1.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
2.
College
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College is an educational institution or a constituent part of one. A college may be a tertiary educational institution, a part of a collegiate or federal university. In ancient Rome a collegium was a club or society, a group of living together under a common set of rules. Aside from the educational context - nowadays the most common use of college - there are various other meanings also derived from the original Latin term. In the United States, college can be a synonym for university, in Singapore and India, this is known as a junior college. The municipal government of the city of Paris uses the sixth form college as the English name for a lycée. In some national education systems, secondary schools may be called colleges or have college as part of their title, in Australia the term college is applied to any private or independent primary and, especially, secondary school as distinct from a state school. Melbourne Grammar School, Cranbrook School, Sydney and The Kings School, there has also been a recent trend to rename or create government secondary schools as colleges. In the state of Victoria, some high schools are referred to as secondary colleges. Interestingly, the pre-eminent government secondary school for boys in Melbourne is still named Melbourne High School, in Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory, college is used in the name of all state high schools built since the late 1990s, and also some older ones. In New South Wales, some schools, especially multi-campus schools resulting from mergers, are known as secondary colleges. In Queensland some newer schools which accept primary and high school students are styled state college, in Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, college refers to the final two years of high school, and the institutions which provide this. In this context, college is an independent of the other years of high school. Here, the expression is a version of matriculation college. This is because these schools have traditionally focused on academic, rather than vocational, subjects. Some private secondary schools choose to use the college in their names nevertheless. Some secondary schools elsewhere in the country, particularly ones within the school system. In New Zealand the word normally refers to a secondary school for ages 13 to 17
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Sport
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Usually the contest or game is between two sides, each attempting to exceed the other. Some sports allow a tie game, others provide tie-breaking methods, to one winner. A number of such two-sided contests may be arranged in a tournament producing a champion, many sports leagues make an annual champion by arranging games in a regular sports season, followed in some cases by playoffs. Hundreds of sports exist, from those between single contestants, through to those with hundreds of participants, either in teams or competing as individuals. In certain sports such as racing, many contestants may compete, each against each other, however, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as mind sports. Sports are usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair competition, winning can be determined by physical events such as scoring goals or crossing a line first. It can also be determined by judges who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely announced or reported in sport news. Sport is also a source of entertainment for non-participants, with spectator sport drawing large crowds to sport venues. Sports betting is in some cases severely regulated, and in some cases is central to the sport, kearney, a consultancy, the global sporting industry is worth up to $620 billion as of 2013. The worlds most accessible and practised sport is running, while football is the most popular spectator sport. The word Sport comes from the Old French desport meaning leisure, other meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling, hunting, and games and diversions, including ones that require exercise. Rogets defines the noun sport as an activity engaged in for relaxation, the singular term sport is used in most English dialects to describe the overall concept, with sports used to describe multiple activities. American English uses sports for both terms, the precise definition of what separates a sport from other leisure activities varies between sources. They also recognise that sport can be physical, primarily mind, predominantly motorised, primarily co-ordination. The inclusion of sports within sport definitions has not been universally accepted. Whilst SportAccord recognises a number of mind sports, it is not open to admitting any further mind sports. According to Council of Europe, European Sports Charter, article 2, other bodies advocate widening the definition of sport to include all physical activity. For instance, the Council of Europe include all forms of physical exercise, in competitive events, participants are graded or classified based on their result and often divided into groups of comparable performance
5.
Team
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A team is a group of people or animals linked in a common purpose. Human teams are especially appropriate for conducting tasks that are high in complexity and have many interdependent subtasks, a group does not necessarily constitute a team. Teams normally have members with skills and generate synergy through a coordinated effort which allows each member to maximize their strengths. Teams can be broken down into from a team or one big group of people. Thus teams of players can form to practise their craft/sport. Transport logistics executives can select teams of horses, dogs, or oxen for the purpose of conveying passengers or goods, the concept was introduced into business in the late 20th century, which was followed by a popularization of the concept of constructing teams. Differing opinions exist on the efficacy of new management fad. Some see team as a word, overused and under-useful. Others see it as a panacea that realizes the human-relations movements desire to integrate what that movement perceives as best for workers, however, Hackman argued that team effectiveness should not be viewed only in terms of performance. While performance is an important outcome, an effective team will contribute to the personal well-being. Compare the more structured/skilled concept of a crew, the advantages of formal and informal partnerships, or the well-defined -, Team size and team composition affect team processes and team outcomes. The optimal size of teams is debated and will vary depending on the task at hand, at least one study of problem-solving in groups showed an optimal size of groups at four members. Other works estimate the size between 5-12 members or a number of members that can consume two pizzas. The following extract is taken from Chong, The interest in teams gained momentum in the 1980s with the publication of Belbin’s work on successful teams, the research into teams and teamwork followed two lines of inquiry. Writers such as Belbin, Woodcock, Margerison and McCann, Davis et al, parker, and Spencer and Pruss focused on team roles and how these affected team performance. These studies suggested that team performance was a function of the number, the number of roles for optimal performance varied from 15 to four. This variation has been attributed to how roles were defined, personality traits, on the other hand, were internally driven and relatively stable over time and across situations. These traits affected behavioural patterns in ways and, in varying degrees
6.
School spirit
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School spirit is emotional support for ones educational institution. This can apply to any type of school, from schools to universities. Members of a school can manifest spirit in the exhibition of school colors in dress and decoration, in attendance at athletic events, educators in primary and secondary education often associate proper behavior with school spirit, especially in the context of situations when students are outside the school itself. Because student behavior reflects on the school, representing it well shows a degree of student investment in their institutions good name and this definition of school spirit is closely associated with good sportsmanship among students and their families at sporting events and is loosely based upon encouraging each other. In the United States, an event closely associated with school spirit called a pep rally is held during or after school hours, seasonal sports teams are usually recognized. These are held generally before a sports game. Other participants are JROTC, Cheerleaders and marching band or pep band
7.
Nickname
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A nickname is a substitute for the proper name of a familiar person, place, or thing, for affection or ridicule. The term hypocoristic is used to refer to a nickname of affection between those in love or with an emotional bond, compared with a term of endearment. The term diminutive name refers to nicknames that convey smallness, hence something regarded with affection or familiarity, the distinction between the two is often blurred. It is a form of endearment and amusement, as a concept, it is distinct from both pseudonym and stage name, and also from a title, although there may be overlap in these concepts. A moniker also means a nickname or personal name, the word often distinguishes personal names from nicknames that became proper names out of former nicknames. English examples are Bob and Rob, nickname variants for Robert, a nickname is often considered desirable, symbolising a form of acceptance, but can sometimes be a form of ridicule. The compound word ekename, literally meaning additional name, was attested as early as 1303 and this word was derived from the Old English phrase eaca an increase, related to eacian to increase. By the fifteenth century, the misdivision of the syllables of the phrase an ekename led to its reanalysis as a nekename, though the spelling has changed, the pronunciation and meaning of the word have remained relatively stable ever since. However, it is common for the nickname to be identified after a comma following the full real name or later in the body of the text. The middle name is generally eliminated, especially in speech, like English, German uses quotation marks between the first and last names. The latter may cause confusion because it resembles an English convention sometimes used for married, in Viking societies, many people had heiti, viðrnefni, or kenningarnöfn which were used in addition to, or instead of the first name. Slaves have often used nicknames, so that the master who heard about someone doing something could not identify the slave, in capoeira, a Brazilian martial art, the slaves had nicknames to protect them from being caught, as practising capoeira was illegal for decades. In Anglo-American culture, a nickname is based on a shortening of a persons proper name. However, in societies, this may not necessarily be the case. For example, my nickname is farmer Phil In Indian society, for example, generally people have at least one nickname, Indian nicknames very often are a trivial word or a diminutive. In Australian society, Australian men will often give ironic nicknames, for example, a man with red hair will be given the nickname Blue or Bluey. A tall man will be called Shorty, an obese person Slim, in England, some nicknames are traditionally associated with a persons surname. A man with the surname Clark will be nicknamed Nobby, the surname Miller will have the nickname Dusty, there are several other nicknames linked traditionally with a persons surname, including Chalky White, Bunny Warren, Tug Wilson, and Spud Baker
8.
Student
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A student or pupil is a learner or someone who attends an educational institution. In Britain those attending university are termed students, in the United States, and more recently also in Britain, the term student is applied to both categories. In its widest use, student is used for anyone who is learning, including mid-career adults who are taking vocational education or returning to university. When speaking about learning outside an institution, student is used to refer to someone who is learning a topic or who is a student of a certain topic or person. In Nigeria, education is classified into four system known as 6-3-3-4 system of education and it implies six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary, three years in senior secondary and four years in the university. However, the number of years to be spent in university is determined by the course of study. Some courses have longer study length than others and those in primary school are often referred to as pupils. Those in university as well as those in school are being referred to as students. Six years of school education in Singapore is compulsory. International Schools are subject to overseas curriculums, such as the British, Primary education is compulsory in Bangladesh. Its a near crime to not to children to primary school when they are of age. But it is not a punishable crime, because of the socio-economic state of Bangladesh, child labour is sometimes legal. But the guardian must ensure the primary education, everyone who is learning in any institute or even online may be called student in Bangladesh. Sometimes students taking undergraduate education is called undergraduates and students taking post-graduate education may be called post-graduates, Education System Of Bangladesh, Education is free in Brunei. Darussalam not limited to government educational institutions but also private educational institutions, there are mainly two types of educational institutions, government or public, and private institutions. Several stages have to be undergone by the prospective students leading to higher qualifications, Primary School Secondary School High School Colleges University Level It takes six and five years to complete the primary and secondary levels respectively. Upon completing these two stages, students/pupils have freedom to progress to sixth-form centers, colleges or probably straight to employment. Students are permitted to progress towards university level programs in both government and private university colleges, Education in Cambodia is free for all the students who study in Primary School, Secondary School or High School
9.
