1.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
State school
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State schools generally refer to primary or secondary schools mandated for or offered to all children without charge, funded in whole or in part by taxation. The term may refer to public institutions of post-secondary education. State education is inclusive, both in its treatment of students and in that enfranchisement for the government of public education is as broad as for government generally and it is often organized and operated to be a deliberate model of the civil community in which it functions. Although typically provided to groups of students in classrooms in a school, it may be provided in-home, employing visiting teachers. It can also be provided in non-school, non-home settings, such as shopping mall space, State education is generally available to all. In most countries, it is compulsory for children to school up to a certain age. In the case of private schooling, schools operate independently of the state, the funding for state schools, on the other hand, is provided by tax revenues, so that even individuals who do not attend school help to ensure that society is educated. In poverty stricken societies, authorities are often lax on compulsory school attendance because child labour is exploited and it is these same children whose income-securing labor cannot be forfeited to allow for school attendance. The term public education when applied to schools is not synonymous with the term publicly funded education. Government may make a policy decision that it wants to have some financial resources distributed in support of, and it may want to have some control over. Grants-in-aid of private schools and vouchers systems provide examples of publicly funded private education, conversely, a state school may rely heavily on private funding such as high fees or private donations and still be considered state by virtue of governmental ownership and control. In some countries, private associations or churches can operate schools according to their own principles, when these specific requirements are met, especially in the area of the school curriculum, the schools will qualify to receive state funding. Proponents of state education assert it to be necessary because of the need in society for people who are capable of reading, writing. In most industrialized countries, these views are distinctly in the minority, Government schools are free to attend for Australian citizens and permanent residents, whereas independent schools usually charge attendance fees. They can be divided into two categories, open and selective schools, the open schools accept all students from their government-defined catchment areas. Government schools educate approximately 65% of Australian students, with approximately 34% in Catholic, regardless of whether a school is part of the Government or independent systems, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks of their state or territory. The curriculum framework however provides for flexibility in the syllabus. Public or Government funded schools are found throughout Bangladesh and these schools mostly teach students from Year 1 to 10, with examinations for students in years 5,8, and 10
4.
New York City Department of Education
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The New York City Department of Education is the department of the government of New York City that manages the citys public school system. The City School District of the City of New York is the largest school system in the United States, the department covers all five boroughs of New York City, and has an annual budget of nearly 25 billion dollars. The department is run by the Panel for Educational Policy and New York City Schools Chancellor, the current chancellor is Carmen Fariña. All of the city is assigned to the NYCDOE school district except for a section of the Bronx. Beginning in 2003, New York City public schools citywide implemented a mathematics core curriculum based on New York State standards for grades K-12, to graduate high school, students must earn at least six credits in mathematics. In order to receive a Regents diploma, students must score at least 65 on a Regents math exam, the city has made an effort to reduce childhood obesity among students by promoting exercise and improving nutrition in school cafeterias. During Mayor Bloombergs first term, white bread was entirely replaced with whole wheat bread, hot dog buns, in 2006, the city set out to eliminate whole milk from cafeteria lunch menus and took the further step of banning low-fat flavored milks, allowing only skim milk. In October 2009, the DOE banned bake sales, though some continue to have them with frequency. The DOE cited the sugar content of baked sale goods. Meanwhile, vending machines in the operated by Frito Lay and Snapple continue to sell high processed empty calorie foods such as Doritos. Contracts for the machines were awarded in no-bid deals through Mayor Bloombergs office. As part of the DOEs ambition to create healthy diets among students, as of October, the NYC school lunch menu contains numerous highly processed foods and high sugar content foods including chicken nuggets, French fries, French toast and syrup. In January 2011, more than 1,100 New York City students from 13 schools were offered morning-after pill, the pilot program is called Connecting Adolescents to Comprehensive Health and is facing criticism. Housing subsidies are in place for experienced teachers who relocate to the city to teach, in the course of school reorganizations, some veteran teachers have lost their positions. They then enter a pool of substitutes, called the Absent Teacher Reserve, on November 19,2008, the Department and the citys teacher union, reached an agreement to create financial incentives for principals of new schools to hire ATR teachers and guidance counselors. The Department of Education has a budget of nearly $25 billion for its 1.1 million students. According to Census Data, New York spends $19,076 each year per student,3 billion dollars of the budget goes to Non City schools. This includes $1.09 billion to pre-school special education services, another $71 million goes to non public schools such as yeshivas and parochial schools and $1.04 billion is paid for the 70 thousand students attending charter schools
5.
