1.
Upper house
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An upper house, sometimes called a Senate, is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the house is usually smaller. Examples of upper houses in countries include the UKs House of Lords, Canadas Senate, Indias Rajya Sabha, Russias Federation Council, Irelands Seanad, Germanys Bundesrat, a legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral. An upper house is different from the lower house in at least one of the following respects, Powers, In a parliamentary system. Therefore, in countries the Upper House votes on only limited legislative matters. Cannot vote a motion of no confidence against the government, while the house always can. In a presidential system, It may have equal or nearly equal power with the lower house and it may have specific powers not granted to the lower house. For example, It may give advice and consent to some executive decisions and it may have the sole power to try impeachments against officials of the executive, following enabling resolutions passed by the lower house. Status, In some countries, its members are not popularly elected, membership may be indirect and its members may be elected with a different voting system than that used to elect the lower house. Less populated states, provinces, or administrative divisions may be represented in the upper house than in the lower house. Members terms may be longer than in the house. Members may be elected in portions, for staggered terms, rather than all at one time, in some countries, the upper house cannot be dissolved at all, or can be dissolved only in more limited circumstances than the lower house. It typically has fewer members or seats than the lower house and it has usually a higher age of candidacy than the lower house. In parliamentary systems the upper house is seen as an advisory or revising chamber. Some or all of the restrictions are often placed on upper houses. No absolute veto of proposed legislation, though suspensive vetoes are permitted in some states, in countries where it can veto legislation, it may not be able to amend the proposals. A reduced or even absent role in initiating legislation, additionally, a Government must have the consent of both to remain in office, a position which is known as perfect bicameralism or equal bicameralism. An example is the British House of Lords, bills can only be delayed for up to one year before the Commons can use the Parliament Act, although economic bills can only be delayed for one month
2.
National Congress of Argentina
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The Congress of the Argentine Nation is the legislative branch of the government of Argentina. Its composition is bicameral, constituted by a 72-seat Senate and a 257-seat Chamber of Deputies, the Congressional Palace is located in Buenos Aires, at the western end of Avenida de Mayo. The Kilometre Zero for all Argentine National Highways is marked on a milestone at the Congressional Plaza, the Argentine National Congress is bicameral, composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The ordinary sessions span is from March 1 to November 30, senators and deputies enjoy parliamentary immunity during their mandates, which may be revoked by their peers if a senator or deputy is caught in flagrante, in the midst of committing a crime. The Congress is in charge of setting taxes and customs, which must be uniform across the country and it rules the Central Bank of Argentina, manages internal and external debt payment, and the value of national currency. It rules the legal codes on Civil, Commercial, Penal, Minery, Work and Social Welfare affairs, any changes on national or provincial limits, or the creation of new provinces, ought to be allowed by the Congress. The Congress is entitled to approve or reject every international treaty that Argentina signs with other states or international organizations, when approved, the treaties acquire priority over ordinary legislation. Declarations of war and the signing of peace, as well as the mobilization of the national troops, from 1976 to 1983, the Congressional Palace of Argentina housed the CAL, a group of officers from the three Armed Forces. Commissioned to review and discuss laws before they were issued by the Executive Branch, in practice, this became a mechanism to detect and discuss the differences between the three commanders-in-chief of the Army, Navy, and Air Force regarding a specific project. The CAL was established by the Acta del Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, the official website of Congress Satellite picture by Google Maps
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Vice President of Argentina
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The office of Vice President of Argentina is the second highest political position in Argentina, and first in the line of succession to the Presidency of Argentina. The office was established with the enactment of the Argentine Constitution of 1853, the longest Vice Presidential tenure as caretaker in Argentine history took place between 1865 and 1868, while President Bartolomé Mitre was preoccupied with the Paraguayan War. It also modified the Vice Presidents term -as well as the Presidents- from one unrenewable six-year term to two four-year terms renewable upon reelection of the joint ticket, a list of the Vice Presidents follows, including de facto Vice Presidents during military regimes and vacant periods. The current Vice President of Argentina is Gabriela Michetti, politics of Argentina President of Argentina List of heads of state of Argentina List of current Vice Presidents
4.
Gabriela Michetti
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Marta Gabriela Michetti Illia is an Argentine politician and current Vice President of Argentina since December 10,2015. She is the woman to serve as Vice President of Argentina after Isabel Martínez de Perón. Michetti is member of the Republican Proposal and Cambiemos coalition and she was Deputy Head of Government in Buenos Aires from 2009 to 2013 during the first tenure of Mayor Mauricio Macri and served as Senator for Buenos Aires since 2013 to 2016. She is great-grandniece of former President of Argentina, Dr. Arturo Illia, marta Gabriela Michetti Illia was born in 1965 in the Buenos Aires Province town of Laprida. She earned a degree in International Relations at the Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Michetti entered public service in 1989 in the Province of Buenos Aires, and the following year joined the executive staff as a technical adviser at the Argentine Ministry of Economy. Michetti joined the Commitment to Change party led by Mauricio Macri in 2003, the party became part of the PRO movement, and she was elected that year to the Buenos Aires City Legislature, where she led the Commitment to Change caucus. Michetti gained recognition in 2006 while leading the committee looking into alleged negligence after a fire at the República Cromagnon nightclub led to the deaths of 194 people. The scandal led to the resignation of Aníbal Ibarra, then mayor of Buenos Aires, Michetti thus became the first woman elected Deputy Mayor of Buenos Aires. Ahead of the 2009 elections for Congress, Michettis name was mentioned as a likely candidate for National Deputy. By April, her candidature appeared less likely given the manoeuvres of all the main parties, much had also been made of her friendship with the leader of the rival Civic Coalition, Elisa Carrió. However, on April 20, Michetti resigned as Deputy Head of Government and she rejected to run for vice president under Macri in the 2015 national elections, and tried to run for mayor of Buenos Aires instead. Horacio Rodríguez Larreta defeated her during the elections, and would run for the Republican Proposal instead. Finally, she ran for president under Macri in 2015. Michetti also collaborates with many NGOs to make possible for them to achieve their goals, in 2008 and 2009, for example she participated in the South American Business Forum as Speaker. On November 22,2015, after Cambiemos won the first ballotage in Argentinas history and she took office on December 10,2015. Michetti took office on 10 December 2015, along with President-elect Mauricio Macri and he also greeted those who were his competitors during the presidential elections. Minutes later she and the President went to the balcony where thousands of people waited in the Plaza de Mayo. A car accident in 1994 seriously injured Michetti and left her in a wheelchair, Michetti has one son and had a long relationship with the journalist Eduardo Cura
5.
