1.
Nairobi
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Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. It is famous for having the Nairobi National Park, the only game reserve found within a major city. The city and its surrounding area also form Nairobi County, whose current governor is Evans Kidero, the name Nairobi comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to cool water. The phrase is also the Maasai name of the Nairobi river, however, it is popularly known as the Green City in the Sun, and is surrounded by several expanding villa suburbs. Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the authorities in British East Africa. The town quickly grew to replace Machakos as the capital of Kenya in 1907, after independence in 1963, Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya. During Kenyas colonial period, the city became a centre for the coffee, tea. The city lies on the River Athi in the part of the country. With a population of 3.36 million in 2011, Nairobi is the second-largest city by population in the African Great Lakes region after Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. According to the 2009 census, in the area of Nairobi,3,138,295 inhabitants lived within 696 km2. Nairobi is the 14th-largest city in Africa, including the population of its suburbs, the Nairobi Securities Exchange is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent. It is Africas fourth-largest exchange in terms of trading volume, capable of making 10 million trades a day, Nairobi is found within the Greater Nairobi Metropolitan region, which consists of 4 out of 47 counties in Kenya, which generates about 60% of the entire nations wealth. The city was named after a water hole known in Maasai as Enkare Nairobi and it was completely rebuilt in the early 1900s after an outbreak of plague and the burning of the original town. The location of the Nairobi railway camp was due to its central position between Mombasa and Kampala. It was also chosen because its network of rivers could supply the camp with water, however, malaria was a serious problem, leading to at least one attempt to have the town moved. In 1905, Nairobi replaced Mombasa as capital of the British protectorate, as the British occupiers started to explore the region, they started using Nairobi as their first port of call. This prompted the government to build several spectacular grand hotels in the city. The main occupants were British game hunters, Nairobi continued to grow under the British and many British subjects settled within the citys suburbs
2.
Queen's University
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Queens University at Kingston is a public research university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Founded on 16 October 1841 via a charter issued by Queen Victoria. Queens holds more than 1,400 hectares of land throughout Ontario and owns Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex, Queens is organized into ten undergraduate, graduate and professional faculties and schools. The Church of Scotland established Queens College in 1841 with a charter from Queen Victoria. The first classes, intended to prepare students for the ministry, were held 7 March 1842 with 13 students, Queens was the first university west of the maritime provinces to admit women and to form a student government. In 1883, a college for medical education affiliated with Queens University was established. In 1888, Queens University began offering courses, becoming the first Canadian university to do so. In 1912, Queens secularized and changed to its present legal name, Queens is a co-educational university, with more than 23,000 students, and with over 131,000 living alumni worldwide. Notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders and 57 Rhodes Scholars, Queens varsity teams, known as the Golden Gaels, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports. Queens was a result of an outgrowth of educational initiatives planned by Presbyterians in the 1830s, a draft plan for the university was presented at a synod meeting in Kingston in 1839, with a modified bill introduced through the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada during a session in 1840. On 16 October 1841, a charter was issued through Queen Victoria establishing Queens College at Kingston. They modelled the university after the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow, classes began on 7 March 1842, in a small wood-frame house on the edge of the city with two professors and 15 students. The college moved several times during its first eleven years, before settling in its present location, prior to Canadian Confederation, the college was financially supported by the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, the Canadian government and private citizens. The college was rescued after Principal William Snodgrass and other created a fundraising campaign across Canada. The risk of financial ruin continued to worry the administration until the final decade. They actively considered leaving Kingston and merging with the University of Toronto as late as the 1880s, with the additional funds bequeathed from Queens first major benefactor, Robert Sutherland, the college staved off financial failure and maintained its independence. Queens was given university status on 17 May 1881, in 1883, Womens Medical College was founded at Queens with a class of three. Theological Hall, completed in 1880, originally served as Queens main building throughout the late 19th century, in 1912, Queens separated from the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and changed its name to Queens University at Kingston
3.
Broadcast journalism
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Broadcast journalism is the field of news and journals which are broadcast, that is, published by electrical methods instead of the older methods, such as printed newspapers and posters. Broadcast methods include radio, television and the World Wide Web, such media disperse pictures, visual text and sounds. Scripts for broadcast tend to be written differently from text to be read by the public, for instance, the former is generally less complex and more conversational. Radio and television are designed to be seen and heard sooner, Broadcast articles can be written as packages, readers, voice-overs and sound on tape. A sack is a set of video clips for a news story and is common on television. It is typically narrated by a reporter and it is a story with audio, video, graphics and video effects. The news anchor, or presenter, usually reads a lead-in before the package is aired and may conclude the story with additional information, a reader is an article read without accompanying video or sound. Sometimes an over the shoulder digital on-screen graphic is added, a voice-over, or VO, is a video article narrated by the anchor. Sound on tape, or SOT, is sound or video usually recorded in the field and it is usually an interview or soundbite. Radio was the first medium for broadcast journalism, many of the first radio stations were co-operative community radio ventures not making a profit. Later, radio advertising to pay for programs was pioneered in radio, later still, television displaced radio and newspapers as the main news sources for most of the public in industrialized countries. Some of the programming on radio is locally produced and some is broadcast by a network, for example. The talent talk to the audience, including reading the news, people tune in to hear engaging radio personalities, music, and information. In radio news, stories include speech soundbites, the sounds of events themselves. Some radio news might run for just four minutes, but contain 12–15 stories and these new bulletins must balance the desire for a broad overview of current events with the audiences limited capacity to focus on a large number of different stories. The radio industry has undergone a radical consolidation of ownership, with companies owning the thousands of stations. Large media conglomerates such as Clear Channel Communications own most of the stations in the United States. That has resulted in more niche formats and the sharing of resources within clusters of stations, de-emphasizing local news, there has been concern over whether this concentration serves the public
4.
American Morning
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American Morning is an American morning news television show that aired on CNN. It ran from 2001 to 2011, American Morning debuted on the day after 9/11, five months earlier than planned, replacing CNN Early Edition. It was anchored by Paula Zahn and Anderson Cooper at its inception, Cooper was replaced by Bill Hemmer in February 2002. The shows next permanent co-anchors were Soledad OBrien and Miles OBrien and they were replaced by John Roberts and Kiran Chetry due to poor ratings. After Roberts and Chetry left in 2011, the show did not have a permanent anchor team and was shelved by CNN at the end of the year, American Morning was replaced by two new programs, Early Start and Starting Point. American Morning was last hosted by Ali Velshi, Christine Romans, American Morning focused on the news more than many U. S. morning shows. The program offered the most news in the morning on political, domestic, there are more scripted segments on American Morning than on other morning shows, as well as a heavy dose of political news each morning. The program mainly focuses on news to attract viewers who prefer a more straightforward morning show and its main competitors were Fox News Channels Fox and Friends and MSNBCs Morning Joe. American Morning aired live weekday morning from 6 to 9 am EST. In October 2006, AM received a set, along with new music. On September 26,2007, American Morning began broadcasting in high definition, originally AM aired for three hours, from 7am to 10am. After the cancellation of Daybreak, the program was expanded to four hours, however, the air time was reduced in October 2006 to 6am to 9am, after the expansion of CNN Newsroom. American Morning originally premiered on September 12,2001, Paula Zahn began anchoring the program five months early due to the 9/11 attacks which had occurred the previous morning. Jack Cafferty and Anderson Cooper joined her as co-hosts and helped deliver news on the attacks, in February 2002, Bill Hemmer moved to New York to become Paula Zahns cohost, replacing Anderson Cooper. In April 2003, Bill Hemmer anchored the program solo when Paula Zahn moved to CNN primetime, heidi Collins and Daryn Kagan temporarily hosted with Bill Hemmer before Soledad OBrien debuted as co-host. CNN said that the advertisement was approved by a woman in the productions department, CNN later apologized to Paula Zahn. In June 2005, Bill Hemmer left CNN and was replaced by Miles OBrien, heidi Collins was replaced by Carol Costello. Jack Cafferty left the later that summer
5.
The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer
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The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer is an afternoon, early evening newscast on CNN hosted by Wolf Blitzer that first aired on August 8,2005. The show currently airs live from 5,00 pm to 7,00 pm ET from CNNs studios in Washington D. C. The show begins with the open, Happening Now. We want to welcome our viewers in the United States and around the world, im Wolf Blitzer, and Youre in the Situation Room, which includes highlights of what the show will discuss. During the program current events, breaking news, political headlines, the show also makes use of CNN journalists from across the network and political analysts. They include Brian Todd, Gloria Borger, and John King, by 2012, CNNs Washington D. C. studios were completely redesigned giving The Situation Room a newly updated look. Official website The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer at the Internet Movie Database The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer at TV. com
6.
