1.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Russell A. Alger
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Russell Alexander Alger was the 20th Governor and U. S. Senator from the state of Michigan and also U. S. Secretary of War during the Presidential administration of William McKinley, Russell Alexander Alger was born on February 27,1836, in Lafayette Township in Medina County, Ohio. His parents were Russell and Caroline Alger and he was orphaned at age 13 and worked on a farm to support himself and two younger siblings. He attended Richfield Academy in Summit County, Ohio, and taught school for two winters. He studied law in Akron, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar in March 1859 and he first began to practice law in Cleveland and moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1860, where he engaged in the lumber business. On April 2,1861, he married Annette Huldana Squire Henry of Grand Rapids and they had six children, Henrietta Fay Huldana Bailey, Caroline Annette Shelden, Frances Aura Pike, Russell Alexander Alger, Jr. Frederick Charles Moulton Alger and Allan Alger. Frederick graduated from Harvard in 1899, served as a lieutenant colonel with the American Expeditionary Force in France during the First World War and was awarded the French Legion of Honor. Alger was the scion of a prominent family, many of whom became involved in 20th century Michigan politics and active in the Republican Party. His son, Russell A. Alger, Jr. Russell A. Alger had a home in Black River which is in Alcona Township, Michigan and he enlisted as a private soldier in the American Civil War on September 2,1861. He was commissioned and served as a captain and major in the 2nd Michigan Cavalry Regiment, at the Battle of Boonesville, July 11,1862, he was sent by Colonel Philip Sheridan to attack the enemys rear with ninety picked men. The Confederate forces were defeated, and although Alger was wounded and taken prisoner. On October 16, he was lieutenant colonel of the 6th Michigan Cavalry. On February 28,1863, he was promoted to colonel of the 5th Michigan Cavalry and his command was the first to enter Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on June 28, and he was specially mentioned in the report of General George Armstrong Custer on cavalry operations there. He participated in General Sheridans Valley Campaigns of 1864 in Virginia, on June 11,1864, at Trevillian Station, he captured a large force of Confederates with a brilliant cavalry charge. Alger resigned from the army on September 20,1864, in three years, he served in 66 different battles and skirmishes. He was also a member of the Michigan Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Algers two sons, Frederick W. Alger and Russell A. Alger, Jr. were hereditary companions of MOLLUS. After the Civil War, Alger settled in Detroit as head of Alger, Smith & Company and his great pine forest on Lake Huron comprised more than 100 square miles and produced annually more than 75,000,000 board feet of lumber. In order to transport the lumber, Alger led his company to create the Detroit, Bay City and Alpena Railroad, of which Alger served as president
4.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Munising, Michigan
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Munising is a city on the southern shore of Lake Superior on the Upper Peninsula of the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,355 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Alger County. The city is adjacent to the northwest corner of Munising Township, the name for the city comes from the Ojibwe word for island at. A post office was established as the Munising post office on December 22,1868 and it was renamed as Gogarnville on October 23,1889, when Julius Gogarn was appointed as postmaster. The office was moved to his farm and he was a German-born American Civil War veteran and first Supervisor of Munising Township. That post office continued until July 15,1893, Munising is located on the southern edge of Munising Bay at 46°24′40″N 86°38′52″W, also known as the South Bay of Grand Island Harbor, across from Grand Island around the mouth of the Anna River. It is the embarkation point for cruises to Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. The name Munising is derived from the Ojibway language, Grand Island is located one half mile north in Munising Bay. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 9.03 square miles. The Munising area has many waterfalls including Alger Falls, Horseshoe Falls, Memorial Falls, Munising Falls, Miners Falls, Scott Falls, Tannery Falls and Wagner Falls. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,355 people,1,032 households, the population density was 448.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,252 housing units at a density of 238.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 91. 2% White,0. 2% African American,4. 8% Native American,0. 7% Asian,0. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 4% of the population. 37. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 20. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.76. The median age in the city was 48.6 years. 18. 7% of residents were under the age of 18, 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,20. 5% were from 25 to 44,28. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 26. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 4% male and 52. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,539 people,1,115 households, and 654 families residing in the city. The population density was 474.0 per square mile, there were 1,249 housing units at an average density of 233.2 per square mile
6.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
7.
Michigan's 1st congressional district
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Michigans 1st congressional district is a United States Congressional district containing the entire Upper Peninsula of Michigan and 16 of 21 counties of Northern Michigan in the Lower Peninsula. The district is represented by Republican Jack Bergman, the district is the second-largest congressional district east of the Mississippi River by land area, behind Maines 2nd congressional district. Its boundaries contain much of the part of the Lower Peninsula in addition to the entire Upper Peninsula. Altogether, the district makes up about 44% of the area of the state of Michigan. It contains the second-longest shoreline of any district in the United States, of the 83 counties in Michigan,30 lie fully within the district, and it contains a portion of another. Prior to 1992 the 1st Congressional District was a Detroit-based congressional district, from the election of Republican John B. Sosnowski in 1925 until 1964 the former 1st district was represented by only one non-Polish-American politician, along with Sosnowski,6 Polish-Americans served as the 1st districts representatives elected 7 times, since 1925. The other strong Polish Michigan congressional districts were the 15th district, John Conyers was elected to congress from the 1st district, a position he would hold until the 1st was removed from Detroit. After 1992, the 1st district cover land in the UP, alpena Calumet Cheboygan Escanaba Gaylord Iron Mountain Ironwood Ishpeming Hancock Houghton Kingsford Manistee Marquette Menominee Petoskey Sault Ste. Marie Traverse City In the 1932 primary election for the Democratic Party, George G. Sadowski won, Representatives 1837–2003, Michigan Manual 2003–2004 Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Rep. Jack Bergmans official House of Representatives website
8.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
9.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
10.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
11.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
12.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
13.
Upper Peninsula of Michigan
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The Upper Peninsula is the northern of the two major peninsulas that make up the U. S. state of Michigan. It may also be referred to as the UP or Upper Michigan, the peninsula is bounded on the north by Lake Superior, on the east by the St. Marys River, on the southeast by Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and on the southwest by Wisconsin. The Upper Peninsula contains 29% of the area of Michigan. Residents are frequently called Yoopers and have a regional identity. Large numbers of French Canadian, Finnish, Swedish, Cornish, the peninsula includes the only counties in the United States where a plurality of residents claim Finnish ancestry. Ordered by size, the peninsulas largest cities are Marquette, Sault Ste, Marie, Escanaba, Menominee, Houghton, and Iron Mountain. The land and climate are not very suitable for agriculture because of the harsh winters. The economy has been based on logging, mining, and tourism, most mines have closed since the golden age from 1890 to 1920. The land is forested and logging remains a major industry. The first known inhabitants of the Upper Peninsula were tribes speaking Algonquian languages and they arrived roughly around A. D.800 and subsisted chiefly from fishing. Early tribes included the Menominee, Nocquet, and the Mishinimaki, Étienne Brûlé of France was probably the first European to visit the peninsula, crossing the St. Marys River around 1620 in search of a route to the Far East. French colonists laid claim to the land in the 17th century, establishing missions, following the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, the territory was ceded to Great Britain. Sault Ste Marie, Michigan is the oldest European settlement in Michigan, American Indian tribes formerly allied with the French were dissatisfied with the British occupation, which brought new territorial policies. Whereas the French cultivated alliances among the Indians, the British postwar approach was to treat the tribes as conquered peoples, in 1763, tribes united in Pontiacs Rebellion to try to drive the British from the area. In 1764, they began negotiations with the British which resulted in temporary peace, although the Upper Peninsula nominally became United States territory with the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British did not give up control until 1797 under terms of the Jay Treaty. As an American territory, the Upper Peninsula was still dominated by the fur trade, john Jacob Astor founded the American Fur Company on Mackinac Island in 1808, however, the industry began to decline in the 1830s as beaver and other game were overhunted. When the Michigan Territory was first established in 1805, it included only the Lower Peninsula, in 1819, the territory was expanded to include the remainder of the Upper Peninsula, all of Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. When Michigan was preparing for statehood in the 1830s, the boundaries proposed corresponded to the territorial boundaries
14.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
15.
Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore
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Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore is a U. S. National Lakeshore on the shore of Lake Superior in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, United States. It extends for 42 miles along the shore and covers 73,236 acres, the park offers spectacular scenery of the hilly shoreline between Munising, Michigan and Grand Marais, Michigan, with various rock formations like natural archways, waterfalls, and sand dunes. Pictured Rocks derives its name from the 15 miles of sandstone cliffs northeast of Munising. The cliffs are up to 200 feet above lake level and they have been naturally sculptured into shallow caves, arches, formations that resemble castle turrets, and human profiles, among others. Near Munising visitors also can view Grand Island, most of which is included in the Grand Island National Recreation Area and is preserved separately, the U. S. Congress made Pictured Rocks the first officially designated National Lakeshore in the United States in 1966. It is governed by the National Park Service, had 22 year-round NPS employees as of May 2006, the colors in the cliffs are created by the large amounts of minerals in the rock. The cliffs are composed of the Munising Formation of 500-million-year-old Cambrian Period sandstone, the Munising Formation sits atop Precambrian sandstone of the Jacobsville Formation. The mottled red Jacobsville Formation is the oldest rock in the park, on top of the Munising Formation is the younger Au Train Formation from the Ordovician Period. The Au Train Formation is a sandstone and acts as a cap over the other layers. Streaks on the face of the come from the groundwater leaching out of the rock. With it come iron, manganese, limonite, copper, as the water evaporates, these minerals leave streaks of color. Although the Pictured Rocks lie adjacent to sections of Lake Superior that are rich in fish, pierre Esprit Radisson, the fur trader, made this risky passage in 1658 and noted that his Native American companions offered some tobacco to the local spirit of the cliffs. During the Romantic Era of the 1800s, a series of American writers described their feelings upon sight of the Pictured Rocks, henry Rowe Schoolcraft visited in 1820 and remarked upon some of the most sublime and commanding views in nature. As long ago as 1850 developers planned a tourist resort, Grand Island City, after the lumbering era ended around 1910, many of the parcels of land making up the current Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore reverted to the state of Michigan for unpaid property taxes. Eager for federal help and recognition, the state cooperated with the government in the regions redevelopment. Congress enacted a law in 1966 to elevate the shoreline between Munising and Grand Marais to the status of a national lakeshore. ”When President Lyndon Johnson signed the bill, Alger County became the home of America’s first National Lakeshore. On March 30,2009, the Omnibus Public Land Management Act was signed into law, in 2010 singer Kid Rock filmed the video for his song Born Free at the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. In early 2014 Courtney Kotewas snapshot of kayakers passing under an arch at the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore was chosen as the grand prize winner of 2013 Share the Experience photo contest
16.
Schoolcraft County, Michigan
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Schoolcraft County is a county located in the Upper Peninsula of the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,485, the county seat is Manistique, which lies along the northern shore of Lake Michigan. The county is named in honor of Henry Schoolcraft, who explored the area with the expedition of Lewis Cass, the county was founded in 1843 and organized in 1876. The county is rural and forested, with much of the western portion of the county located within Hiawatha National Forest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,884 square miles. Schoolcraft County Airport, serves the county and surrounding communities, luce County Mackinac County Delta County Alger County Hiawatha National Forest Seney National Wildlife Refuge The 2010 United States Census indicates Schoolcraft County had a population of 8,485. This is a decrease of 418 people from the 2000 United States Census and this is a -4. 7% change in population. In 2010 there were 3,759 households and 2,425 families in the county, the population density was 7 people per square mile. There were 6,313 housing units at a density of 5 per square mile. 87. 6% of the population were White,8. 8% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 1% Black or African American,0. 1% of some other race and 3. 3% of two or more races. 16. 2% were of German,13. 2% French, French Canadian or Cajun,7. 8% Swedish,6. 7% Irish,5. 3% Polish,5. 2% English and 5. 1% American ancestry. 30. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.72. In the county, the population was out with 19. 9% under the age of 18,6. 0% from 18 to 24,19. 6% from 25 to 44,33. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 48.3 years, the population was 49. 5% male and 50. 5% female. The median income for a household in the county was $38,367, the per capita income for the county was $21,134. About 11. 7% of families and 15. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, the county board of commissioners controls the budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships
17.
Business magnate
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A business magnate refers to an entrepreneur of great influence, importance, or standing in a particular enterprise or field of business. Such individuals may also be called czars, moguls, proprietors, tycoons, taipans, barons, the word magnate derives from the Latin magnates, meaning a great man or great nobleman. The word tycoon derives from the Japanese word taikun, which means great lord, the word entered the English language in 1857 with the return of Commodore Perry to the United States. U. S. President Abraham Lincoln was humorously referred to as the Tycoon by his aides John Nicolay, the term spread to the business community, where it has been used ever since. The word mogul is an English corruption of mughal, Persian or Arabic for Mongol and it alludes to emperors of the Mughal Empire in the Medieval India, who possessed great power and storied riches capable of producing wonders of opulence such as the Taj Mahal. Modern business magnates are entrepreneurs that amass on their own or wield substantial family fortunes in the process of building or running their own businesses and their dominance was known as the Second Industrial Revolution, the Gilded Age, or the Robber Baron Era. The Famous 15, Americas Most Fascinating Tycoons,25 Tycoons Who Run the World
18.
Governor of Michigan
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The Governor of Michigan is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Michigan. He is not eligible for a term under Michigans term limits. Governors of Michigan, as well as their lieutenant governors, must be United States citizens who have resided in Michigan for the four years preceding election, from statehood until the election of 1966, governors were elected to two-year terms. Elections are held in November and the governor assumes office the following January, from statehood until 1851, elections were held in odd-numbered years. A new state constitution was drafted in 1850 and took effect in 1851, as part of the process bringing the constitution into effect, there was a single one-year term of governor in 1851. Thereafter elections were held on even years, the constitution adopted in 1963 changed the governors term to four years, starting in 1967. Since then, gubernatorial elections have been offset by two years from U. S, gubernatorial elections are held concurrently with state Senate elections. The winner of the election takes office at noon on January 1 of the year following the election. In 1992, an amendment to the Michigan constitution imposed a term limit of two four-year terms for the office of governor. Prior to this, they were not limited as to how many terms they could serve, John Engler, Engler was reelected in 1994 and 1998 before being term limited in 2002. He appoints the members of the boards of 10 of the states 13 public universities. Forty-eight people have been governor of the state, prior to statehood, there were five governors of the Michigan Territory. Stevens T. Mason, Michigans first governor, also served as a territorial governor and he was elected governor at age 23 as a member of the Democratic Party in 1835 and served until 1840. Mason was the youngest state governor in United States history, jennifer Granholm became the first female Governor of Michigan on January 1,2003, when she succeeded John Engler, she served for 8 years, until January 1,2011. Former Governor George Romney was born in Mexico, lieutenant Governor of Michigan List of Governors of Michigan
19.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
20.
United States Secretary of War
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The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. A similar position, called either Secretary at War or Secretary of War, had appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation between 1781 and 1789. Benjamin Lincoln and later Henry Knox held the position, when Washington was inaugurated as the first president under the Constitution, he appointed Knox to continue serving. The Secretary of War was the head of the War Department, at first, he was responsible for all military affairs, including naval affairs. In 1798, the Secretary of the Navy was created by statute, from 1886 onward, the Secretary of War was third in the line of succession to the presidency, after the Vice President of the United States and the Secretary of State. The office of Secretary at War was modelled upon Great Britains Secretary at War, the office of Secretary at War was meant replaced both the Commander-in-Chief and the Board of War, and like the President of the Board, the Secretary wore no special insignia. The Inspector General, Quartermaster General, Commissary General, and Adjutant General served on the Secretarys staff, however, the Army itself under Secretary Henry Knox only consisted of 700 men. Parties No party Federalist Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican Confederate States Secretary of War Bell, commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, Portraits and Biographical Sketches. United States Army Center of Military History, encyclopedia of the United States Cabinet 1789-2010. Charlottesville, Virginia, The Judge Advocate Generals School, U. S. Army
21.
