1.
Upper house
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An upper house, sometimes called a Senate, is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the house is usually smaller. Examples of upper houses in countries include the UKs House of Lords, Canadas Senate, Indias Rajya Sabha, Russias Federation Council, Irelands Seanad, Germanys Bundesrat, a legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral. An upper house is different from the lower house in at least one of the following respects, Powers, In a parliamentary system. Therefore, in countries the Upper House votes on only limited legislative matters. Cannot vote a motion of no confidence against the government, while the house always can. In a presidential system, It may have equal or nearly equal power with the lower house and it may have specific powers not granted to the lower house. For example, It may give advice and consent to some executive decisions and it may have the sole power to try impeachments against officials of the executive, following enabling resolutions passed by the lower house. Status, In some countries, its members are not popularly elected, membership may be indirect and its members may be elected with a different voting system than that used to elect the lower house. Less populated states, provinces, or administrative divisions may be represented in the upper house than in the lower house. Members terms may be longer than in the house. Members may be elected in portions, for staggered terms, rather than all at one time, in some countries, the upper house cannot be dissolved at all, or can be dissolved only in more limited circumstances than the lower house. It typically has fewer members or seats than the lower house and it has usually a higher age of candidacy than the lower house. In parliamentary systems the upper house is seen as an advisory or revising chamber. Some or all of the restrictions are often placed on upper houses. No absolute veto of proposed legislation, though suspensive vetoes are permitted in some states, in countries where it can veto legislation, it may not be able to amend the proposals. A reduced or even absent role in initiating legislation, additionally, a Government must have the consent of both to remain in office, a position which is known as perfect bicameralism or equal bicameralism. An example is the British House of Lords, bills can only be delayed for up to one year before the Commons can use the Parliament Act, although economic bills can only be delayed for one month
2.
National Congress of Argentina
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The Congress of the Argentine Nation is the legislative branch of the government of Argentina. Its composition is bicameral, constituted by a 72-seat Senate and a 257-seat Chamber of Deputies, the Congressional Palace is located in Buenos Aires, at the western end of Avenida de Mayo. The Kilometre Zero for all Argentine National Highways is marked on a milestone at the Congressional Plaza, the Argentine National Congress is bicameral, composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The ordinary sessions span is from March 1 to November 30, senators and deputies enjoy parliamentary immunity during their mandates, which may be revoked by their peers if a senator or deputy is caught in flagrante, in the midst of committing a crime. The Congress is in charge of setting taxes and customs, which must be uniform across the country and it rules the Central Bank of Argentina, manages internal and external debt payment, and the value of national currency. It rules the legal codes on Civil, Commercial, Penal, Minery, Work and Social Welfare affairs, any changes on national or provincial limits, or the creation of new provinces, ought to be allowed by the Congress. The Congress is entitled to approve or reject every international treaty that Argentina signs with other states or international organizations, when approved, the treaties acquire priority over ordinary legislation. Declarations of war and the signing of peace, as well as the mobilization of the national troops, from 1976 to 1983, the Congressional Palace of Argentina housed the CAL, a group of officers from the three Armed Forces. Commissioned to review and discuss laws before they were issued by the Executive Branch, in practice, this became a mechanism to detect and discuss the differences between the three commanders-in-chief of the Army, Navy, and Air Force regarding a specific project. The CAL was established by the Acta del Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, the official website of Congress Satellite picture by Google Maps
3.
Vice President of Argentina
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The office of Vice President of Argentina is the second highest political position in Argentina, and first in the line of succession to the Presidency of Argentina. The office was established with the enactment of the Argentine Constitution of 1853, the longest Vice Presidential tenure as caretaker in Argentine history took place between 1865 and 1868, while President Bartolomé Mitre was preoccupied with the Paraguayan War. It also modified the Vice Presidents term -as well as the Presidents- from one unrenewable six-year term to two four-year terms renewable upon reelection of the joint ticket, a list of the Vice Presidents follows, including de facto Vice Presidents during military regimes and vacant periods. The current Vice President of Argentina is Gabriela Michetti, politics of Argentina President of Argentina List of heads of state of Argentina List of current Vice Presidents
4.
