Arithmetic
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Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that deals with numerical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In a wider sense, it also includes exponentiation, extr
Calculations in mental arithmetic are done exclusively in the mind without relying on external aids.
Abacuses are tools to perform arithmetic operations by moving beads.
Some historians interpret the Ishango bone as one of the earliest arithmetic artifacts.
Vlčí radius
Multiplication
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Multiplication is one of the four elementary mathematical operations of arithmetic, with the other ones being addition, subtraction, and division. The result of a multiplication operation is called a
The Educated Monkey—a tin toy dated 1918, used as a multiplication "calculator". For example: set the monkey's feet to 4 and 9, and get the product—36—in its hands.
