1.
Alleghany County Courthouse
–
Alleghany County Courthouse is a historic courthouse building located at Sparta, Alleghany County, North Carolina. It was built in 1933, and is a two-story, H-shaped Classical Revival style brick building, the front facade features a tetrastyle Tuscan order portico. It was built after The Big Fire of 1932 destroyed the courthouse and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979
Alleghany County Courthouse
–
Alleghany County Courthouse
2.
Grant Street
–
Grant Street is the main government and business corridor in Pittsburgh. It is home to the headquarters of Mellon Financial, U. S. Steel, Koppers Chemicals, Federated Investors. It also is home to the seat of Allegheny County, City of Pittsburgh and it is part of the Pittsburgh Central Downtown Historic District. Grant Street was named after British Major General James Grant, who was defeated by the French at that location during the French and Indian War. The streets location on Grants Hill strangled growth in downtown Pittsburgh, the successful removal of the hill in 1912 cost $800,000, plus $2.5 million in reimbursement costs for property damaged by the project. For example, the project removed 16 feet of hill near the Allegheny County Courthouse, the extreme south end of Grant Street—near the Monongahela River and Boulevard of the Allies intersection—was home to Pittsburghs Chinatown from the 1880s until the 1950s. An extensive six-year $15.3 million resurfacing and redesign of Grant Street was completed in August,1990 and its importance to the city is because of its status as the seat of financial, governmental and legal power and its striking architecture. It is the corporate and government heartbeat of the city, caliguri Boulevard However, resistance to changing the historic street name, even for the beloved deceased mayor, halted that effort. The street stretches for close to 10 blocks on the boundary of Downtown Pittsburgh. Many of Pittsburghs tallest skyscrapers are on Grant Street, Federated Tower Penn Station William S. Moorhead Federal Building Federal Reserve Pittsburgh Branch at 717 Grant Street Gulf Tower at 707 Grant Street U. S. Post Office & Courthouse at 700 Grant Street U. S
Grant Street
–
Note the darker stone at the base of the
Allegheny County Courthouse; this used to be below ground before the removal of Grant Hill.
Grant Street
–
James Harrison in the post
Super Bowl XLIII victory parade down Grant Street.
Grant Street
–
Tunnels
3.
Pittsburgh
–
Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
Pittsburgh
–
Clockwise:
Cathedral of Learning at the
University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh skyline;
Carnegie Mellon University;
PNC Park;
Duquesne Incline
Pittsburgh
–
This article is about the Pennsylvania city. For other uses, see
Pittsburgh (disambiguation).
Pittsburgh
–
Monongahela River scene, 1857
Pittsburgh
–
Downtown facade memorializing Pittsburgh's
industrial heritage with an image of legendary steelworker
Joe Magarac
4.
Pennsylvania
–
Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
Pennsylvania
–
World's End State Park, Sullivan County
Pennsylvania
–
Flag
Pennsylvania
–
Autumn in North Branch Township,
Wyoming County, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
–
Penn's Treaty with the Indians, by
Edward Hicks
5.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
6.
Henry Hobson Richardson
–
Henry Hobson Richardson was a prominent American architect who designed buildings in Albany, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and other cities. The style he popularized is named for him, Richardsonian Romanesque, along with Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, Richardson is one of the recognized trinity of American architecture. He was the great-grandson of inventor and philosopher Joseph Priestley, who is credited with the discovery of oxygen. Richardson went on to study at Harvard College and Tulane University, initially, he was interested in civil engineering, but shifted to architecture, which led him to go to Paris in 1860 to attend the famed École des Beaux Arts in the atelier of Louis-Jules André. He didnt finish his training there, as family backing failed due to the U. S. Civil War, Richardson returned to the U. S. in 1865. He settled in New York in October 1865 and he found work with a builder, Charles, whom he had met in Paris. The two worked together but Richardson was not being challenged. He had little to do and yearned for more, Richardson developed a unique and highly personal idiom, adapting in particular the Romanesque of southern France. His early works, however, were not very remarkable, there are few hints in the mediocre work of Richardsons early years of what was to come in his maturity, when, beginning with his competition-winning design. For the Brattle Square Church in Boston, he adopted the Romanesque, in 1869, he designed the Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane in Buffalo, the largest commission of his career and the first appearance of his eponymous Richardsonian Romanesque style. A massive Medina sandstone complex, it is a National Historic Landmark and, the 1872 Trinity Church in Boston solidified Richardsons national reputation and led to major commissions for the rest of his life. Although incorporating historical elements from a variety of sources, including early Syrian Christian, Byzantine, Trinity was also a collaboration with the construction and engineering firm of the Norcross Brothers, with whom the architect would work on some 30 projects. Of his buildings, the two he liked best, the Allegheny County Courthouse and the Marshall Field Wholesale Store, were completed posthumously by his assistants, Richardson died in 1886 at age 47 of Brights disease, a historical term for the kidney disorder chronic nephritis. On his last day, he signed an informal will directing the three still remaining to carry on the business, which was soon formalized as Shepley, Rutan. One example includes Richardsons design for the Greater Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce Building, Richardson had won the selection process in 1885 and nearly finalized the work, but after his death, his aforementioned successors completed the project. He was buried in Walnut Hills Cemetery, Brookline, Massachusetts, despite an enormous income for an architect of his day, his reckless disregard for financial order meant that he died deeply in debt, leaving little to his widow and six children. Richardsons great grand-daughter is Mill Valley architect Heidi Richardson, Richardson spent much of his later years in his house in Brookline, Massachusetts, which had a studio attached to ease the strain on his health. The house fell into disrepair and was listed in 2007 as an historic site
Henry Hobson Richardson
–
Close-up of Henry Hobson Richardson, portrait by Sir
Hubert von Herkomer from the
National Portrait Gallery in
Washington, D.C.
Henry Hobson Richardson
–
Trinity Church,
Boston (1872) is Richardson's most acclaimed early work.