Republican Proposal
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Republican Proposal is a centre-right political party in Argentina. It is usually referred to as PRO, PRO was formed as an electoral alliance in 2005, but was transformed into a unitary party on 3 June 2010. PRO began as an alliance between Commitment to Change, the party of Mauricio Macri based in Buenos Aires, and Recreate for Growth of Ricardo López Murphy and it was created ahead of the legislative elections of 23 October 2005. At the 2005 elections the alliance won nine of the 127 elected deputies, other provincial center-right parties joined under the Recrear banner within PRO. Macri and López Murphy had been in discussions with Governor Jorge Sobisch, leader of the Neuquino Peoples Movement, another leading center-right politician, Macri is the President of the alliance. In the June 2007 elections in the city of Buenos Aires, PRO decisively won the election, with Macri becoming Head of Government and the alliance taking 15 of the 30 seats in the city legislature. In the October 2007 Presidential and legislative elections, PRO did not officially back a candidate but gave tacit support to the bid of López Murphy, López Murphy did poorly gaining just 1. 45% of the vote. PRO and its allies stood in the elections and made a net gain of 2 seats in the Chamber of Deputies winning 6 seats overall. However, its 13% share of the vote in October 2007 in the city of Buenos Aires contrasted with its 44% share just a few months previously in the city elections. In August 2009, Recreate for Growth gave up its independence and was completely absorbed by the Republican Proposal. On 3 June 2010, the alliance became recognized as a political party. Republican Proposal joined the International Democrat Union on 17 January 2017, PRO is a centre right party by Argentinian standards. It supports lower taxes, deregulation, free trade and Macri has expressed opposition to the nationalization of the countrys airline, when he got to the presidency, he started his economic agenda by liberalizing foreign exchange and imports controls, cutting personal income taxes and slashing utilities subsidies. Even though the majority of deputies of PRO voted against same-sex marriage
6.
Justicialist Party
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The Justicialist Party, or PJ, is a Peronist political party in Argentina, and the largest component of the Peronist movement. The party was led by Néstor Kirchner, President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007, former presidents Carlos Menem, Eduardo Duhalde, and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner are members. Justicialists have, covering nearly the entire period since 1989, been the largest party in the Congress. The Justicialist Party is the largest party in the Congress, however, this does not reflect the divisions within the party over the role of Kirchnerism, while dissident Peronists, the right-wing faction of the party is in opposition with other parties. The Justicialist Party was founded in 1947 by Juan and Evita Perón, following the enactment of womens right to vote in 1948, a Peronist Womens Party, led by the First Lady, was also established. His tenure also favored technical schools while harassing university staff, and these trends earned Peronism the loyalty of much of the working and lower classes, but helped alienate the upper and middle class sectors of society. Censorship and repression intensified, and following his loss of support from the influential Catholic Church, during Peróns exile, it became a big tent party united almost solely by their support for the aging leaders return. A series of violent incidents, as well as Peróns negotiations with both the regime and diverse political factions, helped lead to his return to Argentina in 1973. An impasse followed in which the PJ had a place both for leftist armed organizations such as Montoneros, and far-right factions such as José López Regas Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance. Following Peróns death in 1974, however, this tenuous understanding disintegrated, in the first democratic elections after the end of the dictatorship of the National Reorganization Process, in 1983, the Justicialist Party lost to the Radical Civic Union. Six years later, it returned to power with Carlos Menem, Menem adopted neoliberal right-wing policies which changed the overall image of the party. Justicialist Eduardo Duhalde, chosen by Congress, ruled during 2002, the 2003 elections saw the constituency of the party split in three, as Carlos Menem, Néstor Kirchner and Adolfo Rodríguez Saá ran for the presidency leading different party coalitions. After Kirchners victory, the party started to align behind his leadership, Kirchners side allied with other minor forces and presented itself as a heterodox, left-leaning Front for Victory, while Duhaldes side stuck to older Peronist tradition. Néstor Kirchner proposed the entry of the party into the Socialist International in February 2008 and his dominance of the party was undermined, however, by the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector, when a bill raising export taxes was introduced with presidential support. The Justicialist Party was, since its foundation, a Peronist catch-all party, however, another wing of the party was well more than the left-wing because of extraction, Socialist or radical, which was headed by Héctor José Cámpora. In the years 6070 was also active in the movement of the Montoneros. This line continued even after the dictatorship of the National Reorganization Process. Since the return of Peron in 1973 the party actually had already moved to Third Position left-wing of Argentine political spectrum, in 2003 the party has undergone an abrupt turnaround, with the rise of a faction, known as the Front for Victory, led by Néstor Kirchner
7.
Radical Civic Union
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The Radical Civic Union is a centrist social-liberal political party in Argentina. The party has been ideologically heterogeneous, ranging from classical liberalism to social democracy, the UCR is a member of the Socialist International. Founded in 1891 by radical liberals, it is the oldest political party active in Argentina, for many years the party was either in opposition to Peronist governments or illegal during military rule. The UCRs main support comes from the middle class, throughout its history the party has stood for free elections, supremacy of civilians over the military and liberal democratic values. Especially during the 1970s and 1980s it was perceived as an advocate for human rights. By May 2014, the UCR had 42 Deputies and 14 Senators, the party was a breakaway from the Civic Union, which was led by Bartolomé Mitre and Leandro Alem. The party unsuccessfully led an attempt to force the departure of President Miguel Juárez Celman in the Revolution of the Park. Eventually a compromise was reached with Juárez Celmans government, hardliners who opposed this agreement founded the current UCR, led by Alems nephew, the young and charismatic Hipólito Yrigoyen. In 1893 and 1905 the party led unsuccessful revolutions to overthrow the government, as well as backing more popular participation, UCRs platform included promises to tackle the countrys social problems and eradicate poverty. The Radical Civic Union remained in power during the next 14 years, Yrigoyen was succeeded by Marcelo T. de Alvear in 1922 and again by himself in 1928. The first coup in Argentinas modern history occurred on September 6,1930 and it was only in 1958 that a faction of the party allied with banned Peronists came back to power, led by Arturo Frondizi. The growing tolerance of Frondizi towards his Peronist allies provoked unrest in the army, after a brief military government, presidential elections took place in 1963 with the Peronist Party banned. The outcome saw the candidate of the Peoples Radical Civic Union Arturo Illia coming first, although Argentina experienced during Illias presidency one of the most successful periods of history in terms of economic performance, the president was ousted by the army in June 1966. Illias peaceful and ordered style of governing - sometimes considered too slow, during the 1970s Peronist government, the Radical Civic Union was the second-most supported party, but this didnt actually grant the party the role of being the political opposition. In fact, the Peronist governments most important criticisms came from the same Peronist Party, the growing fight between left-wing and right-wing Peronists took the country into chaos and many UCR members were targeted by both factions. The subsequent coup in 1976 ended Peronist rule, during the military regime many members of the UCR were disappeared, as were members of other parties. Alfonsín was succeeded by Carlos Saúl Menem of the Peronist Justicialist Party, in 1997 the UCR participated in elections in coalition with Front for a Country in Solidarity, itself an alliance of many smaller parties. This strategy brought Fernando de la Rúa to the presidency in the 1999 elections, during major riots triggered by economic reforms implemented by the UCR government, President de la Rúa resigned and fled the country to prevent further turmoil
8.