William McKinley
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McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War, beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major. After the war, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where he practiced law, in 1876, he was elected to Congress, where he became the Republican Partys expert on the protective tariff, which he promised would bring prosperity. His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial, which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office and he was elected Ohios governor in 1891 and 1893, steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests. With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna, he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 and he defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan, after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated sound money and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity. Rapid economic growth marked McKinleys presidency and he promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition, and in 1900, he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act. The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898, McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election, in a campaign focused on imperialism, protectionism, and free silver. William McKinley, Jr. was born in 1843 in Niles, Ohio, there, the elder McKinley was born in Pine Township, Mercer County. The family moved to Ohio when the senior McKinley was a boy and he met Nancy Allison there, and married her later. The Allison family was of mostly English descent and among Pennsylvanias earliest settlers, the family trade on both sides was iron-making, and McKinley senior operated foundries throughout Ohio, in New Lisbon, Niles, Poland, and finally Canton. The McKinley household was, like many from Ohios Western Reserve, steeped in Whiggish and abolitionist sentiment, William followed in the Methodist tradition, becoming active in the local Methodist church at the age of sixteen. He was a lifelong pious Methodist, in 1852, the family moved from Niles to Poland, Ohio so that their children could attend the better schools there. Graduating in 1859, he enrolled the following year at Allegheny College in Meadville and he remained at Allegheny for only one year, returning home in 1860 after becoming ill and depressed. He also spent time at Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio and he did not graduate from either university. Although his health recovered, family finances declined and McKinley was unable to return to Allegheny, first working as a clerk and later taking a job teaching at a school near Poland. When the Southern states seceded from the Union and the American Civil War began, among them were McKinley and his cousin William McKinley Osbourne, who enlisted as privates in the newly formed Poland Guards in June 1861. The men left for Columbus where they were consolidated with other units to form the 23rd Ohio Infantry. The men were unhappy to learn that, unlike Ohios earlier volunteer regiments, they would not be permitted to elect their officers, they would be designated by Ohios governor, William Dennison. Dennison appointed Colonel William Rosecrans as the commander of the regiment, McKinley quickly took to the soldiers life and wrote a series of letters to his hometown newspaper extolling the army and the Union cause
22.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
23.
Lake Superior
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Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes of North America. The lake is shared by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north, the US state of Minnesota to the west and it is generally considered the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area. It is the worlds third-largest freshwater lake by volume and the largest by volume in North America, the Ojibwe call the lake gichi-gami, meaning be a great sea. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote the name as Gitche Gumee in The Song of Hiawatha, as did Gordon Lightfoot in his song, according to other sources the actual Ojibwe name is Ojibwe Gichigami or Anishinaabe Gichigami. The 1878 dictionary by Father Frederic Baraga, the first one written for the Ojibway language, the first French explorers approaching the great inland sea by way of the Ottawa River and Lake Huron during the 17th century referred to their discovery as le lac supérieur. Properly translated, the expression means Upper Lake, that is, the lake was also called Lac Tracy by 17th century Jesuit missionaries. Lake Superior empties into Lake Huron via the St. Marys River, Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world in area, and the third largest in volume, behind Lake Baikal in Siberia and Lake Tanganyika in East Africa. Lake Superior has an area of 31,700 square miles. It has a length of 350 statute miles and maximum breadth of 160 statute miles. Its average depth is 80.5 fathoms with a depth of 222.17 fathoms. Lake Superior contains 2,900 cubic miles of water, there is enough water in Lake Superior to cover the entire land mass of North and South America to a depth of 30 centimetres. The shoreline of the lake stretches 2,726 miles, while the temperature of the surface of Lake Superior varies seasonally, the temperature below 110 fathoms is an almost constant 39 °F. This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratigraphic, twice per year, however, the water column reaches a uniform temperature of 39 °F from top to bottom, and the lake waters thoroughly mix. This feature makes the lake dimictic, because of its volume, Lake Superior has a retention time of 191 years. Annual storms on Lake Superior regularly feature wave heights of over 20 feet, waves well over 30 feet have been recorded. The lake is fed by over 200 rivers, the largest include the Nipigon River, the St. Louis River, the Pigeon River, the Pic River, the White River, the Michipicoten River, the Bois Brule River and the Kaministiquia River. Lake Superior drains into Lake Huron via the St. Marys River, there are rapids at the rivers upper end where the river bed has a relatively steep gradient. The Soo Locks were built to enable ships to bypass the rapids, the lakes average surface elevation is 600 feet above sea level
24.
U.S. Route 41 in Michigan
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US Highway 41 is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from Miami, Florida, to the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. In Michigan, it is a state highway that enters the state via the Interstate Bridge between Marinette, Wisconsin, and Menominee, Michigan. The 278.769 miles of US41 that lie within Michigan serve as a major conduit, most of the highway is listed on the National Highway System. Various sections are rural two-lane highway, urbanized four-lane divided expressway, the northernmost community along the highway is Copper Harbor at the tip of the Keweenaw Peninsula. The trunkline ends at a cul-de-sac east of Fort Wilkins State Park after serving the Central Upper Peninsula, US41 passes through farm fields and forest lands, and along the Lake Superior shoreline. The highway is included in the Lake Superior Circle Tour and the Lake Michigan Circle Tour and passes through the Hiawatha National Forest, Historical landmarks along the trunkline include the Marquette Branch Prison, Peshekee River Bridge and the Quincy Mine. Seven memorial highway designations have been applied to parts of the trunkline since 1917, US41 was first designated as a US Highway in 1926. A section of the highway served as part of Military Road. US41 replaced the original M-15 designation of the highway which dated back to the formation of the Michigan state trunkline highway system, M-15 ran from Menominee through Marquette to Houghton and ended in Copper Harbor. Realignments and construction projects have expanded the highway to four lanes in Delta, US41 is a major highway for Michigan traffic in the Upper Peninsula. The 278. 769-mile highway comprises mostly two lanes, it is undivided except for the sections that are concurrent with US2 near Escanaba, US 41/M-28 is a four-lane expressway along the Marquette Bypass, and segments of the highway in Delta and Marquette counties have four lanes. The route from the terminus to downtown Houghton is part of the National Highway System. Sections of the trunkline are on the Lake Superior and Lake Michigan circle tours, US41 enters Michigan on the Interstate Bridge connecting Marinette, Wisconsin, and Menominee, Michigan. In the city of Menominee, US41 follows 10th Avenue and 10th Street just west of downtown. The highway meets the terminus of M-35, with the Menominee-Marinette Airport to its west. The trunkline runs north through rolling farmland in the central Menominee County communities of Wallace, Stephenson, at Powers, US41 joins with US2, the two highways run concurrently and turn east toward Escanaba. US 2/US41 crosses into the Hannahville Indian Community at the communities of Harris in Menominee County, the county line between the two communities marks the boundary between the Central and Eastern time zones. Just west of downtown Escanaba, US 2/US41 joins M-35 at the intersection of Ludington Street and Lincoln Road, the trunkline enters Escanaba from the west on Ludington Street, turns north on Lincoln Road, and joins M-35
25.