Henry Hobson Richardson
–
The
Thomas Crane Public Library (Quincy, Massachusetts) is seen as Richardson's best library. Note the Japanese inspired eyelid dormers in the roof to each side of the entrance.
Henry Hobson Richardson
–
The
Old Colony station illustrates Richardson's use of Japanese architectural concepts.
7.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
National Register of Historic Places
–
Logo used for the NRHP.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Old Slater Mill, a historic district in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was the first property listed in the National Register on November 13, 1966.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The
Loren Andrus Octagon House in
Washington, Michigan has been on the NRHP since September 3, 1971.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Built in 1800 by
Samuel McIntire in
Salem, the
Stephen Phillips House is operated as a
historic house museum by
Historic New England and open for public tours.
8.
National Historic Landmark
–
A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
National Historic Landmark
–
USS Constitution
National Historic Landmark
–
Frank Lloyd Wright 's
Taliesin is a National Historic Landmark
National Historic Landmark
–
The
American Legation in Tangiers, Morocco, was the first National Historic Landmark on foreign soil.
National Historic Landmark
–
Navajo Nation Council Chamber, the seat of government for the
Navajo Nation,
Window Rock, Arizona.
9.
List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations
–
This list is not to be confused with the list of landmarks designated by the Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation. As of 2011, there were 12 designated districts in the city and this following table lists the 12 historic districts designated by the Pittsburgh City Council through 2010. The table is sorted alphabetically by their official listing. The following table the two objects, designated by the Pittsburgh City Council as of July 2010. The table is sorted alphabetically by their official listing. This following table lists the one historic site designated by the Pittsburgh City Council through 2010, the following table lists 87 historic structures designated by the Pittsburgh City Council as of July 2011. The table is sorted alphabetically by their official listing
List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations
–
Allegheny West Historic District
List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations
–
Alpha Terrace Historic District
List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations
–
Deutschtown Historic District
List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations
–
East Carson Street Historic District
10.
Downtown Pittsburgh
–
Downtown Pittsburgh, colloquially referred to as the Golden Triangle or Dahntahn in eye dialect, and officially the Central Business District, is the urban downtown center of Pittsburgh. It is located at the confluence of the Allegheny River and the Monongahela River whose joining forms the Ohio River, the triangle is bounded by the two rivers. The area features offices for major corporations such as PNC Bank, U. S. Steel, PPG, Bank of New York Mellon, Heinz, Federated Investors and Alcoa. It is where the fortunes of industrial barons as Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick, Henry J. Heinz, Andrew Mellon. It contains the site where the French fort, Fort Duquesne, in 2013, Pittsburgh had the second-lowest vacancy rate for Class A space among downtowns in the United States. The Central Business District is bounded by the Monongahela River to the south, the Allegheny River to the north, an expanded definition of Downtown may include the adjacent neighborhoods of Uptown/The Bluff, the Strip District, the North Shore, and the South Shore. Downtown is served by the Port Authoritys light rail system, an extensive bus network. Greyhounds Pittsburgh bus terminal is located across Liberty Avenue from the Amtrak Station, other important roadways are Pennsylvania Route 28, Pennsylvania Route 51, Pennsylvania Route 65, and U. S. Route 19. Three major entrances to the city are via tunnels, the Fort Pitt Tunnel and Squirrel Hill Tunnel on I-376 and the Liberty Tunnels. The New York Times once called Pittsburgh the only city with an entrance, also traveling I-279 south and I-376, the city explodes into view when coming around a turn in the highway. Downtown surface streets are based on two distinct grid systems that parallel the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers and these two grids intersect along Liberty Avenue, creating many unusual street intersections. Furthermore, the Allegheny grid contains numbered streets, while the Monongahela grid contains numbered avenues, and, in fact, there are cases where these numbered roadways intersect, creating some confusion. This unusual grid pattern leads to Pittsburghers giving directions in the terms of landmarks, Pittsburgh is nicknamed The City of Bridges. In Downtown, there are 10 bridges connecting to points north and south, the expanded definition of Downtown includes 18 bridges. In Allegheny County the number exceeds 2,200, while most people still consider the entire Downtown as one neighborhood, there are several significant subdistricts within the Golden Triangle. The Pittsburgh Central Downtown Historic District is a district in the central business district. It is bounded by Wood Street, Forbes Avenue, Grant Street and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 17,1985. Point State Park area, At the triangles tip is Point State Park with its giant fountain and this park was the original site of both Fort Duquesne by the French and the subsequent Fort Pitt by the British
Downtown Pittsburgh
–
From
Mt. Washington
Downtown Pittsburgh
–
The Smithfield Street Bridge
Downtown Pittsburgh
–
Famous mural on the 300 Sixth Street building
Downtown Pittsburgh
–
Wood Street.
11.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
–
Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
–
Clockwise:
Cathedral of Learning at the
University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh skyline;
Carnegie Mellon University;
PNC Park;
Duquesne Incline
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
–
This article is about the Pennsylvania city. For other uses, see
Pittsburgh (disambiguation).
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
–
Monongahela River scene, 1857
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
–
Downtown facade memorializing Pittsburgh's
industrial heritage with an image of legendary steelworker
Joe Magarac
12.
Allegheny County Jail
–
The old Allegheny County Jail in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is part of a complex designed by H. H. Richardson. The buildings are considered among the finest examples of the Romanesque Revival style for which Richardson is well known, the jail was built by the Norcross Brothers between 1884 and 1886, and the courthouse was finished in 1888 under the supervision of Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge. The two structures are linked across Ross Street by a Bridge of Sighs, additions were made 1903–1905 by Frederick J. Osterling. In 1892, anarchist Alexander Berkman was held here awaiting trial for the murder of industrialist H. C. Frick. In 1902, condemned brothers Jack and Ed Biddle escaped from the jail with the aid of the wardens wife, the jail and courthouse were added to the List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations on December 26,1972. They were added to the List of National Historic Landmarks on May 11,1976, a new jail opened in spring 1995, and the original jail now houses the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas Family Division
Allegheny County Jail
–
The old Allegheny County Jail
Allegheny County Jail
–
The old Allegheny County Jail (at left) and its "Bridge of Sighs" spanning Ross Street.
