1.
Prime Minister of Romania
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The Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers, when the term Government included more than the Cabinet, the title was officially changed to Prime Minister during the communist regime. Sorin Grindeanu has been the incumbent prime minister since 4 January,2017, one of the roles of the President of the Republic is to designate a candidate for the office of Prime Minister. The President must consult with the party that has the majority in the Parliament or, if no such majority exists, once designated, the candidate assembles a proposal for the governing program and the cabinet. The proposal must be approved by the Parliament within ten days, both the program and the cabinet membership are debated by the Parliament in a joint session of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The proposal is accepted if a majority of all Deputies. Once the vote of confidence is obtained, the candidate becomes the Prime Minister, the Prime Minister, the Ministers, and other members of the Government take an oath before the President, as stipulated under Article 82 of the Constitution. The Government as a whole and each of its members exercise their mandate from the date of the oath, the Prime Minister directs Government actions and co-ordinates the activities of its members. He submits to the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate reports and statements on Government policy, the President cannot dismiss the Prime Minister, but the Parliament can withdraw its support through a vote of no-confidence. List of Prime Ministers of Romania Nicolae C
2.
Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
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He was born to a Greek-Catholic family in the Transylvanian village of Bobâlna. Initially, Voevod was supportive of a plan to federalize the domains of the Habsburgs along the lines of a United States of Greater Austria, and was close to Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Vaida-Voevod joined the Romanian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, during the conference, he joined the Masonic Grand Orient de France in order to secure a more advantageous position for his country. The elections of November 1919 were successful for his party, brătianu as Prime Minister and Nicolae Mișu as Foreign Minister. He secured the lines by ordering Romanian troops to fight off the Hungarian Soviet Republic. However, his approach toward the land reforms made King Ferdinand dissolve his government in March 1920. Vaida-Voevods party emerged as the National Peasants Party in 1926, and he also served twice as Interior Minister. Vaida-Voevods second cabinet existed from 11 August until the 17 October 1932, after Maniu resigned as Prime Minister in January 1933, Vaida-Voevod returned as Prime Minister. Vaida and his supporters, who formed the National Peasants Partys right wing, were acting more like Liberals than Peasantists and his second government fell because of Armand Călinescu, who was a staunch opponent of the Legionary Movement. It was dissolved after 1944 when Communist Party gained influence with Soviet backing, nevertheless, the party never eluded obscurity in front of competition from the Legionaries, and its members were victims of the repression carried out by the communist regime after 1948. Vaida-Voevod was arrested on March 24,1945, in 1946, he was put under house arrest in Sibiu, where he spent the remainder of his life. Antologie de texte, Editura Noua Alternativă, Social Theory Institute of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest,1994 Ioan Scurtu, Mit și realitate
3.
Ministry of National Defence (Romania)
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The Ministry of National Defence is one of the fifteen ministries of the Government of Romania. Since 17 November 2015, the Minister of National Defence has been Mihnea Motoc, the Ministry of National Defence is structured on central structures. Armaments Department Is in charge with military acquisitions and coordinates the research in its area of responsibility, the General Staff is headed by the chief of the General Staff, named by the President of Romania at the suggestion of the minister of National Defense and the Prime Ministers approval. The chief of the General Staff is the highest military rank in the Armed Forces, a Committee of chiefs of staffs with deliberative role is established at the General Staff level. Its organization and function are established by the approved by order of the minister of National Defense. Inspectorate of the Ministry of National Defense The structure through which the minister of National Defense exercises the control, the Inspectorate organizes and controls the environment and labor protection, technical and metrological overwatch. The Inspectorate is managed by the general inspector designated by order of minister of National Defense, the General Secretariat is headed by the general secretary, a civil servant, nominalized by order of minister of National Defense. Defense Intelligence General Directorate is headed by a director appointed by the decision of the Prime Minister at the recommendation of the Minister of National Defense. Human Resources Management Directorate The specialised structure in elaborating the politics, financial-Accounting Directorate The MoND specialized structure ensuring the fulfillment of economic, financial-accounting activities of the minister as the chief accountant. The minister of National Defense also has in his subordination, - counselors of minister, - diplomatic counselor, - ministers cabinet, the Ministry of National Defence subordinates the service staffs, commands, directorates, education and research institutes, formations and other structures. The Ministry of National Defence is led and represented by the minister of National Defence, the minister of National Defence in exercising the leadership is assisted by State Secretaries and chief of the General Staff. At the Ministry of National Defence level exist, - College of Ministry of National Defence with consultative role, Romania used the Julian calendar until 1919, but all dates are given in the Gregorian calendar
4.