M-28 (Michigan highway)
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M-28 is an east–west state trunkline highway that almost completely traverses the Upper Peninsula in the U. S. state of Michigan, from Wakefield to near Sault Ste. M-28 is the longest state trunkline in Michigan numbered with the M- prefix at 290.373 miles, the entire highway is listed on the National Highway System, while three sections of M-28 are part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour. M-28 also carries two memorial highway designations along its route, throughout its course across the Upper Peninsula, M-28 passes through forested woodlands, bog swamps, urbanized areas, and along the Lake Superior shoreline. Sections of roadway cross the Ottawa National Forest and both units of the Hiawatha National Forest, some of the other landmarks accessible from M-28 include the Seney Stretch, Seney National Wildlife Refuge and several historic bridges. M-28 is an original designation, dating to the 1919 formation of the states trunkline system. The original highway was much shorter than the current version, M-28 was expanded eastward to the Sault Ste. Marie area in the late 1920s, the western end has been expanded twice to different locations on the Wisconsin state line. Other changes along the routing have led to the creation of three different business loops at various times, with one still extant, future changes, proposed by Marquette County but not accepted by the Michigan Department of Transportation, could see M-28 rerouted over County Road 480. M-28 is a highway for Michigan and Canadian traffic along the south shore of Lake Superior. It forms the northern half of a pair of primary trunklines linking the Upper Peninsula from end to end, the 290. 373-mile highway comprises mostly two lanes, undivided except for sections that are concurrent with US41 near Marquette. The Marquette Bypass portion of US 41/M-28 is a four-lane expressway, the entire route is part of the National Highway System, and three sections of the trunkline are part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour. In the west, M-28 begins at a intersection with US2 in Wakefield. Heading north, the highway passes Sunday Lake heading out of town, after crossing into southwestern Ontonagon County and the Eastern Time Zone, the trunkline highway skirts the northern shore of Lake Gogebic, running concurrently with M-64. The trunkline runs through forested areas of southern Houghton and Baraga counties. At the eastern junction with US41 near Covington, M-28 receives the Circle Tour designation again, in Baraga and Marquette counties, US 41/M-28 passes through hilly terrain before entering the urban areas of Ishpeming, Negaunee and Marquette. Approximately 13, 000–17,000 vehicles use this section from Ishpeming eastward through Negaunee, west of the city of Marquette, US 41/M-28 had a peak 2013 AADT of 32,805 vehicles in Marquette Township along a retail and business corridor. This peak level is sustained until the start of the Marquette Bypass, South of the city of Marquette, traffic counts once again climb to 19,620 vehicles. In Chocolay Township the AADT drops to 8,840 vehicles before tapering off to 3,065 vehicles by the county line, at the Ishpeming–Negaunee city line, M-28 changes memorial highway designations
26.
M-67 (Michigan highway)
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M-67 is a north–south state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula of the U. S. state of Michigan. It connects with US Highway 41 and M-94 between Trenary and Chatham, the highway has largely been unchanged during its history, although the highways that connect to M-67 on each end have changed several times. M-67 starts at an intersection with US41 near Trenary east of the West Branch of the Whitefish River, from that intersection the highway runs east crossing Scott Creek before running into downtown Trenary along relatively flat terrain. East of town, the highway turns north running parallel to the AuTrain River Basin, the trunkline crosses Dexter Creek between Paulsen and Trout Lake roads. About halfway along the segment of the highway, M-67 passes through the community of Limestone. After running for 12.044 miles, M-67 ends at a intersection with M-94. Michigan Department of Transportation traffic surveys in 2007 show that between 1,200 and 1,400 vehicles traveled the road daily in 2007 in a measure of the average daily traffic. The same surveys showed that only 90 trucks are included in that average, in comparison, US41 south of M-67 carried an average of 2,300 vehicles and 270 trucks. No segment of the trunkline is listed on the National Highway System, M-67 is an original state trunkline dating back to 1919. Its routing has been unchanged since designation. The southern terminus has been moved once, but the terminus has remained in the same location since 1919. US41 was rerouted in the Trenary area to run west of town in late 1937 and 1938, M-67 was extended westerly along a former portion of US41 to connect to the new highway on the south end of M-67. The highway was paved at the end of the 1950s. While the highway itself is unchanged since 1919, the connections with other trunklines have changed. The intersection south of the community of Chatham where M-67 has ended since designation has remained unchanged, the other highways running through the intersection have changed twice. The first highway to connect with M-67 was M-25, M-25 was replaced by M-28 in 1926. The second change came in 1941 when the routings of M-28, the original southern terminus was at an intersection with M-15 in Trenary. In 1926, M-15 was replaced by US41, the entire highway is in Alger County
27.
M-77 (Michigan highway)
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M-77 is a state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. It starts in US2 near Blaney Park north of Lake Michigan, the highway borders the eastern edge of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge and passes through the community of Germfask. At Seney, it overlaps M-28 to cross the Fox River before returning northward, the northern half has been designated as a Scenic Spur of the Lake Superior Circle Tour. M-77 runs along the end of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. Originally designated by 1919, the highway has not been changed much in its history, by the late 1950s, the highway was paved, completing the modern M-77 highway. From US2 near Blaney Park going north, M-77 runs past the former Blaney Park Resort, the highway continues through rural woodlands past Chip Lake. The road crosses the Manistique River as it runs through Germfask, from just south of Germfask to just south of Seney, the road forms the eastern boundary of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge is a wetland in Schoolcraft County in Michigan. Established in 1935, it has an area of 95,212 acres bordered by M-28 and M-77 that is the remains of the Great Manistique Swamp, the refuge contains the Strangmoor Bog National Natural Landmark within its boundaries. During the 1930s, work crews employed by the Civilian Conservation Corps rebuilt, restored, and expanded the wetland drains and these CCC ponds and drains are still used by the wetlands managers that staff the current National Wildlife Refuge. At Seney, M-77 crosses a line of the Canadian National Railway, both run concurrently for less than half a mile over a crossing of the Fox River before M-77 turns back northward. About 11 miles north of Seney, the road turns sharply to the west, the trunkline continues along several other lakes before turning northeasterly and then northward. The road marks the easternmost extent of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore around 2.5 miles south of Grand Marais, within Grand Marais, the highway follows Lake Avenue through downtown. M-77 intersects H-58 in town and the two run concurrently for two blocks. The trunkline continues one block north and ends at an intersection with Braziel Street by the Grand Marais harbor. Grand Marais is situated on the shores of Lake Superior some 25 miles north of the mainline of the Lake Superior Circle Tour. Since the Tour runs only along state trunklines in Michigan, a Scenic Spur of the tour was created to route traffic north from Seney to Grand Marais, the scenic spur also terminates in Grand Marais with M-77 north of the junction with H-58. M-77 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation like other highways in Michigan
28.
M-94 (Michigan highway)
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M-94 is a state trunkline in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. It runs for 86.983 miles from K. I. Sawyer to Manistique, the highway is part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour during a concurrency with M-28. M-94 crosses the Siphon Bridge in Manistique, unique for the fact that the roadway is below water level. M-94 has been realigned several times and it has had its own roadway between the M-28 junctions in Munising and Shingleton. Other changes have flip-flopped M-94 with M-28 between Harvey and Munising and extended it across the former K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base, M-94 begins at an intersection with M-553 and crosses the former K. I. Sawyer AFB. Then it overlaps US41 for a little over a mile near Skandia, east of Skandia, M-94 runs through forest lands and serves the communities of Sundell and Rumely before entering Eben Junction. There M-94 intersects the southern section of H-01, further east is Chatham where there are junctions with the northern section of H-01 and M-67. M-94 turns southerly briefly before returning to an east–west direction to head to the community of Forest Lake, there M-94 joins a concurrency with M-28 and the Lake Superior Circle Tour from Munising to Shingleton. Until the turn at Shingleton, the route is more decidedly east–west than north–south, between Shingleton and Manistique, M-94 is more north–south. South of Shingleton, M-94 runs through forest lands as a part of the Great Manistique Swamp, along the way are national forest campgrounds located near Steuben. South of Crooked Lake, M-94 curves to the east before turning almost due south to the Manistique area, in Manistique, M-94 enters town on North 5th St before turning to follow Deer Street and River Street. On River Street, the uses the Siphon Bridge to cross the Manistique River and then uses Elk. In Manistique, M-94 crosses the Manistique River on the Siphon Bridge, built as a part of a raceway flume on the river, the water level actually used to be higher than the road surface. This produced an effect, giving the bridge its nickname. The Manistique Pulp and Paper Company was organized in 1916 and needed a dam on the Manistique River to supply their mill and this dam would have needed to flood a large section of the city. The shallow river banks meant difficulties in any bridge construction, instead of expensive dikes, a concrete tank was built lengthwise in the river bed. The sides of this tank provided man-made banks higher than the natural banks, the bridge acted as a siphon because the water level was above the roadway, and the structure has been featured in Ripleys Believe It or Not. The December 1927 Michigan State Highway Department Official Highway Service Map shows M-94 routed from Au Train west to Munising, in 1928 or 1929, M-94 was rerouted to run along Munising-Van Meer-Shingleton Road and southerly to Shingleton
29.