Allegheny County Jail
–
The current Allegheny County Jail at 950 Second Avenue in Pittsburgh, PA
Allegheny County Jail
–
Tunnels
13.
Romanesque Revival architecture
–
Romanesque Revival is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture. Unlike the historic Romanesque style, however, Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches, an early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s. By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson, in the United States, the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque, of which not all are Romanesque Revival. In Scotland the style started to emerge with the Duke of Argyl’s castle at Inverary, started in 1744, and castles by Robert Adam at Culzean, Oxenfoord, Dalquharran and it was at this point that the Norman Revival became a recognisable architectural style. In 1817 Thomas Rickman published his An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest To the Reformation and it was now realised that ‘round-arch architecture’ was largely Romanesque in the British Isles and came to be described as Norman rather than Saxon. The start of an archaeologically correct Norman Revival can be recognised in the architecture of Thomas Hopper and his first attempt at this style was at Gosford Castle in Armagh in Ireland, but far more successful was his Penrhyn Castle near Bangor in North Wales. This was built for the Pennant family, between 1820 and 1837, however, the Norman Revival did catch on for church architecture. It was Thomas Penson, a Welsh architect, who would have been familiar with Hopper’s work at Penrhyn, Penson was influenced by French and Belgian Romanesque architecture, and particularly the earlier Romanesque phase of German Brick Gothic. At St David’s Newtown, 1843–47 and St Agatha’s Llanymynech,1845, he copies the tower of St. Salvators Cathedral, other examples of Romanesque revival by Penson are Christ Church, Welshpool, 1839–1844, and the porch to Langedwyn Church. He was an innovator in his use of Terracotta to produce decorative Romanesque mouldings, during the 19th century the architecture selected for Anglican churches depended on the churchmanship of particular congregations. Some of the examples of this Romanesque architecture is seen in Non-conformist or Dissenting churches. A good example of this is by the Lincoln architects Drury and Mortimer, after about 1870 this style of Church architecture in Britain disappears, but in the early 20th century, the style is succeeded by Byzantine Revival architecture. Two of Canadas provincial legislatures, the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto, University College, one of seven colleges at the University of Toronto, is a chief example of the Romanesque Revival style. The building, designed by Frederic Cumberland and William G. Storm, was intended to be Gothic in style but was rejected by the governor general. Construction of the design began on 4 October 1856. The facade of University College has thick walls, incorporating layers of both stone and brick. The building possesses a number of round arches characteristic of the Roman Revival style, the arches are configured in arcades, most notably on the south side of the building. There is a deal of ornamentation on both the interior and exterior of University College
Romanesque Revival architecture
–
The
Smithsonian Institution Building, an early example of American Romanesque Revival designed by
James Renwick, Jr. in 1855.
Romanesque Revival architecture
–
Culzean Castle by Robert Adam, 1771
Romanesque Revival architecture
–
GosfordCastle, Armagh by Thomas Hopper
Romanesque Revival architecture
–
Penrhyn Castle - by Thomas Hopper 1820-1837
14.
James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)
–
James Ross was a lawyer and senator from Pennsylvania from 1794 to 1803. Born near Delta, York County, Pennsylvania, he was the son of Joseph, at eighteen, after having received a classical education, he moved to Canonsburg, Pennsylvania and taught at what would become Washington and Jefferson College. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1784 focusing on land law, a Federalist, he was a member of the convention that drafted a new constitution for Pennsylvania in 1789-1790. President George Washington appointed him to negotiate with the rebels of the Whiskey Rebellion, on April 1,1794, the Pennsylvania legislature elected him to the United States Senate to replace Albert Gallatin, who was removed by legislature. There, he authored a new law for the public lands and he was elected to a second term in the Senate in 1797. He ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Pennsylvania in 1799,1802, during the late 1810s he is listed as the Pittsburgh City Council President. He died in Allegheny, which is now part of Pittsburgh, Ross Street in Downtown Pittsburgh, the Pittsburgh suburb of Ross Township, and Ross County, Ohio, are named in his honor. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, james Ross at Find a Grave
James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)
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James Ross
15.
John Forbes (British Army officer)
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John Forbes was a British general in the French and Indian War. Forbes was born on his familys Pittencrieff Estate in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland in 1707, after beginning to study medicine, he decided in his second year as a student to become a soldier and was accepted and commissioned as a lieutenant in the Scots Greys in 1735. He saw action in the War of the Austrian Succession and in the Jacobite rising of 1745 and he was promoted to a Lieutenant-colonelcy in the Scots Greys in 1750 and in 1757 made Colonel of the 17th Regiment of Foot. When the French and Indian War broke out, Forbes was sent to the fighting in the New World and his first action in North America came in 1757 when he was dispatched to reinforce an attack on the French fortress of Louisburg in what is now Nova Scotia. In December 1757, he was promoted to general and assigned to command an expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. Lt. Colonel George Washington, who had been a member of Braddock’s campaign, accompanied the expedition, a Swiss-born colonel of the Royal American Regiment, Henry Bouquet, served as Forbes second-in-command. In the summer of 1758, Forbes began his campaign to capture Fort Duquesne, rather than move on Fort Duquesne via Braddock’s road, which began in western Maryland, Forbes began his march in eastern Pennsylvania. This decision led to political infighting among the Pennsylvanians and Virginians in his expedition. Both colonies claimed the Ohio River country, Forbes was able to quell the dissent by agreeing to improve Braddocks original road, but travel the route through Pennsylvania, which was longer but required fewer river crossings. This also gave the advantage of forcing the French to divide their assets. With just under 7,000 regular and provincial troops, Forbes began his push from his stores in Carlisle. Forbes authorized a reconnaissance in force, with this defeat, Forbes decided to wait until the spring to attack. In the fall of 1758, Conrad Weiser arbitrated a council at Easton, Pennsylvania and this collapse of Native American support was a factor in the French decision to abandon Fort Duquesne. Soon after his decision to wait, Forbes received word that the French garrison at Fort Frontenac had fallen, Forbes decided to launch an immediate attack on the weakened fort. Forbes divided his command into three columns in preparation to make the assault on the fortress. But the French, who were now outnumbered, abandoned and razed Fort Duquesne before the British arrived. Forbes occupied the fort on 25 November 1758. He immediately ordered the construction of a new fortification to be named Fort Pitt and he also named the settlement between the rivers Pittsburgh, which is the location of modern Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
John Forbes (British Army officer)
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Forbes' birthplace in
Dunfermline, Scotland
16.
