1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Slipknot (band)
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Slipknot is an American heavy metal band from Des Moines, Iowa. The band was founded in September 1995 by percussionist Shawn Crahan, Gray died on May 24,2010, and was replaced from 2011–2014 by former guitarist Donnie Steele. Jordison left the band on December 12,2013, Steele left during the recording sessions for.5, The Gray Chapter. The band is now touring with replacement musicians Alessandro Venturella on bass, Slipknot is well known for its attention-grabbing image, aggressive style of music, and energetic and chaotic live shows. The band rapidly rose to success following the release of their eponymous album in 1999. The 2001 follow-up album, Iowa, although darker in tone, after another long hiatus, Slipknot released its fifth studio album.5, The Gray Chapter, in 2014. The band has released an album titled 9.0, Live, a compilation album titled Antennas to Hell. In 2015, Slipknot headlined the Download Festival in the UK for the third time, in the years before Slipknot formed, a state of shifting band membership existed throughout the metal scene in Des Moines, Iowa. In 1991, the biggest metal band in Des Moines was Atomic Opera, drummer Joey Jordison founded a thrash metal band called Modifidious, playing at a club called Runway. Modifidious opened for Atomic Opera on December 1,1991, at the Runway, Jordison replaced him with local guitarist Craig Jones. Drummer Shawn Crahan formed another Des Moines band called Heads on the Wall, playing funk metal cover songs at clubs, a fourth Des Moines band called Vexx played death metal with Anders Colsefni on drums, Paul Gray on bass, and Josh Brainard on guitar and vocals. Colsefni later took over vocal duties, but Vexx never recorded, during this time, Crahan often went to the Runway on Sundays when the club opened to all ages, where he met other young musicians with whom he could jam. One of the songs recorded was titled Slipknot, another was titled Painface. In 1993, a new band called Inveigh Catharsis formed in Des Moines, with Gray on bass, Brainard on guitar, Jordison jammed occasionally with this group. Brainard eventually left to join Jordison and Jones in Modifidious, participating in demo recordings at the end of 93, during 1994 Modifidious sometimes played the same shows as Crahans Heads on the Wall band. Gray formed a metal band called Body Pit, soon becoming popular in the local scene. Modifidious stopped playing in the wake of death metals increasing pull, Gray failed to get Jordison to join Body Pit, but soon after he recruited local guitar teacher Mick Thomson, the band broke up. In September 1995, Crahan and Gray started a band named the Pale Ones, the lineup was made up of friends who met through the local music scene, including vocalist Colsefni and guitarist Donnie Steele
3.
Jamaica, Iowa
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Jamaica is a city in Guthrie County, Iowa, United States. The population was 224 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area. A local historian named Bruce F, towne published a short book entitled Bricks on the Chimney which discusses the origins and history of Jamaica. Towne was a grocery store owner for several decades, a business founded by his father in the early 1900s. In March 1921, Maylen M. Heater was Jamaicas first traffic victim when his car overturned just west of town and he was the vice president of his fathers bank. On July 4,1919 Clarence Kinney and his son Guy tragically drowned in the waters of the Raccoon River near the old saw mill. In 1921 the local garage was destroyed by fire when a local resident thought his Model T was leaking gas and he crawled under the automobile and lit a match which resulted in an explosion. In the 1930s, the flu epidemic killed several local residents, Jamaica is located at 41°51′N 94°18′W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.46 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 224 people,97 households, the population density was 487.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 109 housing units at a density of 237.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 1% White,2. 7% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 3% of the population. 37. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 18. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.11. The median age in the city was 41.7 years. 24. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 8% were from 25 to 44,28. 5% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 8% male and 52. 2% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 237 people,102 households, and 57 families residing in the city. The population density was 518.1 people per square mile, there were 114 housing units at an average density of 249.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 73% White,1. 27% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 27% of the population
4.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
5.
Roadrunner Records
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Roadrunner Records is a major record label that concentrates primarily on heavy metal and hard rock bands. It is a division of Warner Music Group and is based in New York City, the label was launched in 1980 in the Netherlands. Roadrunners initial business was importing North American metal-band recordings into Europe, in 1986, Roadrunner opened its US headquarters in New York City and later opened offices in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan, Australia, Denmark, Russia and the latest in Canada. Early successes included albums from King Diamond and Annihilator, the label also handled early Metallica releases in the Scandinavian region. The end of the 1980s saw the release of two albums that are now considered classics of their genres, Obituarys Slowly We Rot. The 1990s saw the arrival of such as Life of Agony, Machine Head, Suffocation, Type O Negative. As the 1990s wore on, several of Roadrunners bands managed to make an impact on the mainstream, most notably Sepultura, Sepulturas 1993 album, Chaos A. D. became the first Roadrunner band to crack the Top 40 on the Billboard album chart. Type O Negative became the first Roadrunner band to receive a certification from the RIAA, this was a Gold award for the 1993 album Bloody Kisses, the band also became the first Roadrunner band to receive radio play. In 2000, Slipknot became the first Roadrunner band to go Platinum, nickelback were also very successful on the label. Derek Shulman ran the label in the late 90s, beginning in 2001, Roadrunner was distributed by the Universal Music Group through a share of the label owned by The Island Def Jam Music Group. On December 18,2006, Warner Music Group signed an agreement to purchase a majority in shares of Roadrunner Records parent company and this deal became finalized on January 29,2007 after receiving regulatory approval in Germany. On June 11,2008, Roadrunner Records was voted as the Best Metal Label by Metal Hammer at their Golden Gods Awards, the award was accepted by Sharon Den Adel and Ruud Jolie of Within Temptation, one of Roadrunners biggest acts. However, Roadrunner has also accused of being a label only interested in current or trendy alternative music, reflected by their roster of mainly popular. One of the earliest names on the label, King Diamond, left the label due to alleged lack of support for the 1990 King Diamond release. In 2008, punk cabaret chanteuse Amanda Palmer was told by the label that wanted to re-edit her video for Leeds United to make her look slimmer. On April 6,2010, Palmer announced on her Twitter account that Roadrunner had dropped her, the most recent complaints about Roadrunner have come from one of the labels biggest bands Megadeth. Roadrunner Records was significantly affected by Warner Music Groups legal dispute against YouTube, most of the videos on their channel, however, are still viewable. There is even a disclaimer talking about Warners dispute right on the channel, on November 11,2010, Warner Music Group announced they had acquired the remaining of Roadrunners stock
6.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
7.
9.0: Live
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9.0, Live is the first live album by American metal band Slipknot. The band recorded the album during a 2004–05 world tour that promoted their third studio album Vol.3. Released by Roadrunner Records on November 1,2005,9.0, many of the included tracks are rarely played live, Skin Ticket from the album Iowa was its first live performance. 9.0, Live peaked in the top twenty in album sales for Austria and the United States, critical reception was generally positive, with Adrien Begrand of PopMatters calling it a very worthy live album. Two years later, in 2004, Slipknot promoted Vol.3, during a tour which included 233 concerts across 34 countries in 28 months. The tracks on 9.0, Live were compiled from performances in Singapore, Tokyo, Osaka, Las Vegas, Phoenix, New York City, and Dallas. The album begins with a vocal introduction which was recorded before a concert, informing the audience that the band would not be performing. 9.0, Live includes tracks from the bands first three albums, and the banned track Purity which was removed from the bands debut album, Slipknot. It also contains tracks that are played live, such as Iowa and Get This. Before the albums release, a sample from the recording of The Nameless was made available on the Internet through the bands record label. Slipknot attended a session at a Best Buy store in New York City the day of 9.0, Lives release. A music video featuring the recording of The Nameless was created to promote the album. Johnsen continued, stating that as with most live albums,9.0 and its a complete immersion in the band. The album booklet includes 24 pages, most with pictures of band members, critical reception of 9.0, Live was generally positive. Reviewing for Allmusic, Johnny Loftus commented that the relationship with Slipknot is what unifies the performances on the live album. However, he noted the songs sounded similar to their recorded performances, however, he complained that it was distracting to have the band perform in a variety of undisclosed locations, rather than the one set throughout. Blair Fischer of the Chicago Tribune gave the three volume levels, writing, The most amazing feat is that nine genetic defectives can congeal for such synchronous brain-damaged fury. Billboard reviewer Christa Titus wrote that Slipknot was relentless in its delivery of their performances, calling the album an overwhelming frenzy of sound
8.
