1.
Edwardian Baroque architecture
–
Edwardian Baroque is the Neo-Baroque architectural style of many public buildings built in the British Empire during the Edwardian era. Sir Edwin Lutyens was an exponent, designing many commercial buildings in what he termed the Grand Style during the later 1910s and 1920s. This period of British architectural history is considered a retrospective one. Some Edwardian Baroque buildings include details from sources, such as the Dutch gables of Norman Shaws Piccadilly Hotel in London
2.
Ports of Auckland
–
Ports of Auckland Limited, the successor to the Auckland Harbour Board, is the Council-owned company administering Aucklands commercial freight and cruise ship harbour facilities. As the company all of the associated facilities in the Greater Auckland area. Auckland has two harbours, with an international container port in Auckland and a regional port in Onehunga. There is also an inland port serving the national reshipment trade, located in Wiri. In its facilities, the company employs the equivalent of 550 full-time staff and is in operation at all hours to allow for quick turnaround of cargo. The Port of Auckland is a container and international trade port on the Waitemata Harbour, lying on the central. The 55ha of wharves and storage areas are almost exclusively situated on reclaimed land, mostly in the former Commercial Bay, Official Bay and this land is now owned and administered by Councils Waterfront Auckland CCO. An easement around the edge wharf provides for emergency services and ship berthing Queens Wharf and this land is now owned and administered by Councils Waterfront Auckland CCO. The new cranes are the largest in New Zealand, weighing 1,250 tonnes each, standing 103 m high with a 56 m boom length, they are capable of lifting two 20-foot containers at once, with speeds of up to 150 m per minute. They were bought to provide the lifting capacity and reach for Post-Panamax ships. Their generators can provide power to refrigerated containers in case of power failure. The port has also upgraded most of the carrier fleet to the most modern version Noell Straddles. This second harbour is a facility near Onehunga on the Manukau Harbour. The Wharf and structure has been bought by NZTA for 17million Dollars for use on the East West Reading link. Much of the now port defunct trade due to the last Milburn Carriers visits means the area will be inaccessible as its used as a site for the next 5-7years. This will mean that proposed development by Panuku and Auckland city Council will be stalled as the area will be a construction site. Chelsea Wharf, in Birkenhead, North Shore City, not part of the current POAL facilities, serves the Chelsea Sugar Refinery, the nine hectares of the land were leased from POAL, but purchased by Chelsea in 1997. An inland port in South Auckland which functions as an exchange between the sea port and the national road and rail freight networks
3.
Heritage New Zealand
–
Its current enabling legislation is the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014. It is governed by a Board of Trustees, currently chaired by Shonagh Kenderdine, past chairs include Dame Anne Salmond. The head office is in Antrim House, Wellington, while regional and area offices are in Kerikeri, Auckland, Tauranga, Wellington, Christchurch and it publishes the quarterly magazine New Zealand Heritage. Buildings owned by Heritage New Zealand include the Mission House, the Stone Store, the Canterbury earthquakes of September 2010 and February 2011 resulted in damage to a number of historic buildings in Christchurch. Post-earthquake redevelopment has caused a significant loss of buildings in Christchurch. The Māori Heritage Council sits within the New Zealand Historic Places Trust and was established by the Historic Places Act 1993, as of 2013 Sir Tumu Te Heuheu is the Chair of the MHC
4.
Auckland
–
Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
5.