H-01 (Michigan county highway)
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The County-Designated Highways in Michigan comprise a 1,241. 6-mile-long system of primary county roads across the US state of Michigan. Unlike the State Trunkline Highway System, these highways have designations with letters that correspond to one of six lettered zones in the state. The CDH system was created in 1970 in response to the concerns of a woman from Saugatuck. After nearly a decade of efforts, the first two test highways were designated, one each in the Lower and Upper peninsulas of the state and included on the 1970 state highway map. The CDH system was created and expanded in scope c. October 5,1970, after it was approved by the County Road Association of Michigan, the system uses eight lettered zones which are divided by major state highways. Each county road in the system is designated with the letter followed by a number. Six of the zones, A–F, are in the Lower Peninsula while the Upper Peninsula is divided into the two, G and H. There have been a total of 66 different highways designated in seven of the zones, participation by the county road commissions is optional, and not all counties use the system. One additional highway, H-16, has appeared on maps since the 1980s although it is not a part of the system. Of the highways designated, two were removed from the system and later partially restored, when the Interstate 196 freeway was built in the Saugatuck area in the 1960s, US Highway 31 was shifted to the new freeway. Mrs. Temple approached the Village of Saugatuck and the chamber of commerce to get better highway markings for the area. She even contacted state legislators and members of the State Highway Commission, no changes were made, even though businesses along Blue Star Highway were suffering from a lack of traffic. Mrs. Temple contacted officials at the Allegan County Road Commission, State Senator Gary Byker of Hudsonville was also contacted, and he convened meetings with representatives on the state, county and local levels in search of a solution. A second road in the Upper Peninsula was designated B-1 between Engadine and Rudyard in Mackinac and Chippewa counties, both county roads on the state highway map contained the caption Experimental Program for Identifying Key County Roads. The markers used were the blue and yellow pentagon shields developed by the National Association of County Engineers, mrs. Temple earned an honor as the first woman in Michigan to obtain a highway designation from the State Highway Commission. The program was implemented by October 5,1970, and expanded in scope, instead of using designations beginning with an A for county roads in the Lower Peninsula and with a B for those in the Upper Peninsula, the system was divided into eight zones. The first of these assignments were shown on the 1971 state highway map, A-2 retained its number. Earl Rogers, the engineer-director of the County Road Association of Michigan stated at the time that the county road commissions would gradually phase in signage over the coming years, participation in the system was made optional, but all counties had agreed to the system
30.
H-03 (Michigan county highway)
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The County-Designated Highways in Michigan comprise a 1,241. 6-mile-long system of primary county roads across the US state of Michigan. Unlike the State Trunkline Highway System, these highways have designations with letters that correspond to one of six lettered zones in the state. The CDH system was created in 1970 in response to the concerns of a woman from Saugatuck. After nearly a decade of efforts, the first two test highways were designated, one each in the Lower and Upper peninsulas of the state and included on the 1970 state highway map. The CDH system was created and expanded in scope c. October 5,1970, after it was approved by the County Road Association of Michigan, the system uses eight lettered zones which are divided by major state highways. Each county road in the system is designated with the letter followed by a number. Six of the zones, A–F, are in the Lower Peninsula while the Upper Peninsula is divided into the two, G and H. There have been a total of 66 different highways designated in seven of the zones, participation by the county road commissions is optional, and not all counties use the system. One additional highway, H-16, has appeared on maps since the 1980s although it is not a part of the system. Of the highways designated, two were removed from the system and later partially restored, when the Interstate 196 freeway was built in the Saugatuck area in the 1960s, US Highway 31 was shifted to the new freeway. Mrs. Temple approached the Village of Saugatuck and the chamber of commerce to get better highway markings for the area. She even contacted state legislators and members of the State Highway Commission, no changes were made, even though businesses along Blue Star Highway were suffering from a lack of traffic. Mrs. Temple contacted officials at the Allegan County Road Commission, State Senator Gary Byker of Hudsonville was also contacted, and he convened meetings with representatives on the state, county and local levels in search of a solution. A second road in the Upper Peninsula was designated B-1 between Engadine and Rudyard in Mackinac and Chippewa counties, both county roads on the state highway map contained the caption Experimental Program for Identifying Key County Roads. The markers used were the blue and yellow pentagon shields developed by the National Association of County Engineers, mrs. Temple earned an honor as the first woman in Michigan to obtain a highway designation from the State Highway Commission. The program was implemented by October 5,1970, and expanded in scope, instead of using designations beginning with an A for county roads in the Lower Peninsula and with a B for those in the Upper Peninsula, the system was divided into eight zones. The first of these assignments were shown on the 1971 state highway map, A-2 retained its number. Earl Rogers, the engineer-director of the County Road Association of Michigan stated at the time that the county road commissions would gradually phase in signage over the coming years, participation in the system was made optional, but all counties had agreed to the system
31.
H-05 (Michigan county highway)
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The County-Designated Highways in Michigan comprise a 1,241. 6-mile-long system of primary county roads across the US state of Michigan. Unlike the State Trunkline Highway System, these highways have designations with letters that correspond to one of six lettered zones in the state. The CDH system was created in 1970 in response to the concerns of a woman from Saugatuck. After nearly a decade of efforts, the first two test highways were designated, one each in the Lower and Upper peninsulas of the state and included on the 1970 state highway map. The CDH system was created and expanded in scope c. October 5,1970, after it was approved by the County Road Association of Michigan, the system uses eight lettered zones which are divided by major state highways. Each county road in the system is designated with the letter followed by a number. Six of the zones, A–F, are in the Lower Peninsula while the Upper Peninsula is divided into the two, G and H. There have been a total of 66 different highways designated in seven of the zones, participation by the county road commissions is optional, and not all counties use the system. One additional highway, H-16, has appeared on maps since the 1980s although it is not a part of the system. Of the highways designated, two were removed from the system and later partially restored, when the Interstate 196 freeway was built in the Saugatuck area in the 1960s, US Highway 31 was shifted to the new freeway. Mrs. Temple approached the Village of Saugatuck and the chamber of commerce to get better highway markings for the area. She even contacted state legislators and members of the State Highway Commission, no changes were made, even though businesses along Blue Star Highway were suffering from a lack of traffic. Mrs. Temple contacted officials at the Allegan County Road Commission, State Senator Gary Byker of Hudsonville was also contacted, and he convened meetings with representatives on the state, county and local levels in search of a solution. A second road in the Upper Peninsula was designated B-1 between Engadine and Rudyard in Mackinac and Chippewa counties, both county roads on the state highway map contained the caption Experimental Program for Identifying Key County Roads. The markers used were the blue and yellow pentagon shields developed by the National Association of County Engineers, mrs. Temple earned an honor as the first woman in Michigan to obtain a highway designation from the State Highway Commission. The program was implemented by October 5,1970, and expanded in scope, instead of using designations beginning with an A for county roads in the Lower Peninsula and with a B for those in the Upper Peninsula, the system was divided into eight zones. The first of these assignments were shown on the 1971 state highway map, A-2 retained its number. Earl Rogers, the engineer-director of the County Road Association of Michigan stated at the time that the county road commissions would gradually phase in signage over the coming years, participation in the system was made optional, but all counties had agreed to the system
32.