Cambiemos
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Cambiemos is an Argentine big tent political coalition created in 2015. It is composed of the Republican Proposal, the Radical Civic Union, on 9 August 2015 Mauricio Macri was elected as the candidate who would represent Cambiemos in the presidential election, on 22 November he won the presidential election. Initially, the pre-candidates Mauricio Macri, Daniel Scioli, and Sergio Massa had a tie in the polls for the 2015 presidential election. The other parties created a coalition, the Broad Front UNEN. Elisa Carrió, leader of the Civic Coalition, left UNEN, both of them would run in the primary elections. The Radical Civic Union was divided, Ernesto Sanz proposed to join Macri as well, the party held a convention to decide what to do, and Sanzs proposal prevailed. Thus, the UCR left UNEN and joined the PRO-CC, the new coalition was named Cambiemos, suggesting a change from the 12-year long rule of center-left Kirchnerists. Macri, Sanz, and Carrió ran to be the nominee in the elections with Macri winning by a wide margin. He won the election against the Kirchnerite candidate Daniel Scioli in a ballotage. In lower-level posts, Horacio Rodríguez Larreta was elected as Macris replacement, alfredo Cornejo and Gerardo Morales became governors of Mendoza and Jujuy Provinces, respectively. María Eugenia Vidal defeated Aníbal Fernández and became the governor of the populous Buenos Aires Province, ending 28 years of Peronist control
9.
Front for Victory
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The Front for Victory is a center-left Peronist electoral alliance in Argentina, and it is formally a faction of the Justicialist Party. Both the former President Néstor Kirchner and the former President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner belong to this party, the party was led by Néstor Kirchner until his death in 2010. The Front for Victory is ideologically identified with what has been called Kirchnerism, legally, the Front should not be confused with the Party for Victory, which is just one of the political parties in it. At the 2007 presidential election, FPV rallied through the Plural Consensus alliance, with 11,864,456 votes, Cristina Fernández also became the most voted person in the history of Argentine democracy, and the FPV achieved a first-time third consecutive mandate for a Peronist alliance. At the 2013 legislative election, the FPV and its allies won the elections. The Front for Victory has a Declaration of Principles headed by the motto, Argentina, conviction, at that time Front of Victory had the decisive support of the leaders of Buenos Aires with involvement of the duhaldismo, political force of whom until then was President Eduardo Duhalde. The decision to move against corporate economic, agricultural and livestock sector employers of soybean roots caused the confrontation, afterwards a swap debt is performed, which began renegotiations for the bonds that had been in default since 2001. As a symbol of his administration, pursued a policy to promote human rights. To carry it out, supporters in Congress voted the cancellation of the laws of Due Obedience and Full Stop and this decision was subsequently ratified by the Judicial. Regarding international policy, in November of that year was held in Mar del Plata the IV Summit of the Americas and this is considered the foundational moment for UNASUR. Nestor Carlos Kirchner died on October 27,2010, on July 18,2007, Senator of FPV, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner was presented for the presidential elections of October. On October 28, the candidate of the Front for Victory, Cristina Fernandez won the election with 45. 29%. The formula was imposed in almost all districts and thus became the first woman elected to the office of President of Argentina. She assumed this role on December 10,2007, one of the first steps taken by President Fernandez was the creation of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, designating responsible Lino Barañao, a renowned molecular biologist. This caused a conflict with the estate owners from the agricultural sector. This benefit was extended to pregnant women over 12 weeks gestation, along with these, there were also redistributive public policies, such as increasing the percentage of GDP spent on education which grew from 3. 64% in 2003 to 6. 02% in 2010. It also promoted the adoption of the Law of mobility retirement, also through another law, renationalized the Military Aircraft Factory, given under concession to U. S. company Lockheed Martin in 1995. In 2009, the parliament sent the draft Law on Audiovisual Communication Services, which came to displace the old Media Law, - Finally the bill was passed by a comfortable majority in both legislative chambers
10.
Federal Peronism
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Dissident Peronism is more properly used to refer to the Peronist opposition to the administrations and party leadership of left-leaning Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. He resigned a week later, however, after failing to support from other factions of Peronism, from organized labor. The former Governor of Buenos Aires Province and runner-up in the 1999 general election, after attempting to endorse other candidates, Duhalde threw his support behind the little-known Governor of Santa Cruz Province, Néstor Kirchner. Menem and Kirchner emerged as the candidates, but the former President withdrew on May 14 as he anticipated a landslide defeat. The alliance between President Kirchner and Duhalde had been dissolved by the 2005 mid-term elections, Kirchner and Duhalde fielded their respective wives, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Hilda González de Duhalde, as leaders of their party lists in Buenos Aires Province. He thus established Federal Peronism on November 4,2005, and they later backed Alberto Rodríguez Saás conservative Peronist candidacy in the 2007 presidential elections, where Mrs. Kirchner was elected to succeed her husband with 45% of the vote. Dissident Peronism was united by its opposition to Kirchners Front for Victory, among the early leaders in Dissident Peronism also included Misiones Province Senator Ramón Puerta, Buenos Aires Province Congressman Carlos Ruckauf, and union leader Luis Barrionuevo. Barrionuevo, unlike most members of the CGT, was allied with Menem, the defections, which included 16 Lower House members and 4 Senators, thus resulted in the reemergence of Federal Peronism. The elections resulted in a setback for the governing, center-left Front for Victory and its allies, former President Néstor Kirchner stood as head of the FpV party list in the important Buenos Aires Province. Federal Peronism emerged from the 2009 mid-term elections with 45 Congressmen and 10 Senators, becoming the fourth and third-largest caucus in each house, the alliance began preparations for the 2011 elections by agreeing to a primary election for April 3, thereby uniting behind a single candidate. An alliance with PRO was also considered, Mauricio Macri expressed unwillingness to accept a running mate from outside PRO ranks. They finished third and fourth place in the October general election with 8% and 6% of the total vote, Governor José Manuel de la Sota of Córdoba Province formally became a dissident Peronist in September 2012 by establishing a local Justicialist Party faction opposed to Kirchnerism
11.
