1.
Charles Henry Niehaus
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Charles Henry Niehaus, was an American sculptor. Niehaus was born in Cincinnati, Ohio to German parents and he began working as a marble and wood carver, and then gained entrance to the McMicken School of Design in Cincinnati. He studied at the Royal Academy in Munich, Germany, the effect of the German study was that he retained much of the Neo-Classical flavor in his art while most other sculptors of his generation were drawn towards Beaux-Arts realism. He returned to America in 1881 and he moved to Rome, Italy, where he worked on the commissions, and made a study of ancient sculpture. He modeled three major male nudes during his years in Rome, including The Scraper and Caestus and he returned to New York City in 1885, and opened a studio. In 1887, he created a statue of Ohioan William Allen, monuments by Niehaus can be found in many American cities. Several of the works authored by him are equestrian statues, as was the case with other sculptors of his day he also fashioned a fair amount of architectural sculpture. In 1900 Niehaus married noted horticulturalist Regina Armstrong and moved to New Rochelle, New York, James A. Garfield, Piatt Park, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1882-87. The Scraper, Brookgreen Gardens, Murrells Inlet, South Carolina,1883, Caestus, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, 1883-85. Bas-relief panel of Surrender of the Hessians, Trenton Battle Monument, Trenton, New Jersey, William Rudolf ODonovan sculpted the colossal George Washington statue atop the monument, and statues of two Continental soldiers flanking the entrance. Thomas Eakins modeled two other bas-relief panels, moses, Main Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.1894. Edward Gibbon, Main Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington, samuel Hahnemann Monument, Scott Circle, Washington, D. C. Hackley Park, Muskegon, Michigan, Bust of Charles Hackley,1890, replicas of Niehauss Abraham Lincoln are at the Buffalo History Museum in Buffalo, New York, and at Library Park in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Bust of Robert Blum, Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio, the Driller, Edwin Drake Memorial, Woodlawn Cemetery, Titusville, Pennsylvania,1901. Equestrian Statue of General Forrest, Nathan Bedford Forrest Grave, Forrest Park, Memphis, Tennessee, apotheosis of St. Louis, Forest Park, St. Louis, Missouri,1906. William McKinley, McKinley Memorial Mausoleum, Canton, Ohio,1907, Niehaus also modeled the lunette bas-relief over the entrance. Benjamin Harrison, Indiana World War Memorial Plaza, Indianapolis, Indiana,1908, James W. Beardsley, Beardsley Park, Bridgeport, Connecticut,1909. John Paul Jones, John Paul Jones Memorial, West Potomac Park, Washington, Niehauss plaster original is at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland
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Bronze
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These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as stiffness, ductility, or machinability. The archeological period where bronze was the hardest metal in use is known as the Bronze Age. In the ancient Near East this began with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BC, with India and China starting to use bronze around the same time, everywhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC, the discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects which were harder and more durable than previously possible. Bronze tools, weapons, armor, and building such as decorative tiles were harder and more durable than their stone. It was only later that tin was used, becoming the major ingredient of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC. Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the process could be more easily controlled. Also, unlike arsenic, metallic tin and fumes from tin refining are not toxic, the earliest tin-alloy bronze dates to 4500 BCE in a Vinča culture site in Pločnik. Other early examples date to the late 4th millennium BC in Africa, Susa and some ancient sites in China, Luristan, ores of copper and the far rarer tin are not often found together, so serious bronze work has always involved trade. Tin sources and trade in ancient times had a influence on the development of cultures. In Europe, a source of tin was the British deposits of ore in Cornwall. In many parts of the world, large hoards of bronze artefacts are found, suggesting that bronze also represented a store of value, in Europe, large hoards of bronze tools, typically socketed axes, are found, which mostly show no signs of wear. With Chinese ritual bronzes, which are documented in the inscriptions they carry and from other sources and these were made in enormous quantities for elite burials, and also used by the living for ritual offerings. Pure iron is soft, and the process of beating and folding sponge iron to wrought iron removes from the metal carbon. Careful control of the alloying and tempering eventually allowed for wrought iron with properties comparable to modern steel, Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, and has continued in use for many purposes to the modern day. Among other advantages, it does not rust, the weaker wrought iron was found to be sufficiently strong for many uses. Archaeologists suspect that a disruption of the tin trade precipitated the transition. The population migrations around 1200–1100 BC reduced the shipping of tin around the Mediterranean, limiting supplies, there are many different bronze alloys, but typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin
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Saint Louis Art Museum