Cornell Big Red
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The Cornell Big Red is the informal name of the sports teams, and other competitive teams, at Cornell University. The university sponsors 36 varsity sports, as well as numerous intramural, Cornell participates in NCAA Division I as part of the Ivy League. The mens and womens ice hockey compete in the ECAC Hockey League. The football, lacrosse, and sprint football teams play in Schoellkopf Field, the ice hockey teams play in Lynah Rink, which has a capacity of 4,267. The Cornell mens wrestling team competes at the Friedman Wrestling Center with a capacity of 1,100, the Cornell mens soccer team plays on Charles F. Berman Field on the southeast side of campus. The Cornell Mens and Womens Track and Field Teams compete in Barton Hall, a military hangar, for indoor track. There are also facilities about 2 miles east of campus that has multiple uses, other campus facilities include a Robert Trent Jones designed golf course, baseballs Hoy Field, the Niemand•Robison Softball Field, the Oxley Equestrian Center, and numerous fields and gymnasiums. A subsequent land swap resulted in giving the Agriculture College building sites at the east end of the fields in exchange for the site of what became Schoellkopf Field, the Alumni Fields became the site of an underground Synchrotron Laboratory. Since the 1970s, several of the fields were used as sites for new buildings and were replaced by new fields along Jessup Road. Today, facilities are spread around campus with tennis courts and basketball courts located near a number of dormitories, in addition, the athletics department operates Helen Newman Hall and Noyes Center as remote fitness facilities. Cornells teams did not have a name until after 1905. The lyrics included the words the big, red team, Cornell does not have an official mascot, however, the bear has long been a symbol of Cornell Athletics. In 1915, a bear named Touchdown first appeared at football games to represent Cornell. And recently, red man, a person dressed in a red suit, has been seen running up. Cornells colors, carnelian red and white, date back to the universitys Inauguration Day on October 7,1868, many of Cornells athletic directors have made substantial contributions to collegiate athletics in general, including Romeyn Berry, James Lynah, and Robert Kane. Big Red sports are covered in the two publications, the Cornell Daily Sun and the Cornell Review, as well as on various blogs. The song is sung to the tune of George M. Cohans Give My Regards to Broadway, Cornell maintains informal athletic rivalries with other collegiate institutions. The mens ice hockey team has a rivalry with Harvard that dates back to 1910
10.
Stanford Cardinal
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The Stanford Cardinal is the nickname of the 37 varsity athletic teams at Stanford University. Stanfords program has won over 100 national team championships, Stanford has won 22 consecutive NACDA Directors Cups, awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation. Stanfords teams compete in the Pac-12 Conference, along with schools from the western third of the United States. Following its win over Cal in the first-ever Big Game in 1892, white was adopted as a secondary color in the 1940s. On November 25,1930, following a vote by the Executive Committee for the Associated Students. The Indian symbol and name were dropped by President Richard Lyman in 1972, after objections from Native American students. From 1972 to 1981, the nickname was the Cardinals. During the 1970s, a number of suggestions were put forth as possible nicknames, Robber Barons, Sequoias, Trees, Railroaders, Spikes, the last suggestion gained enough momentum to prompt the university to place two griffin statues near the athletic facilities. On November 17,1981, school president Donald Kennedy declared that the teams be represented by the color cardinal in its singular form. Stanford has no mascot, but the Stanford Tree, a member of the Stanford Band wearing a self-designed tree costume. The Tree is based upon El Palo Alto, a tree in neighboring Palo Alto that appears in the Stanford seal. Stanford University sponsors varsity teams in 15 mens,20 womens, Stanford has won these NCAA team championships in 20 different sports. S. Stanfords run of 41 consecutive years winning an NCAA team championship is the longest such streak in NCAA history, the next longest NCAA championship streak is 19 years. Stanford has won 99 NCAA team championships during this 41 year NCAA championship streak, the most NCAA team championships Stanford has won in a single year is six in 1996-97. Stanford has won five NCAA team championships in a three times. Stanford athletes have won 483 NCAA individual championships as of July 1,2016, Stanfords 483 individual championships are the most individual championships won by any school in NCAA Division I. No other Division I school has won more than 400 NCAA individual championships, Stanford has won the NACDA Directors Cup every year for the last 22 years. The Directors Cup recognizes the most successful sports program in NCAA Division I
11.
UIC Flames
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The UIC Flames are the intercollegiate athletic teams of the University of Illinois at Chicago. They are called the Flames as a reference to the Great Chicago Fire, the Flames participate in NCAA Division I athletics as part of the Horizon League in baseball, basketball, cross-country, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track, and volleyball. The Flames also compete in gymnastics in the Eastern Intercollegiate Gymnastics League, jim Schmidt is the current athletic director and has been at the university for 25 years. UIC athletics began with the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the 1880s with their basketball and football teams whose team colors were red, p&S eventually affiliated with and then became absorbed into the University of Illinois forming its College of Medicine. In 1946, the Chicago Illini represented the two-year University of Illinois undergraduate division located on Navy Pier, in 1965 the Chicago Illini moved to Harrison and Halsted to represent the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle campus. Upon this move the team known as the Chicas, a shortening of Chicago. This spelling was rationalized as being a reference to the Chickasaw tribe and it was dropped in the seventies. When the university joined the NCAA Division I in 1981, it had no nickname for its athletic teams, the consolidated university adopted Flames as its athletic nickname by student votes at the two predecessor schools. The mens basketball team competed in the NCAA tournament in 1998,2002, and 2004, and appeared in the NIT in 2003, the team was led by Jimmy Collins from 1996 until his retirement in 2010. Howard Moore, a assistant coach at Wisconsin, was signed as the new mens head coach in 2010. In his first season, the Flames upset #12/14 Illinois at the United Center, Moore was let go after five seasons in which the Flames went 49–111 overall. He was replaced by Indiana assistant and former Wyoming head coach Steve McClain, uICs mens soccer team was ranked as high as #6 in the NCAA national polls in 2006 and made it to the second round of the 2006 National tournament, where they lost to Notre Dame. The following year, the Flames reached the Elite Eight in the NCAA soccer playoffs, as of 2011, they have been ranked #142 in the NCAA national rankings, out of 204 teams. Jay also is a member of the US national team. Another Flame, Pat McMahon received an offer to play in Scotland in 2009, baggio Husidić is a former MLS player who played with the Chicago Fire, he currently plays for Los Angeles Galaxy. Current New York Mets player Curtis Granderson played baseball for the UIC Flames, uICs softball team has appeared in one Womens College World Series in 1994. UIC had an ice hockey team before the program was discontinued in the spring of 1996. The mens swim team won the Horizon League Championships in 2009, Swimming & Diving 2007 alumni Blake Booher qualified for the 2008 Olympic Swimming Trials in the 50 Freestyle
12.
Tulane Green Wave
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The Tulane Green Wave are the athletic teams representing Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana. The nickname was adopted during the 1920 season, after a song titled The Rolling Green Wave was published in the Tulane Hullabaloo in 1920, from 1893 to 1919 the athletic teams of Tulane were officially known as The Olive and Blue, for the official school colors. Tulane competes in NCAA Division I as a member of the American Athletic Conference, the university was a charter member of the Southeastern Conference, in which it competed until 1966. Tulane, along with other academically-oriented, private schools had considered forming the Southern Ivy League in the 1950s and it joined the newly formed Conference USA in 1995. In 2012 the university announced it would move to the Big East Conference in all sports in July 2014, there are 17 Green Wave intercollegiate programs. Tulane sponsors teams in seven mens and ten womens NCAA sanctioned sports, * = Beach volleyball is a fully sanctioned NCAA sport which had its first national championship in the spring of 2016. Tulane is a member of the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association, the Tulane football team, established in 1893, compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. Green Wave football teams have won 9 conference championships, including 3 in the SEC and 1 in C-USA and they are coached by Willie Fritz and play home games in Yulman Stadium. The Tulane baseball team, also established in 1893, is managed by head coach Travis Jewett, the program has appeared in the NCAA Tournament 21 times and in the College World Series twice. They play home games on campus at Turchin Stadium, both the mens and womens basketball teams play home games in Devlin Fieldhouse, named after a donation that enabled extensive renovations in 2012–13. It is the 9th-oldest active basketball venue in the nation, the mens basketball team, established in 1905, is coached by Mike Dunleavy Sr. who was hired following the 2015-16 season. The womens team has coached since 1995 by Lisa Stockton. The universitys Renewal Plan called for the suspension of some of its sports, when the news leaked, the outrage by fans, alumni, and boosters forced the Board of Trustees to pivot and claim it actually intended to undertake a comprehensive review of athletics. Scott Cowen began a dialog with other university presidents calling for a change to the system that rewards established powers at the expense of less successful programs. On February 29,2004, the BCS met in Miami, Florida, as a member of the BCS Presidential Oversight Committee, Cowen was active in decision-making regarding the future of college football. It is a component of the Tulane Fund, Tulane Universitys annual giving program, in 2007 the fund set a record for membership with 2,210 donors contributing. In 2011 it spearheaded the Home Field Advantage campaign to fund the $73 million construction of Yulman Stadium on the Uptown campus through private donations. Tulane officials commissioned John Chase in 1945 to illustrate the covers of its football game programs and he came up with Greenie, a mischievous boy who would be considered an unofficial mascot by many fans
13.
Animal
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Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia. The animal kingdom emerged as a clade within Apoikozoa as the group to the choanoflagellates. Animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives and their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs, they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance, most known animal phyla appeared in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian explosion, about 542 million years ago. Animals can be divided broadly into vertebrates and invertebrates, vertebrates have a backbone or spine, and amount to less than five percent of all described animal species. They include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, the remaining animals are the invertebrates, which lack a backbone. These include molluscs, arthropods, annelids, nematodes, flatworms, cnidarians, ctenophores, the study of animals is called zoology. The word animal comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, the biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia, encompassing creatures as diverse as sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans. Aristotle divided the world between animals and plants, and this was followed by Carl Linnaeus, in the first hierarchical classification. In Linnaeuss original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of Vermes, Insecta, Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, and Mammalia. Since then the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, in 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms, Metazoa and Protozoa. The protozoa were later moved to the kingdom Protista, leaving only the metazoa, thus Metazoa is now considered a synonym of Animalia. Animals have several characteristics that set apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and they are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking cell walls. All animals are motile, if only at life stages. In most animals, embryos pass through a stage, which is a characteristic exclusive to animals. With a few exceptions, most notably the sponges and Placozoa and these include muscles, which are able to contract and control locomotion, and nerve tissues, which send and process signals
14.
Fear
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Fear in human beings may occur in response to a specific stimulus occurring in the present, or in anticipation or expectation of a future threat perceived as a risk to body or life. The fear response arises from the perception of danger leading to confrontation with or escape from/avoiding the threat, in humans and animals, fear is modulated by the process of cognition and learning. Thus fear is judged as rational or appropriate and irrational or inappropriate, an irrational fear is called a phobia. Watson, Robert Plutchik, and Paul Ekman have suggested there is only a small set of basic or innate emotions. This hypothesized set includes such emotions as acute stress reaction, anger, angst, anxiety, fright, horror, joy, panic, and sadness. Fear is closely related to, but should be distinguished from, the emotion anxiety, the fear response serves survival by generating appropriate behavioral responses, so it has been preserved throughout evolution. Many physiological changes in the body are associated with fear, summarized as the fight-or-flight response and this primitive mechanism may help an organism survive by either running away or fighting the danger. With the series of changes, the consciousness realizes an emotion of fear. People develop specific fears as a result of learning and this has been studied in psychology as fear conditioning, beginning with John B. Watsons Little Albert experiment in 1920, which was inspired after observing a child with a fear of dogs. In this study, an 11-month-old boy was conditioned to fear a white rat in the laboratory, the fear became generalized to include other white, furry objects, such as a rabbit, dog, and even a ball of cotton. Fear can be learned by experiencing or watching a frightening traumatic accident, for example, if a child falls into a well and struggles to get out, he or she may develop a fear of wells, heights, enclosed spaces, or water. There are studies looking at areas of the brain that are affected in relation to fear, when looking at these areas, it was proposed that a person learns to fear regardless of whether they themselves have experienced trauma, or if they have observed the fear in others. In a study completed by Andreas Olsson, Katherine I and this suggests that fear can develop in both conditions, not just simply from personal history. Fear is affected by cultural and historical context, for example, in the early 20th century, many Americans feared polio, a disease that can lead to paralysis. There are consistent cross-cultural differences in how people respond to fear, display rules affect how likely people are to show the facial expression of fear and other emotions. Although many fears are learned, the capacity to fear is part of human nature, many studies have found that certain fears are much more common than others. These fears are also easier to induce in the laboratory and this phenomenon is known as preparedness
15.