Ali Velshi on Target
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The show was shot and produced in New York City and originally shared studio space with Consider This, another Al Jazeera America show. Real Money aired at 10, 30pm eastern time Monday through Friday with repeats overnight, the show featured guest appearances by Suzie Orman among others. In Velshis absence the shows substitute host is David Shuster and it is believed to be Al Jazeera Americas highest rated show. The shows producer is head of business news John Meehan, the show also was done from occasion on location with Velshi typically at economic conventions and other places. The show was also been in the past hosted from Al Jazeera Americas studios at the Newseum in Washington D. C, real Money with Ali Velshi was the first show announced by Al Jazeera America shortly after they had hired Velshi from CNN. At CNN, Velshi was the long-time host of a show called Your Money and it began as a strictly financial program that focused on the American and global economy and how it affects the average person. It also looks at how national and world events affect or could affect the economy and this is done through in-depth stories on a particular topic and through interviews done by Velshi with economic scholars, economic advisers and small business owners who are affected by the story. The show later expended to cover current affairs topics. The show was originally 30 minutes from 7 to 7,30 pm eastern time from its launch but was expanded to a full hour on April 21,2014. The show moved to 9,00 pm on November 2,2015, on May 11, the show was re-branded as Ali Velshi on Target. The new show focuses on both the economy and politics with a more hard-hitting format, the show maintained a relationship with the Al Jazeera English counterpart economic program Counting The Cost
7.
Journalist
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A journalist is a person who collects, writes, or distributes news or other current information. A journalists work is called journalism, a journalist can work with general issues or specialize in certain issues. However, most journalists tend to specialize, and by cooperating with other journalists, for example, a sports journalist covers news within the world of sports, but this journalist may be a part of a newspaper that covers many different topics. A reporter is a type of journalist who researches, writes, and reports on information in order to present in sources, conduct interviews, engage in research, and make reports. The information-gathering part of a job is sometimes called reporting. Reporters may split their time working in a newsroom and going out to witness events or interviewing people. Reporters may be assigned a beat or area of coverage. Depending on the context, the term journalist may include various types of editors, editorial writers, columnists, Journalism has developed a variety of ethics and standards. While objectivity and a lack of bias are of concern and importance, more liberal types of journalism, such as advocacy journalism and activism. This has become prevalent with the advent of social media and blogs, as well as other platforms that are used to manipulate or sway social and political opinions. These platforms often project extreme bias, as sources are not always held accountable or considered necessary in order to produce a written, nor did they often directly experience most social problems, or have direct access to expert insights. These limitations were made worse by a media that tended to over-simplify issues and to reinforce stereotypes, partisan viewpoints. As a consequence, Lippmann believed that the public needed journalists like himself who could serve as analysts, guiding “citizens to a deeper understanding of what was really important. ”Journalists sometimes expose themselves to danger. Organizations such as the Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom, as of November 2011, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 887 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992 by murder, crossfire or combat, or on dangerous assignment. The ten deadliest countries for journalists since 1992 have been Iraq, Philippines, Russia, Colombia, Mexico, Algeria, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Brazil and Sri Lanka. The Committee to Protect Journalists also reports that as of December 1st 2010,145 journalists were jailed worldwide for journalistic activities. The ten countries with the largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are Turkey, China, Iran, Eritrea, Burma, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Cuba, Ethiopia, apart from the physical harm, journalists are harmed psychologically. This applies especially to war reporters, but their offices at home often do not know how to deal appropriately with the reporters they expose to danger
8.
NBC News
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NBC News is a division of the American broadcast network NBC. The division operates under NBCUniversal News Group, a subsidiary of NBCUniversal, the groups various operations report to the president of NBC News, Noah Oppenheim. NBC News aired the first news program in American broadcast television history on February 21,1940, the groups broadcasts are produced and aired from 30 Rockefeller Center, NBCs headquarters in New York City. The division presides over Americas number-one-rated newscast, NBC Nightly News, NBC News also offers 70 years of rare historic footage from the NBCUniversal Archives online. NBC News operates a 24-hour cable news network known as MSNBC, the cable network shares staff and editorial control with NBC News. The first American television newscast in history was made by NBC News on February 21,1940, anchored by Lowell Thomas, due to wartime restrictions, there were no live telecasts of the 1944 conventions, although films of the events were reportedly shown over WNBT the next day. In 1948, NBC teamed up with Life magazine to provide election night coverage of President Harry S. Trumans surprising victory over New York governor Thomas E. Dewey, the television audience was small, but NBCs share in New York was double that of any other outlet. The following year, the Camel News Caravan, anchored by John Cameron Swayze, lacking the graphics and technology of later years, it nonetheless contained many of the elements of modern newscasts. NBC hired its own crews and in the programs early years, it dominated CBSs competing program. In 1950, David Brinkley began serving as the programs Washington correspondent, in 1955, the Camel News Caravan fell behind CBSs Douglas Edwards with the News, and Swayze lost the already tepid support of NBC executives. The following year, NBC replaced the program with the Huntley-Brinkley Report, beginning in 1951, NBC News was managed by director of news Bill McAndrew, who reported to vice president of news and public affairs J. Davidson Taylor. Television assumed a prominent role in American family life in the late 1950s. NBC president Robert Kintner provided the division with ample amounts of both financial resources and air time. Created by producer Reuven Frank, NBCs Huntley-Brinkley Report had its debut on October 29,1956, during much of its 14-year run, it exceeded the viewership levels of its CBS News competition, anchored initially by Douglas Edwards and, beginning in April 1962, by Walter Cronkite. Senator to observe later, When I think of Little Rock, in an era when space missions rated continuous coverage, NBC configured its largest studio, Studio 8H, for space coverage. NBCs coverage of the first moon landing in 1969 earned the network an Emmy Award, in the late 1950s, Kintner reorganized the chain of command at the network, making Bill McAndrew president of NBC News, reporting directly to Kintner. McAndrew served in that position until his death in 1968, McAndrew was succeeded by his executive vice president, producer Reuven Frank, who held the position until 1973. On November 22,1963, NBC interrupted various programs on its stations at 1,45 p. m. to announce that President John F. Kennedy had been shot in Dallas, Texas
9.
MSNBC
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MSNBC is an American basic cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. The network also carries a nightly programming block during prime time hours. It is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal, MSNBC and msnbc. com were founded in 1996 as a partnership between Microsoft and General Electrics NBC unit, hence the networks naming. As of February 2015, approximately 94,531,000 households have the ability to receive MSNBC within the United States of America, in the late summer of 2015, MSNBC revamped its programming. The moves were in sharp contrast to previous programming decisions at the network, along with this, moves were made to sharpen the channels news image through a dual editorial relationship with its organizational parent NBC News. MSNBC Live, the flagship daytime news platform was expanded to cover over eight hours of the day. Phil Griffin currently serves as the president and director of operations at the cable network. Pat Burkey, Janelle Rodriguez, and Jonathan Wald oversee programming and news operations at the network, MSNBC was established by NBC executive Tom Rogers. Rogers was instrumental in developing the partnership with Microsoft, which invested $221 million for a 50% share of the cable channel. MSNBC and Microsoft would share the cost of a $200 million newsroom in Secaucus, New Jersey, the network took over the channel space of NBCs 18-month-old Americas Talking network, though in most cases cable carriage had to be negotiated with providers who never carried AT. MSNBC was launched on July 15,1996, the first show, which was anchored by Jodi Applegate, broadcast a lineup of news, interviews, and opinions. Stories were generally longer and more detailed than the running on CNN at the time. NBC also highlighted their broadcast connections by airing stories direct from the NBC network affiliates, gradually, MSNBC began to put more emphasis on politics. The Project for Excellence in Journalism found in 2007 after a survey of cable channels that MSNBC is moving to make politics a brand, with a large dose of opinion. In January 2001, Mike Barnicle got a show on MSNBC, in June, in a sign of continuing trouble at MSNBC, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer said that he would not have started MSNBC if he knew then what he knows now. After the September 11,2001 attacks, MSNBC served as an outlet for NBC News to provide up-to-the-minute coverage, CNBC and CNBC Europe, with little financial news to report, ran MSNBC for many hours of the day following the attacks. The year also boosted the profile of Ashleigh Banfield, who was present during the collapse of Building 7 while covering the World Trade Center on September 11 and her Region In Conflict program capitalized on her newfound celebrity and showcased exclusive interviews from Afghanistan. NBC would have the option, which it exercised, to buy the remaining 18% share of the television from Microsoft after two years
10.
CNN
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The Cable News Network is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel, upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City and its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming. CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U. S. to distinguish the American channel from its sister network. As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U. S. households, broadcast coverage of the U. S. channel extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, as well as carriage on cable and satellite providers throughout Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories, as of February 2015, CNN is available to about 96,289,000 cable, satellite, and telco television households in the United States. The Cable News Network was launched at 5,00 p. m. Eastern Time on June 1,1980, after an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channels first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channels first 200 employees, including the networks first news anchor. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite providers, several websites. The company has 36 bureaus, more than 900 affiliated local stations, the channels success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warners eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1,1982, on January 28,1986, CNN carried the only live television coverage of the launch and subsequent break-up of Space Shuttle Challenger, which killed all seven crew members on board. On October 14,1987, Jessica McClure, an 18-month-old toddler, fell down a well in Midland, CNN quickly reported on the story, and the event helped make its name. This was before correspondents reported live from the capital while American bombs were falling. Before Saddam Hussein held a press conference with a few of the hundreds of Americans he was holding hostage. Before the nation watched, riveted but powerless, as Los Angeles was looted and burned, before O. J. Simpson took a slow ride in a white Bronco, and before everyone close to his case had an agent and a book contract. This was uncharted territory just a time ago. The moment when bombing began was announced on CNN by Bernard Shaw on January 16,1991, as follows, lets describe to our viewers what were seeing. The skies over Baghdad have been illuminated, were seeing bright flashes going off all over the sky
11.