James Grant (British Army officer)
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James Grant, Laird of Ballindalloch was a major general in the British Army during the American War of Independence. He served as Governor of East Florida from 1763 to 1771, Grant was born on the family estate of Ballindalloch in Banffshire in the Northeast of Scotland. He began his career by purchasing a commission as captain in the Royal Scots on 24 October 1744. The regiment was shipped to the Continent and Grant fought with them in the Battle of Fontenoy, by 1757, Grant was a major of the 77th Regiment of Foot, fighting in the French and Indian War. In 1758, he led part of the regiment in an expedition led by General John Forbes, on this expedition, he became acquainted with others who would also play larger parts in the American Revolutionary War, George Washington, Francis Marion, and Hugh Mercer, among others. He also gained a contempt for the colonial or militia troops that would colour his later views, in September, Grant was assigned to lead an advance part of around 800 men to determine the French strength at Fort Duquesne. The force was made up of militia, but he took along a number of officers from the regulars. He then decided to split his force hoping to encourage a French attack that he could surprise, having no wilderness experience, he was ambushed himself by Indians and French on 14 September 1758. At this engagement, the Battle of Fort Duquesne, the British force was repelled with 342 men killed, wounded or captured, the prisoners consisted of Major Grant and 18 of his men. He was paroled soon after, and tried to blame his defeat on the failure of the militia to follow orders. In 1761, he commanded an expedition against the Cherokee during the Anglo-Cherokee War, after being briefly stationed at Fort Ticonderoga, his regiment was moved to the Caribbean Theatre of the Seven Years War. They fought at the Siege of Havana, held by Spanish forces, when the war was over, the regiment was disbanded in America in 1763. With the Treaty of Paris, Britain gained control of Florida from the Spanish and they divided it into two colonies, and James Grant was named governor of East Florida in 1764. He moved to his capital at St. Augustine, established the Florida-Georgia border, stopped Indian raids with the Treaty of Fort Picolata, Grants ventures were ultimately profitable, but most attempts failed to produce results. He encouraged new agriculture, setting up trade in cotton, indigo, timber and he personally gained and developed several plantations as grants. Then, in 1771, illness forced him to return to England, patrick Tonyn replaced him as governor. Grant appointed Dr. David Yeats, the Secretary of the Colony, Yeats letters to Grant concerning the properties have long interested Florida colonial historians. Back home in Scotland, Grant was elected to Parliament in 1773 as an MP for Tain Burghs, in the period leading up to the American Revolutionary War, he became one of the most outspoken of the anti-American members
James Grant (British Army officer)
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Portrait of James Grant of Ballindalloch, circa 1770, currently held by the State Archives of Florida.
17.
Market Square, Pittsburgh
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Pittsburghs Market Square is a public space located in Downtown Pittsburgh at the intersection of Forbes Avenue and Market Street. The square was home to the first courthouse, first jail and the first newspaper west of the Atlantic Plain, a public/private modernization in the late 2000s has re-established the square as a social and cultural hub. John Campbell and Thomas Vickroy, while creating the city plan for streets in Pittsburghs core. It was known originally as Diamond Square or Diamond Market for the Scotch-Irish idiom Diamond representing a public commons or square, by the mid-1790s, the first Allegheny County Courthouse was constructed in Market Square. It was occupied until 1836 when construction completed on a Grant Street complex several blocks away, on December 7,1791, the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania gaveled in its very first session at the square. On July 8,1794, the newly formed borough of Pittsburgh established a Public Market House and it also was the site of the original city hall for the borough and then city of Pittsburgh until May 22,1872 when the second city hall opened at Oliver and Smithfield. The Courthouse was abandoned at the square in 1836 after the completion of a new county seat, on May 26,1858 the city hall/courthouse was the host of the conference of Presbyterians that led to the merger forming the United Presbyterian Church of North America. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Market Square provided a location in the city, hosting much social. By the mid-1970s, however, Market Square was in a state of decline resulting from increased traffic, crime, preservationists and the city of Pittsburgh designated the area a historic landmark in an attempt to retain the squares crumbling architecture and style. Major renovation work began in August 2009 to transform the square into a European-style piazza, all vehicle traffic was diverted around the square to increase pedestrian-friendliness, and more outdoor seating was provided. Nearby, new apartments, condominiums and office space with ground-level retail have been fitted into historic buildings, renovations accelerated growth of Market Square, and numerous restaurants opened in 2011, further increasing social activity within the square. Mellon Square Official Market Square Merchants Association Website Official Website from Pittsburgh Downtown Partnership Official Blog
Market Square, Pittsburgh
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Market Square
Market Square, Pittsburgh
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Nicholas Coffee Co. located in Market Square
18.