Antennas to Hell
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Antennas to Hell is the first greatest hits compilation album by American metal band Slipknot. The album was released on July 23,2012, in the United Kingdom and July 24,2012, the title is a reference to the critically acclaimed post-rock album Lift Your Skinny Fists Like Antennas to Heaven, released by the band Godspeed You. The album features hit singles, fan favorites, and live tracks, the two-disc version of Antennas to Hell features a bonus live CD capturing Slipknots performance at the 2009 Download Festival in Donington Park, England. The three-disc version includes a bonus DVD featuring every Slipknot music video and ten brand new features, titled Broadcasts from Hell. It is the first album released by the band since late bassist Paul Grays death in 2010, Antennas to Hell has been very well received by critics. Rick Florino of Artistdirect stated that, Their track record continues to be flawless and, unlike many of their contemporaries, theyve outlasted nu metal, metalcore, and any other trends imaginable. Theyre rocks proverbial last men standing, and Antennas to Hell perfectly covers their now legendary career with highlights from each release, the album debuted at number 18 on the U. S. Billboard 200 with sales of more than 16,000 copies in its first week. The cover art features a sky blue background with the devils head. The bands S logo is seen above the head. The back cover features a background and one of the devils horns. On the inside, the CD tray features the late Paul Grays blue house, the address says 6421 and also a half 6421. The doors are a door and a screen door. The screen door leads to Grays home and the door leads to the room where the cover artwork was taken. The back of the features a replica of the devils head on a table. The CD shows a background with black nails scattered all over the place. Aside from their names, members of the band are referred to by numbers zero through eight
9.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
10.
All Hope Is Gone (song)
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All Hope Is Gone is a song by American metal band Slipknot. The first single and title track from Slipknots fourth studio album of the same name. It was released for one day only during June 20,2008 as an MP3 in its entirety on the website for free download. The song was announced by blabbermouth. net to be a heavier track from All Hope Is Gone. All Hope Is Gone is also the first title track from a Slipknot album to be released as a single. Drummer Joey Jordison revealed that All Hope Is Gone is a collaborative effort between the band and was one of the final songs recorded for the bands fourth studio album of the same name. The song, music and theme speak for itself and its a song about the world at stake, all the situations at hand, be it personal or worldly, and trying to turn things into a positive. Sometimes you have to face the grotesque to bring something amazing. Jordison went on to say, I actually demoed this song alone, I was hoping it would make it. I knew it would, once everyone spewed their venom upon it, of the songs conception, Jordison said, A lot of the grind riffs for the verses were made of riffs Paul had years ago, way before Slipknot. Mick came in and fucking set fire to the track and Jim Root followed as well, once Corey put his fucking vocals on it, that was it, man. That guys voice and conviction could sell narcotics to a nun
11.
Psychosocial (song)
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Psychosocial is a song by American metal band Slipknot. It was released as the single and fourth track from their fourth studio album. The song entered airplay on June 26,2008 and was planned for release as a digital single on July 1 but was delayed and released on July 8. Slipknot performed Psychosocial live for the first time on July 9,2008, at the White River Amphitheatre in Auburn, in 2008 the track was featured on the soundtrack to Marvels Punisher, War Zone. The song was nominated for Best Metal Performance for the 51st Grammy Awards, but lost to Metallicas My Apocalypse. Psychosocial, along two other Slipknot songs, Duality and Sulfur, was released as downloadable content for Rock Band. It is also featured as a track in Guitar Hero. Percussionist Shawn Crahan told The Pulse of Radio what he could regarding Psychosocial, saying, One thing I can feel is like that song has got a lot of and its got a real good tempo. Its really fun and its different, I think most of the stuff that we have is different. They went on to explain, That track is capped off with a time-signature shattering guitar/drum breakdown that will leave the best air-instrumentalists stumped, the music video for Psychosocial was shot at Sound Farm studios in Jamaica, Iowa on June 30,2008. The shoot was delayed due to a head injury sustained by turntablist Sid Wilson before the shoot. On July 18,2008 the video premiered on MTVs FNMTV show, the video, which was directed by Paul Brown, was shot using high-end cameras which shoot 1,000 frames per second and are contrasted with traditional 35 mm hand crank camera equipment. Percussionist Shawn Crahan explains, we have the most extreme on both ends, with nothing in the middle, thats what the video is, and nobody does that. Theres an art form behind it, there are two versions of the video. One uses the version of the song, whilst the other uses a much shorter version of the song, excluding the Limits of the Dead. The video was nominated to Best Rock Video at the VMAs 2008, on YouTube the video of the song had gained over 22 million views, before it was removed in December due to a dispute between Roadrunner Records distributor, Warner Music Group, and YouTube. The song was included in the video game Guitar Hero. The song was featured for available of the soundtrack The Punisher, corey Taylor, has commented in an interview that he finds the mashup amusing, even calling it genius, but also comments that a lot of Slipknot fans are showing hatred towards the mashup
12.
Dead Memories
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Dead Memories is a song by American metal band Slipknot. The song was released as the single from their fourth album All Hope Is Gone. The track was released on December 1,2008, the music video for the single was directed by P. R. Brown and Shawn Crahan. The video premiered on MTV2 on October 25,2008, the song is featured in Rock Band 4s More Metal Pack 01 downloadable content. The music video for Dead Memories was directed by P. R. Brown, on September 30,2008, the bands record label Roadrunner Records released a 15-second teaser video on YouTube which featured vocalist Corey Taylor in what appears to be a grave in torrential rain. The video premiered on MTVs Headbangers Ball on October 25,2008, the treatment for the music video was percussionist Shawn Crahans idea, Crahan calls the music video a short film and admits that it was a very expensive video. Crahans initial idea was to have rooms, he introduced the idea to vocalist Corey Taylor who decided what each room would be. The music video starts off with Taylor walking from the Iowa State Capitol in downtown Des Moines into a rural area, Taylor walks through empty fields and begins to dig. He seemingly falls through the ground into a room below, now wearing a mask, the room is occupied by turntablist Sid Wilson, who is crawling on the walls and ceiling. Taylor opens the curtains, only to find the view obscured by earth, Wilson tries to stop Taylor from leaving the room by grabbing his leg but Taylor manages to escape his grasp. He is able to leave the room and enter a room, which is occupied by drummer Joey Jordison. Taylor spectates the scene, but does not interact with anybody, Jordison spots his Taylors reflection in a mirror and turns as the latter exits. He enters a room that is occupied by sampler and keyboardist Craig Jones. When Taylor enters the room, the colours are reversed and remain so throughout the scene. Taylor walks around Jones, who remains immobile throughout, and inspects his mask, touching one of the nails driven into it to get any response, Jones lights up a flare, which temporarily blinds Taylor, who then leaves. Taylor enters a room, which is occupied by bassist Paul Gray. The room is filled with mirrors and when Taylor passes, he is reflected on them along with Gray, Taylor becomes noticeably unnerved and attempts to ascertain whether it is Gray or not by turning away from the mirror and back to it. He then waves and Gray uses the hand, revealing that he is not a reflection
13.