Izmail
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For the class of Russian warships, see Izmail-class battlecruiser. Izmail is a city on the Danube river in Odessa Oblast in south-western Ukraine. Administratively, Izmail is incorporated as a town of oblast significance and it also serves as the administrative center of Izmail Raion, one of twenty-six districts of Odessa Oblast, though it is not a part of the district. It is the largest Ukrainian port on the Danube, as such, it is a center of the food processing industry and a popular regional tourist destination. It is also a base of the Ukrainian Navy and the Ukrainian Sea Guard units operating on the river, the World Wildlife Funds Isles of Izmail Regional Landscape Park is located nearby. Population,72, 471 Ethnic Russians form about 42. 7% of the population of Izmail, while 38% are Ukrainians, 10% Bessarabian Bulgarians, the fortress of Izmail was built by Genoese merchants in the 12th century. It belonged for a period of time to Wallachia – as the territory north of the Danube was one of the possessions of the Basarabs. The town was first mentioned with the name Ismailiye, derived from the name of the Ottoman Grand Vizier Izmail, from the end of the 14th century, Izmail was under the rule of Moldavia. In 1484, the Ottoman state conquered the territory, which became from that moment an Ottoman protectorate, since the early 16th century it was the main Ottoman fortress in the Budjak region. In 1569 Sultan Selim II settled Izmail with his Nogai subjects, after Russian general Nicholas Repnin took the fortress of Izmail in 1770, it was heavily refortified by the Turks, so as never to be captured again. The Sultan boasted that the fortress was impregnable, but during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 the Russian Army commander Alexander Suvorov successfully stormed it on 22 December 1790, Ottoman forces inside the fortress had the orders to stand their ground to the end, haughtily declining the Russian ultimatum. The defeat was seen as a catastrophe in the Ottoman Empire, while in Russia it was glorified in the countrys first national anthem, for all his bluffness, Suvorov later told an English traveller that when all was over he went back to his tent and wept. At the end of the war, Izmail was returned to the Ottoman Empire, after it was ceded to Russia with the rest of Bessarabia by the 1812 Treaty of Bucharest, the town was rebuilt thoroughly. The Intercession Cathedral, the churches of Nativity, St. Nicholas, after Russia lost the Crimean War, the town returned to the Principality of Moldavia, which would soon become part of the Romanian Principalities. Russia gained control of Izmail again after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. With the breakup of the Russian Empire in 1917 and in the aftermath of World War I, later that year, the Sfatul Țării of Chișinău, which claimed to be the representative of the whole of Bessarabia, voted to formally unite the region with Romania. This union was recognized by the United Kingdom, France and Italy in the Treaty of Paris, during the Soviet period following World War II, many Russians and Ukrainians migrated to the town, gradually changing its ethnic composition. Izmail Oblast was formed in 1940 and the town remained its administrative centre until the oblast was merged to Odessa Oblast in 1954, since 24 August 1991, Izmail has been part of independent Ukraine
5.