Al Jazeera America
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Al Jazeera America was an American basic cable and satellite news television channel owned by the Al Jazeera Media Network, Doha. The channel was launched on August 20,2013 to compete with CNN, HLN, MSNBC, Fox News Channel, the channel was Al Jazeeras second entry into the U. S. television market, after the launch of beIN Sport in 2012. The channel, which had low ratings, announced in January 2016 that it would close on April 12,2016. The channel was headquartered and run from studios on the first floor of the Manhattan Center in New York City, the channel was the sister channel of Al Jazeeras international English language news channel Al Jazeera English. Current TV, by coincidence, was formerly Newsworld International, a news channel similar to Al Jazeera America run by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. On July 22,2013, Al Jazeera America named former ABC News Vice President Kate OBrian as president of the network, and Ehab Al Shihabi as interim CEO in charge of business affairs. In addition, former CNN veteran David Doss was named Vice President of News Programming, former MSNBC executive Shannon High-Bassalik was named Senior Vice President of Documentaries and Programs. Al Jazeera said it received more than 21,000 job applications for 400 positions at its U. S. network, approximately 200 Current TV employees, including some 50 in editorial, were absorbed by the new operation. It planned to have a total of 800 employees at the channels launch, Al Jazeera America also announced that the channel would employ well-known veteran journalists, anchors, and producers. On July 3,2013, Ali Velshi confirmed that Al Jazeera Americas launch would take place on August 20,2013, the launch took place at 3,00 p. m. Eastern Time on that date, with an hour-long preview special entitled This is Al Jazeera. News coverage began immediately afterward at 4,00 p. m, Al Jazeera Americas website launched on August 8,2013. It was also reported that this closure would lead to the loss of about 700 jobs, however, the network experienced low viewership ratings, averaging between 20,000 and 40,000 viewers on a typical day. Following the networks shutdown, Al Jazeera Media Network is planning on expanding its presence in the United States though ventures such as United States-based AJ+. On February 26,2016, the Al Jazeera America website ceased operations, on March 27,2016, CNN correspondents Brian Stelter and Tom Kludt wrote an in-depth analysis of Al Jazeera Americas closure. Among the many reasons for the closure cited in the article were low viewership, but the article also pointed to more deeper-rooted problems. These problems included poor decision making and management on behalf of Al Jazeera higher-ups – specifically CEO Ehab Al Shihabi, the article stated that they lacked a business plan, and made faulty branding choices such as refusing to change the name Al Jazeera. Stelter and Kludt also suggested that political issues could have played into the channels demise, during the Bush administration, the President and other officials openly criticized Al Jazeera for airing messages from Al-Qaeda figures. This could have part of the reason why Al Jazeera America struggled to get major cable providers like Comcast
12.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
13.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
14.
Legislative Assembly of Ontario
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The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is one of two components of the Legislature of Ontario, the other being the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. The Legislative Assembly is the second largest Canadian provincial deliberative assembly by number of members after the National Assembly of Quebec, the Assembly meets at the Ontario Legislative Building at Queens Park in the provincial capital of Toronto. The premier is Ontarios head of government, while the Lieutenant Governor, as representative of the Queen, the largest party not forming the government is known as the Official Opposition, its leader being recognized as Leader of the Opposition by the Speaker. The Ontario Legislature is sometimes referred to as the Ontario Provincial Parliament, Members of the assembly refer to themselves as Members of the Provincial Parliament as opposed to Members of the Legislative Assembly as in many other provinces. Ontario is the province to do so, in accordance with a resolution passed in the Assembly on April 7,1938. However, the Legislative Assembly Act refers only to members of the Assembly, the current assembly was elected on June 12,2014 as part of the 41st Parliament of Ontario. The first session of the 41st Parliament opened on July 2,2014, on Friday May 2,2014, the 40th Parliament of Ontario was dissolved by Lieutenant Governor David C. Onley on the advice of Premier Kathleen Wynne after the NDP, the election was held on June 12,2014, as a result of which Kathleen Wynnes Liberal Party formed a majority government. Queens Park is a metonym for the Legislative Assembly, in accordance with the traditions of the Westminster System, most laws originate with the cabinet, and are passed by the legislature after stages of debate and decision-making. Ordinary Members of the Legislature may introduce privately, play an role in scrutinizing bills in debate and committee. Members are expected to be loyal to both their parliamentary party and to the interests of their constituents, in the Ontario legislature this confrontation provides much of the material for Oral Questions and Members Statements. Legislative scrutiny of the executive is also at the heart of much of the carried out by the Legislatures Standing Committees. Finally, it is the task of the legislature to provide the personnel of the executive, as already noted, under responsible government, ministers of the Crown are expected to be Members of the Assembly. The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is the first and the legislature in Canada to have a Coat of Arms separate from the provincial coat of arms. Green and gold are the colours in the shield of arms of the province. The Mace is the symbol of the authority of the Speaker. Shown on the left is the current Mace, on the right is the original Mace from the time of the first parliament in 1792. The crossed Maces are joined by the shield of arms of Ontario, the crown on the wreath represents national and provincial loyalties, its rim is studded with the provincial gemstone, the amethyst
15.
Isma'ilism
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Ismāʿīlism is a branch of Shia Islam. Ismailis believe in the oneness of God, as well as the closing of divine revelation with Muhammad, the Ismāʿīlī and the Twelvers both accept the same initial Imams from the descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and therefore share much of their early history. Both groups see the family of Muhammad as divinely chosen, infallible, and guided by God to lead the Islamic community, Ismaili thought is heavily influenced by neoplatonism. There are also a significant number of Ismāʿīlīs in Central Asia, Ismailism shares its beginnings with other early Shi‘i sects that emerged during the succession crisis that spread throughout the early Muslim community. From the beginning, the Shia asserted the right of Ali, cousin of Muhammad and this also included his two sons, who were the grandsons of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah. Soon after his ascendancy, Aisha, the third of the Prophets wives, claimed along with Usmans tribe, the Ummayads, ‘Ali voted against it as he believed that situation at that time demanded a peaceful resolution of the matter. Both parties could rightfully defend their claims, but due to escalated misunderstandings, following this battle, Muawiya, the Umayyad governor of Syria, also staged a revolt under the same pretences. ‘Ali led his forces against Muawiya until the side of Muawiya held copies of the Quran against their spears, ‘Ali accepted this, and an arbitration was done which ended in his favor. A group among Alis army believed that subjecting his legitimate authority to arbitration was tantamount to apostasy and this group was known as the Khawarij and ‘Ali wished to defeat their forces before they reached the cities where they would be able to blend in with the rest of the population. While he was unable to do this, he defeated their forces in subsequent battles. Regardless of these defeats, the Kharijites survived and became a problematic group in Islamic history. The Entrusted Imam is an Imam in the full sense except that the lineage of the Imamate must continue through the Permanent Imam. However, the caliphate was soon taken over by Muawiya. Even some of Ali’s early followers regarded him as “an absolute and divinely guided leader who could demand of them the kind of loyalty that would have been expected for the Prophet. ”For example, one of Ali’s supporters who also was devoted to the Prophet said to him, “our opinion is your opinion. The early followers of ‘Ali seem to have taken his guidance as “right guidance” deriving from Divine support, in other words, ‘Ali’s guidance was seen to be the expression of God’s will and the Qur’anic message. This spiritual and absolute authority of ‘Ali was known as walayah and it was inherited by his successors, the Imams. In the first century after the Prophet, the sunnah was not specifically defined as “Sunnah of the Prophet” but was used in connection to Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, Uthman. The idea of “Hadith” or traditions ascribed to the Prophet was not mainstream nor was Hadith criticism, even the earliest legal texts by Malik b
16.