Melrose, Bronx
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Melrose is primarily a residential neighborhood geographically located in the southwestern section of the borough of the Bronx in New York City. Predominantly German-American in the 19th century it is home to the Haffen Building and was home to Haffen Brewing Company, the German population waned especially post-WWII. The neighborhood until the 1960s was mostly Irish and Italian and it adjoins the business and one-time theater area known as the Hub. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 1, Melrose is rectangular-shaped, being bordered by Prospect Avenue on the east, 149th Street on the south, Park Avenue on the west and 161st Street to the north. Melrose Avenue and Third Avenue are the primary thoroughfares through Melrose, ZIP codes include 10451,10455 and 10456. The area is patrolled by the NYPDs 42nd Precinct located at 830 Washington Ave. the 40th Precinct located at 257 Alexander Ave. New York City Housing Authority property in the area is patrolled by P. S. A. Grupo TACA operates a Bronx-area TACA Satellite at 570 Melrose Avenue, Melrose is considered part of the socioeconomic South Bronx. Melrose is a high-density neighborhood with a population of around 24,913, the neighborhood has a relatively diverse population consisting primarily of Latin Americans and African Americans. Almost half of the population lives below the poverty line. Melrose is dominated by residential housing complexes of various types, primarily public housing. Most of the housing stock which consisted of older multi-unit homes and tenements were structurally damaged by arson during the citywide fiscal crisis. In the last decade, construction of modern 2 and 3 unit row-houses, the neighborhood contains one of the highest concentrations of NYCHA projects in the Bronx. The Hub-Third Avenue BID is a local retail district located where five major thoroughfares converge, East 149th Street, Westchester, Willis, Melrose. The area is served by the 2 and 5 lines at East 149th Street, one of The Bronxs largest shopping areas. There are five NYCHA developments located in Melrose, East 152nd Street-Courtlandt Avenue, two buildings,11 and 12-stories tall. Morrisania Air Rights, three buildings,19,23, and 29-stories, South Bronx Area, four buildings, 3-stories tall. A mass exodus took place as New York City policy–induced arson soon ravaged the neighborhood throughout the 1960s and 1970s. In 1973, the City of New York dismantled the Third Avenue El due to low ridership, by the 1980s the neighborhood had decayed severely, and much of the original housing stock was lost
6.
New York City Subway nomenclature
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Lines and services on the New York City Subway are often confused with each other. Lines are physical train tracks, while services are the routes use the tracks. This distinction is made on other systems, including the Washington Metro and Taipei Metro. Each section of subway has three identifying characteristics, line, service and color, the most constant is the line, the physical structure and tracks that trains run over. Each section of the system is assigned a unique line name, for example, the line under Eighth Avenue is the IND Eighth Avenue Line. Some lines have changed names, but this happens relatively infrequently, public usage of the line names varies widely, although the MTAs public usage of trunk names has increased since 2012, especially on FASTRACK signs. Internally, the MTA also uses the names, both for reasons and to describe lines, services and locations without ambiguity. Although the three subway systems are now unified, the terms BMT, IRT and IND are still used in line, structure and building descriptions. Each operating service or route is assigned a letter or number and this is a path that the train service uses along the various lines. These are the most familiar names among the public, but may change frequently during construction or as services are rerouted to make best use of the network, former IRT services are assigned numbers, and former BMT and IND services are assigned letters. IRT trains and tunnels are narrower, so the two divisions do not mix in revenue service and this has been implemented on the subway by use of diamond services. Since a route letter or number is ordinarily presented inside a circle,6 regular service operates local at all times, weekday peak-direction <6> diamond service runs express in the Bronx. 7 regular service operates local at all times, weekday rush-hour peak-direction <7> diamond service runs express in Queens, until May 2005, rush hour 5 service to Nereid Avenue – 238th Street in the Bronx was marked with a diamond with regular circular service to Eastchester – Dyre Avenue. Both services were express services in the Bronx between East 180th Street and Third Avenue – 149th Street during rush hours in peak direction, diamond service operated on the BMT Brighton Line while the north side of the Manhattan Bridge was closed for repairs from 2001 to 2004. Full-time local service was designated with a circle Q while weekday-only express service was designated with a diamond <Q>, in May 2004, the map was changed to show only the diamond <6> and <7>. The diamond symbol usage has thus been redefined to indicate a variant rush-hour express service running simultaneously with a service in the same direction. Each service is assigned a color. Since 1979, each services color corresponds to the line it primarily uses in Midtown Manhattan, or, in the case of the BMT Nassau Street and Canarsie Lines, the line used in Lower Manhattan
7.