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The Saint Louis Art Museum is one of the principal U. S. art museums, with paintings, sculptures, cultural objects, and ancient masterpieces from all corners of the world. Its three-story building stands in Forest Park in St. Louis, Missouri, admission is free through a subsidy from the cultural tax district for St. Louis City and County. In addition to the exhibitions, the museum offers rotating exhibitions and installations. These include the Currents series, which features artists, as well as regular exhibitions of new media art. The museum was founded in 1881 as the Saint Louis School and Museum of Fine Arts, the school, led by directory Halsey C. Ives, educated two generations of St. Louis artists and craftspeople and offered studio and art history classes supported by a museum collection. After the school moved to Washington Universitys campus and the moved to Forest Park. The museum moved after the 1904 Worlds Fair, also known as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, to the Palace of Fine Arts, the building was designed by architect Cass Gilbert, who took inspiration from the Baths of Caracalla in Rome, Italy. The Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum remained part of Washington University, in 1908, the museums first director, Halsey Cooley Ives, arranged for a municipal tax to support the museum. The following year, the museum separated from Washington University and was renamed the City Art Museum, an organizing board was assigned to take control in 1912. During the 1950s, the added an extension to include an auditorium for films, concerts. In 1971, efforts to secure the financial future led voters in St. Louis City and County to approve the creation of the Metropolitan Zoological Park. This expanded the tax base for the 1908 tax to include St. Louis County, in 1972, the museum was again renamed, to the Saint Louis Art Museum. Today, the museum is supported financially by the tax, donations from individuals and public associations, sales in the Museum Shop, the St. Louis-based firm, Hellmuth, Obata, and Kassabaum was the architect of record to work with the construction team. On November 5,2007, museum officials released the plans to the public. A model of the new building was displayed in the museums Sculpture Hall throughout the construction project, in 2008, citing the declining state of the economy, the museum announced that it would delay the start of the expansion, whose cost was then estimated at $125 million. Construction began in 2009, the museum remained open, the expansion added more than 224,000 square feet of gallery space, including an underground garage, within the lease lines of the property. Money for the project was raised through private gifts to the campaign from individuals, foundations and corporations
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St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
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Louis IX of France
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Louis IX, commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louiss childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals, as an adult, Louis IX faced recurring conflicts with some of the most powerful nobles, such as Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux. Simultaneously, Henry III of England tried to restore his continental possessions and his reign saw the annexation of several provinces, notably Normandy, Maine and Provence. Louis IX was a reformer and developed French royal justice, in which the king is the judge to whom anyone is able to appeal to seek the amendment of a judgment. He banned trials by ordeal, tried to prevent the private wars that were plaguing the country, to enforce the correct application of this new legal system, Louis IX created provosts and bailiffs. According to his vow made after an illness, and confirmed after a miraculous cure. He was succeeded by his son Philip III, Louiss actions were inspired by Christian values and Catholic devotion. He decided to punish blasphemy, gambling, interest-bearing loans and prostitution and he also expanded the scope of the Inquisition and ordered the burning of Talmuds. He is the only canonized king of France, and there are many places named after him. Much of what is known of Louiss life comes from Jean de Joinvilles famous Life of Saint Louis, two other important biographies were written by the kings confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and his chaplain, William of Chartres. The fourth important source of information is William of Saint-Parthus biography, while several individuals wrote biographies in the decades following the kings death, only Jean of Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres wrote from personal knowledge of the king. Louis was born on 25 April 1214 at Poissy, near Paris, the son of Prince Louis the Lion and Princess Blanche, and baptised in La Collégiale Notre-Dame church. His grandfather on his fathers side was Philip II, king of France, while his grandfather on his mothers side was Alfonso VIII, tutors of Blanches choosing taught him most of what a king must know—Latin, public speaking, writing, military arts, and government. He was 9 years old when his grandfather Philip II died, a member of the House of Capet, Louis was twelve years old when his father died on 8 November 1226. He was crowned king within the month at Reims cathedral, because of Louiss youth, his mother ruled France as regent during his minority. Louis mother trained him to be a leader and a good Christian. She used to say, I love you, my son, as much as a mother can love her child
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Forest Park (St. Louis)