Gujarati people
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Gujarati people or Gujaratis are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of India that traditionally speaks Gujarati, an Indo-Aryan language. Albeit with huge migration for economic reasons, most Gujaratis in India live in the state of Gujarat in Western India, Gujaratis also form a significant part of the populations in the small union territories of Daman and Diu, and Dadra Nagar Haveli, both being former Portuguese colonies. There are very large Gujarati immigrant communities in parts of India, most notably in Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta, Madras, Bangalore and other metropolitan areas like Kollam. Diasporas and transnational networks in many of these date back to more than a century. In recent decades, larger numbers of Gujaratis have migrated to English speaking countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Early European travelers like Ludovico di Varthema traveled to Gujarat and wrote on the people of Gujarat. He noted that Jainism had a presence in Gujarat and opined that Gujaratis were deprived of their kingdom by Mughals because of their kind heartedness. This led to religious interdependence, tolerance, assimilation and community cohesion ultimately becoming the hallmark of modern-day Gujarati society, the Gujarati people are predominantly Hindu. There are also significant populations of Muslims, Christians and Jains, and minor populations of Buddhists, Zoroastrians, Sikhs, the major communities that Gujaratis belong to are Brahmins, Rajputs, Vaishyas, Patidars, Ahirs, Maldharis and Lohana. Today, Gujaratis can be found in all inhabited continents of the world, the countries with the largest Gujarati populations are Pakistan, United Kingdom, United States, Canada and many countries in Southern and East Africa. Globally, Gujaratis are estimated to comprise around 33% of the Indian diaspora worldwide, non Resident Gujaratis maintain active links with the homeland in the form of business, remittance, philanthropy, and through their political contribution to state governed domestic affairs. The second largest overseas diaspora of Gujaratis, after Pakistan, is in the UK, at a population of around 615,000 Gujaratis form almost half of the Indian community who live in the UK. Gujaratis first went to the UK in the 19th century with the establishment of the British Raj in India, prominent members of this community such as Shyamji Krishna Varma played a vital role in exerting political pressure upon colonial powers during the struggle for Indian Independence. Now this community is mostly the second and third generation descendants of immigrants from the former British colonies of East Africa, Portugal. Most of them despite being British Subjects had restricted access to Britain after successive Immigration acts of 1962,1968 and 1971. Most were, however, eventually admitted on the basis of a Quota voucher system or, in case of Uganda, as refugees after the order by the Ugandan ruler. Gujaratis in Britain are regarded as affluent middle-class peoples who have assimilated into the milieu of British society and they are celebrated for revolutionizing the corner shop, and energising the British economy which changed Britains antiquated retail laws forever. Demographically, Hindus form a majority along with a significant number of Jains and Muslims and they are predominantly settled in metropolitan areas like Greater London, East Midlands, West Midlands, Lancashire and Yorkshire. Cities with significant Gujarati populations include Leicester and London boroughs of Brent, Barnet, Harrow, both Hindus and Muslims have established caste or community associations, temples, and mosques to cater for the needs of their respective communities
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Indian people
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Indian people are citizens of India, the second most populous nation containing 17. 50% of the worlds population. Indian refers to nationality, but not ethnicity or language, the Indian nationality consists of many regional ethno-linguistic groups, reflecting the rich and complex history of India. India hosts all major ethnic groups found in the Indian Subcontinent, population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million diaspora. The name Bhārata has been used as a name by people of the Indian subcontinent. The designation Bhārata appears in the official Sanskrit name of the country, the name is derived from the ancient Vedic and Puranas, which refer to the land that comprises India as Bhārata varṣam and uses this term to distinguish it from other varṣas or continents. The Bhāratas were a tribe mentioned in the Rigveda, notably participating in the Battle of the Ten Kings. India is named after legendary Emperor Bharata who was a descendant of the Bhāratas tribe, in early Vedic literature, the term Āryāvarta was in popular use before Bhārata. The Manusmṛti gives the name Āryāvarta to the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges, from the Eastern to the Western Sea, while the word Indian and India is derived from Greek Ἰνδία, via Latin India. The name is derived ultimately from Sindhu, the Sanskrit name of the river Indus, the next great ancient Empire of the Indian people was the Gupta Empire. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or Golden Age of India, the ancient Indian mathematicians Aryabhata, Bhāskara I and Brahmagupta invented the concept of zero and the Hindu decimal system during this period. During this period Indian cultural influence spread over parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia. During the early period the great Rashtrakuta dynasty dominated the major part of the Indian subcontinent. From the 8th to 10th century and the Indian Emperor Amoghavarsha of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty was described by the Arab traveller Sulaiman as one of the four kings of the world. The greatest maritime Empire of the medieval Indians was the Chola dynasty, under the great Indian Emperors Rajaraja Chola I and his successor Rajendra Chola I the Chola dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. The Mughal Empire unified much of Indian sub-continent under one realm, under the Mughals India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture. This marked a huge influence in the Indian society, the Mughal Empire balanced and pacified local societies through new administrative practices and had diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. The Marathas and Sikhs emerged in the 17th century and established the Maratha Empire, the Maratha Empire is credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule in India. The empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south, to Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the north and Bengal, India is one of the worlds oldest civilisations
18.
Religious studies
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Religious studies, alternately known as the study of religion, is the multi-disciplinary academic field devoted to research into religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. It describes, compares, interprets, and explains religion, emphasizing systematic, historically based, Religious studies draws upon multiple disciplines and their methodologies including anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, and history of religion. Religious studies originated in the 19th century, when scholarly and historical analysis of the Bible had flourished, early influential scholars included Friedrich Max Müller, in England, and Cornelius P. Tiele, in the Netherlands. Today religious studies is practiced by scholars worldwide, in its early years, it was known as Comparative Religion or the Science of Religion and, in the USA, there are those who today also know the field as the History of religion. The field is known as Religionswissenschaft in Germany and Sciences des religions in the French-speaking world, the term religion originated from the Latin noun religio, that was nominalized from one of three verbs, relegere, religare, and reeligere. During the Medieval Period, the religious was used as a noun to describe someone who had joined a monastic order. The religious studies scholar Walter Capps described the purpose of the discipline as to provide training, in directing and conducting inquiry regarding the subject of religion. At the same time, Capps stated that its purpose was to use prescribed modes and techniques of inquiry to make the subject of religion intelligible. Some scholars of religious studies are interested in studying the religion to which they belong. It has also argued that studying religion is useful in appreciating and understanding sectarian tensions. Throughout the history of studies, there have been many attempts to define the term religion. Other forms of definition are polythetic, producing a list of characteristics that are common to religion, in this definition there is no one characteristic that need be common to every form of religion. Conversely, other scholars of religious studies have argued that the discipline should reject the term religion altogether, in this perspective, religion is argued to be a Western concept that has been forced upon other cultures in an act of intellectual imperialism. According to scholar of religion Russell T. McCutcheon, many of the peoples that we study by means of this category have no equivalent term or concept whatsoever, there is, for instance, no word for religion in languages like Sanskrit. Before religious studies became a field in its own right, flourishing in the United States in the late 1960s, one of these figures was the famous pragmatist William James. His 1902 Gifford lectures and book The Varieties of Religious Experience examined religion from a perspective and is still influential today. His essay The Will to Believe defends the rationality of faith, Max Weber studied religion from an economic perspective in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, his most famous work. As a major figure in sociology, he has no doubt influenced later sociologists of religion, Émile Durkheim also holds continuing influence as one of the fathers of sociology
19.
Kingston, Ontario
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Kingston is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is located on the end of Lake Ontario, at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River. The city is located midway between Toronto and Montreal, the Thousand Islands tourist region is nearby to the east. Kingston is nicknamed the Limestone City because of the heritage buildings constructed using local limestone. This outpost, called Fort Cataraqui or Fort Frontenac, became a focus for settlement, after the British conquered New France, the village was renamed Kingston. Kingston was named the first capital of the Province of Canada on February 10,1841, while its time as a political centre was short, Kingston has remained an important military installation. Kingston was the county seat of Frontenac County until 1998, Kingston is now a separated municipality from the County of Frontenac. A number of origins of Cataraqui, Kingstons original name, have been postulated, one is that it is derived from the Iroquois word that means the place where one hides. The name may also be derivations of Native words that mean impregnable, muddy river, place of retreat, clay bank rising out of the water or where the rivers and lake meet. Cataraqui today refers to an area around the intersection of Princess Street and Sydenham Road, Cataraqui is also the name of a municipal electoral district. Cataraqui was referred to as the Kings Town or Kings Town by 1787 in honour of King George III, the name was shortened to Kingston in 1788. Archaeological evidence suggests that people lived in the Kingston region as early as the Archaic Period, evidence of Late Woodland Period early Iroquois occupation also exists. The first more permanent encampments by aboriginal people in the Kingston area began about 500 AD, the group that first occupied the area before the arrival of the French was probably the Wyandot people, who were later displaced by Iroquoian groups. At the time the French arrived in the Kingston area, Five Nations Iroquois had settled along the shore of Lake Ontario. By 1700, the north shore Iroquois had moved south, european commercial and military influence and activities centered on the fur trade developed and increased in North America in the 17th century. Fur trappers and traders were spreading out from their centres of operation in New France, French explorer Samuel de Champlain visited the Kingston area in 1615. Settlement resumed in the early 1780s when the area soon to be called Kingston became a centre for Loyalist refugees who fled north because of the American Revolutionary War. The survey would also determine whether Cataraqui was suitable as a base since nearby Carleton Island on which a British navy base was located had been ceded to the Americans after the war
20.
