Apple–FBI encryption dispute
The Apple–FBI encryption dispute concerns whether and to what extent courts in the United States can compel manufacturers to assist in unlocking cell phones whose data are cryptographically protected. There is much debate over public access to strong encryption.
An iPhone 5C, the model used by one of the perpetrators of the 2015 San Bernardino attack
James Comey, former FBI director
Tim Cook, chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Cook and former FBI Director Comey have both spoken publicly about the case.
Cryptography, or cryptology, is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, information security, electrical engineering, digital signal processing, physics, and others. Core concepts related to information security are also central to cryptography. Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, computer passwords, and military communications.
Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II to encrypt communications of the German High Command
16th-century book-shaped French cipher machine, with arms of Henri II of France
Enciphered letter from Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon, French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, after 1546, with partial decipherment
Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, authors of the first published paper on public-key cryptography.