The word anathema has two main meanings. One is something or someone hated or avoided. The other is something or someone that has been formally excommunicated by a church. These meanings come from the
Anathema (in the sense of a curse) attributed to Pope Gregory XI
A mention of anathema in the Southwick Codex, a medieval text in Old English
Anathema or curse in a 12th–13th century manuscript of the Ter Doest abbey
Ostracism was an Athenian democratic procedure in which any citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years. While some instances clearly expressed popular anger at the citizen,
Anathema
…Disconnection Ostracism (present-day) Bell, book, and candle…
Ostraca from 482 BC voting in favor of ostracizing Themistocles
Bust of Themistocles, who was exiled via ostracism and fled to Argos around 471 or 472 BC, despite an impactful military career
Example of a Greek Ostracon, suggesting the Ostracization of Themistocles, from the Stoà of Attalus Museum (482 BC)