Preston Manning
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Ernest Preston Manning, PC CC AOE is a conservative Canadian politician. He was the leader of the Reform Party of Canada. Manning sits as an advisor to Canadas Ecofiscal Commission, Manning was born in Edmonton, Alberta. He is the son of Muriel Aileen and Ernest Manning, Social Credit Party Premier of Alberta between 1943 and 1968, in 1964, Manning graduated from the University of Alberta with a B. A. in Economics. He sought election to the Canadian House of Commons in the 1965 federal election as a candidate of the federal Social Credit Party, Manning identifies himself as an evangelical Christian and attends the First Alliance Church in Calgary. In 1984, Manning was hired as a consultant by the Representative Party of Alberta. Together with Stan Roberts and Francis Winspear, Manning formed the Reform Party in 1987, intellectual influences included journalist Peter Brimelow and foreign aid critic Paul Fromm. Mannings chief policy adviser was Stephen Harper, a student at the University of Calgary, Harper designed the Reform Partys 1988 campaign platform. The Reform Party was a combination of fiscal conservatism and populism, all of the Reform Partys candidates were defeated in the 1988 federal election, including Manning in the Alberta electoral district of former Prime Minister Joe Clark, Yellowhead. However, the first Reform Member of Parliament, Deborah Grey, was elected in a federal by-election in 1989 at Beaver River, Manning called the move partisan, saying it interfered with basic freedom of speech. The Reform leader gave an opening and closing statement in the French debate, in 1997 Manning also participated in the French Debate with the aid of an earpiece interpreter and answered the questions in English. Manning was elected to the House of Commons in the 1993 federal election as the MP for Calgary Southwest, Reform had a major breakthrough in this election, winning 52 seats. Of those,51 were in Western Canada, where the strong performance was largely because the Progressive Conservatives support in that region transferred almost en masse. Literally overnight, Manning found himself as the leader of the major right-wing party in Canada, however, the Liberal government under Jean Chrétien characterized Manning and Reform as their main opponent on non-Quebec matters. In the 1997 election, the party won the second-most seats in the Commons, reforms emergence fragmented the conservative vote into two parts - Reform and the weakened PC Party. Reform was generally seen as too extreme for the liking of urban and suburban voters east of Manitoba, conflicts with the federal PCs resulted in wasted resources, donor frustration, the lack of a coherent provincial political machine for either party, and vote splitting during elections. As it is impossible to form a government without substantial support in both Ontario and Quebec, the Liberal Party was seen as having a secure hold on power. Manning knew there was hope of dislodging the Liberals as long as the right remained divided
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Reform Party of Canada
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The Reform Party of Canada was a right-wing populist federal political party in Canada that existed from 1987 to 2000. Reform was founded as a Western Canada-based protest movement and eventually became a populist conservative party and it was initially motivated by the perceived need for democratic reforms and by profound Western Canadian discontent with the Progressive Conservative federal government of Brian Mulroney. Led by its founder Preston Manning, Reform rapidly gained momentum in western Canada, in opposition, the party advocated for spending restraint and democratic reform. In the leadup to the 1997 election, the party attempted to make a national breakthrough, however, a Liberal victory and disappointment with the lack of Eastern seats led many members to question the future direction of a party. The party was succeeded by the Canadian Alliance in 2000. With the collapse of the 1984-1993 PC electoral coalition composed of westerners, rural Ontarians and Quebec nationalists and it first entered Parliament in 1989 when Deborah Grey won a by-election in an Edmonton-area riding. The party achieved major breakthrough in the 1993 federal election, when it went from holding 1 seat to 52 and its platform and policies emphasized the rights and responsibilities of the individual, Senate and other democratic reforms, and smaller more fiscally responsible government. However, the party came under persistent partisan attack of being extremist and intolerant due to a number of statements by Reform MPs which were considered to be racist, homophobic, and sexist. In the 1997 election, the Reform Party made only minor gains, the party still failed to present a true challenge to the Liberal government, since its agenda was seen as too extreme for the liking of central and eastern Canada. Reform actually won a seat in Ontario in 1993, but lost it in 1997, demand for unity by the right encouraged Manning to promote a new movement, the United Alternative, to create a small-c conservative alternative to the Liberals. Manning blamed conservative vote splitting for keeping the Liberals in power, Mannings efforts created a strong debate in the Reform party, and he would even write a letter to the effect that he didnt want to lead Reform anymore, but would only lead the new party. Manning won a review with over 75% support quelling his opposition. The new partys platform was a mixture of the PC and Reform platforms, however, it was largely seen as merely a renamed and enlarged Reform Party. Former Reform members dominated the new party, and the Reform caucus in the Commons essentially became the Alliance caucus, former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney called the party Reform in pantyhose, and some opponents referred to the party as the Reform Alliance to enforce this perception. However, the CCRAP nickname was used by its opponents. Grey, the deputy leader of Reform, was chosen as the new interim leader. The federal Progressive Conservatives under Joe Clark refused to participate in these talks, subsequently, at the new partys first leadership convention, Manning was defeated in favour of the younger, more charismatic Stockwell Day, longtime treasurer of Alberta. One Progressive Conservative senator, Gerry St. Germain, joined the new party in October 2000, in the fall of 2000, the Liberals called a snap election that caught the Alliance off-guard
22.
Northern Secondary School (Toronto)
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Northern Secondary School is a public high school in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It teaches grades 9 through 12 and it is a part of the Toronto District School Board. Prior to Amalgamation of Toronto in 1998, it was within the Toronto Board of Education, the closest TTC subway station is Eglinton. Northern has long-standing rivalries with nearby high-school North Toronto Collegiate Institute and also with Central Technical School, Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute, Northern was the first Ontario school to have a student council. The school is a site of a Toronto Police Service program that places on-duty police officers in schools. Northern Secondary is built in the Gothic Collegiate style, has a space of about 121,317 square feet and contains one hundred. Dyson was the original architect. Although little is known about him, he was the school boards architect from 1921 until 1949, Northern is known for the grotesques which exist on the exterior, throughout the entrance foyer and inside the auditorium. Further evidence of the Gothic Collegiate style can be found in the ceilings of the hallways. As stated on a plaque inside the entrance, during the 60s a major addition was built which significantly altered the rear of the school. These renovations changed little about the parts of the building. Although once grand, over the decades, the facility has fallen into disrepair and is in need of extensive renovation. Northerns gifted program / enriched program and its range of elective courses, including a diverse art department. The school runs a selective process, as well as optional attendance lotteries. There is also a variety of AP and gifted courses available at all grade levels. Each year, Northerns students obtain over $1 million in university scholarships, Northerns students have won numerous national & international awards in multiple academic disciplines. These include the NASA space settlement competition, the World Debates at Oxford, England, the school has over 50 active clubs, associations and committees, as well as over 120 teachers, resulting in a 15 to 1 student teacher ratio. The school has over 50 varsity athletic teams, Northerns football team, the Red Knights, have won numerous titles in Torontos high school league
23.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
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American Political Science Association
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The American Political Science Association is a professional association of political science students and scholars in the United States. Founded in 1903, it publishes three academic journals, APSA Organized Sections publish or are associated with 15 additional journals. APSA presidents serve one-year terms, the current president is David Lake of the University of California, woodrow Wilson, who later became President of the United States, was APSA president in 1909. APSA also periodically sponsors seminars and other events for scientists, policymakers, the media. APSA conducts several annual conferences, which provides this environment for scholars and other professionals to network and present their work, along with other pertinent, the APSA Annual Meeting is among the worlds largest gatherings of political scientists. It occurs on Labor Day weekend each summer, the 2017 Annual Meeting is scheduled for August 31 - September 3 in San Francisco, CA. The APSA Teaching and Learning Conference is a working group conference hosting cutting-edge approaches, techniques. With funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, APSA has organized political science workshops in locations in Africa. The first workshop was convened in Dakar, Senegal in partnership with the West African Research Center from July 6-27,2008, the annual residential workshops are led by a joint U. S. and African organizing team and aimed at mid-and junior-level scholars residing in Africa. They will enhance the capacities of political scientists and their resources in East and West Africa while also providing a forum for supporting their ongoing research, each three week workshop brings together up to 30 scholars and cover substantive issues, methodologies, and reviews of research. These awards are presented at the Associations Annual Meeting, the Centennial Center, its facilities, and research support programs continue to be made possible in part through the generous donations of APSA members. The Centennial Center for Political Science and Public Affairs assists APSA members with the costs of research, including travel, interviews, access to archives, funds can also be used to assist scholars in publishing their research. Grants can range in size from $500 to $10,000, See more centennial funding programs and grants. Achieving diversity and inclusion in political science is a priority for the American Political Science Association, Minority Fellowship Program Minority Student Recruitment Program Ralph Bunche Summer Institute APSA Mentoring Program APSA Status Committees See more information on APSA Diversity Programs. The APSA Congressional Fellowship Program is a selective, nonpartisan program devoted to expanding knowledge. The nine-month program begins each November with an intensive introduction to Congress taught by leading experts in the field. After orientation, fellows work in placements of their choosing and also participate in ongoing seminars, See more on the Congressional Fellowship Program. One key component of APSAs mission is to political science education
25.