H-11 (Michigan county highway)
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The County-Designated Highways in Michigan comprise a 1,241. 6-mile-long system of primary county roads across the US state of Michigan. Unlike the State Trunkline Highway System, these highways have designations with letters that correspond to one of six lettered zones in the state. The CDH system was created in 1970 in response to the concerns of a woman from Saugatuck. After nearly a decade of efforts, the first two test highways were designated, one each in the Lower and Upper peninsulas of the state and included on the 1970 state highway map. The CDH system was created and expanded in scope c. October 5,1970, after it was approved by the County Road Association of Michigan, the system uses eight lettered zones which are divided by major state highways. Each county road in the system is designated with the letter followed by a number. Six of the zones, A–F, are in the Lower Peninsula while the Upper Peninsula is divided into the two, G and H. There have been a total of 66 different highways designated in seven of the zones, participation by the county road commissions is optional, and not all counties use the system. One additional highway, H-16, has appeared on maps since the 1980s although it is not a part of the system. Of the highways designated, two were removed from the system and later partially restored, when the Interstate 196 freeway was built in the Saugatuck area in the 1960s, US Highway 31 was shifted to the new freeway. Mrs. Temple approached the Village of Saugatuck and the chamber of commerce to get better highway markings for the area. She even contacted state legislators and members of the State Highway Commission, no changes were made, even though businesses along Blue Star Highway were suffering from a lack of traffic. Mrs. Temple contacted officials at the Allegan County Road Commission, State Senator Gary Byker of Hudsonville was also contacted, and he convened meetings with representatives on the state, county and local levels in search of a solution. A second road in the Upper Peninsula was designated B-1 between Engadine and Rudyard in Mackinac and Chippewa counties, both county roads on the state highway map contained the caption Experimental Program for Identifying Key County Roads. The markers used were the blue and yellow pentagon shields developed by the National Association of County Engineers, mrs. Temple earned an honor as the first woman in Michigan to obtain a highway designation from the State Highway Commission. The program was implemented by October 5,1970, and expanded in scope, instead of using designations beginning with an A for county roads in the Lower Peninsula and with a B for those in the Upper Peninsula, the system was divided into eight zones. The first of these assignments were shown on the 1971 state highway map, A-2 retained its number. Earl Rogers, the engineer-director of the County Road Association of Michigan stated at the time that the county road commissions would gradually phase in signage over the coming years, participation in the system was made optional, but all counties had agreed to the system
33.
H-13 (Michigan county highway)
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The highway is also signed as Federal Forest Highway 13, a Federal Forest Highway between Nahma Junction and Wetmore. The roadway runs through rural national forest lands providing access to several campgrounds, the area contains several lakes as well. The Forest Highway System dates back to the 1920s, and a roadway was present along the route of FFH-13 by the 1930s. It was paved by the late 1940s and added to the highway system in the 1970s. A section of H-13 in Alger County originally continued north to Miners Castle, h-13/FFH-13 starts at an intersection with US Highway 2 west of Moss Lake. The roadway runs north crossing a line of the Canadian National Railway and it heads through the Hiawatha National Forest, running parallel to the Sturgeon River. H-13/FFH-13 crosses the river near the Flowing Well National Forest Campground on a T-beam bridge built in 1941, the road meanders from there northeasterly through rural Delta County forests, passing to the west of Dana and Skeels lakes and crossing several small streams. It crosses into the corner of Alger County near Straits Lake. The road continues northeasterly and then meanders back and forth along the Alger–Schoolcraft county line in an area dotted with several lakes, h-13/FFH-13 crosses east into Schoolcraft County completely and provides access to the Petes Lake National Forest Campground near the lake of the same name. Along the way, H-13 meets the terminus of the unsigned H-09. Once the road back into Alger County completely, it provides access to Wagner Falls State Park and passes Hanley Field. The forest highway crosses another branch of the Canadian National Railway south of the junction with M-28/M-94 in Wetmore, at that junction, the FFH-13 designation ends and H-13 continues north as a gravel surface along Connors Road through Munising Township. The county road ends at the intersection with H-58 in the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, h-13/FFH-13 forms a major north–south artery for the Hiawatha National Forest. The Forest Highway System was created by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921, an earthen road was present along the route of H-13 by the middle of 1936. Later that year, the segment along the Alger–Schoolcraft county line was built as a gravel road, additional segments were under construction in 1940 in Delta County and south of Wetmore. During World War II, the surface was downgraded to earth along Miners Castle Road. The rest of the modern H-13 was paved in 1948 or 1949, the county-designated highway system was created around October 5,1970, when the state approved the system. The H-13 designation debuted in 1972 between Nahma Junction and H-58, H-13 turned east and ran concurrently with H-58 before turning north on Miners Castle Road, the northernmost segment was paved in 1987, completing the paving along the entire route
34.
H-15 (Michigan county highway)
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The County-Designated Highways in Michigan comprise a 1,241. 6-mile-long system of primary county roads across the US state of Michigan. Unlike the State Trunkline Highway System, these highways have designations with letters that correspond to one of six lettered zones in the state. The CDH system was created in 1970 in response to the concerns of a woman from Saugatuck. After nearly a decade of efforts, the first two test highways were designated, one each in the Lower and Upper peninsulas of the state and included on the 1970 state highway map. The CDH system was created and expanded in scope c. October 5,1970, after it was approved by the County Road Association of Michigan, the system uses eight lettered zones which are divided by major state highways. Each county road in the system is designated with the letter followed by a number. Six of the zones, A–F, are in the Lower Peninsula while the Upper Peninsula is divided into the two, G and H. There have been a total of 66 different highways designated in seven of the zones, participation by the county road commissions is optional, and not all counties use the system. One additional highway, H-16, has appeared on maps since the 1980s although it is not a part of the system. Of the highways designated, two were removed from the system and later partially restored, when the Interstate 196 freeway was built in the Saugatuck area in the 1960s, US Highway 31 was shifted to the new freeway. Mrs. Temple approached the Village of Saugatuck and the chamber of commerce to get better highway markings for the area. She even contacted state legislators and members of the State Highway Commission, no changes were made, even though businesses along Blue Star Highway were suffering from a lack of traffic. Mrs. Temple contacted officials at the Allegan County Road Commission, State Senator Gary Byker of Hudsonville was also contacted, and he convened meetings with representatives on the state, county and local levels in search of a solution. A second road in the Upper Peninsula was designated B-1 between Engadine and Rudyard in Mackinac and Chippewa counties, both county roads on the state highway map contained the caption Experimental Program for Identifying Key County Roads. The markers used were the blue and yellow pentagon shields developed by the National Association of County Engineers, mrs. Temple earned an honor as the first woman in Michigan to obtain a highway designation from the State Highway Commission. The program was implemented by October 5,1970, and expanded in scope, instead of using designations beginning with an A for county roads in the Lower Peninsula and with a B for those in the Upper Peninsula, the system was divided into eight zones. The first of these assignments were shown on the 1971 state highway map, A-2 retained its number. Earl Rogers, the engineer-director of the County Road Association of Michigan stated at the time that the county road commissions would gradually phase in signage over the coming years, participation in the system was made optional, but all counties had agreed to the system
35.
H-44 (Michigan county highway)
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The County-Designated Highways in Michigan comprise a 1,241. 6-mile-long system of primary county roads across the US state of Michigan. Unlike the State Trunkline Highway System, these highways have designations with letters that correspond to one of six lettered zones in the state. The CDH system was created in 1970 in response to the concerns of a woman from Saugatuck. After nearly a decade of efforts, the first two test highways were designated, one each in the Lower and Upper peninsulas of the state and included on the 1970 state highway map. The CDH system was created and expanded in scope c. October 5,1970, after it was approved by the County Road Association of Michigan, the system uses eight lettered zones which are divided by major state highways. Each county road in the system is designated with the letter followed by a number. Six of the zones, A–F, are in the Lower Peninsula while the Upper Peninsula is divided into the two, G and H. There have been a total of 66 different highways designated in seven of the zones, participation by the county road commissions is optional, and not all counties use the system. One additional highway, H-16, has appeared on maps since the 1980s although it is not a part of the system. Of the highways designated, two were removed from the system and later partially restored, when the Interstate 196 freeway was built in the Saugatuck area in the 1960s, US Highway 31 was shifted to the new freeway. Mrs. Temple approached the Village of Saugatuck and the chamber of commerce to get better highway markings for the area. She even contacted state legislators and members of the State Highway Commission, no changes were made, even though businesses along Blue Star Highway were suffering from a lack of traffic. Mrs. Temple contacted officials at the Allegan County Road Commission, State Senator Gary Byker of Hudsonville was also contacted, and he convened meetings with representatives on the state, county and local levels in search of a solution. A second road in the Upper Peninsula was designated B-1 between Engadine and Rudyard in Mackinac and Chippewa counties, both county roads on the state highway map contained the caption Experimental Program for Identifying Key County Roads. The markers used were the blue and yellow pentagon shields developed by the National Association of County Engineers, mrs. Temple earned an honor as the first woman in Michigan to obtain a highway designation from the State Highway Commission. The program was implemented by October 5,1970, and expanded in scope, instead of using designations beginning with an A for county roads in the Lower Peninsula and with a B for those in the Upper Peninsula, the system was divided into eight zones. The first of these assignments were shown on the 1971 state highway map, A-2 retained its number. Earl Rogers, the engineer-director of the County Road Association of Michigan stated at the time that the county road commissions would gradually phase in signage over the coming years, participation in the system was made optional, but all counties had agreed to the system
36.