Sulfur (song)
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Sulfur is a song by American metal band Slipknot, and is the fourth single from the bands fourth album All Hope Is Gone. The single was released on June 15,2009, a video for the single was released on April 18,2009. It was the last Slipknot music video to feature bassist Paul Gray, the song, along with Duality and Psychosocial, was available for downloadable content in Rock Band on December 8,2009. The music video for the song was filmed on March 9,2009 in the Los Angeles area and it was co-directed by percussionist Shawn Crahan and P. R. Brown making it the third time he has worked with Slipknot on a music video. On April 14,2009 Slipknot released a preview of the video through MTV. The video depicts the nine members of Slipknot playing in groups of three as well as footage of each individual member submerged underwater, percussionist and co-director Crahan explained that when he tries to write treatments for their music videos he always thinks, What has Slipknot not done. What can we embark upon that will be fun and knowledge-enhancing instead of the old song. Saying that the members themselves are the treatment for this video, the concept of the band members appearing individually underwater was modeled after a video installation entitled Ascension by video artist Bill Viola. Crahan explained that the smell of sulfur is something people either love or hate, chris Fehn expressed some anxiety about the jump and Taylor was at one point impaled by one of Craig Jones spikes. When Shawn comes up he does it with his baseball bat, Sulfur –4,37 Sulfur –4,37
14.
Snuff (song)
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Snuff is a power ballad by American metal band Slipknot. It was not included in the All Hope Is Gone World Tour setlist but the band performed the live at the October 11,2009 performance in Kennewick. The song is available for free on www. roadrunnerrecords. com. Roadrunner Records placed Snuff at number 6 for its greatest music videos of all time, the song was also nominated for Best Single at the Kerrang. Awards 2010, but lost to Liquid Confidence by You Me at Six, during recent solo acoustic shows, Corey Taylor has performed an acoustic version of Snuff as a tribute to Paul Gray. Snuff, Wait and Bleed, Left Behind, and Pulse of the Maggots were released as songs in the Rock Band series. On the background and themes of Snuff, vocalist Corey Taylor said the following, again, not naming names, its about someone who helped me through a lot and I thought she felt the same way that I did and then she really let me down. At the same time, it was good that she did and it was co-directed by Shawn Clown Crahan and P. R. Brown, and features Malcolm McDowell and Ashley Laurence of Hellraiser fame. Corey Taylor is seen for the time in a Slipknot video without his mask and is cross-dressed at the end of the short film. The video is about a man who has broken up with his girlfriend, the man enters the womans apartment, smelling things with her scent on it. He then notices on the television a tape that him and the woman had made, as she walks out the door, she doesnt notice the man lying on her bed. The man then dives out after her, but she has gone to visit a neighbour. Going back in, he sits at a table and holds a glass that she was drinking from. All of a sudden, the glass shatters and the man goes into a rage, throwing things around. The video ends with the man dressed as his ex. Promo single Snuff –4,12 Snuff –4,36 Aside from their real names, members of the band are referred to by numbers zero through eight
15.
Compact disc
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Compact disc is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data. The first commercially available Audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan, standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres, they are used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio. At the time of the introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much space as a thousand CDs. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs, by 2007,200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. The compact disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s, although originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980, after their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984, by 1988 CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes. The success of the disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company. In 1974, L. However, due to the performance of the analog format
16.
Digipak
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Digipak is a patented style of optical disc packaging, and is a registered trademark of AGI-Shorewood, an Atlas Holdings LLC company. Digipaks typically consist of a gatefold paperboard or card stock outer binding, digipak-style cases grew in popularity among record labels and recording artists in the early 2000s. Digipak-style packaging is used for CD singles or special editions of CD albums. Such packaging is less resistant to abrasion than jewel cases, so it tends to show signs of relatively quickly. Although less vulnerable to cracking than a case, the disc tray inside the package remains rather brittle and is prone to cracking if the package is crushed. The disc tray can become detached if handled or stored improperly, another one goes one step further by totally eliminating the plastic tray and replacing it with a paper tray made from sugarcane and egg carton. Many printers use recycled or sustainable material for the board stock, IMPAC Group, Inc. originally owned the Digipak trademark. That company was acquired by MeadWestvaco in 2000 and folded into its AGI Media division, following this acquisition, the Digipak name and designs were licensed to manufacturers around the world. MWV sold AGI Media to Atlas Holdings in 2010, in 2012, Atlas purchased Shorewood Packaging from International Paper and merged the two companies to create AGI-Shorewood. Optical disc packaging Digipak Gallery from a digipak manufacturer Digipak equipment manufacturer
17.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
18.
Iowa
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Iowa is a U. S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. Surrounding states include Wisconsin and Illinois to the east, Missouri to the south, Nebraska and South Dakota to the west, in colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana, its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is the 26th most extensive in area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines, Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Its nickname is the Hawkeye State, Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west, Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers. Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two, the state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County. Iowas bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east, in northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c.500 million years ago. Iowa is generally not flat, most of the consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone, consisting of steep hills, several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa. To the east lies Clear Lake, man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The states northwest area has remnants of the once common wetlands. Iowas natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture, crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands cover 30%, as of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U. S. states in public land holdings. Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Meads milkweed, prairie bush clover, the explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality. Iowa has a continental climate throughout the state
19.
Death metal
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Death metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music. Building from the structure of thrash metal and early black metal. Bands such as Venom, Celtic Frost, Slayer, and Kreator were important influences on the genres creation, Possessed and Death, along with bands such as Obituary, Autopsy and Morbid Angel, are often considered pioneers of the genre. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, death metal gained more attention as popular genre niche record labels like Combat, Earache. Since then, death metal has diversified, spawning several subgenres, melodic death metal combines death metal elements with those of the new wave of British heavy metal. Technical death metal is a style, with uncommon time signatures, atypical rhythms. Death-doom combines the deep growled vocals and double-kick drumming of death metal with the slow tempos, deathgrind, goregrind and pornogrind mix the complexity of death metal with the intensity, speed, and brevity of grindcore. Deathcore combines death metal with metalcore traits, Death n roll combines death metals growled vocals and highly distorted, detuned guitar riffs with elements of 1970s hard rock and heavy metal. English heavy metal band Venom, from Newcastle, crystallized the elements of what became known as thrash metal, death metal and black metal. Their dark, blistering sound, harsh vocals, and macabre, another highly influential band, Slayer, formed in 1981. Although the band was a metal act, Slayers music was more violent than their thrash contemporaries Metallica, Megadeth. Their breakneck speed and instrumental prowess combined with lyrics about death, violence, war, according to AllMusic, their third album Reign in Blood inspired the entire death metal genre. It had a big impact on the genre such as Death, Obituary. While attributed as having a Slayer influence, current and former members of the band had actually cited Venom and Motörhead, as well as work by Exodus. Possessed arguably did more to further the cause of Death Metal than any of the acts on the scene back in the mid-late 80s. During the same period as the dawn of Possessed, an influential metal band was formed in Florida. Death, originally called Mantas, was formed in 1983 by Chuck Schuldiner, Kam Lee, in 1984 they released their first demo entitled Death by Metal, followed by several more. The tapes circulated through the tape trader world, quickly establishing the bands name, with Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene
20.