Mascot
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Mascots are also used as fictional, representative spokespeople for consumer products, such as the rabbit used in advertising and marketing for the General Mills brand of breakfast cereal, Trix. In the world of sports, mascots are used for merchandising. Team mascots are often confused with team nicknames, while the two can be interchangeable, they are not always the same. For example, the teams of the Auburn University are nicknamed the Auburn Tigers. Costumed mascots are commonplace, and are used as goodwill ambassadors in the community for their team, company. It was originally sporting organisations that first thought of using animals as a form of mascot to bring entertainment and excitement for their spectators, before mascots were fictional icons or people in suits. Animals were mostly used in order to bring a different feel to the game. The event that prompted these changes was the invention of the Muppets in the late 1960s, the puppets offered something different to what everyone was used too. It allowed to people to not only have visual enjoyment but also allowed them to interact physically with the mascots, marketers quickly realized the great potential in three-dimensional mascot and took on board the Muppet-like idea. This change encouraged other companies to start creating their own mascots, resulting in mascots being a necessity amongst not only the sporting industry, the word mascot originates from the French term mascotte which means lucky charm. This was used to describe anything that brought luck to a household, the word was first recorded in 1867 and popularised by a French composer Edmond Audran who wrote the opera La Mascotte, performed in December 1880. But didnt enter into the English language until the year after in 1881, however, before this, the terms were familiar to the people of France as a slang word used by gamblers. The term is a derivative of the word masco meaning sorceress or witch, before the 19th century, the word mascot was associated with inanimate objects that would be commonly seen such as a lock of hair or a figurehead on a sailing ship. But from then on until the present day, the term was seen to be associated with good luck animals. Often the choice of mascot reflects a desired quality, an example of this is the fighting spirit. In the United States, controversy surrounds some mascot choices, especially those using human likenesses, Mascots based on Native American tribes are particularly contentious, as many argue that they constitute offensive exploitations of an oppressed culture. However several Indian tribes have come out in support of keeping the names. For example, the Utah Utes and the Central Michigan Chippewas are sanctioned by local tribes, similarly, the Florida State Seminoles are supported by the Seminole Tribe of Florida in their use of Osceola and Renegade as symbols
16.
Michigan Wolverines
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The Michigan Wolverines comprise 27 varsity sports teams at the University of Michigan. These teams compete in the NCAAs Division I and in the Big Ten Conference in all sports except water polo. Team colors are maize and blue, though these are different shades of maize, the winged helmet is a recognized icon of Michigan Athletics. UM has finished in the top ten of the Directors Cup standings in sixteen of the awards twenty-two seasons, Michigan has won 36 NCAA team titles. In NCAA D1 mens sports only, UM ranks sixth all-time in championships behind USC, UCLA, Stanford, Oklahoma State, and Arkansas. UMs official NCAA Division I national championships have come from ten different sports – this broad-based success matches the University of Texas for fourth place in the NCAA record book. Only UCLA and Stanford, each with titles in 16 varying sports, Michigan has appeared in the College World Series seven times. Notable alumni include George Sisler, Barry Larkin, Jim Abbott, Arizona Diamondbacks pitcher J. J. Putz, the current coach of the Michigan Wolverines is Erik Bakich, who came to the University of Michigan after the 2012 season when Rich Maloney stepped down. Michigan has won 35 conference championships, made 22 NCAA Tournament appearances, for 13 seasons from 1990 to 2002, Michigan won a lone Big Ten title in 1997 and made just one NCAA appearance in 1999. In 2015, Coach Bakich led the program to its first NCAA tournament berth since 2008 after needing to win the Big Ten Tournament to qualify, the mens basketball team plays its games at Crisler Center. The Wolverines have won 14 Big Ten regular-season conference titles, as well as the inaugural Big Ten Tournament in 1998, the team has appeared in the NCAA Final Four on seven occasions and won the National Championship in 1989 under Steve Fisher. The program later vacated its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances due to NCAA violations, during the 1990s, the program became involved in a scandal involving payments from a booster named Ed Martin to four players, Chris Webber, Maurice Taylor, Robert Traylor, and Louis Bullock. The scandal ultimately resulted in four years probation and a ban from postseason play in the 2002–03 season. UM also voluntarily vacated regular season wins and NCAA tournament games from selected past seasons. Vacating the results of 113 games won while the four players were eligible, including the 1992 and 1993 Final Fours, the entire 1992–93 season, after the scandal, Michigan mens basketball would then go 10 years without making the NCAA tournament from 1999–2008. They would eventually end the drought in 2009 under current head coach John Beilein, in 2013, the program would reach its first Final Four in 20 years before falling to Louisville in the national championship, 82–76. Michigan traveled to St. Thomas for the Paradise Jam Tournament over Thanksgiving weekend in 2011 and they took on Prairie View A&M in their first game on Thanksgiving Day, and won 59–53. In their second game, they faced Washington State and won easily, on the final day of the tournament, they played Marquette, and won 71–51, to win the 2011 Paradise Jam Championship
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Oregon Ducks
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The Oregon Ducks are the athletic teams that represent the University of Oregon, a public flagship research university located in Eugene, Oregon, United States. The Ducks compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference. With eighteen varsity teams, Oregon is best known for its American football team and track and field program, oregons main rivalries are with the Oregon State Beavers and the Washington Huskies. Oregon teams were known as Webfoots, possibly as early as the 1890s. Both nicknames were still in use well into the 1970s, in 1978, a student cartoonist came up with a new duck image, but students rejected the alternative by a 2-to-1 margin. Although Donald wasnt on that ballot, the University Archivist declared that the election made Ducks the schools official mascot, Oregon has won 32 NCAA National Championships. † = The lacrosse and indoor track & field teams compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation, the football program began in 1893 and played its first game on February 22,1894, defeating Albany College 46-0. The football team moved to its new home, Hayward Field in 1919 where it shared the facility with the track, while in the Pacific Coast Conference, the Ducks won five conference co-championships in 1919,1933,1948, and 1957. In the Pac-8/10/12, they have won six championships and shared one championship. The Ducks were 3–2 during the BCS era, winning the 2002 Fiesta Bowl, the 2012 Rose Bowl, and the 2013 Fiesta Bowl and losing the 2010 Rose Bowl and the 2011 BCS National Championship Game. In 2014, Oregon won a school record 13 games and saw junior quarterback Marcus Mariota win the schools first Heisman Trophy and that same year, the Ducks made the first ever College Football Playoff and beat the defending champion Florida State Seminoles 59–20 in the 2015 Rose Bowl semi-final. The loss to Oregon ended the Seminoles 29 game win streak and they made the first ever CFP National Championship Game where they lost 42–20 to Ohio State. The Ducks men’s basketball team played its first season in 1902-1903 under head coach Charles Burden and it was not until 1927 that the Ducks played their first game at McArthur Court, defeating Willamette University 38-10. Head coach Howard Hobson was hired in 1936 and took the team nicknamed The Tall Firs to win the first NCAA Men’s Basketball Championship in 1939. The Tall Firs achieved a 29-5 record, capped by a 46-33 victory over Ohio State University in the championship game, in the inaugural year for the event. The Ducks would add one more shared Pacific Coast Conference title to their two until winning the Pacific-10 Conference title in the 2001-2002 season under head coach Ernie Kent. The Ducks would also make an Elite Eight appearance in the NCAA Tournament that season along with the 2006-2007 season, in 2010-2011, the Ducks moved into the new Matthew Knight Arena and welcomed new coach Dana Altman. Since, Altman has won three Pac-12 Conference Coach of the Year honors and led Oregon to the 2013 Pac-12 Conference Mens Basketball Tournament Championship
18.
Princeton Tigers
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The Princeton Tigers are the athletic teams of Princeton University. The school sponsors 31 varsity sports, the school has won several NCAA national championships, including one in mens fencing, six in mens lacrosse, three in womens lacrosse, and eight in mens golf. Princetons mens and womens crews have won numerous national rowing championships. The field hockey team made history in 2012 as the first Ivy League team to win the Division I NCAA Championship in field hockey and it is nicknamed the perennial giant killer, a nickname that it acquired during Pete Carrils coaching career from 1967–1996. Its most notable upset was the 1996 defeat of defending NCAA champion UCLA in the opening round. In 1989, the team almost became the only #16 seed to win, losing to Georgetown 50-49, during that 29-year span, Pete Carril won thirteen Ivy League championships and received eleven NCAA berths and two NIT bids. Princeton placed third in the 1965 NCAA Tournament and won the NIT championship in 1975, the deliberate Princeton offense is a legacy of his coaching career. It is employed by a number of collegiate basketball teams. From 1992–2001, a span, the mens basketball team entered the NCAA tournament four times. Notably, the Ivy League has never had an entry in the NCAA tournament. Princeton tied the record for fewest points in a Division I game since the 3-point line started in 1986–87 when they scored 21 points in a loss against Monmouth University on December 14,2005. The 1924–25 team was named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation. Princetons Varsity Womens basketball program is the strongest in the Ivy League, courtney Banghart, a Dartmouth graduate, is entering her tenth season as the Tigers highly esteemed head coach. The football team has competed since 1869 and played in the first game against Rutgers University and they have won 24 national championships when the school competed in what is now known as the FBS. Twenty-one former players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, the game, between Rutgers College and the College of New Jersey, took place on November 6,1869 at College Field in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Rutgers won by a score of six runs to Princetons four, the 1869 game between Rutgers and Princeton is notable because it is the first documented game of any sport called football between two American colleges. It is also noteworthy because it occurred two years before a codified rugby game would be played in England, the Princeton/Rutgers game was significantly different from American rules football today but, nonetheless, it was the first inter-collegiate football contest in the United States. Another similar game took place between Rutgers and Columbia University in 1870 and a notable game took place between Tufts University and Harvard University in 1875
19.