Palace of the Argentine National Congress
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The Palace of the Argentine National Congress is a monumental building, seat of the Argentine National Congress, located in Buenos Aires at the western end of Avenida de Mayo. Constructed between 1898 and 1906, the palace is a National Historic Landmark, the Kilometre Zero for all Argentine National Highways is marked on a milestone at the Congressional Plaza, next to the building. The idea of a palace was first proposed and decreed in 1895. Designed by the Italian architect Vittorio Meano and completed by Argentine architect Julio Dormal, inaugurated that year, its aesthetic details were not completed until 1946. The edifice was built at a cost of US$6 million allocated by the federal government, the building was officially accepted by Congress on 12 May 1906. As time went by, the building proved too small for its purpose, and in 1974 the construction of the Annex, from 1976 to 1983 the palace housed the Legislative Advisory Commission, which was a group of officers from the three Armed Forces. Congressional Plaza, built by French Argentine urbanist Charles Thays, faces the palace, popular among tourists since its inauguration in 1910, the plaza is also a preferred location for protesters and those who want to voice their opinion about congressional activities. The palace is in Neoclassical style, largely made of marble with elaborately furnished interiors, especially in the Lost Steps Hall. It is crowned by a bronze-plated dome 80 metres in height, weighing 3,000 tonnes and this cupola is supported over a 10 metres deep inverted dome foundation. The dome is lit during Argentina’s national holidays and other special occasions, the main entrance, called the Entrada de Honor, is exclusively used for ceremonial purposes. In front of it is the 8 metres high quadriga sculpture and it is made of bronze and weighs 20 tonnes. The palace used to have a shop in the basement. In 1997, with the first general restoration of facades, representatives of the Government of Buenos Aires promoted the recovery of the statues designed by Lola Mora to crown the entrance to Congress. As the sculptor had personally donated to the government of province of Jujuy, however, at that time the idea did not materialize. Only in 2012, with the new Master Plan, the initiative gained momentum again, on 1 March 2014 replicas of the statues were inaugurated by President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner at the opening of the regular session. Casa Rosada Palace of Justice of the Argentine Nation List of National Historic Monuments of Argentina Web Bibliography International Bureau of the American Republics, Argentine Republic, A Geographical Sketch, with Special Reference to Economic Conditions, Actual Development, and Prospects of Future Growth. This Is Buenos Aires. de Dios Editores
12.
Buenos Aires
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Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina. The city is located on the shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata. The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Provinces capital, rather, in 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores, the 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Its citizens first elected a chief of government in 1996, previously, Buenos Aires is considered an alpha city by the study GaWC5. Buenos Aires quality of life was ranked 81st in the world and one of the best in Latin America in 2012 and it is the most visited city in South America, and the second-most visited city of Latin America. Buenos Aires is a top tourist destination, and is known for its preserved Spanish/European-style architecture, Buenos Aires held the 1st Pan American Games in 1951 as well as hosting two venues in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Buenos Aires will host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics and the 2018 G20 summit, Buenos Aires is a multicultural city, being home to multiple ethnic and religious groups. Several languages are spoken in the city in addition to Spanish, contributing to its culture, the hill was known to them as Buen Ayre, as it was free of the foul smell prevalent in the old city, which is adjacent to swampland. During the siege of Cagliari, the Aragonese built a sanctuary to the Virgin Mary on top of the hill, in 1335, King Alfonso the Gentle donated the church to the Mercedarians, who built an abbey that stands to this day. In the years after that, a story circulated, claiming that a statue of the Virgin Mary was retrieved from the sea after it miraculously helped to calm a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, the statue was placed in the abbey. Spanish sailors, especially Andalusians, venerated this image and frequently invoked the Fair Winds to aid them in their navigation, a sanctuary to the Virgin of Buen Ayre would be later erected in Seville. Pedro de Mendoza called the city Holy Mary of the Fair Winds, mendoza’s settlement soon came under attack by indigenous people, and was abandoned in 1541. For many years, the name was attributed to a Sancho del Campo, a second settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción. Garay preserved the name chosen by Mendoza, calling the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Aire. The short form Buenos Aires became the common usage during the 17th century, the usual abbreviation for Buenos Aires in Spanish is Bs. As. It is common as well to refer to it as B. A. or BA /ˌbiːˈeɪ/ bee-AY), while BA is used more by expats residing in the city, the locals more often use the abbreviation Baires, in one word. Seaman Juan Díaz de Solís, navigating in the name of Spain, was the first European to reach the Río de la Plata in 1516 and his expedition was cut short when he was killed during an attack by the native Charrúa tribe in what is now Uruguay
13.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
14.
Alfredo Palacios
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Alfredo Lorenzo Palacios was an Argentine socialist politician. Palacios was born in Buenos Aires, and studied law at Universidad de Buenos Aires, after graduation he became a lawyer, Palacios helped create many laws including the Palacios Law against sexual exploitation, and others regulating child and women labor, working hours and Sunday rest. Palacios was elected Senator in 1932, serving until the Senate was dissolved in 1943, in 1960, Palacios was elected again as Senator, and as Deputy in 1963. Works by or about Alfredo Palacios at Internet Archive
15.
Spanish language
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Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania
16.