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Forest Park is a public park located in the western portion of the city of St. Louis, Missouri, United States. It is a prominent civic center and covers 1,371 acres, opened in 1876, more than a decade after its proposal, the park has hosted several significant events, including the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 and the 1904 Summer Olympics. Since the early-2000s, it has carried out a $100 million restoration of its facilities through a public-private partnership aided by its Master Plan, changes have extended to improving landscaping and habitat as well. The parks acreage includes meadows and trees and a variety of ponds, manmade lakes, for several years, the park has been restoring prairie and wetlands areas of the park. It has reduced flooding and attracted a greater variety of birds and wildlife. An 1864 plan for a park in the city limits was rejected by St. Louis voters. In 1872, St. Louis developer Hiram Leffingwell proposed a 1, the next year another developer, Andrew McKinley, prepared another proposal that met legal challenges. The tract selected that became Forest Park included a heavily forested 1, using McKinleys proposal as a guide, in 1874 the General Assembly passed the Forest Park Act, which established the park and created a county-wide property tax to fund it. In November 1874, the Missouri Supreme Court upheld the new law and referred all questions of land ownership and value to the circuit court. The largest parcels of land needed for the park belonged to Thomas Skinker, Charles P. Chouteau, Julia Maffitt, and William Forsyth, the city purchased the land for a price of $849,058, with another million dollars dedicated to maintenance and improvement. The state of the parkland in 1876 was rural, on the eastern and western edges of the park were unpaved roads. Flowing through the lowlands and turning southeast in the park was the River des Peres. The southwestern part of the park was heavily forested land, a railroad right-of-way cut through the northeast corner of the park. Maximillian G. Kern and Julius Pitzman, the Prussian-born St. Louis Surveyor, the park was dedicated June 24,1876 with a crowd of about 50,000 in attendance. Officials and a band occupied a music stand and podium, and dedicated a statue of Edward Bates, by the early 1890s, streetcar lines reached the park, carrying nearly 3 million visitors a year. After the closing of the city zoo during this period, its animals were moved to a facility in the park, in 1901, Forest Park was selected as the location of the 1904 Worlds Fair, known as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The fair opened April 30,1904 and closed December 1,1904, in addition to the fair, the park hosted the diving, swimming, and water polo events for the 1904 Summer Olympics. Fifteen sports offered Olympic competition events, but women could compete only in archery, the 1904 Games were the first time that African Americans were allowed to compete
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Gateway Arch
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The Gateway Arch is a 630-foot monument in St. Louis in the U. S. state of Missouri. Louis, as well as a popular tourist destination, the Arch was designed by Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen in 1947, construction began on February 12,1963, and was completed on October 28,1965, for $13 million. The monument opened to the public on June 10,1967 and it is located at the site of St. Louis founding on the west bank of the Mississippi River. He communicated his idea to mayor Bernard Dickmann, who on December 15,1933 and they sanctioned the proposal, and the nonprofit Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association was formed. Smith was appointed chairman and Dickmann vice chairman, many locals did not approve of depleting public funds for the cause. SaLees, Smiths daughter, related that people would tell him we needed more practical things. The association expected that $30 million would be needed to undertake the construction of such a monument and it called upon the federal government to foot three-quarters of the bill. The suggestion to renew the riverfront was not original, as projects were attempted but lacked popularity. The Jefferson memorial idea emerged amid the economic disarray of the Great Depression, the project was expected to create 5,000 jobs for three to four years. Committee members began to raise awareness by organizing fundraisers and writing pamphlets. They also engaged Congress by planning budgets and preparing bills, in addition to researching ownership of the land they had chosen, from Third Street east to the present elevated railroad. In March of the year, joint resolutions proposed the establishment of a federal commission to develop the memorial. Although the proposal aimed for only authorization, the bill incurred opposition because people suspected that JNEMA would later seek appropriation. On March 28 the Senate bill was reported out, and on April 5 it was turned over to the House Library Committee, on June 8, both the Senate and House bills were passed. On June 15, then President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the bill into law, the commission comprised 15 members, chosen by Roosevelt, the House, the Senate, and JNEMA. It first convened on December 19 in St. Louis, where members examined the project, meanwhile, in December, the JNEMA discussed organizing an architectural competition to determine the design of the monument. Local architect Louis LeBeaume had drawn up competition guidelines by January 1935, on April 13,1935, the commission certified JNEMAs project proposals, including memorial perimeters, the historical significance of the memorial, the competition, and the $30 million budget. Between February and April, the Missouri State Legislature passed an act allowing the use of bonds to facilitate the project, on April 15, then Governor Guy B
8.