Lee H. Hamilton
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Lee Herbert Hamilton is a former member of the United States House of Representatives and currently a member of the U. S. A member of the Democratic Party, Hamilton represented the 9th congressional district of Indiana from 1965 to 1999, following his departure from Congress he has served on a number of governmental advisory boards, most notably as the vice chairman of the 9/11 Commission. He worked as a lawyer in practice for the next ten years in Columbus. Hamilton was elected to the House of Representatives as a Democrat as part of the national Democratic landslide of 1964, Hamilton was later chair of the House October Surprise Task Force. He remained in Congress until 1999, at the time he was one of two surviving members of the large Democratic freshman class of 1965. In November 2002, George W. Bush nominated Hamilton as the Vice-Chairman of the 9/11 Commission, Hamilton, like Baker, is considered a master negotiator. Since leaving Congress, Mr. Hamilton has served as a member of the Hart-Rudman Commission and he sits on many advisory boards, including those to the CIA, the Presidents Homeland Security Advisory Council, and the United States Army. He is previously the president and director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, in 2000-2001, he served as the American member of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, which prepared the U. N policy of Responsibility to Protect, adopted in 2005. He is also a member of the Board of Advisors of Albright Stonebridge Group and he was appointed Co-Chair of the Blue Ribbon Commission on Americas Nuclear Future from 2010–2012 alongside Brent Scowcroft. Hamilton serves as a co-chair of the National Security Preparedness Group at the Bipartisan Policy Center, Hamilton is a co-chair with Sandra Day OConnor of the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools. He also serves as an Advisory Board member for the Partnership for a Secure America, on February 25,2011, Hamilton wrote a letter to President Barack Obama urging him to commute Jonathan Pollards sentence to time served. Pollard was serving a sentence for providing Israel with classified information, without the intent to harm the United States. In his letter, he stated, I do believe that he has served a disproportionately severe sentence. He also stated, I have been acquainted for many years members of his family, especially his parents. He concluded that, commuting his sentence is a matter of basic compassion, pollard was granted parole on July 7,2015, and released on November 20,2015. On August 11,2012, Hamiltons wife Nancy died in an auto-related accident, prior to her death, Mrs. Hamilton was an accomplished artist. In 1981 her oil paintings and watercolors were featured in an exhibit at The Commons, Mrs. Hamilton also contributed thousands of hours at the INOVA Alexandria Virginia Hospital. Hamilton endorsed Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election, Lee H. Hamilton serves as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project
26.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
28.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
29.
CFTO-DT
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CFTO-DT, VHF channel 9, is the flagship station of the CTV Television Network located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The station is owned by Bell Media, as part of a twinstick with Barrie-based CTV Two owned-and-operated station CKVR-DT and is sister to 24-hour regional news channel CP24. CFTO maintains studio facilities located at 9 Channel Nine Court in Agincourt, the station shares the Agincourt studio complex with CTVs headquarters, which includes studios for the networks news programming, along with most of Bell Medias specialty channels. CTV News has in fact been based at CFTOs studios for most of its history, CFTO is the largest CTV owned-and-operated station, in terms of market size, whose studio facilities are not located in its main city of services downtown area. The station first signed on the air at 10,00 p. m. on December 31,1960, the inaugural programme broadcast on CFTO was a telethon hosted by Joel Aldred, complete with a fireworks ceremony. The telethon was for what was known as the Ontario Association for Community Living. The station was founded by Baton-Aldred-Rogers Broadcasting, a joint venture between Telegram Corporation, Aldred-Rogers Broadcasting and Foster Hewitt Broadcasting, the Baton portion of the name was pronounced /ˌbætən/, rather than the conducting tools traditional pronunciation. American television network ABC held a minority share in the partnership, Ted Rogers uncle J. Elsworth Rogers was a minority owner of Western Ontario Broadcasting, Ltd. owners of CKLW-TV in Windsor, Ontario. The stations original studio and transmitter facilities were located at 1550 McCowan Road, in March 1961, Aldred sold his interest in the station, and on October 1 of that year, CFTO became a charter affiliate of CTV, as well as the networks flagship station. In 1970, Ted Rogers sold his interest in CFTO and the Bassett-Eaton group sold their interest in Rogers Cable in an exchange of assets, on May 31,1976, CFTO began transmitting its signal from the CN Tower, while its studios remained in Agincourt. CFTO began broadcasting in stereo in 1985, in 1991, the station joined with several other Ontario stations to form Ontario Network Television, which evolved into the Baton Broadcast System, a subsystem within the CTV network. In 1995, CFTO began operating rebroadcast stations at Orillia and Bobcaygeon, when CTVs stations proposed to buy the network and run it as a cooperative in 1966, the Board of Broadcast Governors initially balked at the proposal. CFTO was by far the largest, richest and most profitable station and this led to fears that CFTO would dominate a station-owned network. The BBG was only appeased when the station owners promised that each owner would have an equal vote, regardless of how large it was. As it turned out, though, Baton gradually grew powerful enough that it was able to buy controlling interest in CTV in 1997, on January 27,1998, the Eaton family sold its 41% interest in CTV. On that same day, the Baton Broadcast System merged into CTV, with rumours of an impending takeover, Bell Canada proposed to buy CTV Inc. for $2.3 billion, this was approved by the CTV board in March 2000. By February 2005, the station stopped using its call letters in its on-air branding, BCE later sold most of its interest in CTV, with the parent company being renamed CTVglobemedia. BCE Inc. later reacquired 100% control of CTVglobemedias assets for $1.3 billion in 2011, as CFTO serves as CTVs flagship station, its schedule is virtually identical to the CTV network schedule
30.
News presenter
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They may also be a working journalist, assisting in the collection of news material and may, in addition, provide commentary during the program. News presenters most often work from a studio or radio studio. The role of the news presenter developed over time, classically, the presenter would read the news from news copy which he may or may not have helped write with a producer or news writer. This was often taken almost directly from services and then rewritten. Prior to the era, radio-news broadcasts often mixed news with opinion. These presenters were referred to as commentators, the last major figure to present commentary in a news broadcast format in the United States was Paul Harvey. With the development of the 24-hour news cycle and dedicated cable news channels, many anchors also write or edit news for their programs, although modern news formats often distinguish between anchor and commentator in an attempt to establish the character of a news anchor. The mix of news and commentary varies depending on the type of program. In 1948, anchor man was used in the game show Who Said That. to refer to John Cameron Swayze, the anchor term then became commonly used by 1952 to describe the most prominent member of a panel of reporters or experts. The term anchorman also was used to describe Walter Cronkites role at the Democratic and Republican National Conventions, the widespread claim that news anchors were called cronkiters in Swedish has been debunked by linguist Ben Zimmer. Anchors occupy a role in news broadcasts. Some argue anchors have become sensationalized characters whose identities overshadow the news itself, while others cite anchors as necessary figureheads of wisdom and truth in the news broadcast. Brian Williams, a minor character in NBCs sitcom 30 Rock. A criticism levied against the role of anchor stems from this dynamic, regurgitat or reproduc the report of others. Differentiating them from the occupations of journalists and on-site reporters. The identity of a particular anchor seems to influence viewer perception less than the presence of an anchor in general. More specifically, the media may do an important social good when using the techniques of dramaturgy to make governance more interesting to people than would be the case otherwise. At the same time, however, there is an important difference between drama and democracy, with the former requiring spectators and the latter participants
31.
CP24
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CablePulse 24 is a Canadian English language Category A specialty cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Bell Media subsidiary of BCE, Inc. Based in Toronto, the focuses on local news from the Greater Toronto Area and Southern Ontario. It is distributed through cable in Southern Ontario and direct broadcast satellite nationally, the channel was named as an extension of CITY-TVs newscasts, which were then known as CityPulse. Select programming from other CHUM stations would also be featured on the channel including The NewMusic, on July 12,2006, Bell Globemedia announced a friendly bid to take over CHUM Limited for an estimated $1.7 billion. One year later on June 8,2007, the CRTC approved the CTV takeover of CHUM, however, the CRTC made the deal conditional on CTV selling the Citytv stations. On June 12,2007, Rogers announced that it had agreed to buy the Citytv stations for $375 million, the deal was finalized later that year, with a stipulation that CTV maintain ownership of CHUMs 299 Queen Street West headquarters and studios. CTV chose to keep CP24, and the rest of CHUM assets it had said it would sell, as a result of the ownership changes, CP24 began to separate its operations from those of CITY-TV. m. CityNews simulcast with CFTOs CTV News Toronto at Six, on March 26,2009, Breakfast Television was replaced with the launch of its own new morning show, CP24 Breakfast, which marked the completion of CP24s separation from Citytv. Also coinciding with the launch, included the rebranding of its oldies music radio station 1050 CHUM to a talk radio format which operated as an audio simulcast of CP24 called CP24 Radio 1050. As a result, CP24s late-afternoon talk shows, such as Animal House Calls and Hot Property, on September 10,2010, BCE announced that it planned to acquire 100% interest in CTVglobemedia for a total debt and equity transaction cost of $3.2 billion CAD. The deal which required CRTC approval, was approved on March 7,2011 and closed on April 1 of that year, the show runs from 7, 00-10,15 a. m. CP24 is based at 299 Queen Street West, at the corner of John Street and it used to share the newsroom with CITY-TV on the ground floor. In November 2008, CP24 moved its operations to a new studio, coinciding with the new studio, CP24 also adopted an updated on-air appearance, replacing the previous blue and gold colour scheme with a red, white and black design. This format has been described as closely resembling a website than a conventional television channel. On September 27,2012, CP24 again updated its appearance as the channel began broadcasting in high definition. Before its acquisition by CTV, CP24 was closely integrated with CITY-DTs newsroom, CP24 is seen on cable channel 24 on most cable providers that carry the channel. It is not carried on any cable system outside of Central or Southern Ontario, although it is available on direct broadcast satellite. The channel is available across Canada on Bell TV, on which the station is part of the services News package and it is also available in the FYI package provided to Shaw Direct customers
32.