Argentine Confederation
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The Argentine Confederation is one of the official names of Argentina according to the Argentine Constitution, Article 35. It was the name of the country from 1831 to 1852, the governor of Buenos Aires Province managed foreign relations during this time. Under his rule, the Argentine Confederation resisted attacks by Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, France, Rosas was ousted from power in 1852 by Justo José de Urquiza, after the battle of Caseros. Urquiza convened the 1853 Constituent Assembly to write a national constitution, Buenos Aires resisted Urquiza and seceded from the Confederation in 1852, becoming the State of Buenos Aires, the province would return to Argentina in 1861. Modern Argentina is a subset of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. Long after the independence, Argentina attacked and conquered areas of indigenous land. The May Revolution in Buenos Aires began the Argentine War of Independence, modern Bolivia and Paraguay were lost during the conflict and became new states. Uruguay was invaded and annexed by Brazil in 1816, until the Thirty-Three Orientals led an insurrection to rejoin the United Provinces and this began the War of Brazil, ended with the Treaty of Montevideo that made Uruguay a new state. When the Argentine forces returned to Buenos Aires, Juan Lavalle led a coup against the governor Manuel Dorrego. He executed him and began a campaign against all federals, supported by José María Paz in Córdoba, the rancher Juan Manuel de Rosas organized the resistance against Lavalle, forcing him out of government and restoring the Legislature. Paz organized the Unitarian League with the provinces that joined him, all the unitarian provinces were defeated and joined the Pact, and became the Argentine Confederation. Rosas declined a new term as governor after the victory over the unitarian league, Rosas left Buenos Aires and waged the first campaign in the desert in the south, to prevent further malones from the indigenous peoples. The campaign combined military actions and negotiations, and succeeded in preventing malones for several years, despite being absent, the political influence of Rosas in Buenos Aires was still strong, and his wife Encarnación Ezcurra was in charge of keeping good relations with the people of the city. On October 11,1833, the city was filled with announcements of a trial against The restorer of laws, the troops who were organized to fight the demonstration instead mutinied and joined it. The legislature finally gave up the trial, and a month later ousted Balcarce, still, the social unrest led many people to believe that only Rosas could secure order, and that Viamonte or Manuel Vicente Maza would be unable to do so. The murder of Facundo Quiroga in Córdoba increased this belief, so the legislature appointed him governor in 1835, Rosas faced a difficult military threat during first years of his second administration. First, the Peru–Bolivian Confederation in the North declared the War of the Confederation against Argentina, then, France made diplomatic requests which were denied by Rosas, and subsequently imposed a naval blockade as a result. France invaded Martín García island and deposed the Uruguayan president Manuel Oribe, appointing instead the loyal Fructuoso Rivera, Domingo Cullen, from Santa Fe, promoted the secession of all provinces, leaving Buenos Aires alone in the conflict
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Provinces of Argentina
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Argentina is subdivided into twenty-three provinces and one autonomous city, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the nation as decided by Congress. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, during the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides became provinces though the intervention of their cabildos. The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen provinces, Jujuy seceded from Salta in 1834, and the thirteen provinces became fourteen. After seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires Province accepted the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, a law from 1862 designated as national territories those under federal control but outside the frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment of the governorates of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego. The agreement about a dispute with Chile in 1900 created the National Territory of Los Andes, its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta. La Pampa and Chaco became provinces in 1951, Misiones did so in 1953, and Formosa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became the Tierra del Fuego, Argentina is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into departments and municipalities, except for Buenos Aires Province, Buenos Aires City itself is divided into communes. Provinces hold all the power that they not to delegate to the federal government, they must be representative republics. Beyond this they are autonomous, they enact their own constitutions, freely organize their local governments. Since 1983 four provinces were intervened, namely Catamarca, Corrientes, Santiago del Estero, article 61 of the Constitution of the city of Buenos Aires states that Suffrage is free, equal, secret, universal, compulsory and not accumulative. The foreign residents enjoy this right, with the obligations, on equal terms with Argentine citizens registered in this district. Argentina is divided into seven geographical regions, many provinces having their territories across more than one. Source, Demographics of Argentina ISO 3166-2, AR, the ISO codes for the provinces of Argentina. com Argentine Provinces since 1973 at World Statesmen
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Argentine general election, 1995
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The Argentine general election of 1995 was held on 14 May. Voters chose both the President and their legislators and with a turnout of 82, in this policy irony lay the Justicialists greatest weakness ahead of the 1995 election. The election itself created yet another unexpected turn, barred from seeking reelection by the 1853 Argentine Constitution, President Menem reached out to his predecessor and head of the embattled centrist Radical Civic Union, Raúl Alfonsín. Both men faced dissension in their parties ranks after the 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution was unveiled in August, alfonsíns candidate in the UCR primaries, Río Negro Province Governor Horacio Massaccesi, defeated Federico Storani and Rodolfo Terragno for the nomination over their opposition to the Olivos Pact. Menem, in turn, had lost a number of Congressmen from his party after Carlos Álvarez led a splinter group in revolt over Menems privatizations. His Frente Grande had become influential after merging with fellow ex-Peronist José Octavio Bordón in 1994, Bordón, a popular Mendoza Province Senator was a centrist who also lent the leftist Álvarez, whose strength was in Buenos Aires, appeal in Argentinas hinterland. They combined forces to create the FREPASO, adding Argentinas struggling Socialists, the new constitutional rules governing elections provided opportunities for parties stuck in 2nd or 3rd place in the polls, as the Frepaso and UCR were, respectively. Bypassing the previous electoral system, a victory by direct proportional voting could be achieved by either through a run-off election. The Justicialists enjoyed an advantage, given polls and their control of both chambers of Congress, but cracks began to develop as 1994 drew to a close. Local prosperity, the guarantor of Menems presumptive victory, was shaken by the Mexican peso crisis in December. Dependent on foreign investment to maintain its central bank reserves, its sudden scarcity led to a wave of capital out of Buenos Aires growing banks. Between them, the Frepaso enjoyed the advantage, sporting charismatic leadership, they hoped to displace the UCR from its role as the Peronists chief opposition. The UCR, moreover, still had its recognition and organized, if frayed political machinery, controlled by Alfonsín. As election day drew near, analysts debated not only the possibility of a runoff, ultimately, corruption and the sudden recession were not enough to keep the unflappable Menem from a first-round victory. The big tent Justicialist Party, allied in many districts to local parties, the Frepaso garnered nearly 30%, and though their hopes for a runoff were stymied, this was considered a very good result for a party assembled only the previous year. Frepaso, however, came ahead in the race only in two districts, Santa Fe Province and the city of Buenos Aires. The UCR, a political force in Argentina since the beginning of the 20th century. All provinces except Corrientes also elected governors during 1995, several, a number of municipalities elected legislative officials and in some cases also a mayor
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Quorum