Iconography of St. Louis
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The Iconography of St. Louis, Missouri is strongly informed by the citys French and German heritages, physical features, and place in American history. Long before Europeans settled in St. Louis, the Cahokia lived throughout the area, though history and population growth would eventually see most of these mounds flattened and removed, the city still bears the nickname Mound City. Mounds have largely fallen out of the imagination, but some projects still reference their existence. Dan Martins weekly cartoon in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, which is about St. Louis culture, the 2007 Master Plan for the Gateway Mall calls for a mound to be constructed at the malls terminus to afford a better view. St. Louis is at the confluence of the Illinois, Missouri, the city was founded by Pierre Laclede as a fur trading post because he believed the location had great potential in shipping. St. Louis has long known for its barge traffic. The writer Mark Twain is an icon of St. Louis in his own right, the Missouri-Mississippi confluence has been appropriated for many uses over time. The local chapter of the Green Party, the Gateway Green Alliance, lindenwood Universitys department of History has an academic journal also called The Confluence. The term is a popular reference for local politicians to make when speaking of great ideas intersecting. It is tied to the citys identity through the rivers on the city flag, St. Louis was founded by Pierre Laclede in honor of King Louis IX of France. Louis is honored to this day by the statue of him in Forest Park, the spelling Saint Louis usually refers to the person, while St. Louis refers to the city. The Fleur-de-lis is on the flag of St. Louis City and is used throughout the region on the logos of various charities. The Gateway Arch is the strongest symbol of St. Louis, St. Louis is where Lewis and Clark launched the Voyage of Discovery. It was the point for many on their journeys along the Oregon. To this day, it bears reminders of Route 66 going through the city to connect Chicago to LA, more than just a shipping city, St. Louis also played a role in the history of air travel. McDonnell Douglas and TWA, though now gone, were based there. Charles Lindberghs solo flight across the Atlantic was done in the Spirit of St. Louis, the airport code for Lambert International Airport, STL, has often stood in for the citys full name. The Anheuser-Busch company has long been an engine in the St. Louis economy
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Louisiana Purchase Exposition
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The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as the St. Louis Worlds Fair, was an international exposition held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from April 30 to December 1,1904. Local, state, and federal funds totaling $15 million were used to finance the event, more than 60 countries and 43 of the 45 American states maintained exhibition spaces at the fair, which was attended by nearly 19.7 million people. Historians generally emphasize the prominence of themes of race and empire, from the point of view of the memory of the average person who attended the fair, it primarily promoted entertainment, consumer goods and popular culture. In 1904, St. Louis hosted a Worlds Fair to celebrate the centennial of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, an additional $5 million was generated through private donations by interested citizens and businesses from around Missouri, a fundraising target reached in January 1901. The fundraising mission was aided by the support of President of the United States William McKinley. The exposition remained in operation from its opening until December 1,1904, the fairs 1, 200-acre site, designed by George Kessler, was located at the present-day grounds of Forest Park and on the campus of Washington University, and was the largest fair to date. There were over 1,500 buildings, connected by some 75 miles of roads and it was said to be impossible to give even a hurried glance at everything in less than a week. The Palace of Agriculture alone covered some 20 acres, exhibits were staged by approximately 50 foreign nations, the United States government, and 43 of the then-45 U. S. states. These featured industries, cities, private organizations and corporations, theater troupes, over 19 million individuals were in attendance at the fair. In conjunction with the Exposition the U. S, post Office issued a series of five commemorative stamps celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase. Louisiana Purchase Commemoratives Kessler, who designed many parks in Texas. A popular myth says that Frederick Law Olmsted, who had died the year before the Fair, designed the park, there are several reasons for this confusion. First, Kessler in his twenties had worked briefly for Olmsted as a Central Park gardener, second, Olmsted was involved with Forest Park in Queens, New York. Third, Olmsted had planned the renovations in 1897 to the Missouri Botanical Garden several blocks to the southeast of the park, finally, Olmsteds sons advised Washington University on integrating the campus with the park across the street. Taylor quickly appointed Emmanuel Louis Masqueray to be his Chief of Design, Masqueray resigned shortly after the Fair opened in 1904, having been invited by Archbishop John Ireland of St. Paul, Minnesota to design a new cathedral for the city. Paul J. Pelz was architect for the Palace of Machinery, many African Americans contributed to architecture design, but were not credited. Florence Hayward, a freelance writer in St. Louis in the 1900s was determined to play a role in the Worlds Fair. She negotiated a position on the otherwise all-male Board of Commissioners, Hayward learned that one of the potential contractors for the fair was not reputable and warned the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company
10.