H-52 (Michigan county highway)
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The County-Designated Highways in Michigan comprise a 1,241. 6-mile-long system of primary county roads across the US state of Michigan. Unlike the State Trunkline Highway System, these highways have designations with letters that correspond to one of six lettered zones in the state. The CDH system was created in 1970 in response to the concerns of a woman from Saugatuck. After nearly a decade of efforts, the first two test highways were designated, one each in the Lower and Upper peninsulas of the state and included on the 1970 state highway map. The CDH system was created and expanded in scope c. October 5,1970, after it was approved by the County Road Association of Michigan, the system uses eight lettered zones which are divided by major state highways. Each county road in the system is designated with the letter followed by a number. Six of the zones, A–F, are in the Lower Peninsula while the Upper Peninsula is divided into the two, G and H. There have been a total of 66 different highways designated in seven of the zones, participation by the county road commissions is optional, and not all counties use the system. One additional highway, H-16, has appeared on maps since the 1980s although it is not a part of the system. Of the highways designated, two were removed from the system and later partially restored, when the Interstate 196 freeway was built in the Saugatuck area in the 1960s, US Highway 31 was shifted to the new freeway. Mrs. Temple approached the Village of Saugatuck and the chamber of commerce to get better highway markings for the area. She even contacted state legislators and members of the State Highway Commission, no changes were made, even though businesses along Blue Star Highway were suffering from a lack of traffic. Mrs. Temple contacted officials at the Allegan County Road Commission, State Senator Gary Byker of Hudsonville was also contacted, and he convened meetings with representatives on the state, county and local levels in search of a solution. A second road in the Upper Peninsula was designated B-1 between Engadine and Rudyard in Mackinac and Chippewa counties, both county roads on the state highway map contained the caption Experimental Program for Identifying Key County Roads. The markers used were the blue and yellow pentagon shields developed by the National Association of County Engineers, mrs. Temple earned an honor as the first woman in Michigan to obtain a highway designation from the State Highway Commission. The program was implemented by October 5,1970, and expanded in scope, instead of using designations beginning with an A for county roads in the Lower Peninsula and with a B for those in the Upper Peninsula, the system was divided into eight zones. The first of these assignments were shown on the 1971 state highway map, A-2 retained its number. Earl Rogers, the engineer-director of the County Road Association of Michigan stated at the time that the county road commissions would gradually phase in signage over the coming years, participation in the system was made optional, but all counties had agreed to the system
37.
H-58 (Michigan county highway)
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H-58 is a county-designated highway in the US state of Michigan that runs east–west for approximately 69 miles between the communities of Munising and Deer Park in the Upper Peninsula. At Grand Marais, H-58 exits the national area and runs through town. The segment running east of Grand Marais to Deer Park in Luce County is a road that connects to H-37 in Muskallonge Lake State Park. In the 1930s, another segment was built to connect to Deer Park, the southwestern segment between Munising and Van Meer formed part of M-94 from 1929 until it was transferred back to county control in the early 1960s. The H-58 designation was created after the highway system itself was formed in 1970. Initially, only the section from Grand Marais to Deer Park was given the number, the last sections to be paved in the 20th century were completed in 1974. The National Park Service was required to build their own access road for the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the legislation that created the park. This requirement was rescinded by the United States Congress in 1998, paving projects were completed between 2006 and 2010 so that the entire length of H-58 in Alger County is now paved, the section in Luce County is still a gravel road. H-58 starts in Munising at an intersection with M-28, the highway follows the eastern end of Munising Street through the eastern side of the city by the Neenah Paper Mill, then turns northeasterly. The roadway runs outside of, and parallel to, the boundary of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. The park visitors center, which is open year round, is located off H-58 on Sand Point Road at the west end of the park, the highway turns due east and runs through an intersection with H-13. Leaving town, H-58 becomes Munising–Van Meer–Shingleton Road and enters the national park, east of the intersection with Carmody Road, the county road passes to the south of the Pictured Rocks Golf and Country Club before meeting the intersection with H-11. This latter road provides access to Miners Castle, a rock formation located on the shores of Lake Superior. Further east, H-58 meets H-15 in Van Meer, site of the Bear Trap Inn, Munising–Van Meer–Shingleton Road turns south along H-15, and H-58 turns northeast along Melstrand Road to the community of Melstrand. Melstrand is located outside the national lakeshore in the Lake Superior State Forest, H-58 continues through burned and cut areas, meadows, maturing second growth, and the haunting sounds of silence in the state forest. H-58 reenters the national lakeshore and approaches more Pictured Rocks facilities like the Hurricane River Campground, the road then travels northward towards Buck Hill, which is near the intersection with the Adams Truck Trail, at that intersection, there is a parking lot for snowmobiles. Past this point, the road is closed to vehicles during the winter each year, snow plows do not clear the snow from the roadway. The area on each end of the averages around 140–144 inches of snowfall annually
38.
Luce County, Michigan
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Luce County is a county located in the Upper peninsula in the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,631, the county was set off and organized in 1887 and named after former Michigan Governor Cyrus G. Luce. In 2002, Newberry was designated as the capital of Michigan by the state legislature. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,912 square miles. Luce County is part of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and it has a northern border with Canada across Lake Superior. M-28 M-117 M-123 H-33 H-37 H-44 H-58 Luce County Airport, provides service for the county, chippewa County Mackinac County Schoolcraft County Alger County Thunder Bay District, Ontario Algoma District, Ontario The 2010 United States Census indicates Luce County had a population of 6,631. This is a decrease of 393 people from the 2000 United States Census and this is a -5. 6% change in population. In 2010 there were 2,412 households and 1,542 families residing in the county, the population density was 7 people per square mile. There were 4,343 housing units at a density of 5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 80. 4% White,11. 1% Black or African American,5. 0% Native American,0. 3% Asian and 3. 1% of two or more races. 14. 5% were of German,7. 6% French, French Canadian or Cajun,7. 4% Irish,6. 8% English,6. 3% American and 5. 5% Finnish ancestry. 31. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.77. In the county, the population was out with 17. 9% under the age of 18,7. 0% from 18 to 24,27. 5% from 25 to 44,29. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 43 years, the population was 57. 7% male and 42. 3% female. The median income for a household in the county was $42,083, the per capita income for the county was $18,294. About 12. 6% of families and 16. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, the county board of commissioners controls the budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships. Freed Sheriff, Kevin R. Erickson County Clerk/Register of Deeds, Luce County Official Website Sam M Cohodas Regional Economist
39.