Slipknot (album)
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Slipknot is the self-titled debut studio album by the American heavy metal band Slipknot. It was the first release by the band to be produced by Ross Robinson, the album spans several genres, but is generally noted for its extensive percussion and overall heavy sound. It was well received by fans and critics alike and was responsible for bringing Slipknot a large increase in popularity. The album peaked at number 51 on the Billboard 200, and has gone on to become certified platinum in the United States. It was voted the best debut album of the last 25 years by readers of Metal Hammer magazine, in 1997, following the bands demo release Mate. The members of Slipknot continued to new material and work in SR Audio. The band had started work on a follow-up but never got further than pre-production. Songs written and recorded in this period include Slipknot, Gently, Do Nothing, Tattered and Torn, Heartache, in 1998, Slipknot was receiving growing attention from record labels including Epic and Hollywood Records. On September 29,1998, Slipknot left Des Moines, Iowa for Indigo Ranch Studios in Malibu, California, anxious to record an album after a long wait to be signed. The band wanted him to work with them on their album and after meeting with the band Robinson signed them to his own label, I Am. The albums recording process was very aggressive and chaotic, as producer Robinson strove to capture the intensity that the band created when performing live. Within three days all the drums were recorded, which contributed to the raw, live sound on the album that the band integral to its musical direction. By November 11,1998, the recording of the album seemed complete, during the Christmas period, guitarist Josh Brainard, who recorded on all the tracks to that point, decided to leave the band. His replacement was Jim Root, with whom the band returned to the studio in February 1999, Slipknot finished recording during this period, with two extra songs, a re-recording of Me Inside, and a new track called Purity. Snap was featured on the soundtrack for the film Freddy vs. Jason and Eyeless appeared on an episode of The Sopranos. The influence of metal on the album is clear, and on the subject Jordison stated, the roots are death metal, thrash, speed metal. The album also shows influences from metal and even rap metal. Critics have also noted an industrial influence, due to the bands large line-up consisting of additional percussionists and electronics, the album has a very dense, layered sound
21.
Iowa (album)
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Iowa is the second studio album by the American heavy metal band Slipknot. Released by Roadrunner Records on August 28,2001, it was produced by Ross Robinson, the title derives from the bands home state, Iowa, which members have stated is one of their greatest sources of inspiration. With much anticipation for the second album following on the success of their 1999 self-titled debut. Their relationships with each other suffered and was described as the darkest time of their career. Despite troubles within the band and with Iowas development, Slipknot promoted it for almost a year, Iowa was a major success, premiering in the top ten album sales charts in nine countries. While more technical than their debut, Iowa is considered to be the bands heaviest and darkest album and it has been certified platinum in the United States and Canada. A special edition of Iowa was reissued on November 1,2011 to celebrate the anniversary of the record. Iowa was recorded and produced at Sound City and Sound Image studios in Los Angeles, California with producer Ross Robinson, drummer Joey Jordison and bassist Paul Gray began working on new music together in October 2000 and together they wrote material for most of the tracks on the album. During this time band members wanted a break following the extensive touring which followed their self-titled debut album. However, on January 17,2001, Slipknot entered the studio to begin recording Iowa and this period in the bands career has become known as one of their worst for several reasons. Jordison stated retrospectively, thats where we got into a war citing the lack of a break for himself, while other factors, including, vocalist Corey Taylors alcohol addiction, several other members drug addictions, management issues and more, affected relations in the band. Despite being a member of Slipknot since 1999, it was the first album where guitarist Jim Root had been significantly involved and he had joined them during the later recording stages of Slipknot and subsequently became more involved with this album. In an interview with FHM in December 2001, vocalist Corey Taylor revealed that he put himself in situations to achieve his performance on the album. While recording vocals for the final song Iowa he was naked, vomiting all over himself. Explaining this, he said, thats where the best stuff comes from, youve got to break yourself down before you can build something great. While producing the album, Ross Robinson was injured from a bike accident. He returned to the studio after a day of treatment, reportedly putting all of his pain into the album. Prior to its release, band members promised a much darker and heavier album than Slipknot and we hated the world, the world hated us
22.
Anger
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Anger or wrath is an intense emotional response. It is an emotion that involves a strong uncomfortable and emotional response to a perceived provocation, Anger can occur when a person feels their personal boundaries are being or going to be violated. Some have a tendency to react to anger through retaliation as a way of coping. William DeFoore, an anger-management writer, described anger as a pressure cooker, Anger is an emotional reaction that impacts the body. A person experiencing anger will also experience physical conditions, such as increased rate, elevated blood pressure. Some view anger as an emotion which triggers part of the fight or flight brain response, Anger is used as a protective mechanism to cover up fear, hurt or sadness. The English term originally comes from the anger of Old Norse language. Anger can have physical and mental consequences. The external expression of anger can be found in facial expressions, body language, physiological responses, animals, for example, make loud sounds, attempt to look physically larger, bare their teeth, and stare. The behaviors associated with anger are designed to warn aggressors to stop their threatening behavior, rarely does a physical altercation occur without the prior expression of anger by at least one of the participants. Modern psychologists view anger as a primary, natural, and mature emotion experienced by all humans at times. Anger is seen as a mechanism to show a person that something is wrong. Anger can mobilize psychological resources for corrective action, uncontrolled anger can, however, negatively affect personal or social well-being and impact negatively on those around them. It is equally challenging to be around a person and the impact can also cause psychological/emotional trauma if not dealt with. While many philosophers and writers have warned against the spontaneous and uncontrolled fits of anger, displays of anger can be used as a manipulation strategy for social influence. Three types of anger are recognized by psychologists, Hasty and sudden anger is connected to the impulse for self-preservation and it is shared by human and other animals, and it occurs when the animal is tormented or trapped. This form of anger is episodic, settled and deliberate anger is a reaction to perceived deliberate harm or unfair treatment by others. This form of anger is episodic, dispositional anger is related more to character traits than to instincts or cognitions
23.
Rebellion
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Rebellion, uprising, or insurrection is a refusal of obedience or order. It refers to the resistance against the orders of an established authority. The term comes from the Latin verb rebellō, I renew war (from re- + bellō, the rebel is the individual that partakes in rebellion or rebellious activities, particularly when armed. Thus, the rebellion also refers to the ensemble of rebels in a state of revolt. A rebellion originates from a sentiment of indignation and disapproval of a situation, Rebellion can be individual or collective, peaceful or violent In political terms, rebellion and revolt are often distinguished by their different aims. If rebellion generally seeks to evade an oppressive power, a revolt seeks to overthrow and destroy that power, the goal of rebellion is resistance while a revolt seeks a revolution. As power shifts relative to the adversary, or power shifts within a mixed coalition, or positions harden or soften on either side. The following theories broadly build on the Marxist interpretation of rebellion and they explore the causes of rebellion from a wide lens perspective. Marx writes about the structure of society that must be elucidated through an examination of the direct relationship of the owners of the conditions of production to the direct producers. The mismatch, between one mode of production, between the forces and the social ownership of the production, is at the origin of the revolution. The inner imbalance within these modes of production is derived from the modes of organization, such as capitalism within feudalism. The dynamics engineered by these class frictions help class consciousness root itself in the collective imaginary, for example, the development of the bourgeoisie class went from oppressed merchant class to urban independence, eventually gaining enough power to represent the state as a whole. Social movements, thus, are determined by a set of circumstances. The proletariat must also, according to Marx, go through the process of self-determination which can only be achieved by friction against the bourgeoisie. In Marxs theory revolutions are the locomotives of history, it is because rebellion has for ultimate goal to overthrow the ruling class and its antiquated mode of production. Later, rebellion attempts to replace it with a new system of political economy, one that is suited to the new ruling class. The cycle of rebellion, thus, replaces one mode of production by another through the constant class friction, in his book Why Men Rebel, Ted Gurr looks at the roots of political violence itself applied to a rebellion framework. He defines political violence as, all collective attacks within a political community against the political regime, the concept represents a set of events, a common property of which is the actual or threatened use of violence
24.