Missouri History Museum
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The Missouri History Museum is a history museum located in St. Louis, Missouri in Forest Park showcasing Missouri history. The museum is operated by the Missouri Historical Society and was founded in 1866, in 1988, the Museum joined the Metropolitan Zoological Park and Museum District and began receiving sales tax revenue. In 2000, the Emerson Center, a significant building addition was completed, boosting attendance, the Emerson Center was selected by the American Institute of Architectss Committee on the Environment as an example of architectural design that protects and enhances the environment. It is an example of a green museum, the museums signature collection includes both national artifacts, as well as Missouri and St. Louis. A replica of the Spirit of St. Louis can be found in the museum, a large number of artifacts from the Lewis and Clark Expedition are also housed in the permanent collection, as St. Louis was the starting point for that venture. Admission to the permanent collection is free, however, some exhibitions require the purchase of tickets. 1904 Worlds Fair Charles Lindbergh Missouri History Museum Web Site, Missouri History Museum Online Collections, Missouri History Museum Online Collections
11.
Distinctive unit insignia
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A distinctive unit insignia is a metallic heraldic badge or device worn by soldiers in the United States Army. The DUI design is derived from the coat of arms authorized for a unit, DUIs may also be called distinctive insignia, a crest or a unit crest by soldiers or collectors. The term crest however, in addition to being incorrect, may be misleading, the term crest properly refers to the portion of an achievement of arms which stands atop the helmet over the shield of arms. The U. S. Army Institute of Heraldry is responsible for the design, development, Distinctive ornamentation of a design desired by the organization was authorized for wear on the Mess Jacket uniform by designated organizations per General Order 132 dated December 31,1902. The distinctive ornamentation was described later as coats of arms, pins, the authority continued until omitted in the Army uniform regulation dated December 26,1911. Various organizations which carry colors or standards have generally submitted coats of arms having certain historical significance, as fast as approved these coats of arms will for the basis for regimental colors or standards which will eventually replace the present regimental colors or standards when these wear out. The use of coats of arms as collar ornaments in lieu of the insignia of corps, departments. The first unit to wear this insignia was the 51st Artillery which received approval for wear on March 18,1922 and it was designed by Master Gunner and Master Sergeant Edward C. Kuhn, the artist responsible for creating all authorized coats of arms, up until 1965, only regiments and separate battalions were authorized a coat of arms and distinctive units insignia. Now all major commands, field hospitals, corps, logistics commands and certain other units – groups, the unit commanding officer requests approval of a distinctive unit insignia. A check is made by the Institute of Heraldry to determine the availability of a current copy of the lineage, if such is not available, one is requested from the United States Army Center of Military History. The units history is reviewed to determine if the unit may inherit a previously approved distinctive unit insignia or if a new design should be made, if a new design is to be made, careful study is made of the history and battle honors of the unit. The most important decorations, honors, combat service and missions are represented in the design of the insignia, sometimes two centuries of history are condensed into symbolism for distinctive unit insignia. A proposed design is created and sent to the officer for review. Upon concurrence by the commander an official letter of approval of the distinctive unit insignia is sent to the unit. Manufacturing drawings and specifications are sent to a manufacturer which provides samples of the finished distinctive unit insignia to the Institute of Heraldry for approval. Once approved the manufacturer may produce this insignia, each manufacturer has an identifying hallmark assigned by the Institute of Heraldry which is applied to the back of the insignia. The shield shape design is used to identify color bearing organizations, other design patterns will be used for non-color bearing units
12.