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A quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly necessary to conduct the business of that group. According to Roberts Rules of Order Newly Revised, the requirement for a quorum is protection against totally unrepresentative action in the name of the body by a small number of persons. The term quorum is from a Middle English wording of the commission formerly issued to justices of the peace, derived from Latin quorum, of whom, genitive plural of qui, as a result, quora as plural of quorum is not a valid Latin formation. Each assembly determines the number of members constitutes a quorum in its governing documents. The quorum may also be set by law, in the absence of such a provision, a quorum in an assembly whose membership can be determined is a majority of the entire membership. In the meetings of a convention, unless provided otherwise, a quorum is a majority of registered delegates, in a mass meeting or in an organization in which the membership cannot be accurately determined, the quorum consists of those who attend the meeting. In committees and boards, a quorum is a majority of the members of the board or committee unless provided otherwise, the board or committee cannot set its own quorum unless given such power. In a committee of the whole or its variants, a quorum is the same as the assembly unless otherwise provided, in online groups, a quorum has to be determined in a different manner since no one is actually present. The rules establishing such groups would have to prescribe this determination, an example is that a quorum in such groups could be established as present if enough members state that they are present at the designated meeting time. The chair of the group has the responsibility to determine if a quorum is present, in addition, any member can raise a point of order about an apparent absence of a quorum. When a quorum is not met, the assembly can only take limited procedural actions. These limited actions are to fix the time to which to adjourn, adjourn, recess, or take measures to obtain a quorum, any other business that is conducted is not valid unless it is ratified at a later meeting where a quorum is present. However, there is no obligation to ratify such action and those responsible may be punished for their actions, in legislatures and other assemblies that have the legal power to compel the attendance of their members, the call of the house procedure may be used to obtain a quorum. This procedure does not exist in ordinary societies, since voluntary associations have no coercive power, when a call of the house is ordered, the clerk calls the roll of members and then the names of absentees. Members who do not have an excused absence are arrested and brought in, the arrested members may be charged a fee. In the United States Senate, the procedure was used in the morning hours of February 25,1988. Byrds motion was approved 45-3 and arrest warrants were signed for all 46 Republicans, after a cleaning woman gave a tip that Senator Robert Packwood of Oregon was in his office, Giugni opened the door with a skeleton key. Packwood attempted to shove the door closed, but Giugni and two assistants pushed it open, Packwood was carried feet-first into the Senate chamber by three plainclothes officers and sustained bruised knuckles
20.
Argentine Chamber of Deputies
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The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of the Argentine National Congress. The Chamber holds exclusive rights to levy taxes, to troops, and to accuse the President, cabinet ministers. The Chamber of Deputies was provided for in the Constitution of Argentina and this law established that, initially, each province shall have one deputy per 161,000 inhabitants, with standard rounding, after this is calculated, each province is granted three more deputies. If a province has fewer than five deputies, the number of deputies for that province is increased to reach that minimum. Controversially, apportionment remains based on the 1980 population census, and has not been modified since 1983, national censuses since then have been conducted in 1991,2001, the minimum of five seat per province allots the smaller ones a disproportionately large representation, as well. Accordingly, this distribution does not reflect Argentinas current population balance, the President of the Chamber is elected by the majority caucus. The officeholders for this post since 1983 have been, Leadership positions include, * Total includes all parties in FAP, List of current Argentine deputies Argentine Senate Politics of Argentina List of legislatures by country Chamber of Deputies Argentina - Official Site
21.
Argentine Constitution
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The Constitution of Argentina is the basic governing document of Argentina, and the primary source of existing law in Argentina. Its first version was written in 1853 by a Constitutional Assembly gathered in Santa Fe, and it was then reformed in 1860,1866,1898,1949,1957, and the current version is the reformed text of 1994. The first attempt to divide political power in Argentina was during the government created after the May Revolution, many revolutionary leaders, led by Mariano Moreno, wanted to declare independence immediately and to make a constitution in order to build an independent state. In October 1811, the Junta Grande, which succeeded the Primera Junta, enacted the Regulation for the Division of Power, nevertheless, the freedom of press and the Decree on Individual Security were accepted by November. In 1813, the General Constitutional Assembly was intended to declare a constitution, in 1819 and 1826 were declared two constitutions that eventually failed because of the disagreement between Federals and Centralists. Many other constitutional pacts existed between 1820 and 1853, the most important of them are, the Treaty of Pilar, the Treaty of the Cuadrilátero, the Federal Pact, the Palermo Protocol, and the Treaty of San Nicolás. When Rosas was defeated, in 1852, the Treaty of San Nicolás finally called the Constitutional Congress that, in Santa Fe, on May 1,1853, consequently, the Province of Buenos Aires left the Argentine Confederation until 1859. The first constitutional amendment to the original 1853 text was performed in 1860 after Buenos Aires rejoined the Argentine Confederation and it consisted of several changes to many of the original articles. Another important inclusion was the constitutional recognizing of Buenos Aires exclusive rights guaranteed by the Treaty of San Nicolás. The following reform was done in 1866 and established that exportation and importation taxes would be destined to the National Treasury indefinitely, in 1898, another minor constitutional amendment was approved. It allowed a flexible ratio for proportional apportionment in the Chamber of Deputies. During Juan Domingo Peróns government the Argentine Constitution of 1949 was successfully passed and this also was included into the principles stated on the Preamble. Also, it permitted the indefinite reelection of the president and this reform does not include 1949s, implicitly annulling it so the text was based on the 1898 one. The only changes done were to include a summary of Peróns social articles known as article 14 bis and to establish the necessity to have a Labour, in 1972, a Constitutional Amendment done by the military government led by general Alejandro A. Lanusse reformed the 1957 text. This had to last until 1977 but its application could be extended until 1981 if no Constitutional Convention in 1976 decided either to accept it or reject it definitively. This amendment was not fully applied by the government of Perón in his third term nor by his wife Isabel Perón acting as President after his death. Some changes were related to the size of Senate and one-term reelection of president and vice-president, also reduced presidential, senatorial and deputies terms all to four years. The last version of the Argentine Constitution was done by Carlos Saúl Menem in 1994 and it included many of the modifications from the 1972 amendment as the growth of the Senate size, one-term presidential reelection and reduction of its term to four years
22.
Juan Carlos Romero (politician)
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Juan Carlos Romero is an Argentine Justicialist Party politician and senator, and was governor of Salta Province for 12 years. Romero was born in Salta where his father Roberto Romero was a politician and he studied law and political science at the University of Buenos Aires. A lawyer, he became deputy editor, and then editor of the Salta newspaper founded by his father, El Tribuno, in 1986 Romero became a Senator for Salta Province. He took a role in economics and was re-elected in 1992. In 1995 he was elected governor of Salta and was re-elected in 1999 and 2003 and he launched a bid for the presidency ahead of the 2003 general election, though he ran as Carlos Menems running mate on the Peronist Front for Loyalty ticket. They narrowly won the first round, but poor polling numbers persuaded Menem, in 2007 he was again elected a Senator, with Juan Manuel Urtubey being elected governor of Salta. Romero was appointed Vice-President of the Senate in December 2007, Romero used to be married to Betina Marcuzzi and has four children
23.