Gabriela Michetti
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Marta Gabriela Michetti Illia is an Argentine politician and current Vice President of Argentina since December 10,2015. She is the woman to serve as Vice President of Argentina after Isabel Martínez de Perón. Michetti is member of the Republican Proposal and Cambiemos coalition and she was Deputy Head of Government in Buenos Aires from 2009 to 2013 during the first tenure of Mayor Mauricio Macri and served as Senator for Buenos Aires since 2013 to 2016. She is great-grandniece of former President of Argentina, Dr. Arturo Illia, marta Gabriela Michetti Illia was born in 1965 in the Buenos Aires Province town of Laprida. She earned a degree in International Relations at the Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Michetti entered public service in 1989 in the Province of Buenos Aires, and the following year joined the executive staff as a technical adviser at the Argentine Ministry of Economy. Michetti joined the Commitment to Change party led by Mauricio Macri in 2003, the party became part of the PRO movement, and she was elected that year to the Buenos Aires City Legislature, where she led the Commitment to Change caucus. Michetti gained recognition in 2006 while leading the committee looking into alleged negligence after a fire at the República Cromagnon nightclub led to the deaths of 194 people. The scandal led to the resignation of Aníbal Ibarra, then mayor of Buenos Aires, Michetti thus became the first woman elected Deputy Mayor of Buenos Aires. Ahead of the 2009 elections for Congress, Michettis name was mentioned as a likely candidate for National Deputy. By April, her candidature appeared less likely given the manoeuvres of all the main parties, much had also been made of her friendship with the leader of the rival Civic Coalition, Elisa Carrió. However, on April 20, Michetti resigned as Deputy Head of Government and she rejected to run for vice president under Macri in the 2015 national elections, and tried to run for mayor of Buenos Aires instead. Horacio Rodríguez Larreta defeated her during the elections, and would run for the Republican Proposal instead. Finally, she ran for president under Macri in 2015. Michetti also collaborates with many NGOs to make possible for them to achieve their goals, in 2008 and 2009, for example she participated in the South American Business Forum as Speaker. On November 22,2015, after Cambiemos won the first ballotage in Argentinas history and she took office on December 10,2015. Michetti took office on 10 December 2015, along with President-elect Mauricio Macri and he also greeted those who were his competitors during the presidential elections. Minutes later she and the President went to the balcony where thousands of people waited in the Plaza de Mayo. A car accident in 1994 seriously injured Michetti and left her in a wheelchair, Michetti has one son and had a long relationship with the journalist Eduardo Cura
5.
Republican Proposal
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Republican Proposal is a centre-right political party in Argentina. It is usually referred to as PRO, PRO was formed as an electoral alliance in 2005, but was transformed into a unitary party on 3 June 2010. PRO began as an alliance between Commitment to Change, the party of Mauricio Macri based in Buenos Aires, and Recreate for Growth of Ricardo López Murphy and it was created ahead of the legislative elections of 23 October 2005. At the 2005 elections the alliance won nine of the 127 elected deputies, other provincial center-right parties joined under the Recrear banner within PRO. Macri and López Murphy had been in discussions with Governor Jorge Sobisch, leader of the Neuquino Peoples Movement, another leading center-right politician, Macri is the President of the alliance. In the June 2007 elections in the city of Buenos Aires, PRO decisively won the election, with Macri becoming Head of Government and the alliance taking 15 of the 30 seats in the city legislature. In the October 2007 Presidential and legislative elections, PRO did not officially back a candidate but gave tacit support to the bid of López Murphy, López Murphy did poorly gaining just 1. 45% of the vote. PRO and its allies stood in the elections and made a net gain of 2 seats in the Chamber of Deputies winning 6 seats overall. However, its 13% share of the vote in October 2007 in the city of Buenos Aires contrasted with its 44% share just a few months previously in the city elections. In August 2009, Recreate for Growth gave up its independence and was completely absorbed by the Republican Proposal. On 3 June 2010, the alliance became recognized as a political party. Republican Proposal joined the International Democrat Union on 17 January 2017, PRO is a centre right party by Argentinian standards. It supports lower taxes, deregulation, free trade and Macri has expressed opposition to the nationalization of the countrys airline, when he got to the presidency, he started his economic agenda by liberalizing foreign exchange and imports controls, cutting personal income taxes and slashing utilities subsidies. Even though the majority of deputies of PRO voted against same-sex marriage
6.
