest in Loughton. This led to an injunction against further enclosures, the Epping Forest Act 1878 was passed, saving the forest from enclosure, and halting the shrinkage of the forest that this had caused. Epping Forest ceased to be a royal forest and was placed in the care of the City of London Corporation who act as Conservators, in addition, the Crowns right to venison was terminated, and pollarding was no longer allowed, although grazing rights continued. This act laid down a stipulation that the Conservators shall at all times keep Epping Forest unenclosed and unbuilt on as a space for the recreation. In compensation for the loss of lopping rights, Lopping Hall in Loughton was built as a community building, the City of London Corporation still manages Epping Forest in strict conformity with the Epping Forest Act. This care is funded from Citys Cash, the funds of the Corporation rather than any money for its upkeep coming from local rates or taxes
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