Pennsylvania Supreme Court
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The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It also claims to be the oldest court in the United States and this discretion allows the Court to wield powerful influence on the formation and interpretation of Pennsylvania law. The original Pennsylvania constitutions, drafted by William Penn, established a Provincial Court under the control of his British governors, the General Assembly, however, espoused the principle of separation of powers and formally called for a third branch of government starting with the 1701 Judiciary Bill. In 1722, the appointed British governor needed the House to raise revenues, House leaders agreed to raise taxes in return for an independent Supreme Court. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania predates the United States Supreme Court by more than 100 years, interpreting the Pennsylvania Constitution, it was the first independent Supreme Court in the United States to claim the power to declare laws made by an elected legislative body unconstitutional. The court meets in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court consists of seven justices, each elected to ten year terms. Supreme Court judicial candidates may run on party tickets, the justice with the longest continuous service on the court automatically becomes Chief Justice. Prior to 2002, judicial candidates in Pennsylvania were prohibited from expressing their views on disputed legal or political issues. ”After the ten-year term expires, if the judge is retained, he/she serves another ten-year term. If the judge is not retained, the governor, subject to the approval of the State Senate, as of 2005, only one judge has failed to win retention. Justice Russell M. Nigro received a majority of no votes in the election of 2005 and was replaced by Justice Cynthia Baldwin, only one Supreme Court Justice, Rolf Larsen, has been removed from office by impeachment. In 1994, the State House of Representatives handed down articles of impeachment consisting of seven counts of misconduct, a majority of the State Senate voted against Larsen in five of the seven counts but only one charge garnered the two-thirds majority needed to convict. Under the 1874 Constitution and until the Pennsylvania state constitution of 1968, at the time, it was the longest term of any elected office in the United States. Superior Court of Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Unified Court System page on the Supreme Court
Pennsylvania Supreme Court
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Judges' seats in the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's chambers in the
Pennsylvania State Capitol
Pennsylvania Supreme Court
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Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Supreme Court
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Mural on the wall of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's chambers in the Pennsylvania State Capitol
19.
Western District of Pennsylvania
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The United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania sits in Pittsburgh, Erie, and Johnstown, Pennsylvania. It is composed of ten judges as authorized by federal law, the United States Marshal is Steven Richard Frank. Appeals from this court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, the United States District Court for the District of Pennsylvania was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789,1 Stat. It was subdivided on April 20,1818, by 3 Stat,462, into the Eastern and Western Districts to be headquartered in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, respectively. The court began its first session on December 7,1818 at the Old County Courthouse in Pittsburgh, portions of these districts were subsequently subdivided into the Middle District on March 2,1901, by 31 Stat.880. At the time of its subdivision, presiding judge Richard Peters. This made it possible for President James Monroe to appoint Jonathan Hoge Walker as the first judge of the Western District of Pennsylvania. The Erie courthouse and division was split from Pittsburgh for initial actions in January 1867, with the Johnstown courthouse, carnahan April 12,1861 Henry B. Swope January 24,1870 David Reed March 24,1874 Henry H. McCormick June 29,1876 William A. Stone July 6,1880 George A. Allen December 4,1886 Walter Lyon June 21,1889 Stephen C. McCandless April 26,1893 Harry Alvan Hall June 8,1893 B, heiner September 14,1897 James S. Song - November 29,2016 Courts of Pennsylvania List of United States federal courthouses in Pennsylvania Official site
Western District of Pennsylvania
–
Federal Courthouse,
Erie, Pennsylvania
Western District of Pennsylvania
–
United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (W.D. Pa.)
Western District of Pennsylvania
–
Federal Courthouse,
Pittsburgh
Western District of Pennsylvania
–
Tunnels
20.
Mount Washington (Pittsburgh)
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Mount Washington is a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanias south city area. It has a zip code of 15211 and has representation on Pittsburgh City Council by both the members for District 3 and District 2. The neighborhood is known as the home of Autumn House Press. In the early history of Pittsburgh, Mount Washington was known as Coal Hill, easy access to the Pittsburgh coal seams outcrop near the base of Mt. Washington allowed several mines to operate there. Also, rock was quarried from the hill, gray sandstone, for example, was quarried at Coal Hill for the second Allegheny County Courthouse. By 1876, the name had changed to Mount Washington, and a year later. Virtually all photos of the Pittsburgh skyline are from Mt. Washington, due to the elevation of the hill overlooking the river valley, the original switchback trails that wound up the steep slopes of Mt. Washington were barely passable to a team of horses pulling a loaded wagon. Immigrants, predominantly from Germany, settled Mount Washington by the early 19th century and they became weary of climbing steep footpaths and steps to their homes, from the river valley, after work. They remembered the Seilbahns of their country, and proposals were advanced to construct one or more of them along Coal Hill. The Monongahela Incline was the first of these to be built in 1869–1870, as the hilltop communities were virtually inaccessible by any other means, many of Pittsburghs inclines carried horses and wagons as well as foot passengers. This incline was closed by its owner, the Pittsburgh Railways Company, just prior to all of their streetcar, the Monongahela and Duquesne Inclines allow access to Mt. Washingtons overlook of the downtown area of Pittsburgh. Tourists marvel at the view while riding two of only a few remaining inclines in the country, the inclines remain the best way for thousands of Pittsburghers on Mt. Washington to get to their jobs, entertainment and shopping in downtown Pittsburgh and Station Square. One of the most famous examples of the early-twentieth century Garden City Movement communities is on Mt. Washington, chatham Village is a compact neighborhood of townhomes and gardens on the far south end of Mt. Washington. In the 1930s, a neon billboard sign,226 feet wide and 30 feet high, was erected on the Mount Washington hillside near the Duquesne Incline tracks. Its earliest known advertisers were Iron City Beer, Clarks Teaberry Gum, alcoa became the signs most well-known advertiser, remaining for the next 25 years. In 1992, Miles Laboratories moved their U. S. headquarters from Elkhart, Indiana to Pittsburgh, in April 1995, the Miles brand name was absorbed by its parent company, Bayer AG and the sign was changed to feature the Bayer name and its circular cross logo. Bayer AG declined to renew their lease on the sign in 2014, as of May 2015, Lamar Advertising and the City of Pittsburgh were in disagreement over the proper use and maintenance responsibilities of the sign. In June 2016, Lamar Advertising erected a new sign over the old sign for the Sprint Corporation
Mount Washington (Pittsburgh)
–
View of Central Business District from Mt. Washington
Mount Washington (Pittsburgh)
–
A view of Mount Washington from Bigbee Street
Mount Washington (Pittsburgh)
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P. & L.E. Ry. Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad station and the
Monongahela Incline on Mt. Washington, c.1905
Mount Washington (Pittsburgh)
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Another view of the Pittsburgh skyline from the Mount Washington neighborhood.