Delta County, Michigan
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Delta County is a county in the Upper peninsula in the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 37,069, the county was surveyed in 1843 and organized in 1861. Its name originates from the Greek letter delta, which refers to the shape of the original county which included segments of Menominee, Dickinson, Iron. Delta County comprises the Escanaba, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,991 square miles, of which 1,171 square miles is land and 820 square miles is water. It is the fifth-largest county in Michigan by land area and this is a decrease of 1,451 people from the 2000 United States Census. This is a -3. 8% change in population, in 2010 there were 15,992 households and 10,381 families in the county. The population density was 31.7 per square mile, there were 20,214 housing units at an average density of 17.3 per square mile. 94. 7% of the population were White,2. 4% Native American,0. 4% Asian,0. 2% Black or African American,0. 2% of some other race and 2. 1% of two or more races. 20. 8% were of French, French Canadian or Cajun,15. 5% German,10. 3% Swedish and 7. 6% Irish ancestry, the average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.80. In the county, the population was out with 20. 9% under age of 18,7. 3% from 18 to 24,21. 1% from 25 to 44,31. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 46 years and this makes 49. 5% of the population male, and 50. 5% of the population female. The 2010 American Community Survey 3-year estimate indicates the median income for a household in the county was $40,967, males had a median income of $28,702 versus $15,093 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,751, about 2. 4% of families and 13. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 4% of those under the age 18 and 8. 5% of those age 65 or over. US2 US41 M-35 M-69 M-183 H-13 / FFH13 The county is served by Delta County Airport, the county board of commissioners controls the budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships. Economopoulos District Court Judge, Steven C. Parks Probate Court Judge, Robert E. Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University
40.
Marquette County, Michigan
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Marquette County is a county located in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 67,077, the county is named for Father Marquette, a Jesuit missionary. It was set off in 1843 and organized in 1851, Marquette County is the largest county in land area in Michigan, and the most populous county in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Marquette County comprises the Marquette, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 3,425 square miles, of which 1,808 square miles is land and 1,616 square miles is water. It is the largest county in Michigan by land area and fourth-largest by total area, the Huron Mountains are located in the county. To the north of the county is Lake Superior, the road commission provides maintenance such as snow removal under contract with the Michigan Department of Transportation for the state trunklines. The commission was also planning to build CR595 in the few years. The project was canceled after the permit was denied by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, the 2010 United States Census, indicates Marquette County had a population of 67,077. This is an increase of 2,443 people from 2000, in 2010 there were 27,538 households and 16,664 families residing in the county. The population density was 37 people per square mile, there were 34,330 housing units at an average density of 19 per square mile. 93. 8% of the population were White,1. 7% Native American,1. 7% Black or African American,0. 6% Asian,0. 2% of some other race and 2. 0% of two or more races. 18. 8% were of Finnish,13. 3% German,10. 5% French, French Canadian or Cajun,9. 3% English,6. 8% Italian,6. 2% Irish and 5. 8% Swedish ancestry. 20. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.81. In 2010, the age distribution of the county was as follows,18. 7% were under the age of 18,14. 8% from 18 to 24,23. 0% from 25 to 44,28. 9% from 45 to 64, and 14. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.4 years, the population is 50. 5% male and 49. 5% female. The median income for a household in the county was $46,875, the per capita income for the county was $22,170. About 6. 4% of families and 12. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, the county board of commissioners controls the budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions – police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships
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Thunder Bay District
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Thunder Bay District is a district and census division in Northwestern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. The district seat is Thunder Bay, in 2011, the population was 146,057. The land area is 103,719.51 square kilometres, most of the district is unincorporated and part of the Unorganized Thunder Bay District. Thunder Bay District was created in 1871 by provincial statute from the half of Algoma District. Its northern and western boundaries were uncertain until Ontarios right to Northwestern Ontario was determined by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, until about 1902 it was often called Algoma West from the name of the provincial constituency established in 1885. Historic populations, Population in 2001,150,860 Population in 1996,157,619 Arthur, Thunder Bay District, 1821-1892, A Collection of Documents. List of Ontario Census Divisions List of townships in Ontario
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Grand Island National Recreation Area
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The Grand Island National Recreation Area is a National Recreation Area within the jurisdiction of the U. S. Forest Service. It is part of the Hiawatha National Forest, located on Grand Island, Michigan offshore from Munising, Michigan, the Grand Island National Recreation Area covers approximately 13,500 acres of Lake Superior woodland. Grand Islands glacier-cut lake shoreline measures approximately 35 miles in length, the islands maximum dimension is 8 miles from north to south. Grand Island was elevated to the status of a National Recreation Area by the U. S. Congress in 1990 after the U. S. Forest Service purchased the island from its former owner, Lake Superior dominates the Grand Island biotic environment. Even in high summer, the temperature rarely rises above 48 °F. Grand Islands geology is an extension of the strata of the adjacent Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. Island sandstone cliffs as tall as 300 feet in height plunge down into the lake, a 23-mile perimeter trail skirts much of the islands shoreline. Native Americans quickly found the fisheries around Grand Island to be a resource for seasonal, artifacts from as early as 3300 years before the present have been found. Grand Island National Recreation Area is served during summer months by a tourist ferry, the ferry ride, which is less than 1 mile long, shuttles between a dock on M-28, northwest of Munising, and Grand Islands Williams Landing. Ticket fees and a fee to the island are charged. During the summer months, the ferry makes several trips to the each day. A small portion of Grand Island, the Thumb, remained privately owned as of 2012, the Thumb contains a historic lighthouse, the 1868 Grand Island Harbor Light or East Channel Light, on the eastern ship channel from Lake Superior into the port of Munising. The lighthouse remained in operation until 1913, the privately owned lighthouse can be viewed from Sand Point, within the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore or may be viewed from the water. The U. S. Forest Services recommends that visitors enjoy camping, fishing, hiking, hunting, mountain biking, there are 17 campsites within the Grand Island NRA. The largest animal with a presence on the island is the black bear. Mountain biking is banned in most of the Thumb, rockclimbing is strongly discouraged because the islands dramatic sandstone cliffs are friable and crumbly. The Grand Island Trail Marathon has been held every July since 2005, the event also features a 10K race. Hiwatha National Forest - Grand Island Recreation Area Hiawatha National Forest Facebook Grand Island Trail Marathon course description Hiking Michigan excerpt
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Hiawatha National Forest
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Hiawatha National Forest is a 894, 836-acre National Forest in the Upper Peninsula of the state of Michigan in the United States. Commercial logging is conducted in some areas, the United States Forest Service administers this National Forest, it is physically divided into two subunits, commonly called the Eastside 46°14′N 84°50′W and Westside 46°08′N 86°40′W. In descending order of area it lies in parts of Chippewa, Delta, Mackinac, Alger, Schoolcraft. Chippewa and Mackinac counties are in the Eastside, whereas the rest are in the Westside, the smaller Eastside contains about 44% of the forests area, whereas the larger Westside has about 56%. Forest headquarters are located in Escanaba, Michigan, Eastside ranger district offices are located in Sault Ste. Marie and St. Ignace, while Westside offices are in Manistique, Munising, Eastside was a large infertile sandy area that was never homesteaded or developed. It was designated Marquette National Forest by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1909 and this land was administered with Huron National Forest as the Michigan National Forest from 1918 until 1962, when it was transferred to Hiawatha. The forest was authorized to buy an additional 307,000 acres in 1925 and 50,000 acres in 1935, Westside began being purchased in 1928 and was designated Hiawatha National Forest in 1931. This unit was extensively replanted by the Civilian Conservation Corps, the forest has over 100 miles of shoreline. Both east and west units have shoreline on both Lake Superior and Lake Michigan, the east unit also has shoreline on Lake Huron and includes Round Island, several lighthouses are located along the shores. The Point Iroquois Light is operated as a museum, the segment of the 4, 600-mile-long North Country Trail passes through the forest. According to the forest service, it was Named after the Mohawk chief, Hiawatha and he was also the hero of Longfellows poem, Hiawatha. Hiawatha National Forest has many areas for camping tourism. Some of the include the following, AuTrain Bay Furnace Bay View, This is a 24 campsite campground located near Brimley. It offers a beach that many visitors enjoy. Brevoort Lake Camp 7 Lake Carp River,44 campsites located near the Mackinaw Bridge and it is a popular destination for RV camping
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1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
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1910 United States Census
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The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
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1920 United States Census
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In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
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1930 United States Census
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The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
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1940 United States Census
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The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com
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1950 United States Census
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Full documentation on the 1950 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1950 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2022. Historic US Census data 1951 U. S Census Report Contains 1950 Census results
Alger County, Michigan