Proyecto Sur
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Proyecto Sur is a political party established in 2007 in Argentina. It was founded and would be led by film maker Fernando Pino Solanas, Proyecto Sur maintains a think tank, the Instituto Argentino de Propuestas. Solanas, a film maker in the political cinema genre. The ticket obtained fifth place and elected one Congressman, Solanas, however, was satisfied with the results, and declared that we have planted our flag. Proyecto Sur elected four Congressmen in the 2009 mid-term elections and these alliances brought the Proyecto Sur-led caucus in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies to 11 members. Solanas entered into an alliance with the Socialist Party-led Broad Progressive Front in June 2011 for the general elections
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Broad Front UNEN
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The name UNEN is an acronym of Unión y Encuentro. The coalition was composed of several parties, the Broad Progressive Front was a socialist coalition that placed second in the 2011 Argentine general election, with the candidate Hermes Binner. UNEN was another coalition created in the 2013 Argentine legislative election, composed by the Radical Civic Union, Proyecto Sur, the Broad Front UNEN coalition had its inauguration at the Argentine Broadway Theatre. Radical politician Luis Brandoni announced the content of the constitution document, the coalition includes most Argentine parties that are not Peronist. There was some controversy about the inclusion of the Republican Proposal, led by Buenos Aires mayor Mauricio Macri, macris support would be needed to counter the powerful Peronist parties, but he is a conservative and most parties in the coalition are left-wing or centre-left. As of April 2014, Solanas, Margarita Stolbizer, and Ricardo Alfonsín rejected to join forces with Macri, whereas Carrió, Macri ruled out an electoral alliance, but proposed instead to find consensus for national policies after the elections. The inauguration of the wing of UNEN for the Buenos Aires Province. It will take place at the National University of Avellaneda, the likely candidates for governor of the Buenos Aires province are Facundo Manes, Héctor Gutiérrez, Miguel Bazze, Gerardo Milman, Sergio Buil, Sebastián Cinquerrui and Mario Cafiero. Elisa Carrió has commented that she may run for governor instead of president, so far, it has not given authorization for the event. UNEN opposed the nationalization of the Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics, a press release from UNEN described the handover as illegal and arbitrary. They also proposed a reduction to the tax, which was not updated according to the high inflation. Opinion polls made by Poliarquía on April 2014 revealed that UNEN may be fourth in the preferences, behind Massa, Scioli. The study shows as well that the four parties may be having very close electoral preferences, the poll asked as well a preferred candidate of UNEN to those who may vote for the coalition. There was a tie between Hermes Binner and Julio Cobos, followed by Elisa Carrió, in the October 2013 legislative election, alliances of UCR, CC-ARI, PS and other centre-left parties ran in most provinces, usually under the name of the Progressive, Civic and Social Front. In Córdoba, Mendoza and Entre Rios, however, the UCR ran separately from the rest of the centre-left opposition, Elisa Carrio was the first to leave the coalition, making instead an alliance with Macri and running in the primary elections against him. Hermes Binner declined his candidacy, to focus on keeping the Santa Fe province for the socialist party. The Radical Civic Union made a congress to decide the candidacies and alliances, Cobos accepted the result of the discussion and declined his candidacy
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Fernando Solanas
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Fernando Ezequiel Pino Solanas is an Argentine film director, screenwriter and politician. His films include La hora de los hornos, Tangos, el exilio de Gardel, Sur, El viaje, La nube and Memorias del saqueo, Solanas studied theatre, music and law. The film won international awards and was screened around the world. Solanas has won the Special Jury Award and the Critics Award at the Venice Film Festival, in 1999 he was the President of the Jury at the 21st Moscow International Film Festival. He was awarded a special Golden Bear at the 2004 Berlin Film Festival and he collaborated with tango composer and musician Ástor Piazzolla on the soundtracks for various movies. Solanas was at the forefront of the Grupo Cine Liberación that shook Argentine cinema in the 1970s, developing its social conscience and he was active in the campaign to support Perón. Threatened by right-wing forces in the 1970s, one of his actors was assassinated, together with Octavio Getino, Solanas wrote the manifesto Toward a Third Cinema. The idea of a political Third Cinema, opposed to Hollywood cinema and European auteur cinema, Solanas went into exile in Paris in 1976, only returning to Argentina with the arrival of democracy in 1983. He continued to make films and was an outspoken critic of Carlos Menem. Three days after such a criticism, on 21 May 1991. Despite dealing with the attack and disability, Solanas became even more involved in politics and stood to be a Senator for Buenos Aires, a year later he was elected a National Deputy for the Frente Grande list, although he left the party after a year. Solanas continues to write and direct, including the 2005 film La Dignidad de los Nadies and his son, Juan Solanas, is also a noted film director. In October 2007, Solanas was a candidate in the Argentine general election,2007 for the Authentic Socialist Party. He became the 5th most voted candidate, with 1. 58% of the vote, and no one can become a total filmmaker without being a film technician, without being capable of handling the production. Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino, Towards a Third Cinema in, Movies, an Anthology, edited by Bill Nichols, University of Arizona Press 1976, pp 44–64 Jessica Stites Mor. Transition Cinema, Political Filmmaking and the Argentine Left since 1968, official website Fernando Solanas at the Internet Movie Database Towards a Third Cinema Manifesto Interview. Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo 2009, Santander, Spain on YouTube
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Civic Coalition ARI
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Civic Coalition ARI, until October 2009 known as Support for an Egalitarian Republic, is a social liberal Argentine political party, founded in 2001 by Elisa Carrió. It is a member of Cambiemos with centrist and centre-right parties, Elisa Carrió, a former Radical Civic Union politician, created the ARI after the breakup of the government alliance that brought Fernando de la Rúa to the presidency in 1999. The 2001 elections gave ARI17 of the 257 seats in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies, Carrió got a 14. 1% share of the vote in the 2003 presidential elections. In the 2005 elections, ARI won eight seats, in the 2007 elections, ARI won the governorship of the deep-south Province of Tierra del Fuego, when Fabiana Rios, an ARI deputy, defeated the pro-government candidate Hugo Cóccaro, on June 24,2007. Tierra del Fuego is currently the first and only province ruled by ARI, the party has established itself as a major force in the City of Buenos Aires, in Buenos Aires Province, and in the aforementioned Province of Tierra del Fuego. In the presidential elections of 2007, Carrió came second, heading the Civic Coalition with Rubén Giustiniani and she obtained about 23% of the vote, coming in a second behind Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. ARI did however win four Senate seats and a number of seats in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies. This proved controversial in ARI ranks and some national legislators formed a block called the Autonomous ARI in Congress. In May 2008, the block, led by Eduardo Macaluse, others who left ARI were Carlos Raimundi, Leonardo Gorbacz, Delia Bisutti, Nélida Belous, Verónica Venas, Emilio García Méndez, Lidia Naim and María América González. Senator María Rosa Díaz also appeared at the launch of SI, several of the legislators that created the new party had won their seats in the 2007 election as part of the Civic Coalition, which they later opposed. The ARI deputies from Tierra del Fuego sit with the SI members in a block in the Chamber of Deputies. Subsequently Senators María Rosa Díaz and José Carlos Martínez left ARI altogether in March 2009, in October 2009, the official name was changed into Partido Coalición Cívica para la Afirmación de una República Igualitaria. Usually it is shortened to Coalición Cívica ARI, category, Civic Coalition ARI politicians Official website