21.
Monongahela River
–
The Monongahela joins the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River at Pittsburgh. The Native American word Monongahela means falling banks, in reference to the instability of the rivers banks. The Lenape Language Project renders the word as Mënaonkihëla, translated where banks cave in or erode, from the verbs mënaonkihële the dirt caves off and mënaonke, it has a loose bank. Monongalia County and the town of Monongah, both in West Virginia, are named for the river, as is Monongahela in Pennsylvania, the river is navigable its entire length with a series of locks and dams that maintain a minimum depth of 9 feet to accommodate coal-laden barges. In Pennsylvania, the Monongahela is met by two tributaries, the Cheat River, which joins at Point Marion, and the Youghiogheny River. The upper drainage area of the basin is renowned for its whitewater kayaking opportunities. The land here is of a rugged plateau type which allows streams to gather sufficient water volume before they fall off the plateau. An ice dam created a vast lake—known as Lake Monongahela—stretching from its outlet at present-day Beaver, Pennsylvania for 200 miles south to at least Weston, West Virginia. It was as much as 100 miles wide at its maximum, hundreds of feet deep in places, its western and southern overflow gradually created the present-day upper Ohio River Valley. The Monongahela River valley was the site of a famous, if small, battle that was one of the first in the French and it resulted in a sharp defeat for British and Colonial forces against those of the French and their Native American allies. Originally planned to run as far south as the Cheat River, the system was extended to Fairmont, in 1897, the federal government took possession of the Monongahela Navigation through condemnation proceedings. Later, the combinations were increased in size and reduced in number. In 2006, the system, operated by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, had nine dam-locks along 128.7 miles of waterway. The locks overcame a change in elevation of about 147 feet, briefly linked to the Monongahela Navigation was the Youghiogheny Navigation, a slack water system of 18.5 miles between McKeesport and West Newton. It had two dam-locks overcoming a change in elevation of about 27 feet, opening in 1850, it was destroyed by a flood in 1865. During the 19th century, the Monongahela was heavily used by industry, three ships in the United States Navy have been named Monongahela after the river. In the 1930s, severe drought caused the river to run dry, the river was the site of a famous airplane crash that has become the subject of numerous urban legends and conspiracy theories. All six crewmen survived the crash, but two later succumbed to exposure and drowned, despite the relative shallowness of the water, the aircraft was never recovered
Monongahela River
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The Monongahela River in
Pittsburgh passing the
South Side on the right and
Uptown/The Bluff on the left just before entering
Downtown Pittsburgh
Monongahela River
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The
South Tenth Street Bridge over the Monongahela River in
Pittsburgh in 2005
Monongahela River
–
The Monongahela River in
Fairmont, West Virginia in 2006
Monongahela River
–
Monongahela River Scene, 1857
22.
Greek Revival
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The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in Northern Europe and the United States. A product of Hellenism, it may be looked upon as the last phase in the development of Neoclassical architecture, the term was first used by Charles Robert Cockerell in a lecture he gave as Professor of Architecture to the Royal Academy of Arts, London in 1842. With a newfound access to Greece, or initially the books produced by the few who had actually been able to visit the sites, archaeologist-architects of the period studied the Doric and Ionic orders. This was especially the case in Britain, Germany and the United States, Greek Revival architecture took a different course in a number of countries, lasting until the Civil War in America and even later in Scotland. Despite the unbounded prestige of ancient Greece amongst the elite of Europe. The monuments of Greek antiquity were known chiefly from Pausanias and other literary sources, visiting Ottoman Greece was difficult and dangerous business prior to the period of stagnation beginning with the Great Turkish War. Few Grand Tourists called on Athens during the first half of the 18th century and it would take until the expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti of 1751 by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett before serious archaeological inquiry began in earnest. Access to the originals in Greece itself only became easier after the Greek War of Independence ended in 1832, Lord Byrons participation, following James Stuarts travels to Greece in the early 1750s, intellectual curiosity quickly led to a desire to emulate. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, arguably the greatest British exponent of the style was Decimus Burton. In London twenty three Greek Revival Commissioners churches were built between 1817 and 1829, the most notable being St. Pancras church by William and Henry William Inwood. Such was the popularity of the Doric in Edinburgh that the city now enjoys a striking visual uniformity, nevertheless, Greek continued to be in favour in Scotland well into the 1870s in the singular figure of Alexander Thomson, known as Greek Thomson. In Germany, the Greek revival is predominantly found in two centres, Berlin and Munich, the earliest Greek building was the Brandenburg Gate by Carl Gotthard Langhans, who modelled it on the Propylaea. Ten years after the death of Frederick the Great, the Berlin Akademie initiated a competition for a monument to the king that would promote morality, similarly, in Munich von Klenzes Glyptothek and Walhalla were the fulfilment of Gillys vision of an orderly and moral German world. The purity and seriousness of the style was intended as an assertion of German national values and partly intended as a riposte to France. By comparison, the Greek revival in France was never popular with either the state or the public, what little there is started with Charles de Waillys crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles, and Claude Nicolas Ledouxs Barriere des Bonshommes. It would take until Laboustres Neo-Grec of the Second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France, the style was especially attractive in Russia, if only because they shared the Eastern Orthodox faith with the Greeks. The historic centre of Saint Petersburg was rebuilt by Alexander I of Russia, the Saint Petersburg Bourse on Vasilievsky Island has a temple front with 44 Doric columns. Leo von Klenzes expansion of the palace that is now the Hermitage Museum is another example of the style, following the Greek War of Independence, Romantic Nationalist ideology encouraged the use of historically Greek architectural styles in place of Ottoman or pan-European ones
Greek Revival
–
Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany.