Music industry
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The modern Western music industry emerged between the 1930s and 1950s, when records replaced sheet music as the most important product in the music business. In the commercial world, the recording industry–a reference to recording performances of songs and pieces, labels outside of these three major labels are referred to as independent labels. The largest portion of the music market for concerts and tours is controlled by Live Nation. Live Nation is a subsidiary of iHeartMedia Inc, which is the largest owner of radio stations in the United States. In the first decades of the 2000s, the industry underwent drastic changes with the advent of widespread digital distribution of music via the Internet. A conspicuous indicator of changes is total music sales, since 2000. In 2011, the largest recorded music retailer in the world was now a digital, Internet-based platform operated by a computer company, printed music in Europe, Music publishing using machine-printed sheet music developed during the Renaissance music era in the mid-15th century. The development of music followed the evolution of printing technologies that were first developed for printing regular books. After the mid-15th century, mechanical techniques for printing music were first developed. The earliest example, a set of chants, dates from about 1465. Prior to this time, music had to be copied out by hand, to copy music notation by hand was a very costly, labor-intensive and time-consuming process, so it was usually undertaken only by monks and priests seeking to preserve sacred music for the church. The few collections of music that are extant were commissioned and owned by wealthy aristocrats. Examples include the Squarcialupi Codex of Italian Trecento music and the Chantilly Codex of French Ars subtilior music, the use of printing enabled sheet music to reproduced much more quickly and at a much lower cost than hand-copying music notation. This helped musical styles to spread to cities and countries more quickly. With music printing, though, a composers music could be printed, as sheet music of major composers pieces and songs began to be printed and distributed in a wider area, this enabled composers and listeners to hear new styles and forms of music. A German composer could buy songs written by an Italian or English composer, and this led to more blending of musical styles from different countries and regions. The pioneer of music printing was Ottaviano Petrucci, a printer and publisher who was able to secure a twenty-year monopoly on printed music in Venice during the 16th century. Venice was one of the business and music centers during this period
25.
All Hope Is Gone World Tour
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The All Hope Is Gone World Tour was a concert tour by Slipknot that took place in 2008 and 2009 in support of the groups fourth studio album All Hope Is Gone. The tour consisted of nine legs and took place in the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the tour started with the Mayhem Festival 2008. Lawrence Upton acted as the director, Philippe Vachon acted as the tours programmer and lighting co-director. Equipment such as LED units and Martin Atomic 3000 Strobes were used on the rig, and instead of a media server, david Shirt Nicholls was positioned as audio mixer, working with the digital mixing console. Slipknot headlined every performance throughout the tour, sometimes sharing headlining status at festival appearances, the tour consisted of nine legs and 153 shows, beginning on July 9,2008 and finishing on October 31,2009. This was also the last tour with bassist Paul Gray who died on May 24,2010, turntablist Sid Wilson broke both of his heels after jumping from an elevated area of a stage and landing incorrectly. He performed all dates of the tour, in a wheelchair, drummer Joey Jordison suffered a broken ankle, causing four concerts to be cancelled. Towards the end of the leg Fehn left the tour due to a death in his family. Shawn Crahan left the Canadian part of the tour to return home to his family, in early February 2008, Mick Thomson confirmed that Slipknot would be performing at the 2008 Mayhem Festival. Corey Taylor said, This summer we are truly bringing Mayhem, Slipknot is excited to be a part of it, and to be able to bring the new chapter of our history to the masses. We are already working, building and designing a new show, the tour acted as a follow-up to The Subliminal Verses World Tour, which took place in 2004 to promote their third studio album Vol.3. The band began recording their studio album All Hope Is Gone in late February 2008. Lawrence Upton acted as the director, and Philippe Vachon acted as the tours programmer. Vachon said Upton wanted very aggressive lighting that would attack and have punch, up-stage provided the gear package, which included 10 Martin Professional MAC Profiles and 54 Martin Mac 2000 Wash units. Assistant lighting designer Dave Watson explained that the Martin Professional MAC Profiles were used as key lights, issues arose during the tour, specifically times when members were barely visible due to the lighting. Vachon said, There is so much show in your face that we would lose the guys on stage, the rig consisted of a Front of House truss, two three-quarter angled trusses, and two straight mid-stage trusses. These were all located up-stage, and had two sub-hung trusses directly below them, There were two Lycian Starklite medium-throw truss spots, and an accumulation of specialty lights. The specialty lights included 54 two-light Molefays, six PAR36 rotating beacons,24 Martin Atomic 300 Strobes,2 six-light Molefays, the rig also had LED units, which can be very bright, and which shone into the audience
26.
Mayhem Festival
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The Mayhem Festival was a touring heavy metal festival that took place during the summer. The inaugural season took place in 2008, the festival has become an annual event across the United States. Most years also include a date in either Montreal or Toronto. The tour has been sponsored by the Rockstar Energy Company since the time of its inception and it was assembled by Vans Warped Tour founder Kevin Lyman, and by John Reese. On August 2,2015, Reese confirmed that the 2015 festival would be the last one, all of the touring groups that participate can be classified as hard rock, and most are considered metal. On a nearly annual basis, big-name guests are brought onto the tour as temporary replacements for the main acts who are forced to cancel a few dates. The first such occurrence was in 2009, when Mushroomhead performed instead of Bullet for My Valentine for three tour dates while they appeared at the European festival Wacken Open Air. In 2010, Avenged Sevenfold was added as a performer for two dates only, one of which was on the release date of their fifth album Nightmare. In 2011, Dethklok filled in for Megadeth on the festivals first day, the festival has featured three separate stages each year since the time of its inception, the Main Stage, the Jägermeister Stage, and the third stage that has gone through sponsorship changes. It was known as the Hot Topic Stage from 2008-2009, silver Star briefly replaced the Hot Topic sponsorship in 2010, while Revolver sponsored the stage for 2011. A large selection of Battle of the Bands winners are chosen to open the Jägermeister Stage upon the various dates each year, each year the festival has the Metal Mulisha as a side attraction for the fans to watch. Most bands that participate on the tour have a public meet-and-greet at scheduled times throughout the day, Rockstar Energy Drink, the festivals most prominent sponsor, allows fans to enjoy numerous free samples of its new products every year. Ozzfest Uproar Festival Sounds of the Underground Official website
27.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
28.
Recording Industry Association of America
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
29.