Iowa Hawkeyes
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The Iowa Hawkeyes are sports teams that represent the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. The Hawkeyes have varsity teams in 24 sports,11 for men and 13 for women, the teams participate in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and are members of the Big Ten Conference. Currently, the athletic director is Gary Barta. Historically, Iowa has been successful in wrestling, with 34 team Big Ten championships and 23 team national championships. The Hawkeyes have also won championships in five other sports, mens gymnastics, football, field hockey, rifle and womens track. In basketball, Iowa has reached the Final Four on four occasions, the mens team has done this three times, most recently in 1980, while the womens team has done it once, in 1993. The baseball team has reached the College World Series once, in 1972, Iowas softball team has played in the Womens College World Series on four occasions, most recently in 2001. Football home games are played at Kinnick Stadium, while basketball, gymnastics, volleyball, the schools baseball team plays at Duane Banks Field and the softball team plays at Bob Pearl Softball Field. In 1833, James Edwards, a newspaperman from Burlington, Iowa selected the nickname to honor the memory of Black Hawk, Edwards called his newspapers Hawk Eye and in 1838 the Officials of the territory of Iowa accepted the nickname. The University of Iowa currently fields 25 varsity teams, participating in the Big Ten and the NCAAs Division I, they are, Iowa began playing baseball in 1890, when the Hawkeyes went a combined 2–1 against two teams, Cornell and Vinton. To date, Iowa has won eight Big Ten titles, and has played in the College World Series once. Iowa earned its way to the CWS at Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha with a 13-3 Big Ten record and that record included another school record that still stands, an 11-game Big Ten winning streak. It was Iowas first outright Big Ten baseball title since 1939, lose one of those four games, and Iowa goes home. In 1972, only conference champions competed for the eight World Series berths, the Hawkeyes opened the 1972 CWS against #1-ranked Arizona State, who entered the game with an incredible record of 60 wins and only 4 losses. But Iowa, an underdog, outhit the Sun Devils 8-3 only to lose. Iowa had the tying run thrown out at the plate in the 9th inning, Iowa had also threatened in the 7th with a lead-off double, but could not score. The Hawkeyes then played in the losers bracket the next day against Temple, but after taking a 6-2 lead into the sixth inning, the Hawkeyes ended up being knocked out of the Series with a 12-8 loss. Arizona State lost the game that year to Southern Cal
20.
California Golden Bears
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The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California, Berkeley. Over the course of the history, California has won team national titles in 13 mens and 3 womens sports and 104 team titles overall. Cal athletes have competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries. Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium and Haas Pavilion, Cal finished the 2010–11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points, earning third place in the Directors Cup standings, the Golden Bears highest finish ever. Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby, Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings. In 2014, Cal instituted a strict standard for an athletes admission to the university. Cal Berkeley sponsors varsity teams in 14 mens and 16 womens sports, Notes As of December 4,2016, the program has also produced numerous NFL stars, including Aaron Rodgers, Ryan Longwell, Marshawn Lynch, DeSean Jackson, Desmond Bishop, and Jahvid Best. Tony Gonzalez, the NFLs all-time receptions leader among tight ends, head coach Justin Wilcox began his tenure in 2017. The California mens basketball team has represented the University of California intercollegiately since 1907, Cal basketballs home court is Haas Pavilion, which was constructed atop of the old Harmon Gymnasium using money donated in the late 1990s in part by the owners of Levi-Strauss. The program has seen throughout the years culminating in a national championship in 1959 under legendary coach Pete Newell and have reached the final four two other times in 1946 and 1960. The 1926–27 team finished the season with a 17–0 record and was named the national champion by the Premo-Porretta Power Poll. The current head coach of the California mens basketball program is Cuonzo Martin, some notable NBA players that spent time playing in Berkeley include Jason Kidd, Kevin Johnson, and Darrall Imhoff. The Cal baseball team plays at Evans Diamond, located between Haas Pavilion, the Recreational Sports Facility, and Edwards Track Stadium. Cal has appeared in the post-season a total of nine times, including five times in the College World Series, shortstop Geoff Blum of Cals 1992 College World Series team hit the game-winning home run in the 14th inning of a 2005 World Series game for the Chicago White Sox. In September 2010, the university announced that baseball would be one of five sports cut as a cost-cutting measure, however, in April 2011, after receiving more than $9 million in pledges from supporters of the program, the program was reinstated. Mens bowling was an intercollegiate sport at the University of California in the 1970s and won a national championship in 1979. The first significant coach in Cal mens crew was Carroll Ky Ebright, during his tenure, Cal crew became known for success on both the collegiate and the international levels. Cal would represent the United States at two other Olympic games and winning the gold each time, the 1932 and 1948 Summer Games
21.
Ethnic group
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An ethnic group or ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities, such as common ancestral, language, social, cultural or national experiences. Unlike other social groups, ethnicity is often an inherited status based on the society in which one lives, in some cases, it can be adopted if a person moves into another society. Ethnic groups, derived from the historical founder population, often continue to speak related languages. By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, it is possible for individuals or groups to leave one ethnic group. Ethnicity is often used synonymously with terms such as nation or people. In English, it can also have the connotation of something exotic, generally related to cultures of more recent immigrants, the largest ethnic groups in modern times comprise hundreds of millions of individuals, while the smallest are limited to a few dozen individuals. Conversely, formerly separate ethnicities can merge to form a pan-ethnicity, whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis. The term ethnic is derived from the Greek word ἔθνος ethnos, the inherited English language term for this concept is folk, used alongside the latinate people since the late Middle English period. In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century, ethnic was used to mean heathen or pagan, as the Septuagint used ta ethne to translate the Hebrew goyim the nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews. The Greek term in antiquity could refer to any large group, a host of men. In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of peculiar to a race, people or nation, the abstract ethnicity had been used for paganism in the 18th century, but now came to express the meaning of an ethnic character. The term ethnic group was first recorded in 1935 and entered the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972, depending on the context that is used, the term nationality may either be used synonymously with ethnicity, or synonymously with citizenship. The process that results in the emergence of an ethnicity is called ethnogenesis, the Greeks at this time did not describe foreign nations but had also developed a concept of their own ethnicity, which they grouped under the name of Hellenes. Herodotus gave an account of what defined Greek ethnic identity in his day, enumerating shared descent. Whether ethnicity qualifies as a universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. Many social scientists, such as anthropologists Fredrik Barth and Eric Wolf and they regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups. According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently, one is between primordialism and instrumentalism. In the primordialist view, the participant perceives ethnic ties collectively, as a given, even coercive
22.
Profession
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The term is a truncation of the term liberal profession, which is, in turn, an Anglicization of the French term profession libérale. Medieval and early modern tradition recognized only four professions, divinity, medicine, the military officer, just as some professions rise in status and power through various stages, others may decline. Disciplines formalized more recently, such as architecture, now have equally long periods of study associated with them, originally, any regulation of the professions was self-regulation through bodies such as the College of Physicians or the Inns of Court. With the growing role of government, statutory bodies have taken on this role. It may be resisted as limiting the freedom to innovate or to practice as in their professional judgement they consider best. An example was in 2008, when the British government proposed wide statutory regulation of psychologists, besides regulating access to a profession, professional bodies may set examinations of competence and enforce adherence to an ethical code. Typically, individuals are required by law to be qualified by a professional body before they are permitted to practice in that profession. However, in countries, individuals may not be required by law to be qualified by such a professional body in order to practice. This requirement is set out by the Educational Department Bureau of Hong Kong, Professions tend to be autonomous, which means they have a high degree of control of their own affairs, professionals are autonomous insofar as they can make independent judgments about their work. This usually means the freedom to exercise their professional judgement, however, it also has other meanings. Professional autonomy is often described as a claim of professionals that has to serve primarily their own interests, one major implication of professional autonomy is the traditional ban on corporate practice of the professions, especially accounting, architecture, medicine, and law. This means that in many jurisdictions, these professionals cannot do business through regular for-profit corporations, the obvious implication of this is that all equity owners of the professional business entity must be professionals themselves. This avoids the possibility of an owner of the firm telling a professional how to do his or her job. But because professional business entities are locked out of the stock market. Professions enjoy a social status, regard and esteem conferred upon them by society. This high esteem arises primarily from the social function of their work. All professions involve technical, specialized and highly skilled work often referred to as professional expertise, training for this work involves obtaining degrees and professional qualifications without which entry to the profession is barred. Updating skills through continuing education is required through training and this power is used to control its own members, and also its area of expertise and interests
23.
Icon
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An icon is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, from Eastern Christianity and certain Eastern Catholic churches. The most common subjects include Christ, Mary, saints and/or angels, icons may also be cast in metal, carved in stone, embroidered on cloth, painted on wood, done in mosaic or fresco work, printed on paper or metal, etc. Comparable images from Western Christianity are generally not described as icons, Eastern Orthodox tradition holds that the creation of Christian images dates back to the very early days of Christianity, and there is has been a continuous tradition since then. The icons of later centuries can be linked, often closely, to images from the 5th century onwards, there was enormous destruction of images during the Byzantine Iconoclasm of 726-842, although this did settle for good the question of the appropriateness of images. Since then icons have had a continuity of style and subject. At the same time there has been change and development, Christian tradition dating from the 8th century identifies Luke the Evangelist as the first icon painter. Aside from the legend that Pilate had made an image of Christ and he relates that King Abgar of Edessa sent a letter to Jesus at Jerusalem, asking Jesus to come and heal him of an illness. In this version there is no image, further legends relate that the cloth remained in Edessa until the 10th century, when it was taken to Constantinople. It went missing in 1204 when Crusaders sacked Constantinople, but by then numerous copies had firmly established its iconic type. They crown these images, and set them up along with the images of the philosophers of the world that is to say, with the images of Pythagoras, and Plato, and Aristotle, and the rest. They have also other modes of honouring these images, after the manner of the Gentiles. And he called him and said, Lycomedes, what do you mean by this matter of the portrait, can it be one of thy gods that is painted here. For I see that you are living in heathen fashion. Later in the passage John says, But this that you have now done is childish and imperfect, at least some of the hierarchy of the Christian churches still strictly opposed icons in the early 4th century. At the Spanish non-ecumenical Synod of Elvira bishops concluded, Pictures are not to be placed in churches, so that they do not become objects of worship and adoration. to our religion. After the emperor Constantine I extended official toleration of Christianity within the Roman Empire in 313 and this period of Christianization probably saw the use of Christian images became very widespread among the faithful, though with great differences from pagan habits. Robin Lane Fox states By the early century, we know of the ownership of private icons of saints. 480-500, we can be sure that the inside of a saints shrine would be adorned with images and votive portraits, when Constantine himself apparently converted to Christianity, the majority of his subjects remained pagans
24.