Greek Revival
–
The
Shrine of Remembrance in
ANZAC Square,
Brisbane
Greek Revival
–
The
Yorkshire Museum designed by architect
William Wilkins and officially opened in February 1830
Greek Revival
–
Thomas Hamilton 's design for the
Royal High School, Edinburgh, 1831, RSA.
23.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
Boston
–
From top to bottom, left to right: the
Boston skyline viewed from the
Bunker Hill Monument; the
Museum of Fine Arts;
Faneuil Hall;
Massachusetts State House;
The First Church of Christ, Scientist;
Boston Public Library; the
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;
South Station;
Boston University and the
Charles River;
Arnold Arboretum;
Fenway Park; and the
Boston Common
Boston
–
State Street, 1801
Boston
–
View of Boston from
Dorchester Heights, 1841
Boston
–
Scollay Square in the 1880s
24.
Bridge of Sighs
–
The Bridge of Sighs is a bridge located in Venice, northern Italy. The enclosed bridge is made of limestone, has windows with stone bars. It was designed by Antonio Contino and was built in 1600, the view from the Bridge of Sighs was the last view of Venice that convicts saw before their imprisonment. In reality, the days of inquisitions and summary executions were over by the time the bridge was built, in addition, little could be seen from inside the bridge due to the stone grills covering the windows. According to a legend, lovers will be granted eternal love and bliss if they kiss on a gondola at sunset, under the Bridge of Sighs. This legend served as a line for the movie A Little Romance, featuring Laurence Olivier. The name Bridge of Sighs has since been applied by association to other bridges and around the world, the 1861 opera Le pont des soupirs by Jacques Offenbach features the bridge. Ponte dei Sospiri, Venezia, Italy Bridge of Sighs, Venice Bridge of Sighs at Structurae Bridge of Sighs, The
Bridge of Sighs
–
The Bridge of Sighs in June 2008
Bridge of Sighs
–
View from the Bridge of Sighs
Bridge of Sighs
–
The Bridge of Sighs during maintenance
Bridge of Sighs
–
John Singer Sargent watercolor
25.
Minneapolis City Hall
–
The structure has served as mainly local government offices since it was built, and today the building is 60 percent occupied by the city and 40 percent occupied by the County. The building is owned by the city and county and managed by the Municipal Building Commission. The Commission consists of the chair of the County Board, the mayor of the City of Minneapolis, a member of the County Board, the County Board chair serves as the president of the Commission and the mayor serves as the vice president. The building bears a resemblance to the city hall buildings in Cincinnati. The City Hall and Courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, the building replaced an earlier City Hall that existed from 1873 until 1912 near the old intersection between Hennepin Avenue and Nicollet Avenue. That structure eventually was razed to make way for Gateway Park, the building also replaced an earlier courthouse and also the earlier Hennepin County Jail, which was located where U. S. The building, located at 350 South Fifth Street, is an example of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture, the design is based upon Henry Hobson Richardsons Allegheny County Courthouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Washington School, the first schoolhouse in Minneapolis west of the Mississippi River, was demolished to make way for the new building, groundbreaking took place in 1889, and the cornerstone was laid in 1891. Construction did not officially end until 1906, although the exterior was essentially complete by the end of 1895. The county began moving in to its side in November 1895, cost was about $3,554,000, which works out to 28¢ per cubic foot. When constructed, the claimed to have the worlds largest four-faced chiming clock. At 24 feet,6 inches, the faces are 18 inches wider than those of the Great Clock in London, the tower housing the clock reaches 345 feet in height, and was the tallest structure in the city until the 1920s when the Foshay Tower was built. A 15-bell chime in the tower is played regularly, with noontime concerts provided to the public on holidays and on Fridays, the chime was originally 10 bells, and it was first played on March 10,1896. The building is built of granite quarried in Ortonville, with many stones greater than 20 tonnes in weight. The granite was originally going to be used for the foundation of the building. However, the public appreciated the appearance of the foundation so much that they lobbied for the building to be made of granite. This may be a reason for the significant cost overruns — it was expected to cost only $1.15 million. Unlike most buildings in downtown Minneapolis, there arent any skyways connecting the city hall to the rest of the city, since exterior alterations are not allowed for buildings on the National Register of Historic Places, tunnels were constructed instead
Minneapolis City Hall
–
Minneapolis City Hall-Hennepin County Courthouse
Minneapolis City Hall
–
City council chambers around 1900
Minneapolis City Hall
–
City Hall with current copper roof
Minneapolis City Hall
–
The "Father of Waters" sculpture
26.