138th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 138th Infantry Regiment is an infantry battalion in the Missouri National Guard. Of the original regiment, only the 1st Battalion remains an active National Guard unit, as of 2008, the 1st Battalion, 138th Infantry Regiment is a light infantry battalion currently assigned to the 110th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. The 138th Regiment was first organized in 1832 in the Missouri Militia at St. Louis, the 138th Infantry Regiment has not been deployed in the Global War on Terrorism. The statue of Louis IX alludes to the area of the organization. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 138th Infantry Regiment on 24 May 1926. It was redesignated for the 1138th Engineer Battalion on 3 May 1989, blazon Shield- Azure, the equestrian statue in profile of Louis IX of France Or. Crest- That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Missouri Army National Guard, On a wreath of the colors Or and Azure, symbolism Shield- The shield is blue for Infantry. The statue of Louis IX alludes to the area of the organization. Crest- The crest is that of the Missouri Army National Guard, background- The coat of arms was originally approved for the 138th Infantry Regiment on 8 July 1922. It was amended to correct the blazon on 11 October 1923 and it was redesignated for 1138th Engineer Battalion on 3 May 1989. S. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History
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United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
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Missouri National Guard
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The Missouri National Guard is a component of the Missouri Department of Public Safety and the National Guard of the United States. It is composed of Army and Air National Guard units, eric Greitens, Governor of Missouri, is Commander in Chief. The headquarters is in Jefferson City, Missouri, for much of the final decades of the twentieth century, National Guard personnel typically served One weekend a month, two weeks a year, with a portion working for the Guard in a full-time capacity. The current forces formation plans of the US Army call for the typical National Guard unit to one year of active duty for every three years of service. More specifically, current United States Department of Defense policy is that no Guardsman will be activated for a total of more than 24 months in one six-year enlistment period. In December 1989, a contingent of 22 Military Policemen from the 1138th Military Police Company was in Panama on an annual training when Operation Just Cause commenced. The MPs, who specialized in enemy prisoner of war operations, augmented the active duty force at Fort Clayton, taking enemy mortar, while serving in combat, the unit set up and operated the Empire Range EPW camp. They made history by being the first National Guard unit called into service since the Vietnam War. The 1138th was called once again to serve after the Invasion of Kuwait the following year. It was one of the first Guard units placed on alert status in August,1990, the Missouri Guard was the first Enemy Prisoner of War unit to deploy as part of the 400th MP Battalion. Eventually it set up and operated the 301st EPW Camp, near the Saudi Arabian city of Hafar Al-Batin and it returned to a heros welcome back to West Plains, Missouri in May 1991. The 135th Field Artillery Brigade appears to have been disbanded between 2008 and 2011, in 2012, Missouri organized the Missouri Reserve Force to serve as Missouris official state defense force and to augment the Missouri National Guard during stateside missions. 110th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade1st Battalion, 138th Infantry Regiment - Kansas CityCompany A - Kansas City/Boonville Company B - St. Louis Company C - St, among those who have served in the MOGuard is Charles Lindbergh. The Headquarters, Missouri Air National Guard, is the headquarters for all of the Air National Guard units within the State of Missouri. The Missouri Air National Guard is composed of the units, Headquarters. The unit is in an affiliation with the 509th Bomb Wing
15.
Baltimore Orioles
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The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore, Maryland. The Orioles compete in Major League Baseball as a member of the American League East division, Louis, Missouri to become the St. Louis Browns. After 52 often-beleaguered years in St. Louis, the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by Baltimore business interests led by Clarence Miles, the franchise officially moved to Baltimore for the 1954 season and adopted the historic Orioles name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland. The Orioles name had also used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore. Nicknames for the team include the Os and the Birds, the Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983, when they made six World Series appearances, winning three of them. The franchise has won a total of nine division championships, six pennants. The Orioles are also known for their successful stadium, the trend-setting Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The modern Orioles franchise can trace its roots back to the original Milwaukee Brewers of the minor Western League, the Brewers were there when the WL renamed itself the American League in 1900. At the end of the 1900 season, the American League removed itself from baseballs National Agreement, two months later, the AL declared itself a competing major league. As a result of several shifts, the Brewers were one of only two Western League teams that didnt fold, move or get kicked out of the league. In its first game in the American League, the team lost to the Detroit Tigers 14–13 after blowing a lead in the 9th inning. To this day, it is a league record for the biggest deficit overcome that late in the game. During the first American League season in 1901, they finished last with a record of 48–89 and its lone Major League season, the team played at Lloyd Street Grounds, between 16th and 18th Streets in Milwaukee. The Miles-Krieger -Hoffberger group renamed their new team the Baltimore Orioles soon after taking control of the franchise, the name has a rich history in Baltimore, having been used by a National League team in the 1890s. In 1901, Baltimore and McGraw were awarded a franchise in the growing American League. After a battle with Ban Johnson, the Head of the American League in 1902, McGraw took many of the top players including Dan McGann, Roger Bresnahan and Joe McGinnity to the New York Giants. As an affront to Johnson, McGraw kept the black and orange colors of the New York Giants, which San Francisco wears to this day. In 1903, the rest of the team was transferred to New York where they were nicknamed the Highlanders until circa 1912, as a member of the high-minor league level International League, the Orioles competed at what is now known as the AAA level from 1903 to 1953