Notre Dame Fighting Irish
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The Notre Dame Fighting Irish are the varsity sports teams of the University of Notre Dame. The Fighting Irish participate in 23 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I intercollegiate sports, the Fighting Irish participate in the NCAAs Division I in all sports, with many teams competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference. Notre Dame is one of only 15 universities in the United States that plays Division I FBS football, the school colors are Gold and Blue and the mascot is the Leprechaun. Just exactly where the moniker Fighting Irish came from is a matter of much debate, one possibility is that the nickname is inherited from Irish immigrant soldiers who fought in the Civil War with the Unions Irish Brigade. Notre Dames claim to the nickname would seem to come from the presence of Fr, william Corby, CSC, the third president of Notre Dame, who was at the Battle of Gettysburg. Corby served as chaplain of the Irish Brigade and granted general absolution to the troops in the midst of the battle and this is commemorated in the painting Absolution Under Fire, part of Notre Dames permanent art collection. A print of the painting The Original Fighting Irish by former Fighting Irish lacrosse player Revere La Noue is on permanent display at Notre Dames Arlotta Stadium. The athletes and teams at Notre Dame, now known as the Fighting Irish, were known by many different unofficial nicknames throughout the late 19th, during the Knute Rockne football era, Notre Dame had several unofficial nicknames, among them the Rovers and the Ramblers. These names reflected the teams propensity to travel the nation to play its football contests, later, Notre Dame was known unofficially as the Terriers, after the Irish breed of the dog, and for some years, an Irish Terrier would be found on the ND football sidelines. He was given amnesty, elected to Parliament and arrested by the English again and he escaped and slipped off to America to avoid recapture. Barnstorming the country, the president of Ireland was welcomed as a hero at Notre Dame on October 15,1919. Accounts in Scholastic, a student publication, indicate that his visit tilted campus opinion in favor of the Fighting Irish moniker — though not completely. De Valera planted a tree of liberty as a memorial of his visit — only to have it uprooted a week later, there are several other legends of how Notre Dame came to be the Fighting Irish. One story suggests the moniker was born in 1899 during a game between Notre Dame and Northwestern, the Fighting Irish were leading 5–0 at halftime when the Wildcat fans began to chant, Kill the Fighting Irish, kill the Fighting Irish, as the second half opened. Another tale has the nickname originating at halftime of the Notre Dame-Michigan game in 1909, with his team trailing, one Notre Dame player yelled to his teammates —who had names like Dolan, Kelly, Donnelly, Glynn, Duffy, and Ryan— Whats the matter with you guys. Youre all Irish and youre not fighting worth a lick, Notre Dame came back to win the game, and the press, after overhearing the remark, reported the game as a victory for the Fighting Irish. Notre Dame sanctions 23 varsity sports,11 mens teams,11 womens teams, co-ed sports Fencing Notre Dame was a member of the old Big East Conference until 2013. It is currently a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference in all sports except for the following, Football, Mens hockey competes in Hockey East
25.
Oklahoma Sooners
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The Oklahoma Sooners feature 19 varsity sports teams, each of which represents the University of Oklahoma, located in Norman. The universitys athletic teams compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association s Division I, the universitys current athletic director is Joe Castiglione. In 2002, the University of Oklahoma was ranked as the third best college sports program in America by Sports Illustrated. When combined with Blake Griffins John Wooden Award and Sam Bradfords Heisman Trophy, the University of Oklahoma was a charter member of the Southwest Athletic Conference during its formation in 1914. Five years later, in 1919, OU left the SWC, in 1928, this conference split, and OU remained aligned with the teams that formed the Big Six Conference. Over the next 31 years, more schools were added and the conference underwent several name changes, four more universities were added then and the name was changed one more time to its current form, the Big 12 Conference. The Oklahoma Sooners are represented in the following NCAA Division I varsity sports, Oklahoma has scored the most points in Division I-A football history despite the fact they have played over 60 fewer games than the second place school on that list. OU also has the highest winning percentage of any team since the start of the AP poll in 1936. This number is 3rd only to the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, watts, Keith Jackson and Jammal Brown. More than a dozen Sooner players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, Oklahoma has more Butkus award winners than any other school. Coaches Bennie Owen, Bud Wilkinson, and Barry Switzer have passed through the tunnel for the Sooners. Owen was the first highly successful coach at OU and was an advocate of the forward pass. The playing surface at Oklahomas Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium is popularly known as Owen Field in honor of his long tenure, the record of 47 straight wins is widely regarded as one of the great achievements in sports, and a streak that is unlikely to be broken. Switzer won three championships and forged arguably the fiercest rushing offense ever, the Oklahoma wishbone formation. Though the end of Switzers tenure at Oklahoma was marked by controversy and poor player behavior, during his 16 years as the Sooners head coach, Switzer led his team to 12 conference championships and never lost more than two games in a row. His winning percentage of.837 stands as the fourth-highest in the history of 1-A football, other Hall of Fame coaches whose tenure included stints at the University of Oklahoma are Lawrence Biff Jones and Jim Tatum. The mens basketball team is successful and rose to national prominence since the early 80s with head coach Billy Tubbs. It currently plays in the Lloyd Noble Center, which came to be known as the house Alvan Adams built, while the team has never won a national championship, it ranks second in most tournament wins without a championship behind Illinois
26.
Purdue Boilermakers
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Boilermakers is the official nickname for the intercollegiate athletic teams of Purdue University. As is common with athletic nicknames, it is used as colloquial designation of Purdues students. The nickname is often shortened to Boilers by fans of the school, Purdue has one of the few college athletic programs that is not funded by student fees or subsidized by the university. The nickname Boilermakers goes back to 1892 when the Purdue football team defeated nearby rival Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana 44–0. An account of the game in the Crawfordsville Daily Argus News of October 26,1891 was headlined, Slaughter of Innocents, Wabash Snowed Completely Under by the Burly Boiler Makers from Purdue. The local Purdue press picked up on the name, with a notice in the November 1,1891 Lafayette Sunday Times, As everyone knows, Purdue went down to Wabash last Saturday, the Crawfordsville papers have not yet gotten over it. The only resource they have is to claim that we beat their scientific men by brute force and our players are characterized as coal heavers, boiler makers and stevedores. Several of the schools added to the boilermaker tradition by suggesting that Purdue was going up the Wabash River. However, Purdues official mascot is a Locomotive, the Boilermaker Special, the Monon Railroad had its main locomotive shops in Lafayette, not far from the campus. Purdues athletic teams typically wear old-gold-and-black or old-gold-and-white ensembles, colors that have identified Purdue since 1887, in the early 1890s Purdue fielded dominating football teams. In 1891 Purdue went 4-0, outscoring opponents 192-0, in 1892 Purdue went 8-0, outscoring opponents 320-24. In 1893 Purdue went 5-2-1, outscoring opponents 334-144, in 1894 Purdue went 9-1, outscoring opponents 288-36. Over these four years, Purdues combined record was 26-3-1, outscoring opponents 1134-204, Purdue beat in-state rival Indiana University 60-0, 68-0, 64-0, and 6-0 by an understandable forfeit. Purdue went 2-1 against Illinois, 2-1 Wisconsin, 3-0 against Chicago, the Purdue Boilermakers competed as Independent until 1889. In 1890, they joined the Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association and, finally, the Purdue Boilermakers have been Big Ten Conference Champions in 1918,1929,1931,1932,1943,1952,1967 and 2000. The Boilermakers, under NFL hall-of-famer Bob Griese defeated the University of Southern California Trojans 14-13 to win the 1967 Rose Bowl, when the Boilermakers shared the Big Ten title the following season, the consecutive-appearance rule kept them out of the 1968 Rose Bowl. Purdue did not return to the Rose Bowl until 2001, losing to the University of Washington Huskies 24-34, the Boilermakers have appeared in a total of 17 post-season bowl games, compiling a record of 9-8. Their most recent appearance was a 14-58 defeat at the hands of Oklahoma State University in the 2013 Heart of Dallas Bowl, Purdue QBs have thrown more touchdowns in the NFL than any other university,1,311 at the end of the 2010 season
27.
Illinois Fighting Illini
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The Fighting Illini are the intercollegiate athletic teams of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. The university offers 10 mens and 11 womens varsity sports, the Fighting Illini lay claim to over twenty-five National Championships dating back to 1900. The Universitys Division of Intercollegiate Athletics administers the official athletics teams of the University, all of the Universitys athletics teams participate in the NCAAs Division I, and form the Big Ten Conference with 13 other primarily Midwestern universities. The football team participates in a subdivision within the Division I known as the Football Bowl Subdivision, the mens Cross Country team carries the title for Big Ten Champions in 1921,1947 and 1984. With titles in the Fencing as National Champions from 1956 and 1958, Fencing was dropped as a varsity sport in 1993. In addition, Mens swimming and diving was dropped as a varsity sport until 1993, Illini baseball has 10 NCAA Tournament Appearances,33 Big Ten Champions titles and 4 Big Ten Tournament Championships from 1989,1990,2000 and 2011. Through the end of the 2013–14 season, Illinois ranks 11th all-time in winning percentage, the University of Illinois has five national championships in football. The Fighting Illini now officially recognize the 1951 National Championship by the Boand selecting body, but as recently as 2006 this was not mentioned officially by the school. 2014 was the time in the past four years the program had qualified for the match play portion of the NCAA Mens Golf Championships in which the final eight teams compete in a bracket format. The mens gymnastics team have been invited to 44 NCAA tournaments and have won 10 team NCAA championships, additionally, the Fighting Illini have won an all-time record 53 individual NCAA titles. The Illini hold their competitions at George Huff Hall on the Champaign side of campus, the mens Indoor Track and Field team has a total of 20 Big Ten Champion titles. For outdoor track and field the team has NCAA National Champions in 192119271944,1946, in addition, the team carries a total of 29 Big Ten Championships. They have also won two ITA National Team Indoor Championships and lost in the match three other times. The current head coach of the University of Illinois Fighting Illini Wrestling team is Jim Heffernan under his 5th season, Huff Hall is the current home arena seating approximately 4,500. Softball – NCAA Tournament appearances,2003,2004,2009,2010,2016, tennis – NCAA Tournament appearances,1996,1997,1999,2000,2001,2003,2004,2008 and 2010. Track – Indoor Track and Field Big Ten Champions,1989,1992,1993,1995 and 1996. Outdoor Track and Field Big Ten Champions,1988,1989,1992,1995,2005 and 2007, Basketball – NCAA Sweet Sixteen,1997,1998, Big Ten Champions,1997. Womens volleyball started in 1974 Since moving into Huff Hall from the Kenney Gym in 1990, in 2013, the program broke its previous home attendance record, averaging 3,117 per match
28.