Paul Gray (American musician)
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Paul Dedrick Gray was born in Los Angeles, California. Later his family relocated to Des Moines, Iowa and he played guitar but switched to bass after he relocated to Iowa. In his youth, Gray performed in such as Anal Blast, Vexx, Body Pit, The Have Nots. In June 2003, Gray crashed his car into another vehicle, after police were called to the scene and searched his car, Gray was arrested for possession of marijuana, cocaine and drug paraphernalia, as well as failure to obey a traffic signal. He was one of the two members not born in Iowa, in 2010, Slipknot released the Download 2009 performance on DVD in memory of Gray. An award was named after Paul titled Paul Gray, Best Bassist of the Year, Slipknot presented the award to Nikki Sixx, of Mötley Crüe and Sixx A. M. On May 24,2010, The Des Moines Register reported that Gray had been dead in room 431 at the TownePlace Suites Hotel in Johnston. In a 911-call, obtained by TMZ, one of the hotels proprietors said that a needle was found next to Grays bed. An initial autopsy determined no foul play or trauma was involved. He is survived by his wife Brenna and their daughter October, on June 21,2010, autopsy results were released that stated Gray had died of an overdose of morphine, and had also shown signs of significant heart disease. On the day after Grays death, May 25,2010 and they did not take any questions from the media. The band, as well as Grays brother, Tony, and wife, Brenna and he was kind of the person in the band that really wanted everybody in the band to always get along and just concentrate on the band. He was a great friend and just a great person. Hes going to be missed, and the world is going to be a different place without him. A private funeral was held on May 28,2010, Paul Gray was buried at the Highland Memory Gardens Cemetery in Des Moines, Iowa. On November 8,2010, items that decorated Grays grave, including a Buddha statue, the band responded to this event with a post on their MySpace and Facebook page, asking the robbers to return the stolen items and appealing for information from the public. On July 30, Paul Gray was posthumously awarded the Kerrang, services to Metal award, it was collected by his Slipknot bandmate Corey Taylor on his behalf. Slipknots former guitarist Donnie Steele filled in on guitar for Gray on Slipknots 2011 Summer tour
30.
Joey Jordison
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Jordison played in Slipknot since their formation in 1995 until his departure from the band in December 2013. He was the drummer and founder of the American heavy metal band Scar the Martyr which formed in 2013 and he grew up in Waukee, Iowa with his parents and two sisters, and was given his first drum kit at the age of 8. He performed in bands until joining in the summer of 1995 with the group The Pale Ones. Of Slipknots nine-member lineup which lasted from 1999–2010, Joey was the third to join the band, with Slipknot, Jordison performed on four studio albums, and produced the live album 9.0, Live. Outside his major projects, Jordison has performed with heavy metal groups such as Rob Zombie, Metallica, Korn, Ministry, Otep. Jordison is also known for his work which includes performances on many albums for many different artists. Jordison uses several drum brands including Pearl and ddrum and he currently plays with the bands VIMIC and Sinsaenum. Jordison was born at Mercy Hospital in Des Moines, Iowa on April 26,1975 and he grew up in a rural area outside of Waukee. He embraced music at an age, which he attributes to the influence of his parefront of the radio. He played guitar until receiving his first drum kit as a gift from his parents at age eight, at a young age, Jordisons parents divorced, he and his two younger sisters stayed with their mother. His mother remarried and set up a funeral parlor where Jordison would occasionally help, Jordison has stated that he felt a sudden responsibility to be the man of the house. It was during this time that he formed the band Modifidious and he later described them as total speed-metal thrash. The band helped Jordison break new ground, playing for crowds in support of local bands including Atomic Opera, which featured Jim Root, and Heads on the Wall. After a multitude of changes including the presence of Craig Jones. He cites Keith Moon, John Bonham, Peter Criss, Gene Krupa, after leaving school, Jordison was hired by a local music store called Musicland. In March 1994, after a recommendation from his new friend, Jordison worked the night shift, which he preferred, as it left his weekends free and allowed him to spend time with his friends and listen to music while working. In early 1995, Modifidious disbanded because of a shift in interest from thrash metal to metal in America. Following this Jordison joined a band called The Rejects as a guitarist
31.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
32.
Corey Taylor
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Taylor joined Slipknot in 1997 to replace their original vocalist, Anders Colsefni. He has released five albums with them. He has worked with bands, including Junk Beer Kidnap Band, Korn, Disturbed, Apocalyptica, Anthrax, Aaron Lewis of Staind. Taylor was ranked at number 86 in Hit Paraders Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time and he was beaten only by Mike Patton. Corey Todd Taylor was born in Des Moines, Iowa on December 8,1973, Taylor was mostly raised by his mother in Waterloo, Iowa, a place described by Taylor as a hole in the ground with buildings around it. He is of German and Native American background from his fathers side and Irish, Taylor was raised by his single mother. He developed a fond feeling toward rock n roll after his grandmother introduced him to Elvis Presley, in 1979, Taylor and his mother saw the science fiction series Buck Rogers in the 25th Century. Before the series, there was a trailer for the 1978 horror film Halloween, Taylor said this developed some sense of Slipknot in. He especially found some songs like Teddy Bear, In the Ghetto, Taylor also began listening to Black Sabbath at a young age, beginning with their early work. Taylor, along with his mother and sister, lived at one point in an old dilapidated farmhouse, by age fifteen, Taylor had developed a drug addiction and had overdosed on cocaine twice. By this time, Taylor was living in Waterloo, Iowa and she took legal custody of him and helped him buy musical equipment. When Taylor was eighteen, he left his grandmothers home and went to places, Des Moines being a place to which he frequently returned. At age 17, when Taylor was living with his grandmother, Taylors ex-girlfriends mother drove him to the hospital in Des Moines and doctors were able to resuscitate him. He describes this as the lowest point in his life, Taylor and his father first met when Taylor was 30 years old, and now have a relationship, although he said their paths do not cross that often. On September 17,2002, Taylors then-fiancée, Scarlett, gave birth to their son Griffin Parker, Taylor also has a daughter named Angeline from an earlier relationship. Taylor and Scarlett married on March 11,2004, and divorced three years later, Taylor has also had alcohol abuse problems, which his wife, Scarlett, helped him through as well as keeping him from committing suicide. In 2006, Taylor told MTV that he had attempted to jump off a balcony of the floor of the Hyatt on Sunset Boulevard in 2003. This was later recanted by Taylor in an interview with Kerrang, radio and stated that it was, in fact, his friend Thom Hazaert who stopped him from jumping
33.
Jim Root
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Root began performing with the thrash metal band Atomic Opera from Iowa in the early 1990s, not to be confused with the hard rock band Atomic Opera from Houston, Texas. Prior to joining Slipknot, he worked as a screenprinter, waiter, despite this, the song has become a staple for most of the bands live performances. Slipknot vocalist Corey Taylor invited Root to join the band based on Taylors past experiences working with him in Stone Sour.5 The Gray Chapter, of Slipknots nine member lineup which lasted between 1999 to 2010, Root was the last to join the band. Root typically performed lead guitar in Stone Sour, although he played rhythm. He has spoken of both bands guitar style as being twin guitar, In both bands, I fulfill both roles, in Slipknot, Mick has some solos, and in Stone Sour, Josh has some solos. During the recording of Stone Sours Audio Secrecy, he and Rand recorded their parts simultaneously and he also appeared on Jonathan Davis and the SFA´s cover of Lil Wayne´s Got Money. On 17 May 2014, Stone Sour released a statement saying that Root was no longer a member of the band. Moments before their statement, Root told a fan on Instagram of his departure, in interviews, Root accused the band of being financially motivated and pursuing a more commercial musical direction, but also observed that he wasnt really happy in that band anymore. Corey Taylor noted that the split initially put a strain on his and Roots relationship, in July 2007, Fender released the Jim Root Telecaster. In a 2009 performance for Eurockeennes, Jim used a Gibson Flying V, in January 2010, a Jim Root Signature Fender Stratocaster was unveiled on the Fender website, similar to the one he has been seen using on stage, as of March 2009. In 2012, Orange announced a new signature Tiny Terror amp based on their Rockerverb 100, Roots main amp, then, the Squier Telecaster signature model was released, similar to the first Fender Telecaster Jim Root signature. The white model comes with a black pickguard and the model comes with a white pickguard. Both Squiers have a neck and rosewood fretboard. Jims signature Squiers do not contain EMG81 and EMG60, the Fender Jim Root Jazzmaster was unveiled at NAMM2014. It has the same specs as the Jim Root Stratocaster and it only comes in flat black with an ebony fretboard
34.