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AC St. Louis
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AC St. Louis was an American professional soccer team based in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Founded in December 2009, the team played its first and only season the year in the NASL Conference of the temporary USSF D2 Pro League. With plans to join the new North American Soccer League the following season, St. Louis played its home games at the Anheuser-Busch Soccer Park in nearby Fenton, Missouri. The teams colors were green, white, and yellow, St. Louis was first coached by Claude Anelka, the older brother of French international striker Nicolas Anelka, however, he was replaced by Dale Schilly midway through the clubs only season. The mens team was one of three parts of the club owned by St. Louis-native Jeff Cooper. Saint Louis Athletica of Womens Professional Soccer, folding in 2010, the origins of A. C. St. Louis lie in Jeff Coopers bid to land a Major League Soccer expansion team. With his investment group St. Louis Soccer United, Cooper twice attempted to bring MLS to the St. Louis metropolitan area only to have both turned down in favor of other cities in 2008 and 2009. As the price of the expansion fee rose, Cooper refocused his efforts to building a second division club and this involved Cooper selling a majority interest to investors in the fall of 2009. By November SLSU changed its name to the Athletic Club of St. Louis with their new mens team AC St. Louis, also announced was their intent to become co-founders of the new North American Soccer League formed from teams breaking away from the established United Soccer Leagues. On January 7,2010, the solution was announced to be the new USSF D2 Professional League comprising clubs from both USL and NASL. In February 2010, AC St. Louis announced that Steve Ralston – MLS career leader in games played, minutes played, the rest of the roster was primarily filled out with lower division signees and former college players. After a successful launch in April, the fell into financial trouble by May 2010 when the investors pulled out of funding both AC St. Louis and St. Louis Athletica. Despite Cooper resuming financial control of the teams, Athletica was unable to be saved, other cost-cutting measures included selling Ralstons contract back to the New England Revolution and negotiating contract buyouts of players who did not reside in the St. Louis area. AC St. Louis finished the second to last in both their conference and league. During the following off season, Cooper sought to sell the club to keep it financially afloat, however, despite his best efforts to secure the long-term future of the club, AC St. Louis folded in January 2011. The inverted shield features a fleur-de-lis with a golden flame beneath a catenary arch, the fleur-de-lis, a long time symbol of the city featured heavily in the regions iconography, was a symbol of French monarchs including Louis IX of France, for whom the city is named. The arch represents the Gateway Arch, which was built in 1965 as a memorial to the placement in American history as the Gateway to the West. A. C. is an homage to the Missouri Athletic Club, on February 11,2010 the team announced it had entered into an agreement with Nike upon a multi-year apparel and footwear sponsorship
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Joan of Arc
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Joan of Arc, nicknamed The Maid of Orléans, is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years War and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint. Joan of Arc was born to Jacques dArc and Isabelle Romée, the uncrowned King Charles VII sent Joan to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence after the siege was lifted nine days later. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VIIs coronation at Reims and this long-awaited event boosted French morale and paved the way for the final French victory. On 23 May 1430, she was captured at Compiègne by the Burgundian faction and she was later handed over to the English and put on trial by the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais Pierre Cauchon on a variety of charges. After Cauchon declared her guilty she was burned at the stake on 30 May 1431, in 1456, an inquisitorial court authorized by Pope Callixtus III examined the trial, debunked the charges against her, pronounced her innocent, and declared her a martyr. In the 16th century she became a symbol of the Catholic League and she was beatified in 1909 and canonized in 1920. Cultural depictions of her have continued in films, theater, television, video games, music, the Hundred Years War had begun in 1337 as an inheritance dispute over the French throne, interspersed with occasional periods of relative peace. Nearly all the fighting had taken place in France, and the English armys use of chevauchée tactics had devastated the economy, the French population had not recovered to its size previous to the Black Death of the mid-14th century, and its merchants were isolated from foreign markets. Prior to the appearance of Joan of Arc, the English had nearly achieved their goal of a monarchy under English control. In the words of DeVries, The kingdom of France was not even a shadow of its thirteenth-century prototype, the French king at the time of Joans birth, Charles VI, suffered from bouts of insanity and was often unable to rule. The kings brother Louis, Duke of Orléans, and the kings cousin John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, quarreled over the regency of France and the guardianship of the royal children. This dispute included accusations that Louis was having an affair with the queen, Isabeau of Bavaria. The conflict climaxed with the assassination of the Duke of Orléans in 1407 on the orders of the Duke of Burgundy, the young Charles of Orléans succeeded his father as duke and was placed in the custody of his father-in-law, the Count of Armagnac. Their faction became known as the Armagnac faction, and the party led by the Duke of Burgundy was called the Burgundian faction. In 1418 Paris was taken by the Burgundians, who massacred the Count of Armagnac, the future French king, Charles VII, assumed the title of Dauphin—the heir to the throne—at the age of fourteen, after all four of his older brothers had died in succession. His first significant official act was to conclude a treaty with the Duke of Burgundy in 1419. This ended in disaster when Armagnac partisans assassinated John the Fearless during a meeting under Charless guarantee of protection, the new duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, blamed Charles for the murder and entered into an alliance with the English
18.