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Argentine legislative election, 2013
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Legislative elections were held in Argentina on 27 October 2013. Open primary elections were held on 11 August 2013 to determine eligible party lists for the general election. As in 2011 – when such primaries were held for the first time – each party list had to reach a 1. 5% threshold at the level in order to proceed to the 27 October polls. The elections renewed half of the members of the Chamber of Deputies for the period 2013–2017, corrientes Province held the only elections for governor in 2013, doing so on 15 September. These elections included two significant novelties, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was reelected in 2011, and the Kirchnerist Front for Victory rode her coattails in gubernatorial and congressional races alike. A series of cacerolazos organized by opponents of the government took place during 2012 and 2013. A survey conducted in June 2013 by the consulting firm CEIS gave the Front for Victory 30. 3% in the City of Buenos Aires and 39. 7% in the Province of Buenos Aires. The FpV, moreover, had the advantage of having relatively few Lower House seats at stake in 2013, the PASO primaries were held on Sunday,11 August, amid high turnout consistent with recent past elections and estimated by Interior Minister Florencio Randazzo at over 70%. The Province of Buenos Aires, the largest electoral district and home to 3 out of 8 Argentines, as the party list filing deadline on 22 June drew near, the spotlight focused on the popular mayor of Tigre, Sergio Massa. Massas decision to run as an opponent deprived the FpV of a key ally, the FpV list led by Legislator Juan Cabandié, came in third. De la Sota fielded former Governor Juan Schiaretti as the head of his Lower House party list, santa Fe Province voted in the PASO election amid mourning for the 15 or more fatal victims claimed by the Rosario gas explosion on 6 August. Mendoza Province gave the UCR list headed by former Governor and Vice President Julio Cobos a victory over the FpV list headed by Guaymallén Department Mayor Alejandro Abraham. The PASO primaries thus gave congressional candidates on the Front for Victory list a much reduced share of the vote. They retained a plurality of the vote, however, and by virtue of having only 37 Lower House seats at stake, the UCR and FPCyS together totaled around 24%, with the latter likely losing around 5 seats due to the large number of seats at stake. The Neuquén Peoples Movement that has dominated politics in Neuquén Province since the 1960s and caucuses with the FpV in Congress, the second and final round, held on 27 October, closely mirrored the 11 August results. Turnout was high, and was estimated to have reached 76%, the support for Front for Victory dropped from 54% in 2011 to 33% in 2013. The government faces increasing popular discontent, and the vice-president Amado Boudou is under investigation for the so-called Boudougate, analysts for the BBC consider the poll results suggest Sergio Massa, Mauricio Macri and Daniel Scioli are likely candidates for the presidency in 2015
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Argentine general election, 2015
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General elections were held in Argentina on 25 October 2015 to elect the President and National Congress, and followed primary elections which were held on 9 August 2015. A second round of voting between the two leading candidates took place on 22 November, after surprisingly close results forced a runoff, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was re-elected in 2011. This idea was resisted by the opposition parties, and the FPV could not reach the required two-thirds majority in Congress. The mid-term elections in 2013 ended the FPVs hope for a constitutional amendment after they failed to win the necessary supermajority, voting is compulsory for citizens between 18 and 70 years old. Suffrage was also extended to 16- and 17-year-olds, though without compulsory voting, there are a total of 257 seats of the Chamber of Deputies. The amount of seats are distributed in relation to the population of the province, in order to be in concordance with the one-third female law enforces that one-third of the overall seats in the Chamber of Deputies are female. The 130 seats of the Chamber of Deputies up for election were elected from 24 multi-member constituencies based on the 23 provinces, seats were allocated using the DHondt method of proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of 3%. The 24 seats in the Senate up for election were elected in three-seat constituencies using the closed list system, each district is represented by three senatorial seats. Each party is allowed to register up to two candidates, one of those registered must be female, the party receiving the most votes wins two seats, and the second-placed party won one. The third senatorial seat was established in order to better represent the largest minority in each district. Parties and coalitions provided their own papers, which voters placed in sealed envelopes. However, voters were able to cut ballot papers up and place different sections from different parties inside the envelope if they wanted to vote for different candidates or lists for different posts, being under a Federal system, it is possible for different provinces to use different systems. In Buenos Aires and Salta electronic voting machines were used to print out a single unified ballot, other municipalities such as Bariloche opted for a non-electronic single unified ballot. Mauricio Macri, from the Republican Proposal, was the mayor of Buenos Aires city, many smaller parties had created a coalition the previous year, the Broad Front UNEN. Elisa Carrió of the Civic Coalition left it to join Macri, an internal congress of the Radical Civic Union decided to do so as well, and proposing Ernesto Sanz as their precandidate. UNEN was thus disbanded, and the three candidates ran for the coalition Cambiemos, margarita Stolbizer refused to join the coalition with Macri, and ran in a separate party instead. Initially, the FPV had several pre-candidates to the presidency, but only Daniel Scioli, Scioli was resisted by factions of the party that did not consider him truly loyal to Kirchner. All the minor candidates resigned when Kirchner asked them to do so, Randazzo resigned as well some weeks before the primary elections, leaving Scioli as the sole precandidate of the FPV
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Autonomous City of Buenos Aires
Santiago del Estero
La Pampa
San Luis
Río Negro (Argentina)
Chaco