Al Smith
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Alfred Emanuel Al Smith was an American statesman who was elected Governor of New York four times and was the Democratic U. S. presidential candidate in 1928. He was the foremost urban leader of the efficiency-oriented Progressive Movement and was noted for achieving a range of reforms as governor in the 1920s. His candidacy mobilized Catholic votes—especially of women, who had recently received federal suffrage. It also brought out the vote, which was strongest among white conservative Democrats in the South. As a committed wet candidate, Smith attracted not only drinkers but also voters angered by the corruption, many Protestants feared his candidacy, including German Lutherans and Southern Baptists, believing that the Catholic Church and the Pope would dictate his policies. Most importantly, this was a time of prosperity under a Republican White House. Smith lost in a landslide to Republican Herbert Hoover, who gained support from six southern states. Four years later Smith sought the 1932 nomination but was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt, his former ally, Smith entered business in New York City and became an increasingly vocal opponent of Roosevelts New Deal. Smith was born at 174 South Street, and raised in the Fourth Ward on the Lower East Side of Manhattan and his mother, Catherine, was the daughter of Maria Marsh and Thomas Mulvihill, who were immigrants from County Westmeath, Ireland. His father, Alfred Emanuele Ferraro, took the anglicized name Alfred E. Smith, the elder Alfred was the son of Italian and German immigrants. He served with the 11th New York Fire Zouaves in the months of the Civil War. Al Smith grew up with his family struggling financially in the Gilded Age, the Brooklyn Bridge was being constructed nearby. The Brooklyn Bridge and I grew up together, Smith would later recall and his four grandparents were Irish, German, Italian, and Anglo-Irish, but Smith identified with the Irish-American community and became its leading spokesman in the 1920s. His father Alfred owned a trucking firm, but died when the boy was 13. At 14 Smith had to drop out of St. James parochial school to support the family. Prior to dropping out of school, he served as an altar boy and he never attended high school or college, and claimed he learned about people by studying them at the Fulton Fish Market, where he worked for $12 per week. His acting skills made him a success on the theater circuit. He became widely known, and developed the smooth style that characterized his political career
8.
IRT White Plains Road Line
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The White Plains Road Line is a rapid transit line of the IRT division of the New York City Subway serving the central Bronx. It is mostly elevated and served both subway and elevated trains until 1952, eventually, however, the two parts came to be known as the White Plains Road Line. It is currently being used by the 2 as the local at all times, crossovers just south of the station take trains to the correct tracks and a center express track comes out of those crossovers. Between Wakefield–241st Street and Nereid Avenue, a connection comes in from the 239th Street Yard, just north of Gun Hill Road, the now demolished IRT Third Avenue Line split from the local tracks. The line went to a level of Gun Hill Road. The IRT Dyre Avenue Line merges to the tracks just north of East 180th Street. The 5 late-night Dyre Avenue Shuttle uses the track to end its run. On the west side of junction is the East 180th Street Yard while the Unionport Yard is to the east. The now-gone three-track Bronx Park Spur merged from the west after East 180th Street with one track into each of the mainline tracks, just after this on the east side was a connection to the West Farms Yard, also gone. The express track north of Third Avenue–149th Street, and from there to the end the line has two tracks. Formerly in that there was a connection just to the north to the local tracks of the IRT Third Avenue Line. Just past those former connections, the White Plains Road Line goes underground, just after 149th Street–Grand Concourse, the tracks split off and the two currently used by the 5 train turn south to merge with the local tracks of the IRT Jerome Avenue Line. The other tracks, currently used by the 2 train, pass under the Harlem River via the 149th Street Tunnel and end at the at-grade 142nd Street Junction, connecting to the IRT Lenox Avenue Line. McDonald and funded by August Belmont, for the construction of the subway, Contract 1 called for the construction of a line from City Hall north to Kingsbridge and a branch under Lenox Avenue and to Bronx Park. The initial segment of the IRT White Plains Road Line opened on November 26,1904 between East 180th Street and Jackson Avenue, once the connection to the IRT Lenox Avenue Line opened on July 10,1905, trains from the newly opened IRT subway ran via the line. Elevated service via this connection was resumed on October 1,1907 when Second Avenue locals were extended to Freeman Street during rush hours. The Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19,1913, were contracts for the construction, rehabilitation, the contracts were dual in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies, all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of lines in the Bronx
9.