CITY-DT
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CITY-DT, virtual channel 57, is a City owned-and-operated television station located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The station is owned by Rogers Media as part of a triplestick with Omni Television stations CFMT-DT and CJMT-DT. The station first broadcast on September 28,1972 by a led by Phyllis Switzer, Moses Znaimer, Jerry Grafstein and Edgar Cowan, as CITY-TV. In 1981, the station was sold to CHUM Limited, who retained Znaimer as an executive, for the majority of its early life, CITY-TV operated as an independent station, best known for its unconventional approaches to news and other locally produced programming. In 2006, CTVglobemedia announced its intent to acquire CHUM Limited, CTV chose to keep the stations of CHUMs secondary A-Channel system, as well as CITY-TVs sister news channel CP24, but divested CITY-TV and its sister stations to Rogers Media. Under Rogers ownership, CITYs programming became more conventional in nature, there is also a high definition feed on Rogers Cable digital channel 519, on Bell TV channel 1053, and on Shaw Direct channels 344 and 535. It operated as an independent station, and its transmitter operated at a radiated power of 31 kW. The founding ownership group Channel Seventy-Nine Ltd. consisted of – among others – Phyllis Switzer, Moses Znaimer, Jerry Grafstein, the channel 79 licence was granted to the company on November 25,1971. The station operated from facilities located at 99 Queen Street East, near Church Street. The station lost money early on, and was in debt by 1975, multiple Access Ltd. purchased a 45% interest in the station, and sold its stake to CHUM Limited three years later. CITY was purchased outright by CHUM in 1981 with the sale of Moses Znaimers interest in the station, Znaimer remained with the station as an executive until 2003, when he retired from his management role but continued to work with the station on some production projects. In 1976, the main transmitter began broadcasting at 208 kW from the CN Tower. On September 1,1986, a rebroadcast transmitter was put into operation in Woodstock, in July 2001, however, CHUM purchased CKVU-TV in Vancouver from Canwest Global Communications, CKVU changed its branding to Citytv in July 2002, making Citytv a two-station system. In 2005, three more Citytv stations were added in Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg after CHUM purchased the A-Channel television stations, when the three A-Channel stations switched to the Citytv brand on August 2,2005, the flagship CityPulse newscast was renamed CityNews. On July 12,2006, CTVglobemedia announced its offer to acquire CHUM Limited and its assets, including the Citytv stations, and related cable properties for $1.7 billion. The Citytv stations were sold to Rogers Communications, the sale was approved by the CRTC on September 28,2007. CTV kept ownership of 299 Queen Street West, where CHUMs specialty television channels now owned by CTV would remain, as such, Rogers had to find a new home for CITY-TVs operations. In addition to rolling news programming, CityNews Channel aired simulcasts of Citytv Torontos news programming, due to financial difficulties, Rogers ceased CityNews Channels live broadcasts on May 30,2013, with the channel permanently shutting down on June 30,2013
33.
Business News Network
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Business News Network is a Canadian English language Category A cable and satellite specialty channel that is owned by Bell Media. BNN broadcasts programming related to business and financial news and analysis, the channel is headquartered at 299 Queen Street West in Downtown Toronto, day-to-day operations for BNN are run by CTV News. The network was licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in 1996 to a joint venture of Thomson Corporation, Western International Communications and it launched on September 1,1999 as Report on Business Television, borrowing the name from The Globe and Mails financial section Report on Business. In 2000, Canwest acquired WIC and its interest in ROBTv, as part of the agreement transferring WICs interests in Cancom to Shaw Communications, CanWest acquired Cancoms share of the channel as well. The same year, the partners came into conflict with other, CanWest acquired the Southam newspaper chain, including the National Post. Around the same time, Thomson transferred the Globe and its shares of ROBTv to Bell Globemedia and that channel never went on the air. BellGlobemedia assumed full control of ROBTv in late 2001, the channel was given a new logo, on March 12,2007, the channel was renamed Business News Network. The name change occurred to give rights to the Report on Business name to the Globe and Mail. It also removed a common problem with the ROBTv name, other media and viewers called it Rob TV, rather than sounding out the ROB acronym as preferred by the network. BNN relocated its operations from 720 King Street West to 299 Queen Street West on December 6,2010, the Thomson family reacquired control of the Globe in late 2010, and CTVglobemedias broadcasting assets were sold to Bell Canada. The channel and the newspaper are no longer co-owned, although Bell retains a 15% interest in the paper, following the merger with Bell Canada, on April 1,2011, Bell Canada renamed its new business unit from CTVglobemedia to Bell Media. A large majority of the programming carried on BNN is produced in-house and it had been the Canadian broadcast partner of CNNfn, an American business news channel, which ceased operations in December 2004. BNN features a stock ticker with real-time data from the Toronto Stock Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ. In addition to its homebase in Toronto, BNN also operates news bureaus located at the NASDAQ Market Site in New York Citys Times Square, BNN attracts approximately 5,000 regular viewers daily and has a strong viewership outside of the home which is not reflected in its ratings. This is a situation also faced by networks with high out-of-home viewing patterns such as CNBC, the network hosts a series of special presentations throughout the year, including specials for tax and Registered Retirement Savings Plan seasons. This was the first time viewers had the opportunity to go live in person with the network during its broadcasts of Market Call. In May 2008, the network relaunched BNN. ca, featuring its first online contest called The BNN. ca $25,000 Challenge. BNNs weekend programming consists mainly of repeats of some of the programs aired on BNNs weekday schedule, and various infomercials from Northern Response and it is available only on Bell TV, Bell Fibe TV, Shaw Cable and Telus Optik TV
34.
CNNfn
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CNNfn was formerly a U. S. cable television news network operated by the CNN subsidiary of the media comglomerate Time Warner from November 29,1995, and of AOL-Time Warner until December 15,2004. The network was dedicated to covering financial markets and business news and it was available in a number of markets, including the U. S. and Australia. In Canada, much of its content was aired on ROB TV, after years of struggling to attract an audience, Time Warner folded CNNfn in late 2004. On some U. S. cable television systems, its slot was given to CNN International on a basis, previously, CNN International filled CNNfns schedule in late nights. The last few hours of CNNfns last day, was, in fact, CNN International programming, however, many cable companies ended their carriage of the channel and did not take CNN International. The website CNNfn. com survives today as the CNNMoney. com website, in 1995, Lou Dobbs and Ted Turner were having heated internal discussions about the direction of CNN. Dobbs was able to convince Turner that letting him start a new channel would be a way to both issues. Turner would keep Dobbs working for CNN while giving him his own network to run, in July 1999, Dobbs quit CNNfn and started his own company, Space. com, and eventually returned to CNN to host Lou Dobbs Tonight. From the start, CNNfn struggled to be picked up by local and national cable operators, in 2004, the official CNNfn network was shut down. However the technologies invented in the early CNNfn days helped launch CNN, the CNNfn. com website continued on, and in 2001 merged with Money Magazine to form CNNMoney. The schedule below is taken from the site of CNNfn as at 2001. Show 6pm - Moneyline 7pm - Business Unusual 7, 30pm - The Biz 8pm - The N. E. E. W, show 5, 30am - Moneyline CNNfn inaugurated many innovations on TV and online. Many of these helped the Internet and broadcasting industry become what they are today, just a few of these accomplishments include, The first fully digital studio in the world. From the digital cameras to the room and beyond, the CNNfn network was the first fully digital professional broadcasting studio. Unlike all other studios at the time, CNNfn could control all cameras with a single joystick, CNNfn claimed the joystick operator was a computer-trained worker, not a camera operator. To make this happen, CNNfn worked closely with Avid Systems in creating some of their own first generation broadcasting solutions, due to these advancements, CNNfn had many issues with labor unions. The unions claimed that the operator should be worth four times as much as a normal camera operator. The first online stock quote engine, CNNfn worked with S&P Comstock and Townsend to convert what was then a special direct connection to the stock market into a real-time data feed that could be used by the CNNfn. com website
35.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
36.