Altgeld Hall
–
Not to be confused with Altgeld Hall or Altgeld Hall. The building was originally the University Library, and received additions in 1914,1919,1926. From 1927-55 it was used by the College of Law, and from 1955 on by the Department of Mathematics and the Mathematics Library. The University Chime in the bell tower – which marks the hours, half hours, the building was officially named Altgeld Hall in 1941. Altgeld Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 17,1970, planning for the building started in 1892, with Governor John Peter Altgeld and University President Andrew Sloan Draper involved in the design of the building. Initially, the trustees announced a design contest that would award $1200 to the best design, artistic conflicts between Burnham and the Governor soon became clear, and the relationship was severed. After two years of looking for a design, the building committee called upon the universitys own architecture department. On February 4,1896, Professors Nathan Ricker and James McLaren White completed the plans that included construction costs in less than a month. Altgeld Hall was one of five Illinois university buildings, the so-called Altgelds castles, construction started on June 10,1896, only four months after the initial building design was submitted by Ricker and White. The cornerstone, which included a capsule, was set on September 11,1896. Ricker and White supervised the construction of the building which was completed on December 1,1897, the exterior features the only gargoyle on campus, while the interior features four murals painted around the domed ceiling of what is now the Mathematics Library. Newton Alonzo Wells painted the murals at the recommendation of the architects, the four murals were dedicated to the four colleges at the University in 1897. The south mural is The Sacred Wood of the Muses dedicated to the College of Literature, the north mural is Arcadia dedicated to the College of Agriculture. The west mural is The Laboratory of Minerva dedicated to the College of Science, the east mural is The Forge of Vulcan dedicated to the College of Engineering. At dedication on June 8,1897, the building was designed as the University Library, in 1927, the School of Law moved in and occupied the building until 1955, an inscription at the north entrance of the building still says Law Building. Since 1955 the Department of Mathematics and the Mathematics Library have occupied the building, in 1941, the building was officially named Altgeld Hall after Governor Altgeld. The building made a appearance in the 1945 film The House on 92nd Street. The University Chime was installed in the Altgeld Hall tower in 1920, the University Chime consists of fifteen bells, weighing a total of seven and a half tons, cast by McShane Bell Foundry in Maryland
Altgeld Hall
–
(2011)
Altgeld Hall
–
Mosaic floor in the entry way
Altgeld Hall
–
Bells in Altgeld Hall Tower
27.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, also known as U of I, University of Illinois, UIUC, or simply Illinois, is a public research-intensive university in the U. S. state of Illinois. Founded in 1867 as a land-grant institution in the cities of Champaign and Urbana, it is the flagship campus of the University of Illinois system. In fiscal year 2015, total research expedentures at Illinois totaled $640 million, the campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States after Harvard University. The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus, the university comprises 17 colleges that offer more than 150 programs of study. Additionally, the university operates an extension that offers programs to more than 1.5 million registrants per year around the state of Illinois. The university holds 647 buildings on 4,552 acres and its operating budget in 2016 was over $2 billion. Even though Illinois is a university, only about 12% of the budget comes from the state. Between several cities, Urbana was selected in 1867 as the site for the new school, the University opened for classes on March 2,1868, and had two faculty members and 77 students. Gregory is largely credited with establishing the University as it is today, Gregorys grave is on the Urbana campus, between Altgeld Hall and the Henry Administration Building. His headstone reads, If you seek his monument, look about you, the Library, which opened with the school in 1868, started with 1,039 volumes. Subsequently, President Edmund J. James, in a speech to the Board of Trustees in 1912 and it is now one of the worlds largest public academic collections. In 1870, the Mumford House was constructed as a farmhouse for the schools experimental farm. The Mumford House remains the oldest structure on campus, the original University Hall was the fourth building built, it stood where the Illini Union stands today. During the Presidency of Edmund J. James, James is credited for building the foundation of the large Chinese international student population on campus, on June 11,1929, the Alma Mater statue was unveiled. The Alma Mater was established by donations by the Alumni Fund, the University replaced the original university hall with Gregory Hall and the Illini Union. After World War II, the university experienced rapid growth, the enrollment doubled and the academic standing improved. This period was marked by large growth in the Graduate College and increased federal support of scientific. During the 1950s and ’60s the university experienced the turmoil common on many American campuses, among these were the water fights of the fifties and sixties
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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The original University Hall, which stood until 1938, when it when it was replaced by Gregory hall and the
Illini Union. Pieces were used in the erection of Hallene Gateway dedicated in 1998
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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John Milton Gregory, the university's first president
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Statue on campus titled "
Alma Mater " by
Lorado Taft
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James W. McLaughlin
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James W. McLaughlin was a Cincinnati, Ohio architect. He studied to be an architect working under famed James Keys Wilson and he fought in the American Civil War serving in the Union Army. During the late 19th century, he became a builder in Cincinnati. In 1870 he helped organize the Cincinnati chapter of the American Institute of Architects, James W. McLaughlin was born on November 1,1834, the second son of William and Mary McLaughlin. His family wsas largely Scots-Irish and his father William was an early Cincinnati merchant who had moved in 1818 to the city from Sewickley. His younger sister Mary Louise McLaughlin became a ceramic artist, when the American Civil War broke out, McLaughlin left his architectural practice to serve in the Union Army. During the war he became a lieutenant in the body guard of General John C Fremont. After the war he published a book illustrated with his vivid vignettes of life based on his experiences with General Fremont in California. At the age of fifteen McLaughlin entered the tutelage of James Keys Wilson, in 1855, the first year of his independent practice, he built the dry goods store on West Fourth Street. Architect Samuel Hannaford was his rival in the city, McLaughlin helped organize the Cincinnati Chapter of the American Institute of Architects in 1870. He served as the president from 1878–1882 and 1889–1893. This was renovated and adapted for residences in what is called The Lofts at Shillito Place, Cincinnati Gas, Coke & Light Co. building, an Italianate structure that stands at 305 West Fourth Street and Plum Street. Bishops Place in Clifton Art Academy of Cincinnati building Sol P, includes a staircase salvaged from the library of a house designed by Frank Furness Y. M. C. A. Building, Cincinnati later adapted as the Shubert Theater Ohio State Building at the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, McLaughlin was chief architect for the project. Sir Alfred T. Goshorn House at 3540 Clifton Avenue in Cincinnati, credited to McLaughlin and A. C. Nash, and listed on the NRHP. John Uri Lloyd House 3901 Clifton Avenue in Cincinnati, Mabley & Carew Building 12 floors Mabley & Carew Department Store,6 floors,1881 McAlpin building, on Fourth Street, a 6-floor building adjacent to an earlier building designed by James Keys Wilson. Now part of a condo development, Cincinnati Zoo Historic Structures James W. McLaughlin at Find a Grave Notes References
James W. McLaughlin
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Wayne County Courthouse in
Richmond, Indiana
James W. McLaughlin
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John Uri Lloyd House
James W. McLaughlin
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Sir Alfred T. Goshorn House