Justicialist Party
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The Justicialist Party, or PJ, is a Peronist political party in Argentina, and the largest component of the Peronist movement. The party was led by Néstor Kirchner, President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007, former presidents Carlos Menem, Eduardo Duhalde, and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner are members. Justicialists have, covering nearly the entire period since 1989, been the largest party in the Congress. The Justicialist Party is the largest party in the Congress, however, this does not reflect the divisions within the party over the role of Kirchnerism, while dissident Peronists, the right-wing faction of the party is in opposition with other parties. The Justicialist Party was founded in 1947 by Juan and Evita Perón, following the enactment of womens right to vote in 1948, a Peronist Womens Party, led by the First Lady, was also established. His tenure also favored technical schools while harassing university staff, and these trends earned Peronism the loyalty of much of the working and lower classes, but helped alienate the upper and middle class sectors of society. Censorship and repression intensified, and following his loss of support from the influential Catholic Church, during Peróns exile, it became a big tent party united almost solely by their support for the aging leaders return. A series of violent incidents, as well as Peróns negotiations with both the regime and diverse political factions, helped lead to his return to Argentina in 1973. An impasse followed in which the PJ had a place both for leftist armed organizations such as Montoneros, and far-right factions such as José López Regas Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance. Following Peróns death in 1974, however, this tenuous understanding disintegrated, in the first democratic elections after the end of the dictatorship of the National Reorganization Process, in 1983, the Justicialist Party lost to the Radical Civic Union. Six years later, it returned to power with Carlos Menem, Menem adopted neoliberal right-wing policies which changed the overall image of the party. Justicialist Eduardo Duhalde, chosen by Congress, ruled during 2002, the 2003 elections saw the constituency of the party split in three, as Carlos Menem, Néstor Kirchner and Adolfo Rodríguez Saá ran for the presidency leading different party coalitions. After Kirchners victory, the party started to align behind his leadership, Kirchners side allied with other minor forces and presented itself as a heterodox, left-leaning Front for Victory, while Duhaldes side stuck to older Peronist tradition. Néstor Kirchner proposed the entry of the party into the Socialist International in February 2008 and his dominance of the party was undermined, however, by the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector, when a bill raising export taxes was introduced with presidential support. The Justicialist Party was, since its foundation, a Peronist catch-all party, however, another wing of the party was well more than the left-wing because of extraction, Socialist or radical, which was headed by Héctor José Cámpora. In the years 6070 was also active in the movement of the Montoneros. This line continued even after the dictatorship of the National Reorganization Process. Since the return of Peron in 1973 the party actually had already moved to Third Position left-wing of Argentine political spectrum, in 2003 the party has undergone an abrupt turnaround, with the rise of a faction, known as the Front for Victory, led by Néstor Kirchner
7.
Radical Civic Union
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The Radical Civic Union is a centrist social-liberal political party in Argentina. The party has been ideologically heterogeneous, ranging from classical liberalism to social democracy, the UCR is a member of the Socialist International. Founded in 1891 by radical liberals, it is the oldest political party active in Argentina, for many years the party was either in opposition to Peronist governments or illegal during military rule. The UCRs main support comes from the middle class, throughout its history the party has stood for free elections, supremacy of civilians over the military and liberal democratic values. Especially during the 1970s and 1980s it was perceived as an advocate for human rights. By May 2014, the UCR had 42 Deputies and 14 Senators, the party was a breakaway from the Civic Union, which was led by Bartolomé Mitre and Leandro Alem. The party unsuccessfully led an attempt to force the departure of President Miguel Juárez Celman in the Revolution of the Park. Eventually a compromise was reached with Juárez Celmans government, hardliners who opposed this agreement founded the current UCR, led by Alems nephew, the young and charismatic Hipólito Yrigoyen. In 1893 and 1905 the party led unsuccessful revolutions to overthrow the government, as well as backing more popular participation, UCRs platform included promises to tackle the countrys social problems and eradicate poverty. The Radical Civic Union remained in power during the next 14 years, Yrigoyen was succeeded by Marcelo T. de Alvear in 1922 and again by himself in 1928. The first coup in Argentinas modern history occurred on September 6,1930 and it was only in 1958 that a faction of the party allied with banned Peronists came back to power, led by Arturo Frondizi. The growing tolerance of Frondizi towards his Peronist allies provoked unrest in the army, after a brief military government, presidential elections took place in 1963 with the Peronist Party banned. The outcome saw the candidate of the Peoples Radical Civic Union Arturo Illia coming first, although Argentina experienced during Illias presidency one of the most successful periods of history in terms of economic performance, the president was ousted by the army in June 1966. Illias peaceful and ordered style of governing - sometimes considered too slow, during the 1970s Peronist government, the Radical Civic Union was the second-most supported party, but this didnt actually grant the party the role of being the political opposition. In fact, the Peronist governments most important criticisms came from the same Peronist Party, the growing fight between left-wing and right-wing Peronists took the country into chaos and many UCR members were targeted by both factions. The subsequent coup in 1976 ended Peronist rule, during the military regime many members of the UCR were disappeared, as were members of other parties. Alfonsín was succeeded by Carlos Saúl Menem of the Peronist Justicialist Party, in 1997 the UCR participated in elections in coalition with Front for a Country in Solidarity, itself an alliance of many smaller parties. This strategy brought Fernando de la Rúa to the presidency in the 1999 elections, during major riots triggered by economic reforms implemented by the UCR government, President de la Rúa resigned and fled the country to prevent further turmoil
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Autonomous City of Buenos Aires
Santiago del Estero
La Pampa
San Luis
Río Negro (Argentina)
Chaco