Pat Kiernan
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Patrick Kiernan is a Canadian-American television host, appearing as the morning news anchor of NY1 since 1997. He is widely known in New York City for his In the Papers feature, in which he summarizes the content in New York Citys daily newspapers. Kiernan has also hosted shows and appeared in films and on television either as himself or as a reporter. Kiernan began his news career in 1988 at CKRA-FM in Edmonton while a student at the University of Alberta. He later made a transition from radio to television at Edmontons CFRN News, in 1993, he moved to another Edmonton television station, CITV, where he produced the weekday primetime newscast. Kiernan moved to New York City three years later to work for Time Warner, where he became the morning anchor of NY1. Kiernan is usually on air from 5 AM until 10 AM and he was on air on the morning of the September 11th terrorist attacks, and remained on air for nearly 15 hours that day. Kiernan also serves as a correspondent for Business News Network in Canada, from 2000 to 2004, Kiernan was the co-anchor of the CNNfn program The Money Gang. His co-hosts included Christine Romans and two fellow Canadians, Amanda Lang and Ali Velshi, in 2008, Kiernan created Pats Papers, a website curation of his favorite stories from newspapers across the United States. He left WABC in early 2015, Kiernan joined Bloomberg TV Canada in 2015 as the host of the channels Thursday night Bloomberg North program. The half-hour report reviews the global business events from a Canadian perspective. The routine of his morning commute to work at NY1 is the subject of Kiernans first childrens book Good Morning, City, published by Farrar, Straus. A starred review in Publishers Weekly explains that Kiernan knows a lot about how a city shakes off sleep. Kiernan has appeared in cameos as himself or as a reporter in such films as The Interpreter, Night at the Museum, True North, The Son of No One, Iron Man 3 and The Amazing Spider-Man 2. He has been featured in publications including New York magazine, on March 7,2012, he served as guest co-host with Kelly Ripa on Live. with Kelly. The New York Daily News covered the March 7 program with a live blog. In 2013, Canadas Report on Business named Kiernan one of the 16 Canadians We Want Back and he served as the off-screen questioner of the US version of Grand Slam, which premiered on GSN on August 4,2007. In May 2013 Kiernan joined Crowd Rules as one of the two co-hosts on the business competition series
37.
Reality television
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It differs from documentary television in that the focus tends to be on drama, personal conflict, and entertainment rather than educating viewers. The genre has various standard tropes, including confessionals used by cast members to express their thoughts, an early example of the genre was the 1991 Dutch series Nummer 28, which was the first show to bring together strangers and record their interactions. It then exploded as a phenomenon in the late 1990s and early 2000s with the success of the series Survivor, Idols. These shows and a number of others became global franchises, spawning local versions in dozens of countries, Reality television as a whole has become a fixture of television programming. There are grey areas around what is classified as reality television, Reality television has faced significant criticism since its rise in popularity. Much of the criticism has centered on the use of the word reality, Television formats portraying ordinary people in unscripted situations are almost as old as the television medium itself. Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the late 1940s, queen for a Day was an early example of reality-based television. The 1946 television game show Cash and Carry sometimes featured contestants performing stunts, debuting in 1948, Allen Funts hidden camera show Candid Camera broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks. In 1948, talent search shows Ted Macks Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts featured amateur competitors, in the 1950s, game shows Beat the Clock and Truth or Consequences involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes. Confession was a show which aired from June 1958 to January 1959. The radio series Nightwatch tape-recorded the daily activities of Culver City, the series You Asked for It incorporated audience involvement by basing episodes around requests sent in by postcard from viewers. First broadcast in the United Kingdom in 1964, the Granada Television documentary Seven Up, broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary 7-year-olds from a broad cross-section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life. Every seven years, a film documented the life of the same individuals during the period, titled the Up Series, episodes include 7 Plus Seven,21 Up. The program was structured as a series of interviews with no element of plot, however, it did have the then-new effect of turning ordinary people into celebrities. The first reality show in the modern sense may have been the series The American Sportsman, Another precursor may be considered Mutual of Omahas Wild Kingdom which aired from 1963 through 1988. This show featured zoologist Marlin Perkins traveling across the globe and illustrating the variety of animal life on the planet. Though mostly a travelogue, it was popular in syndication and new episodes were produced through the eighties. The 12-part 1973 PBS series An American Family showed a nuclear family going through a divorce, unlike many later reality shows, it was more or less documentary in purpose and style
38.
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
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Myrtle Beach /ˈmɜːrtəlˈbiːtʃ/ is a coastal city on the east coast of the United States in Horry County, South Carolina. It is situated on the center of a large and continuous stretch of beach known as the Grand Strand in northeastern South Carolina. Myrtle Beach is one of the centers of tourism in the United States because of the citys warm subtropical climate and extensive beaches. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 27,109 with the Myrtle Beach metropolitan area population at 465,391 according to a 2013 estimate. Since then, the portion of the Myrtle Beach area has developed dramatically. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 23.55 square miles. According to the Köppen climate classification, Myrtle Beach has a subtropical climate or Cfa – typical of the Gulf. The city enjoys abundant sunshine year-round with more than 2800 hours annually, the summer season is long, hot, and humid in Myrtle Beach. Average daytime highs are from 83 to 91 °F and average lows are near 70 °F. The Bermuda High pumps in humidity from the tropical Atlantic toward Myrtle Beach, the warm Atlantic Ocean reaches 80 °F or higher in the summer months off Myrtle Beach, making for warm and sultry summer nights. Summer thunderstorms are common in the hot season in Myrtle Beach, in summer, thunderstorms normally build during the heat of the day – followed by brief and intense downpours. Myrtle Beach has mostly mild winters of short duration, Average daytime highs range from 57 to 61 °F, Myrtle Beach averages 33 days annually with frost, though in some years less than 15 days will see frost. Snowfall is very rare in Myrtle Beach, however a few times every 15 or 20 years a trace of snow might fall, in February 2010, a rare 2.8 inches of snow fell in Myrtle Beach. The spring and fall months are mild and sunny in Myrtle Beach. The beach season in Myrtle Beach normally runs from late April through late October, SST are often in the lower 80s off South Carolina in summer and early fall. Summer thunderstorms can be severe, but are brief, but tornadoes are rare in Myrtle Beach, tropical cyclones occasionally impact Myrtle Beach, though weaker tropical storms and weak tropical lows are more common. Like most areas prone to cyclones, a direct hit by a major hurricane is infrequent in Myrtle Beach. The last hurricane to cause significant damage in Myrtle Beach was Hurricane Hugo in 1989, the worst hurricane in the history of Myrtle Beach was Hurricane Hazel in 1954
39.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
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California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
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Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
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Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
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The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is a national wildlife refuge in northeastern Alaska, United States. It consists of 19,286,722 acres in the Alaska North Slope region and it is the largest National Wildlife Refuge in the country, slightly larger than the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge is administered from offices in Fairbanks, just across the border in Yukon, Canada, are two Canadian National Parks, Ivvavik and Vuntut. Collins and Sumner then recruited Wilderness Society President Olaus Murie and his wife Margaret Murie into an effort to protect the area. It takes a lot of territory to keep alive, a living wilderness, for scientific observation. The Far North is a fragile place, the region first became a federal protected area in 1960 by order of Fred Andrew Seaton, Secretary of the Interior under U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1980, Congress passed the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, eight million acres of the refuge, the Mollie Beattie Wilderness, are designated as wilderness area. The expansion of the refuge in 1980 designated 1.5 million acres of the plain as the 1002 area and mandated studies of the natural resources of this area. Congressional authorization is required before oil drilling may proceed in this area, the remaining 10.1 million acres of the refuge are designated as minimal management, a category intended to maintain existing natural conditions and resource values. These areas are suitable for wilderness designation, although there are no proposals to designate them as wilderness. There are currently no roads within or leading into the refuge, on the northern edge of the refuge is the Inupiat village of Kaktovik and on the southern boundary the Gwichin settlement of Arctic Village. A popular wilderness route and historic passage exists between the two villages, traversing the refuge and all its ecosystems from boreal, interior forest to Arctic Ocean coast. Generally, visitors access to the land by aircraft. In the United States, the location most remote from human trails, roads, or settlements is found here. The refuge supports a variety of plant and animal life than any other protected area in the Arctic Circle. A continuum of six different ecozones spans about 200 miles north to south, fish such as dolly varden and Arctic cisco are found in nearshore waters. Coastal lands and sea ice are used by caribou seeking relief from biting insects during summer, the Arctic coastal plain stretches southward from the coast to the foothills of the Brooks Range. This area of rolling hills, small lakes, and north-flowing, braided rivers is dominated by tundra vegetation consisting of low shrubs, sedges, caribou travel to the coastal plain during June and July to give birth and raise their young