Secondary education in the United States
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The United States historically had a demand for general skills rather than specific training/apprenticeships. It recommended twelve years of instruction, consisting of eight years of education followed by four years of high school. At the turn of the 20th Century, it was common for high schools to have entrance examinations which restricted entrance to fewer than 5 percent of the population in preparation for college, most were expected to be ready for a job or a family after junior high school. The first public schools started around the 1830s and 40s within the wealthier areas of similar income levels. There was a shift towards local decision making by school districts, the shift from theoretical to a more practical approach in curriculum also resulted in an increase of skilled blue-collar workers. The open enrollment nature and relatively relaxed standards, such as ease of repeating a grade, there was an increase in educational attainment, primarily from the grass-roots movement of building and staffing public high schools. In 1954 the Supreme Court case Brown v. By 1955, in 1965 the far-reaching Elementary and Secondary Education Act, passed as a part of President Lyndon B. Johnsons War on Poverty, provided funds for primary and secondary education while explicitly forbidding the establishment of a national curriculum and it emphasized equal access to education and established high standards and accountability. The bill also aimed to shorten the achievement gaps between students by providing every child with fair and equal opportunities to achieve an exceptional education, after 1980, the growth in educational attainment decreased, which caused the growth of the educated workforce to slow down. Pressure to allow people and organizations to create new Charter schools developed during the 1980s and were embraced by the American Federation of Teachers in 1988. These would be legally and financially autonomous public school free from state laws and district regulations. Minnesota was the first state to pass a school law in 1991. By 2009 charter schools were operating in 41 states and 59% of these had waiting lists, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 required all public schools receiving federal funding to administer a statewide standardized test annually to all students. Standards-based education has been embraced in most states which changed the measurement of success to academic achievement, by 2006, two-thirds of students lived in states with effective standards requiring passing tests to ensure that all graduates had achieved these standards. Great indirect authority is, however, exercised through federal funding of national programs, the U. S. government may also propose, but cannot enforce national goals, objectives and standards, which generally lie beyond its jurisdiction. Many high schools in the United States offer a choice of vocational or college prep curriculum, the level of specialization allowed varies depending on both the state and district the school is located in. Many states require that courses in the areas of English, science, social studies. The majority of high schools require four English credits to graduate, generally, three science courses are required
10.
Vocational education
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Craft vocations are usually based on manual or practical activities and are traditionally non-academic but related to a specific trade or occupation. Vocational education is referred to as career education or technical education. Vocational education can take place at the secondary, post-secondary, further education, and higher education level, however, online vocational education has grown in popularity, and made it easier than ever for students to learn various trade skills and soft skills from established professionals in the industry. Wilhelm von Humboldts educational model goes beyond vocational training, if this basis is laid through schooling, vocational skills are easily acquired later on, and a person is always free to move from one occupation to another, as so often happens in life. In Australia vocational education and training is mostly post-secondary and provided through the vocational education, however some senior schools do offer school-based apprenticeships and traineeships for students in years 10,11 and 12. Australia’s apprenticeship system includes both apprenticeships in trades and traineeships in other more service-oriented occupations. Both involve a legal contract between the employer and the apprentice or trainee and provide a combination of school-based and workplace training, Apprenticeships typically last three to four years, traineeships only one to two years. Apprentices and trainees receive a wage which increases as they progress through the training scheme and this allows national portability of qualifications and units of competency. A crucial feature of the package is that the content of the vocational qualifications is theoretically defined by industry. A Training Package is owned by one of 11 Industry Skills Councils which are responsible for developing and reviewing the qualifications, the National Centre for Vocational Education Research or NCVER is a not-for-profit company owned by the federal, state and territory ministries responsible for training. It is responsible for collecting, managing, analysing, evaluating and communicating research and statistics about vocational education, the boundaries between vocational education and tertiary education are becoming more blurred. A number of training providers such as Melbourne Polytechnic, BHI. Such applied courses include equine studies, winemaking and viticulture, aquaculture, information technology, music, illustration, culinary management, the largest and the most unified system of vocational education was created in the Soviet Union with the professionalno-tehnicheskoye uchilische and Tehnikum. But it became effective with the transition of the economies of post-Soviet countries to a market economy. Education and training is the responsibility of states, but the single European labour market makes some cooperation on education imperative, including on vocational education. The process is based on mutually agreed priorities that are reviewed periodically, much of the activity is monitored by Cedefop, the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training. In Finland, vocational education belongs to secondary education, after the nine-year comprehensive school, almost all students choose to go to either a lukio, which is an institution preparing students for tertiary education, or to a vocational school. Both forms of secondary education last three years, and give a qualification to enter university or ammattikorkeakoulu, i. e. Finnish polytechnics
11.