Sid Wilson
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Sidney George Wilson also known as Ratboy or DJ Starscream, #0, is an American DJ, keyboardist and pianist, best known as the turntablist of the Grammy Award-winning band Slipknot. Wilson was the youngest member of the band until bassist Alessandro Venturella and drummer Jay Weinberg, Sid Wilson was born and raised in Des Moines, Iowa. He performs in the American band Slipknot, and also tours as DJ Starscream and he is a fan of the Transformers franchise, and has Transformer tattoos. Musically within Slipknot, Wilson contributes scratching, sound effects, horrorlike noises as well as background noises/effects, when numbers were being assigned to each band member, he insisted on being the number zero since it epitomized filth. He is also known to dive in Slipknots early years. Outside Slipknot, Wilson has made a following in Japan as a musician, under the pseudonym DJ Starscream. A remix of the track appeared on the Wagdug Futuristic Unity mini-album Nu Riot and 2008 album Hakai. As of August 2010, he is touring with his solo band SID and he is the lead vocalist of the band. Wilson went on tour with his band, his last tour date was on September 5,2010 at a music venue called Another Hole In The Wall, located in Steger. He stated, This is the best stop on the tour and it really made me feel like I got back to my roots. He also said that he will be touring with his project for a year or two. The debut album SID was released on September 13,2011 for digital download, in 2013 he was a support act for Vamps at their shows in Los Angeles and New York. During his time with Slipknot, Sids mask has been, for the most part, during the tour for Iowa, Sid wore gas masks that had been customised to resemble skulls. During the Subliminal Verses World Tour, Sid grew his hair long and began to wear masks that simply resembled skulls. In promotional photos for All Hope is Gone and the tour for the album, Sid changed his mask again and he once again cut his hair short, this time into a Fauxhawk style, and dyed it red. The eyebrows of the mask are able to be controlled by Sid, in 2013 Sid announced a new mask which he debuted over the weekend at Ozzfest Japan in Tokyo. The mask was made by Ukrainian design studio Bob Basset and this and the subsequent masks made by Basset are all made of leather and have a style reminiscent of Sids earlier gas masks. The mask also has a metal cup that can be placed over the mouth
35.
Shawn Crahan
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Michael Shawn Crahan, more commonly known by his stage persona Clown, is an American musician, songwriter, record producer, director and photographer. He is best known as one of the two percussionists and co-founder of the Grammy Award-winning heavy metal band Slipknot. When performing with Slipknot, he is known by his number 6. Crahan is the remaining founding member in Slipknot. Crahan is the oldest member of Slipknot, and has been responsible for the bands success with his extensive involvement in Slipknots media production. He is the director behind Slipknots music videos, outside Slipknot, Crahan had two side project bands called To My Surprise and Dirty Little Rabbits, both of which have split. He also directed the film, Officer Downe, Crahan was born in Des Moines, Iowa in 1969. Crahans first band was Modifidius, which he was a member with former Slipknot member Joey Jordison and he also once performed in bands such as Heads on the Wall and One Cup of Fat before forming The Pale Ones, which would later become known as Slipknot. Crahan married his wife Chantel in June 1992, in Des Moines and they now have four children, Alexandria, Gage, Gabrielle, and Simon. Crahan is also a filmographer and photographer, having published a Slipknot photo album The Apocalyptic Nightmare in 2012, in 2012, he also made his debut acting appearance in the film The Devils Carnival. He is a smoker and has been willing to break the law to smoke inside venues along with members of Slipknot. He is also a collector of baseball cards, in June 2016, Crahan made his directing debut with the film Officer Downe based on the graphic novel Officer Downe written by Joe Casey and Chris Burnham. Casey wrote the script and Skip Williamson and Mark Neveldine produced the film, Shawn Clown Crahan also directed the Music Video for the song A-M-E-R-I-C-A, by Motionless In White and We Are by Hollywood Undead. In 1993, Crahan formed a band known as The Pale Ones with fellow musician Paul Gray. Wanting to expand the bands percussion section, Crahan brought in Joey Jordison to fill in as drummer while Crahans efforts were focused on custom percussion, the vocalist playing a second percussion kit gave the band their layered, particularly intense drum sound. In 1996, they released a song known as Slipknot, and through Joeys suggestion and this album would later become known to the band as their demo. Crahan felt that the original vocalist for Slipknot was too guttural and he brought in Corey Taylor from another local band called Stone Sour, whose vocals were more melodic. In a 2012 interview with Loudwire, Crahan explained how the numbers were assigned
36.
Multitrack recording
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Multitracking became possible in the mid-1950s when the idea of simultaneously recording different audio channels to separate discrete tracks on the same reel-to-reel tape was developed. Prior to the development of recording, all of the singers, band instrumentalists, and/or orchestra accompanists had to sing. Multitracking allowed the engineer to adjust the levels and tone of each individual track, as well, different electronic effects such as reverb could be applied to specific tracks, such as the lead vocals, while not being applied to other tracks where this effect would not be desirable. In the 1980s and 1990s, computers provided means by which sound recording and reproduction could be digitized, revolutionizing audio recording and distribution. Though magnetic tape has not been replaced as a recording medium. Even in the 2010s, with digital multitracking being the dominant technology, with the introduction of SMPTE timecode in the early 1970s, engineers began to use computers to perfectly synchronize separate audio and video playback, and or multiple audio tape machines. In this system, one track of each carried the timecode signal. Some large studios were able to link multiple 24-track machines together, an extreme example of this occurred in 1982, when the rock group Toto recorded Toto IV on three synchronized 24-track machines. This setup theoretically provided for up to 69 audio tracks, which is far more than necessary for most recording projects. For computer-based systems, the trend in the 2000s is towards unlimited numbers of tracks, although issues such as RAM memory. Moreover, on computer-based systems, the number of available recording tracks is limited by the number of sound card discrete analog or digital inputs. At any given point on the tape, any of the tracks on the device can be recording or playing back using sel-sync or Selective Synchronous recording. They might then record a version on track 4 while listening to the other tracks. All the tracks can then be played back in perfect synchrony and this can be repeated until all of the available tracks have been used, or in some cases, reused. During mix down a set of playback heads with higher fidelity are used. Before all tracks are filled, any number of existing tracks can be bounced into one or two tracks, and the original tracks erased, making room for more tracks to be reused for fresh recording. In 1963, The Beatles were using twin track for Please Please Me, the Beach Boys Pet Sounds also made innovative use of multitracking with 8-track machines of the day. Motown also began recording with 8-track machines in 1965 before moving to 16-track machines in mid-1969, a recording engineer can record only the section being worked on, without erasing any other section of that track
37.