West Virginia University
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West Virginia University is a public, land-grant, space-grant, research-intensive university in Morgantown, West Virginia, United States. WVU Extension Service provides outreach with offices in all of West Virginias 55 counties, since 2001, WVU has been governed by the West Virginia University Board of Governors. Enrollment for the Fall 2015 semester was 28,776 for the main campus, WVU offers 191 bachelors, masters, doctoral, and professional degree programs in 15 colleges. WVU has produced 24 Rhodes Scholars, including former WVU president David C, the University has also produced 36 Goldwater Scholars,22 Truman Scholars, and five members of USA Todays All‑USA College Academic First Team. On December 4,1868, lawmakers renamed the college West Virginia University to represent a range of higher education. The University was built on the grounds of three academies, the Monongalia Academy of 1814, the Morgantown Female Academy of 1831. Upon its founding, the newspaper claimed that a place more eligible for the quiet and successful pursuit of science. The first campus building was constructed in 1870 as University Hall, and was renamed Martin Hall in 1889 in honor of West Virginia Universitys first president, the Rev. Alexander Martin of Scotland. After the Woodburn Seminary building was destroyed by fire in 1873, the name was changed to University Building in 1878, when the College of Law was founded as the first professional school in the state of West Virginia. The precursor to Woodburn Circle was finished in 1893 when Chitwood Hall was constructed on the north side. In 1909 a north wing was added to University Building, throughout the next decade, Woodburn Hall underwent several renovations and additions, including the construction of the south wing and east tower housing the Seth Thomas clock. The three Woodburn Circle buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, in 1899, the Vance Farm was acquired for the West Virginia University Experiment Station. WVU was required to have a Cadet Corps under the terms of the Morrill Act of 1862, the heavy military influence led to opposition of female enrollment that lasted through the first decade of the university. The trend changed in 1889, when ten women were allowed to enroll, in June 1891, Harriet Lyon became the first woman to receive a degree from West Virginia University, finishing first in the class ahead of all male students. Lyons academic success supported the acceptance of women in the university as students, during the Universitys early years, daily chapel services and roll call for all students were mandatory, limiting time for student recreation. Following the removal of these obligations, students became active in activities and established many of the schools first athletic. Phi Kappa Psi was the first fraternity on campus, founded May 23,1890, while Kappa Delta, the first football team was formed in 1891, and the first basketball team appeared in 1903. The Universitys outlook at the turn of the 20th century was optimistic, the campus welcomed U. S. President William Howard Taft to campus for WVU President Thomas Hodgess inauguration in 1911
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Saint
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A saint, also historically known as a hallow, is a term used for a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness to God. Depending on the context and denomination, the term also retains its original Christian meaning, as any believer who is in Christ and in whom Christ dwells, whether in Heaven or on Earth. Depending on the religion, saints are recognized either by official ecclesiastical declaration, the English word saint comes from the Latin sanctus. The word translated the Greek ἅγιος, which derives from the verb ἁγιάζω, the word ἅγιος appears 229 times in the Greek New Testament, and its English translation 60 times in the corresponding text of the King James Version of the Bible. In the New Testament, saint did not denote the deceased who had recognized as especially holy or emulable. Many religions also use similar concepts to venerate persons worthy of some honor, the anthropologist Lawrence Babb in an article about Sathya Sai Baba asks the question Who is a saint. These saintly figures, he asserts, are the points of spiritual force-fields. They exert powerful attractive influence on followers but touch the lives of others in transforming ways as well. In the Bible, only one person is called a saint, They envied Moses also in the camp. The apostle Paul declared himself to be less than the least of all saints in Ephesians 3,8, in the Catholic Church, a saint is anyone in Heaven, whether recognized on Earth or not. There are many persons that the Church believes to be in Heaven who have not been formally canonized, sometimes the word saint also denotes living Christians. They remind us that the Church is holy, can never stop being holy and is called to show the holiness of God by living the life of Christ, the Catholic Church teaches that it does not make or create saints, but rather recognizes them. Proofs of heroicity required in the process of beatification will serve to illustrate in detail the general principles exposed above upon proof of their holiness or likeness to God. On 3 January 993, Pope John XV became the first pope to proclaim a person a saint, on the petition of the German ruler, before that time, the popular cults, or venerations, of saints had been local and spontaneous. Pope John XVIII subsequently permitted a cult of five Polish martyrs, walter of Pontoise was the last person in Western Europe to be canonized by an authority other than the Pope, Hugh de Boves, the Archbishop of Rouen, canonized him in 1153. Thenceforth a decree of Pope Alexander III in 1170 reserved the prerogative of canonization to the Pope, one source claims that there are over 10,000 named saints and beatified people from history, the Roman Martyrology and Orthodox sources, but no definitive head count. Alban Butler published Lives of the Saints in 1756, including a total of 1,486 saints, the latest revision of this book, edited by Rev. Herbert Thurston, SJ and British author Donald Attwater, contains the lives of 2,565 saints. Monsignor Robert Sarno, an official of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints of the Holy See, expressed that it is impossible to give an exact number of saints
30.
Eastern Orthodox Church
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The Eastern Orthodox Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission to the apostles. It practices what it understands to be the original Christian faith, the Eastern Orthodox Church is a communion of autocephalous churches, each typically governed by a Holy Synod. It teaches that all bishops are equal by virtue of their ordination, prior to the Council of Chalcedon in AD451, the Eastern Orthodox had also shared communion with the Oriental Orthodox churches, separating primarily over differences in Christology. Eastern Orthodoxy spread throughout the Roman and later Eastern Roman Empires and beyond, playing a prominent role in European, Near Eastern, Slavic, and some African cultures. As a result, the term Greek Orthodox has sometimes used to describe all of Eastern Orthodoxy in general. However, the appellation Greek was never in use and was gradually abandoned by the non-Greek-speaking Eastern Orthodox churches. Its most prominent episcopal see is Constantinople, there are also many in other parts of the world, formed through immigration, conversion and missionary activity. The official name of the Eastern Orthodox Church is the Orthodox Catholic Church and it is the name by which the church refers to itself in its liturgical or canonical texts, in official publications, and in official contexts or administrative documents. Orthodox teachers refer to the Church as Catholic and this name and longer variants containing Catholic are also recognized and referenced in other books and publications by secular or non-Orthodox writers. The common name of the Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, is a shortened practicality that helps to avoid confusions in casual use, for this reason, the eastern churches were sometimes identified as Greek, even before the great schism. After 1054, Greek Orthodox or Greek Catholic marked a church as being in communion with Constantinople and this identification with Greek, however, became increasingly confusing with time. Missionaries brought Orthodoxy to many regions without ethnic Greeks, where the Greek language was not spoken. Today, many of those same Roman churches remain, while a large number of Orthodox are not of Greek national origin. Eastern, then, indicates the element in the Churchs origin and development, while Orthodox indicates the faith. While the Church continues officially to call itself Catholic, for reasons of universality, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in a letter written about 110 AD from one Greek church to another. Quote of St Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans, Wheresoever the bishop shall appear, there let the people be, even as where Jesus may be, thus, almost from the very beginning, Christians referred to the Church as the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. The Orthodox Church claims that it is today the continuation and preservation of that same Church, a number of other Christian churches also make a similar claim, the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Assyrian Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches. The Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church, not directly from the Orthodox Church, the depth of this meaning in the Orthodox Church is registered first in its use of the word Orthodox itself, a union of Greek orthos and doxa
31.
Native American mascot controversy
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The use of terms and images referring to Native Americans/First Nations as the name or mascot for a sports team is a topic of public controversy in the United States and Canada. However, the greatest change has occurred in the trend by school and college teams that have retired Native American names and mascots at an increasing rate in recent decades. An analysis of a database in 2013 indicates that there are more than 2,000 high schools with mascots that reference Native American culture. However,28 high schools dropped the name Redskins between 1988 and 2013, while 14 schools changed the name between 2013 and 2016. The topic is an issue on a level, with a hearing before the US Senate Committee on Indian Affairs in 2011. Social science research says that sports mascots and images, rather than being mere entertainment, are important symbols with deeper psychological and social effects. The injustice of such stereotypes is recognized with regard to racial or ethnic groups. However, no new teams have adopted names for decades. European Americans have had a history of playing Indian that dates back to the colonial period and this practice spread to youth groups such as the Boy Scouts of America and many summer camps. Professional team nicknames had similar origins, founded as the Boston Red Stockings, the team became the Braves for the first time in 1912. Their owner, James Gaffney, was a member of New York Citys political machine, Tammany Hall, one of the societies formed to honor Tamanend. The name Indians was chosen as it was one of the previously applied to the old Cleveland Spiders baseball club during the time when Louis Sockalexis. The success of the Braves in the 1914 World Series may have another reason for adopting an Indian mascot. The story that the team is named to honor Sockalexis, as the first Native American to play Major League Baseball, the news stories published to announce the selection in 1915 make no mention of Sockalexis, but do make many racist and insulting references to Native Americans. After moving to the home of the Boston Red Sox, the name was changed to Redskins in 1933, before moving again to Washington. Thus, the use of Native American names and imagery by this team began before the hiring of William Henry Dietz as coach in 1933, as stated in an editorial by Carter Meland and David E. In the 1940s the National Congress of American Indians created a campaign to eliminate negative stereotyping of Native American people in the media, over time, the campaign began to focus on Indian names and mascots in sports. On these stereotypes, the NCAI states these mascots, slander, defame, and vilify Native peoples, Native cultures, and tribal nations, all of which continue to plague this countrys relationships with Native peoples and perpetuate racial and political inequity
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Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
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Logo
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A logo is a graphic mark, emblem, or symbol commonly used by commercial enterprises, organizations, and even individuals to aid and promote instant public recognition. There are purely graphic emblems, symbols, icons and logos, in the days of hot metal typesetting, a logotype was one word cast as a single piece of type. By extension, the term was used for a uniquely set. At the level of communication and in common usage, a companys logo is today often synonymous with its trademark or brand. The arts were expanding in purpose—from expression and decoration of an artistic, storytelling nature, to a differentiation of brands, consultancies and trades-groups in the commercial arts were growing and organizing, by 1890, the US had 700 lithographic printing firms employing more than 8,000 people. Artistic credit tended to be assigned to the company, as opposed to the individual artists who usually performed less important jobs. Playful children’s books, authoritative newspapers, and conversational periodicals developed their own visual and editorial styles for unique, as printing costs decreased, literacy rates increased, and visual styles changed, the Victorian decorative arts led to an expansion of typographic styles and methods of representing businesses. A renewal of interest in craftsmanship and quality also provided the artists and companies with a greater interest in credit, leading to the creation of unique logos and marks. By the 1950s, Modernism had shed its roots as an artistic movement in Europe to become an international, commercialized movement with adherents in the United States. Modernist-inspired logos proved successful in the era of mass visual communication ushered in by television, improvements in printing technology, the current era of logo design began in the 1870s with the first abstract logo, the Bass red triangle. As of 2014, many corporations, products, brands, services, agencies, as a result, only a few of the thousands of ideograms in circulation are recognizable without a name. Ideograms and symbols may be effective than written names, especially for logos translated into many alphabets in increasingly globalized markets. For instance, a written in Arabic script might have little resonance in most European markets. By contrast, ideograms keep the general nature of a product in both markets. In non-profit areas, the Red Cross exemplifies a well-known emblem that does not need an accompanying name, the red cross and red crescent are among the best-recognized symbols in the world. National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and their Federation as well as the International Committee of the Red Cross include these symbols in their logos, branding can aim to facilitate cross-language marketing. Consumers and potential consumers can identify the Coca-Cola name written in different alphabets because of the standard color, the text was written in Spencerian Script, which was a popular writing style when the Coca Cola Logo was being designed. Since a logo is the visual entity signifying an organization, logo design is an important area of graphic design, a logo is the central element of a complex identification system that must be functionally extended to all communications of an organization
34.