United Principalities
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On 24 January 1862, the Principality of Moldavia and the Principality of Wallachia formally united to create the Romanian United Principalities, the core of the Romanian nation state. In 1866 a new constitution came into effect, giving the country the name of Romania, Transylvania was added after the First World War. It was subsequently used by Romanian historians as an alternative to the older term Romanian Lands. English use of Romanian Principalities is documented from the half of the 19th century. In the period between the late 18th century and the 1860s, Danubian Principalities was used, a term that sometimes included Serbia, in contrast, use of Romanian Principalities sometimes included Transylvania but never Serbia. Though internationally formally recognized only after the period of Cuzas reign, following the 1877-8 war of independence, Romania shook off formal Ottoman rule, but eventually clashed with its Russian ally over its demand for the Budjak region. Ultimately, Romania was awarded Northern Dobruja in exchange for southern Bessarabia, the Kingdom of Romania subsequently emerged in 1881 with Prince Carol being crowned as King Carol I of Romania. Alexandru Ioan Cuza took steps to unify the administrations of the two Romanian Principalities and gain recognition for the Union. Opposition from the large-land-owners dominated parliament to Cuza resulted in a coup against him in 1864 and he subsequently instituted authoritarian rule but his popular support, strong at the time of the coup, gradually waned as the land reform failed to bring prosperity to the peasant majority. Cuza was forced to abdicate in 1866 by the two political groups, the Conservatives and the Liberals, who represented the interests of former large-land-owners. Although the event sparked some anti-unionist turmoil in Cuzas native province of Moldavia, the new governing coalition appointed Carol of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as the new Ruling Prince of Romania in a move initially rejected by the European powers but later on accepted. In the first year of Carols reign Romania adopted its first constitution and this instrument provided for a hereditary constitutional monarchy, with a Parliament being elected through censitary suffrage although the country remained under Ottoman suzerainty. Carol was not unanimously accepted, and a rise in republican sentiment culminated with an uprising in Ploieşti in 1870 and a revolt in Bucharest in 1871, both of which were quelled by the army. In April 1877, in the wake of a new Russo-Turkish war, on May 9, the Romanian parliament declared the independence of the principality, and joined the war on the Russian side. After several Romanian victories south of the Danube and the victory of the Russian-led side in the war. Nevertheless, Romania was made to exchange Southern Bessarabia for Northern Dobruja, in 1881, the countrys parliament proclaimed Romania a kingdom. Danubian Principalities Romanian Old Kingdom Keith M. Hitchins, The Romanians, 1774–1866 online
6.
Bucharest
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Bucharest is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than 60 km north of the Danube River, Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture and its architecture is a mix of historical, interbellum, communist-era and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the citys elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of Little Paris. Although buildings and districts in the city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic, in 2016, the historical city centre was listed as endangered by the World Monuments Watch. According to the 2011 census,1,883,425 inhabitants live within the city limits, the urban area extends beyond the limits of Bucharest proper and has a population of about 1.9 million people. Adding the satellite towns around the area, the proposed metropolitan area of Bucharest would have a population of 2.27 million people. According to Eurostat, Bucharest has an urban zone of 2,183,091 residents. According to unofficial data, the population is more than 3 million, Bucharest is the sixth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits, after London, Berlin, Madrid, Rome, and Paris. Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania and is one of the industrial centres. The city has big convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural venues, traditional shopping arcades, the Romanian name București has an uncertain origin. Tradition connects the founding of Bucharest with the name of Bucur, who was a prince, an outlaw, a fisherman, in Romanian, the word stem bucurie means joy, and it is believed to be of Dacian origin. Other etymologies are given by scholars, including the one of an Ottoman traveler, Evliya Çelebi. A native or resident of Bucharest is called a Bucharester, Bucharests history alternated periods of development and decline from the early settlements in antiquity until its consolidation as the national capital of Romania late in the 19th century. First mentioned as the Citadel of București in 1459, it became the residence of the famous Wallachian prince Vlad III the Impaler, the Ottomans appointed Greek administrators to run the town from the 18th century. A short-lived revolt initiated by Tudor Vladimirescu in 1821 led to the end of the rule of Constantinople Greeks in Bucharest, the Old Princely Court was erected by Mircea Ciobanul in the mid-16th century. Under subsequent rulers, Bucharest was established as the residence of the royal court
7.