Audio mixing (recorded music)
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The track may be mixed in mono, stereo, or surround sound. There are numerous approaches, methods and techniques involved in Audio mixing, some of these practices include levels setting, equalization, stereo panning, Audio mixing techniques and approaches can vary widely, and these can greatly affect the qualities of the sound recording. Audio mixing techniques largely depend on music genres and the quality of sound recordings involved, the process is generally carried out by a mixing engineer, though sometimes the musical producer or music artist may assist. After mixing, a mastering engineer prepares the final product for production, Audio mixing may be transferred onto a mixing console or digital audio workstation. Jay bala ji In the late century, Thomas Edison. The recording and reproduction process itself was completely mechanical with little or no electrical parts, Emile Berliners gramophone system recorded music by inscribing spiraling lateral cuts onto a vinyl disc. Electronic recording became widely used during the 1920s. It was based on the principles of electromagnetic transduction, the possibility for a microphone to be connected remotely to a recording machine meant that microphones could be positioned in more suitable places. Even more useful was the fact that the outputs of the microphones could be mixed before being fed to the disc cutter, before the introduction of multitrack recording, all sounds and effects that were to be part of a record were mixed at one time during a live performance. If the recorded blend wasnt satisfactory, or if one made a mistake. Modern mixing emerged with the introduction of commercial multi-track tape machines, the ability to record sounds into a multitude of channels meant that treating these sounds could be postponed to a later stage– the mixing stage. In the 1980s, home recording and mixing became much easier, the 4-track Portastudio was introduced in 1979. Bruce Springsteen released the album Nebraska in 1982 using one, the Eurythmics topped the charts in 1983 with the song Sweet Dreams, recorded by band member Dave Stewart on a makeshift 8-track recorder. In the mid-to-late 1990s, computers replaced tape-based recording for most home studios, at the same time, digital audio workstations, first used in the mid-1980s, began to replace tape in many professional recording studios. A mixer is the heart of the mixing process. Mixers offer a multitude of inputs, each fed by a track from a multitrack recorder, mixers typically have 2 main outputs or 8. Mixers offer three main functionalities, Mixing – summing signals together, which is normally done by a dedicated summing amplifier or in the case of digital by a simple algorithm, routing – allows the routing of source signals to internal buses or external processing units and effects. Processing – many mixers also offer on-board processors, like equalizers and compressors, Mixing consoles used for dubbing can often be seen as large and intimidating, due to the exceptional amount of controls
38.
Teaser campaign
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These advertisements are called teasers or teaser ads. A teaser trailer for a film, television program, video game or similar, is usually released long in advance of the product. An early example of the trailer was the one for the 1978 Superman film by Richard Donner. The film was nearly a year late, it was designed to re-invigorate interest in the release. Teaser campaigns, or teaser advertising, can be defined as a set of communication activities designed to arouse interest without giving too much away. By doing this, brands can gain knowledge on how consumers are responding to aspects of the product before it is finalized and make changes if needed. Teasers can also be used to attention to a unique element of a brand rather than separate it completely from the market. Teaser campaigns allow brands to introduce themselves in a controlled and desired way in an attempt to change the publics current perception of the brand. Teaser campaigns from known brands give space for both the advertiser and the consumer to feel out the market before rebranding. When companies decided to present a product to the again in a different light, teasers can be successful in rebranding and creating fresh excitement for their products. Teaser campaigns are the creative advertising strategy which bodes well if a brand wants to be perceived as innovative. Through inter-related advertising content, the brand has the chance to reveal to the small parts of the final message at its own pace. Often, the messages the audience are receiving are so imaginative, a good example of this was internet campaign “Got Milk”. This served as a sort of public service announcement to increase nutritional awareness, teaser campaigns increase business to consumer interaction through dialogue. The advertisements start discussions between consumers, media outlets and on social media, teaser campaigns are a good way to create a business to consumer bond by forcing the audience to follow the campaigns journey in order to piece together the message. Film teasers are usually made for big-budget and popularly themed movies and their purpose is less to tell the audience about a movies content than simply to let them know that the movie is coming up in the near future, and to add to the hype of the upcoming release. Teaser trailers are made while the film is still in production or being edited. Often they contain no dialogue and some have made for use in the trailer only
39.
Spinner.com
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Spinner was a music and entertainment website, founded as an Internet radio website during the late 1990s. An AOL Music property, it was acquired by AOL on June 1,1999, based in San Francisco, California, the website was the first Internet music service and was the largest by 2001, while offering promotional features from high-profile recording artists. In 2002, AOL combined Spinner with the formers Netscape portal to form Netscape Radio, Spinner broadcast over 100 radio stations, including Radio CMJ. In 2008, Spinner was revamped by AOL as a website aimed at the music aficionado. The website offers exclusive interviews of recording artists, streams of albums and live performances, Spinner, along with all AOL music sites, was abruptly shut down in April 2013. The URLs to all former AOL music sites, including Spinner, were re-directed to aolradio. slacker. com starting in August 2013, several AOL Music blogs, along with Comics Alliance, were sold to Townsquare Media in June 2013. Sonic Boom, Napster, Mp3, And The New Pioneers Of Music, song Sheets to Software, A Guide to Print Music, Software, and Web Sites for Musicians. Calhoun, Scott, ed. Exploring U2, Is This Rock n Roll, cases on Electronic Commerce Technologies and Applications
40.
Amazon (company)
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Amazon. com, also called Amazon, is an American electronic commerce and cloud computing company that was founded on July 5,1994, by Jeff Bezos and is based in Seattle, Washington. It is the largest Internet-based retailer in the world by total sales, the company also produces consumer electronics—notably, Kindle e-readers, Fire tablets, Fire TV, and Echo—and is the worlds largest provider of cloud infrastructure services. Amazon also sells certain low-end products like USB cables under its in-house brand AmazonBasics. Amazon has separate retail websites for the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Canada, Germany, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Australia, Brazil, Japan, China, India, and Mexico. Amazon also offers international shipping to other countries for some of its products. In 2016, Dutch, Polish, and Turkish language versions of the German Amazon website were launched. In 2015, Amazon surpassed Walmart as the most valuable retailer in the United States by market capitalization, in 1994, Bezos left his employment as vice-president of D. E. Shaw & Co. a Wall Street firm and moved to Seattle. He began to work on a plan for what would eventually become Amazon. com. Bezos incorporated the company as Cadabra on July 5,1994, Bezos changed the name to Amazon a year later after a lawyer misheard its original name as cadaver. In September 1994, Bezos purchased the URL Relentless. com and briefly considered naming his online store Relentless, the domain is still owned by Bezos and still redirects to the retailer. The company went online as Amazon. com in 1995, Bezos placed a premium on his head start in building a brand, telling a reporter, Theres nothing about our model that cant be copied over time. But you know, McDonalds got copied, and it still built a huge, multibillion-dollar company. A lot of it comes down to the brand name, brand names are more important online than they are in the physical world. Additionally, a beginning with A was preferential due to the probability it would occur at the top of any list that was alphabetized. Since June 19,2000, Amazons logotype has featured a curved arrow leading from A to Z, representing that the company carries every product from A to Z, with the arrow shaped like a smile. After reading a report about the future of the Internet that projected annual Web commerce growth at 2, 300% and he narrowed the list to what he felt were the five most promising products, which included, compact discs, computer hardware, computer software, videos and books. Amazon was founded in the garage of Bezos home in Bellevue, the company began as an online bookstore, an idea spurred off with discussion with John Ingram of Ingram Book, along with Keyur Patel who still holds a stake in Amazon. Amazon was able to access books at wholesale from Ingram, in the first two months of business, Amazon sold to all 50 states and over 45 countries
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