Cheerleading
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Cheerleading ranges from chanting, to intense physical activity for sports team motivation, audience entertainment, or competition based upon organized routines. Competitive routines typically range anywhere from one to three minutes, and contain components of tumbling, dance, jumps, cheers, and stunting, Cheerleading originated in the United States, and remains predominantly in America, with an estimated 1.5 million participants in all-star cheerleading. The global presentation of cheerleading was led by the 1997 broadcast of ESPNs International cheerleading competition, Cheerleading began during the late 18th century with the rebellion of male students. After the American Revolutionary War, students experienced harsh treatment from teachers, in response to facultys abuse, college students violently acted out. The undergraduates began to riot, burn down buildings located on their college campuses, as a more subtle way to gain independence, however, students invented and organized their own extracurricular activities outside their professors control. This brought about American sports, beginning first with collegiate teams, in the 1860s, students from Great Britain began to cheer and chant in unison for their favorite athletes at sporting events. Soon, that gesture of support crossed overseas to America, on November 6,1869, the United States witnessed its first intercollegiate football game. It took place between Princeton and Rutgers University, and marked the day the original Sis Boom Rah. cheer was shouted out by student fans, organized cheerleading started as an all-male activity. As early as 1877, Princeton University had a Princeton Cheer, documented in the February 22,1877, March 12,1880 and this cheer was yelled from the stands by students attending games, as well as by the athletes themselves. Remains in use with modifications today, where it is now referred to as the Locomotive. Princeton class of 1882 graduate Thomas Peebles moved to Minnesota in 1884 and he transplanted the idea of organized crowds cheering at football games to the University of Minnesota. These students would cheer for the team also at football practices and it was not until 1898 that University of Minnesota student Johnny Campbell directed a crowd in cheering Rah, Rah, Rah. Making Campbell the very first cheerleader, November 2,1898 is the official birth date of organized cheerleading. Soon after, the University of Minnesota organized a yell leader squad of six male students, in 1903, the first cheerleading fraternity, Gamma Sigma, was founded. In 1923, at the University of Minnesota, women were permitted to participate in cheerleading, however, it took time for other schools to follow. In the late 1920s, many school manuals and newspapers that were published still referred to cheerleaders as chap, fellow, women cheerleaders were overlooked until the 1940s. In the 1940s, collegiate men were drafted for World War II, as noted by Kieran Scott in Ultimate Cheerleading, Girls really took over for the first time. During the 1950s, cheerleading in America also increased in popularity, by the 1960s, some began to consider cheerleading a feminine extracurricular for boys, and by the 1970s, girls primarily cheered at public school games
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Seminole
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The Seminole are a Native American people originally of Florida. The word Seminole is a corruption of cimarrón, a Spanish term for runaway or wild one, Seminole culture is largely derived from that of the Creek, the most important ceremony is the Green Corn Dance, other notable traditions include use of the black drink and ritual tobacco. As the Seminole adapted to Florida environs, they developed local traditions, such as the construction of open-air, historically the Seminole spoke Mikasuki and Creek, both Muskogean languages. The Seminole became increasingly independent of other Creek groups and established their own identity and they developed a thriving trade network during the British and second Spanish periods. The tribe expanded considerably during this time, and was supplemented from the late 18th century by free blacks and escaped slaves who settled near. The latter became known as Black Seminoles, although they kept their own Gullah culture, after the United States achieved independence, its settlers increased pressure on Seminole lands, leading to the Seminole Wars. The Seminole were first confined to a large inland reservation by the Treaty of Moultrie Creek, by 1842, most Seminoles and Black Seminoles had been removed to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Today residents of the reservation are enrolled in the federally recognized Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, perhaps fewer than 200 Seminoles remained in Florida after the Third Seminole War, but they fostered a resurgence in traditional customs and a culture of staunch independence. In the late 19th century, the Florida Seminole re-established limited relations with the U. S. government, few Seminole moved to reservations until the 1940s, they reorganized their government and received federal recognition in 1957 as the Seminole Tribe of Florida. The more traditional people near the Tamiami Trail received federal recognition as the Miccosukee Tribe in 1962, old crafts and traditions were revived in the mid 20th century as Seminoles began seeking tourism dollars when Americans began to travel more on the countrys growing highway system. The word Seminole is derived from cimarrón, a Spanish term for runaway or wild one, the people who constituted the nucleus of this Florida group either chose to leave their tribe or were banished. At one time the terms renegade and outcast were used to describe this status and they never signed a peace treaty with the United States. Native American refugees from northern wars, such as the Yuchi and Yamasee after the Yamasee War in South Carolina and they spoke primarily Hitchiti, of which Mikasuki is a dialect, which is the primary traditional language spoken today by Miccosukee in Florida. In Cuba the Florida tribes suffered high mortality due to disease, in Florida, the Creeks had earlier intermingled with the Choctaw and other few remaining indigenous people. The Seminole were a tribe made up of mostly Lower Creeks from Georgia. At that time, numerous refugees of the Red Sticks migrated south and they were Creek-speaking Muscogee, and were the ancestors of most of the later Creek-speaking Seminole. In addition, a few hundred escaped African-American slaves had settled near the Seminole towns and, to an extent, Native Americans from other tribes. The unified Seminole spoke two languages, Creek and Mikasuki, two among the Muskogean languages family, Creek became the dominant language for political and social discourse, so Mikasuki speakers learned it if participating in high-level negotiations
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Florida State University
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Florida State University is an American public space-grant and sea-grant research university. Its primary campus is located on a 1,391. 54-acre campus in Tallahassee, Florida and it is a senior member of the State University System of Florida. Founded in 1851, it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida, the university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers, facilities, labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study, the university has an annual budget of over $1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $10 billion. Florida State is home to Floridas only National Laboratory – the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol. Florida State University also operates The John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art, the university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Florida State University leads Florida in four of eight areas of external funding for the STEM disciplines, FSU officially launched the Raise the Torch, The Campaign for Florida State on October 17,2014. The campaign has a goal of more than $1 billion which will improve academics, research. As of September 30,2016, Florida State Universitys Raise the Torch campaign has raised $938,972,249, for 2017, U. S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 38th best public university in the United States. FSUs intercollegiate sports teams, commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname, compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, in their 113-year history, Florida States varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships. In 1819 the Florida Territory was ceded to the United States by Spain as an element of the Adams–Onís Treaty, the Territory was conventionally split by the Appalachicola or later the Suwannee rivers into East and West areas. Florida State University is traceable to a set by the 1823 U. S. Congress to create a system of higher education. The 1838 Florida Constitution codified the system by providing for land allocated for the schools. In 1845 Florida became the 27th State of the United States, in 1851 the Florida Legislature voted to establish two seminaries of higher education on opposite sides of the Suwannee River. Francis W. Eppes and other city leaders established an academy called the Florida Institute in Tallahassee as a legislative inducement to locate the West Florida Seminary in Tallahassee. The East Florida Seminary opened in Ocala in 1853, closed in 1861, the East Florida Seminary is the institution to which the modern University of Florida traces its foundation. Two years later the institution absorbed the Tallahassee Female Academy founded in 1843 as the Misses Bates School, the West Florida Seminary stood near the front of the Westcott Building on the existing FSU campus, making this site the oldest continually used location of higher learning in Florida. In 1860–61 the legislature started formal training at the school with a law amending the original 1851 statute
37.
Central Michigan University
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Central Michigan University is a public research university located in Mount Pleasant in the U. S. state of Michigan. Established in 1892, Central Michigan University is one of the largest universities in the state of Michigan and it has more than 20,000 students on its Mount Pleasant campus and 7,000 students enrolled online at more than 60 locations worldwide. The universitys neuroscience program was ranked first in the nation by the Society for Neuroscience and CMU has also established a College of Medicine, CMU competes in the NCAA Division I Mid-American Conference in six mens and ten womens sports. Central Michigan University is governed by a Board of Trustees, whose eight members are appointed by the Governor of Michigan, the Board of Trustees appoints and reviews the President of Central Michigan University, currently George E. Ross. The president administers the policies set by the board and serves ex officio on the board as a non-voting member and it names facilities and groups and accepts gifts from large donors, among several other duties and powers it possesses. Members of the Board of Trustees serve without compensation, but are reimbursed by the university for expenses related to their official capacity, such as travel. CMU has eight divisions, The College of Business Administration The College of Communication and Fine Arts The College of Education and Human Services The Herbert H. Park Library which holds one million books and can seat up to 2,655 patrons at a time, the school owns and operates the Brooks Astronomical Observatory. The Central Michigan University College of Graduate Studies provides over 70 graduate degree programs at the Masters, Specialist, Harold Abel Endowed Lecture Series in the Study of Dictatorship, Democracy and Genocide. Focuses on the impact of events such as the Holocaust and mass murders in Africa, Southeast Asia. Named in honor of former CMU President Harold Abel, Philip A. Hart and William G. Milliken Endowed Speaker Series for Integrity in Politics. Senator Philip Hart and Michigan Governor William Milliken, focuses on intellectual discussions for future leaders both in the military and across the campus and community. Named in honor of Army Colonel William Nolde, the last official casualty of the Vietnam War. Focuses on bringing world-class mathematicians to campus, speakers include Fields Medal winners Terrence Tao, Sir Timothy Gowers, and Cédric Villani and Abel Prize winners S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan and Louis Nirenberg. Named in honor of mathematics professor Richard Fleming, the schools athletics programs are affiliated with NCAA Division I. For football, the school is in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, almost all Central Michigan teams compete in the Mid-American Conference, the one exception is the womens lacrosse team, newly elevated from club to full varsity status for the 2016 season. CMUs football team won the second NCAA Division II national championship in 1974 by defeating the University of Delaware 54 to 14, the team was voted national champion in the Associated Press College Division poll. The Chips have also been national runner-up twice, in 1958 the mens swimming and diving team was runner-up to North Central College at the second annual NAIA national meet, which was held in Muncie, Ind
38.
Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation
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Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation is a federally recognized band of Chippewa and Odawa Indians located in central Michigan in the United States. These were two of the three tribes who were part of the Council of Three Fires, the third were the Potawatomi people. The tribal government offices are located on the Isabella Indian Reservation and they also hold land on the Saganing reservation near Standish. As of February 2007, tribal membership was approximately 3,296, the 2010 US Census reports 2,414 persons living in the Mount Pleasant, Michigan micropolitan area are Native American. The tribe operates the Saginawa Chippewa Tribal College, a 2-year community college open to all in the region, the tribe owns and operates Soaring Eagle Casino in Mount Pleasant and Saganing Eagles Landing Casino in Standish. These generate revenue for investment in education and welfare for the tribe, besides its gaming enterprises, the tribe owns the Sagamok Shell Station. Others were the Bay Mills Indian Community, Keneenaw Potawatomi Indian Community and they have worked together since, and the Council in the 21st century represents 11 of the 12 federally recognized tribes in Michigan. The tribe operates community facilities including a substance-abuse treatment center, a community clinic, in the early 21st century, the tribe opened a new Elders Center. Educational programs include the Saginaw Chippewa Academy and they have Native American advocates and tutors who work with students in the local public schools. Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College is an accredited two-year college which operates with funding from the tribe, the Nation has an agreement with Central Michigan University that allows students to readily transfer credits to CMU to complete a 4-year degree there. The Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe also operates the Ziibiwing Cultural Society and it encourages use and teaching of the Ojibwe language and the reservation has the largest community of Ojibwe language speakers in Michigan. The tribe hosts a pow-wow every year during the first full weekend of August and this competition powwow takes place at the powwow grounds that are situated on the Hill. The Hill is also home to the campgrounds and the Chippewa Indian Methodist Church
39.
Giant
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Giants are the monsters of human appearance but prodigious size and strength common in the mythology and legends of many different cultures. The word giant, coined in 1297, was derived from the Gigantes of Greek mythology, Giants also often play similar roles in the mythologies and folklore of other, non Indo-European peoples, such as in the Nartian traditions. There are also accounts of giants in the Old Testament, most famously Goliath, Og King of Bashan, the Nephilim, the Anakim, attributed to them are extraordinary strength and physical proportions. Fairy tales such as Jack the Giant Killer have formed the modern perception of giants as stupid and violent monsters, sometimes said to eat humans, the ogre in Jack and the Beanstalk is often described as a giant. In some more recent portrayals, like those of Jonathan Swift and Roald Dahl, genesis 6, 4-5 tells of the Nephilim before and after the Flood. The 1st-century historian Flavius Josephus, and the 1st-2nd-century BC Dead Sea Scrolls give Goliaths height as four cubits and a span, approximately 2.00 m or about six feet seven inches. There were till then left the race of giants, who had bodies so large, and countenances so entirely different from men, that they were surprising to the sight. The bones of men are still shown to this very day. In Islam, giants known as jababirat or jabbirun such as Jalut are mentioned, the Book of Enoch describes giants as the offspring of fallen angels and mortal women in 7,2. According to Jains, there was a time when giants walked upon this earth, Jain cosmology divides worldly cycle of time into two parts or half-cycles, avasarpani and ascending. According to Jain texts, the height of Rishabha, first tirthankara of present half cycle of time was 500 dhanusa, in avasarpani, as the cycle moves ahead, height of all humans and animals decreases. The following table depicts the six aras of avasarpini- In Hinduism, the Daityas were the children of Diti and the sage Kashyapa who fought against the gods or Devas because they were jealous of their Deva half-brothers. Since Daityas were a race, they sometimes allied with other races having similar ideology namely Danavas and Asuras. Daityas along with Danavas and Asuras are sometimes called Rakshasas, the term for a demon in Hindu mythology. Some known Daityas include Hiranyakashipu and Hiranyaksha, the main antagonist of the Hindu epic Ramayana, Ravana, was a Brahmin from his fathers side and a Daitya from his mothers side. His younger brother Kumbhakarna was said to be as tall as a mountain and was good natured. Furthermore, the Paiute creation story tells of beautiful giants who lived between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. After giving birth to a child, the giants treated the child so poorly that the Great Spirit responded by making the land hot and desolate
40.
Bronco
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A bronco or bronc, in the United States, northern Mexico and Canada, is an untrained horse or one that habitually bucks. The term also refers to bucking horses used in rough stock events, such as bareback bronc riding. The silhouette of a cowboy on a bucking bronco is the symbol for the State of Wyoming. In modern usage, the word bronco is seldom used for a wild or feral horse, because the modern rodeo bucking horse is a domestic animal. Some are specifically bred for bucking ability and raised for the rodeo, informally, the term is often applied in a joking manner to describe any horse that acts up and bucks with or without a rider. Sometimes Mustangs were rounded up as well, as the two populations often mixed, the term comes from the Spanish language word bronco, meaning rough, which in Mexican usage also describes a horse. It was then borrowed and adapted in US cowboy lingo and it has also been spelled broncho, though this form is virtually unknown in the western United States, where the word is most common. In modern English, the o is commonly dropped, particularly in the American west, and the animal simply called a bronc
41.
Wildcat
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The wildcat is a small cat native to most of Africa, Europe, and Southwest and Central Asia into India, western China, and Mongolia. Because of its range it is assessed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2002. However, crossbreeding of wildcat and domestic cat occurs in particular in Europe and is considered a threat for the preservation of the wild species. The wildcat shows a degree of geographic variation. Whereas the Asiatic wildcat is spotted, the African wildcat is striped, has short sandy-grey fur, banded legs, red-backed ears. The European wildcat is striped, has long fur and a tail with a rounded tip. The wildcat is the ancestor of the domestic cat, genetic, morphological and archaeological evidence suggests that domestication of Old-World wildcats began approximately 7500 years BCE in the Fertile Crescent region of the Near East. Until 2007, twenty-two subspecies of wildcat were recognised, since publication of results of a phylogeographical analysis, only five subspecific groups have been suggested, including the Chinese mountain cat. In 1778, Johann von Schreber described the European wildcat using the scientific name Felis silvestris, in subsequent decades, several naturalists and explorers described wildcats from European, African and Asian countries. As of 2005,22 subspecies were recognised by Mammal Species of the World and they were divided into three groups, Forest wildcats. The domestic cat is thought to have derived from this group, the subspecies jordansi, reyi, cretensis, and the European and North African populations of lybica represent transitional forms between the forest and bay wildcat groups. Based on results of an analysis, scientists proposed in 2007 to recognise the five subspecies F. s. lybica, F. s. ornata, F. s. silvestris, F. s. cafra. The first four are recognised by International Union for Conservation of Nature as subspecies of F. silvestris, the wildcats direct ancestor was Felis lunensis, or Martellis wildcat, which lived in Europe as early as the late Pliocene. Fossil remains of the wildcat are common in deposits dating from the last ice age. At some point during the Late Pleistocene, the migrated from Europe into the Middle East. Within possibly 10,000 years, the wildcat spread eastwards into Asia. The wildcats closest living relatives are the cat, the Chinese mountain cat, the jungle cat. As a whole, the wildcat represents a less specialised form than the sand cat
42.
Wake Forest Demon Deacons
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The Wake Forest Demon Deacons are the various sports teams of Wake Forest University. Originally, Wake Forests athletic teams were known as the Fighting Baptists, Wake Forest has won a total of eight national championships in four different sports, four of these championships have come since 2002. The Demon Deacons participate in the NCAAs Division I and in the Atlantic Coast Conference, the Athletics Director is Ron Wellman, who won multiple Athletic Director of the Year Awards for his work during the 2007–2008 school year. 2006 Season Wake Forests football team was ranked in the Top 25 in the nation by the AP Poll during most of the 2006 season, the win sent Wake Forest to the Orange Bowl to play Big East champion Louisville, where they lost to the Cardinals. This made Wake Forest the smallest school to compete in the Bowl Championship Series. Of all schools that play Division I FBS football, only Rice and Tulsa have smaller undergraduate enrollments, and Wake has the smallest undergraduate enrollment of any school in the BCS conferences. For his part in the season, coach Jim Grobe was unanimously selected ACC Coach of the Year. Coach Grobe signed a contract in 2007. 2007 Season Wake Forest followed its success in 2006 with another excellent year, during the season, the Demon Deacons were briefly ranked in the Top 25. Their success throughout the year earned Wake Forest an invitation to the Meineke Car Care Bowl in Charlotte, played on December 29 in the Bank of America stadium the Demon Deacons defeated the Connecticut Huskies 24–10. Wake Forests head coach, Jim Grobe, continues to garner attention as an outstanding college football coach. Though he was offered coaching positions at schools, Grobe chose to remain with the Deacons much to the relief of Wake fans. Wake Forest plays its football games at BB&T Field. Wake Forest is generally regarded as a program in mens basketball. The mens basketball team has made 16 straight postseason appearances, the longest such streak in the ACC and they reached the Final Four once, in 1962. Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum is the venue for the Demon Deacons basketball team. Skip Prosser, Wake Forest Universitys mens basketball coach since 2001, one of Prossers assistant coaches, Dino Gaudio, was named to replace him. After the firing of Dino Guadio at the end of the 2010 season, Jeff Bzdelik resigned as head basketball coach on March 20,2014
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Haverford School
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The Haverford School is a selective private, non-sectarian, all-boys college preparatory day school, junior kindergarten through grade twelve. Founded in 1884 as The Haverford College Grammar School, it is located in Haverford, Pennsylvania, nine miles northwest of Philadelphia, the school was founded in 1884 at the request of Alexander and Lois Cassatt as The Haverford College Grammar School. The school was Quaker during its affiliation with the college, but is now nonsectarian, the Haverford School is a member of the Inter Academic Athletic Association, the countrys oldest inter-scholastic academic conference. Haverford is known for its long running rivalry with fellow Inter-Academic League member Episcopal Academy, the two schools have competed annually since 1889 in Haverford-EA Day, a day of competition occurring each November. The winner is determined by who wins more of the five events, a cross-country match, a water polo game, a soccer match, a golf match. In the event of a tie, victory goes to the most recent winner, each years winner is allowed to keep the sweater, which is split between each schools colors onto which years indicating victory are embroidered. The Haverford School is located ten miles from Center City Philadelphia, the school occupies ten buildings, including a LEED Gold-certified Upper School building constructed in 2008 and an alumni gathering space unveiled as Nostrant Pavilion in 2012. Academic facilities include eighty classrooms, two libraries with a combined 40,000 volumes, eleven science and five computer labs, before the construction of the Conshohocken boathouse, the schools crew team was associated with Undine Barge Club in Boathouse Row. Haverford School is easily accessed by SEPTA bus routes 105 and 106 and these routes connect with several other routes in the area such as 44,65,103 among others. The Paoli-Thorndale Regional Rail line can be accessed at Haverford Station, the Norristown High Speed Lines Haverford Station is a 0.5 mile walk away. Many students who live out of the area get to school by one of these bus routes from Philadelphia. For those students who live in Philadelphia, SEPTA provides them with free weekly bus transpasses. Haverford School has notable alumni in the arts, sciences, government, and business, including Maxfield Parrish, Ronald Perelman, Frank S. Welsh, Steve Sabol, charles Sumner Crosman, 1884–1912 Edwin Mood Wilson, 1912–1937 Cornelius B