National School Lunch Act
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The program was established as a way to prop up food prices by absorbing farm surpluses, while at the same time providing food to school age children. It was named after Richard Russell, Jr. signed into law by President Harry S. Truman in 1945, the majority of the support provided to schools participating in the program comes in the form of a cash reimbursement for each meal served. Schools are also entitled to receive commodity foods and additional commodities as they are available from surplus agricultural stocks, the National School Lunch Program serves 30.5 million children each day at a cost of $8.7 billion for fiscal year 2007. Most participants are eligible for food during the summer through the Summer Food Service Program. The Childrens Aid Society of New York initiated a program in 1853, in 1894, the Starr Center Association in Philadelphia began serving penny lunches in one school, later expanding the service to another. Soon a lunch committee was established within the Home and School League, the Board granted his request on an experimental basis and on the condition that the program would be self-supporting. The experiment proved successful, and the following year lunch services were extended to the Southern Manual Training School and later to three additional units. In the spring of 1912, the School Board established a Department of High School Lunches, in January 1910, an experimental program for elementary schools took the form of a mid-morning lunch prepared by the class in Home Economics three days each week. On two days of each week sandwiches and milk were served, the children ate their meals at their desks, there being no lunchroom in the building. As the scope of the meal supply expanded, local governments, supplementary contributions by charitable organizations and individuals did not suffice. Aid from Federal sources became inevitable, the depression of the 1930s brought on widespread unemployment. Needy families and school programs became constructive outlets for the commodities purchased by the USDA under the terms of such legislation. Many needy school children could not afford to pay for lunches and were sorely in need of supplementary foods from a nutritional standpoint. Thus they would be using foods at school which would not otherwise be purchased in the market place and these funds came from customs duties and were specifically designated to encourage agricultural surplus consumption via exports and domestic donations. In March 1937, there were 3,839 schools receiving commodities for lunch programs serving 342,031 children daily, two years later, the number of schools participating had grown to 14,075 and the number of children had risen to 892,259. From 1939 to 1942，the number of schools participating increased by 78,841, in July 1943, in an attempt to salvage the deterioration of school lunches, Congress passed Public Law 129 to amend the Agricultural Act of 1935. This law re-established school lunch programs using $60 million to cover the purchase of food, the next year, Congress appropriated another $50 million and allowed child-care centers to participate. Since the Act passed, Congress has modified several aspects of the policy, Congress amended the NSLP in 1962 to adjust fund distribution
12.
New York City Panel for Educational Policy
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The members of the board are appointed by the mayor and by the five borough presidents. There are 13 members of the panel, each of the five borough presidents appoints one member, and the remaining eight are appointed by the mayor. Prior to Mayor of New York City Michael Bloombergs securing control of New York City schools, on June 30,2002, Mayor Bloomberg secured authority over the schools from the New York State legislature, which began the era of mayoral control over the city schools. The New York Supreme Court ellaborates, By chapter 91 of the Laws of 2002, five Board members are selected by the Borough Presidents. On June 30,2009, the New York State Senate declined to renew the mayors full authority over the school system, in particular, State Senate Democrats leader John Sampson, of Brooklyn, opposed the extension of mayoral control. The authority reverted for a time to the Board of Education, the actual city agency running the schools remains the New York City Department of Education. Samuel A. Lewis, elected a member in 1868 Notes New York City Board of Education/New York City Department of Education Archives in 1998