Socialist Republic of Romania
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The Socialist Republic of Romania refers to Romania under Marxist-Leninist one-party Communist rule that existed officially from 1947 to 1989. From 1947 to 1965, the state was known as the Romanian Peoples Republic, the country was a Soviet-aligned Eastern Bloc state with a dominant role for the Romanian Communist Party enshrined in its constitutions. As World War II ended, Romania, a former Axis member, was occupied by the Soviet Union, gradually, more members of the Communist Party and communist-aligned parties gained control of the administration and pre-war political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. In December 1947, King Michael was induced to abdicate and the Peoples Republic of Romania was declared, at first, Romanias scarce post-war resources were drained by the SovRoms, new tax-exempt Soviet-Romanian companies that allowed the Soviet Union to control Romanias major sources of income. Another drain was the war reparations paid to the Soviet Union, in the 1950s, however, Romanias communist government began to assert more independence, inducing, for example, the withdrawal of all Soviet troops from Romania by 1958. In the 1960s and 1970s, Nicolae Ceaușescu became General Secretary of the Communist Party, Chairman of the State Council, Ceaușescus denunciation of the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and a brief relaxation in internal repression helped give him a positive image both at home and in the West. However, rapid growth fueled by foreign credits gradually gave way to an austerity. A large number of people were executed or died in custody during communist Romanias existence, while judicial executions between 1945 and 1964 numbered 137, deaths in custody are estimated in the tens or hundreds of thousands. Many more were imprisoned for political, economical or other reasons and suffered abuse, geographically, it bordered the Black Sea to the east, the Soviet Union to the north and east, Hungary to the north, Yugoslavia to the west and Bulgaria to the south. Romanian forces fought under Soviet command, driving through Northern Transylvania into Hungary proper and this changed in March 1945, when Dr. Petru Groza of the Ploughmens Front, a party closely associated with the Communists, became prime minister. His government was broad-based on paper, including members of most major parties except the Iron Guard. However, the Communists held the key ministries, and most of the ministers nominally representing non-Communist parties were, like Groza himself, despite the Kings disapproval, the first Groza government brought land reform and womens suffrage. However, it brought the beginnings of Soviet domination of Romania. In the elections of 19 November 1946, the Communist-led Bloc of Democratic Parties claimed 84% of the votes, a show trial of their leadership was then arranged, and they were put in jail. Other parties were forced to merge with the Communists, in 1946 and 1947, hundreds of participants in the pro-Axis government were executed as war criminals, primarily for their involvement in the Holocaust and for attacking the Soviet Union. Antonescu himself was executed 1 June 1946, by 1947, Romania remained the only monarchy in the Eastern Bloc. On 30 December that year, Michael was at his palace in Sinaia when Groza and they presented him with a pretyped instrument of abdication and demanded that he sign it. With pro-Communist troops surrounding his palace and his lines cut
8.
National Liberal Party (Romania)
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The National Liberal Party is a conservative-liberal political party in Romania. Founded in 1990, it claims the legacy of the political party of the same name. Based on this legacy, it presents itself as the first formally constituted political party in the country. It is the second-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 102 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 51 in the Senate, until 2014, the PNL was a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe. The party statutes adopted in June 2014 dropped any reference to international affiliation, on 12 September 2014, it was admitted as a full member of the European Peoples Party, and subsequently merged with the Democratic Liberal Party. The party is also a member of the Liberal International and Centrist Democrat International, the PNL contested the 1996 general election as part of the successful Democratic Convention of Romania electoral alliance. The 2004 general election was fought by the PNL under the Justice and Truth Alliance banner, in April 2007, then Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, who was also the party leader, formed a minority government only with the UDMR. In the 2009 Romanian presidential elections its new leader, Crin Antonescu, finished third, on 5 February 2011, the PNL formed the Social Liberal Union political alliance with the PSD, National Union for the Progress of Romania and Conservative Party. The PNL exited the USL on 25 February 2014, disbanding the alliance, on 26 May 2014, following the 2014 European elections, PNL party president Crin Antonescu announced that he was seeking membership of the European Peoples Party. At the beginning of the 8th European Parliament,5 of the PNL MEPs sat with the EPP Group, and 1 with the ALDE Group, who later became an independent MEP within ALDE. In late May 2014 the party agreed to a merger with the Democratic Liberal Party. The PNL-PDL presidential candidate was agreed to run under a banner called the Christian Liberal Alliance. On 27 June 2014, former PNL leader Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu announced his intention to found a liberal party to run for president. The breakaway party, called the Liberal Reformist Party, was founded by Popescu-Tăriceanu on 3 July 2014, on 26 July 2014, a joint party congress of the PNL and PDL approved the merger. In the first round of the 2014 presidential election on 2 November 2014, ACL presidential candidate Klaus Iohannis, PNL party president, Iohannis won the runoff election held on 16 November 2014 with 54. 5% of the vote. The party adheres to the doctrine of liberalism, advocating economic and social liberalization. In recent years, it has focused more on economic liberalism, for example, one of its main election promises for the 2004 legislative election was the introduction of a flat tax rate of 16% for personal income and corporate profits. Because the Liberal Party became part of the coalition, it managed to introduce this change
9.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