Saint Louis Athletica
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Saint Louis Athletica was an American professional soccer club that was based in the St. Louis suburb of Fenton, Missouri that participated in Womens Professional Soccer. Athletica started the 2009 season playing its games at Ralph Korte Stadium, on the campus of SIUE in Edwardsville, Illinois, then moved to Soccer Park in Fenton. On May 27,2010, the WPS announced that the Club would fold effective immediately, on August 26,2008, it was announced that the Saint Louis head coach would be Jorge Barcellos, the then-head coach of the Brazilian womens team. Team Chairman Jeff Coopers organization SLSU had plans for a soccer-specific stadium ready, on September 11,2008, St. Louis was revealed as the official team name through an online video, along with a new team crest. The name and crest were further updated on November 25 unveiling Saint Louis Athletica as the new name, Athletica only played two preseason games, less than any other WPS team, and didnt play any other WPS team in those games. Athletica convincingly won both games, though, 7-2 versus the University of Missouri and 3-1 versus Notre Dame, despite this, Athletica was in last place or tied for last place in the league for the first two months of the season, even after they started winning. In the fourth game, Athletica lost what was assumed to be their star player, Brazilian Daniela, to an injury. However, Athletica went 10-4-2 the rest of the season, even better than the season champions Los Angeles Sol during that same time period. Included in that run was four consecutive away wins, which were largely responsible for propelling Athletica into second place in the league. Athletica only lost to two teams for the rest of the season, the solid play came from USWNT players Lori Chalupny, Hope Solo, and Tina Ellertson, and breakout scoring force English international Eniola Aluko. Athletica ultimately clinched second two games before the season was over. Athletica only got to one playoff game, though, as they lost to #4 seed Sky Blue FC. Athletica did not play well during the first half, which allowed Sky Blue to score, Athletica has thus never come from behind to win or tie. On May 27,2010, team founder Jeff Cooper announced that the team was folding due to financial problems, the entire Athletica roster was entered into free agency on June 1,2010. The word ‘Athletica’ denotes strength and power – characteristics of this organization that are epitomized by the crest, “Naming a professional sports franchise is no easy task, to say the least. With Athletica, we feel we have captured the essence of our team’s identity in a name. The crest also featured a fleur-de-lis, representing both the citys French heritage and the convergence of the three rivers in the area, the colors used were dark blue, two shades of green, and grey. In the video citing St. Louis as the team name
19.
Washington University in St. Louis
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Washington University in St. Louis is a private research university located in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Founded in 1853, and named after George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all 50 U. S. states, twenty-five Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Washington University, nine having done the major part of their pioneering research at the university. Washington Universitys undergraduate program is ranked 19th by U. S. News & World Report, the university is ranked 23rd in the world in 2016 by the Academic Ranking of World Universities. Washington University is made up of seven graduate and undergraduate schools that encompass a range of academic fields. To prevent confusion over its location, the Board of Trustees added the phrase in St. Louis in 1976, Washington University was conceived by 17 St. Louis business, political, and religious leaders concerned by the lack of institutions of higher learning in the Midwest. Missouri State Senator Wayman Crow and Unitarian minister William Greenleaf Eliot, grandfather of the poet T. S. Eliot, the universitys first chancellor was Joseph Gibson Hoyt. Crow secured the university charter from the Missouri General Assembly in 1853, early on, Eliot solicited support from members of the local business community, including John OFallon, but Eliot failed to secure a permanent endowment. Washington University is unusual among major American universities in not having had a financial endowment. The institution had no backing of an organization, single wealthy patron. During the three following its inception, the university bore three different names. In 1854, the Board of Trustees changed the name to Washington Institute in honor of George Washington, naming the University after the nations first president, only seven years before the American Civil War and during a time of bitter national division, was no coincidence. During this time of conflict, Americans universally admired George Washington as the father of the United States, the Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri. In 1856, the University amended its name to Washington University, although chartered as a university, for many years Washington University functioned primarily as a night school located on 17th Street and Washington Avenue in the heart of downtown St. Louis. Owing to limited resources, Washington University initially used public buildings. Classes began on October 22,1854, at the Benton School building, at first the university paid for the evening classes, but as their popularity grew, their funding was transferred to the St. Louis Public Schools. Eventually the board secured funds for the construction of Academic Hall, later the university divided into three departments, the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute. In 1867, the university opened the first private law school west of the Mississippi River. By 1882, Washington University had expanded to numerous departments, which were housed in buildings across St. Louis
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