Auckland City
–
Auckland City was a local authority district governed by Auckland City Council. It was the part of Auckland urban area covering the isthmus, the core of Auckland City was the Auckland CBD, a major financial and commercial centre, surrounded by many suburbs. It lay within the wider Auckland Region, which was governed by Auckland Regional Council, Auckland City was the most populous district in the country, with a population of 450,000 at 30 June 2010. In 2009, Auckland was rated the fourth-best place to live in the world, the mainland part of Auckland City occupied the Auckland isthmus, also known as the Tāmaki isthmus. The Waitemata Harbour, which opens to the Hauraki Gulf, separated North Shore City from the isthmus, the Manukau Harbour, which opens to the Tasman Sea, separated Manukau City from the isthmus. The distance between the two harbours is particularly narrow at each end of the isthmus, a few kilometres to the southeast at Otahuhu, the Tamaki River, an arm of the Hauraki Gulf on the east coast, comes just 1200 metres from the Manukaus waters. Being part of the Auckland volcanic field, much of the isthmus is mantled with volcanic rocks and soils, many Hauraki Gulf islands were part of Auckland City. In November 1989, central government restructured local authorities throughout New Zealand, after substantial protests and legal challenges, Auckland City was merged with eight smaller local authorities to form a new Auckland City Council. The new Auckland City had double the population of the old, however, amalgamation, forced onto local authorities often against their will, was criticised to have led to less democracy and higher rates for the same services. A further restructuring and amalgamation brought all seven councils in the area, Auckland City was the most populous city of New Zealand. In 2010 it was made up of 188 ethnic groups, making it New Zealands most diverse city, and slightly more diverse than in 2007, when 185 ethnic groups had been counted. In 2010, the life expectancy was 83 years for women, over 2009 to the month of March, Auckland Citys unemployment rate increased to 5. 6%, compared to the overall New Zealand unemployment rate of 4. 5%. In addition the citys economic output declined by 2. 4%, however, over the last five years of its existence, Aucklands economic growth averaged 1. 4% each year, higher than the average of the region and the nation. In 2003 three of the ten largest companies in New Zealand were headquartered in Auckland City, many large corporations were housed within Auckland CBD, the central part of Auckland City. Air New Zealand has its headquarters, called The Hub, off Beaumont and Fanshawe Streets in the Western Reclamation. In September 2003 Air New Zealand was the one of the very largest corporations in New Zealand to have its headquarters within the Auckland CBD. These lists of suburbs are arranged electorally, by the wards, hobson Auckland CBD, Epsom, Greenlane, Newmarket, One Tree Hill, Parnell, Remuera, Mechanics Bay, Grafton, Newton. All of these cities except Hamburg are located around the Pacific Rim, Auckland waterfront A Complete Guide To Heraldry by A. C. Fox-Davies 1909
6.
North Shore, New Zealand
–
North Shore is the part of the urban area of Auckland, New Zealand, located to the north of the Waitemata Harbour. The city had an population of 229,000 at 30 June 2010. The former city was also the fourth largest city in land, with an area of 129.81 square kilometres. It was also the most densely populated city in the country because, unlike other New Zealand cities, the North Shore has been administered by various councils over the years, in the most recent past the North Shore City Council. On 1 November 2010, North Shore City Council and the six local councils. The administrative area of North Shore City Council was bounded by Rodney District to the north, Waitemata Harbour to the south, the seat of the council was in Takapuna. The city was divided into three wards, Harbour, Northern and Central, and each ward is divided into two community boards. Inner suburbs include Milford, Takapuna, Belmont, Devonport, Bayswater, Northcote, Birkenhead, Highbury, Hillcrest, Glenfield, Wairau Valley, Westlake and Forrest Hill. Those here with an asterisk, along several other beaches on the Hauraki Gulf coast, are collectively known as East Coast Bays. By the 1950s, only about 50,000 people lived on the Shore, eventually the growth became significant enough for the North Shore to be considered a city in its own right, though densities remained still below what is typical south of the Harbour. All council services and facilities are now under authority of the Auckland Council, commuting within the North Shore itself can be done relatively easily, but those who commute to Auckland City and need to cross the Auckland Harbour Bridge face severe traffic congestion. The alternative route through western suburbs is also prone to traffic at peak times. Several options for new bridges and tunnels have been studied in depth, but at the moment, public transport has been upgraded in an attempt to reduce the citys car dependence. In 2003, there were indications that the stages of the busway project were generally regarded as a success. The North Shore City Council increased the number of facilities with more park and ride stations in Sunnynook, Smales Farm and these were completed in February 2008. In January 2009, the Northern Busway began trial runs featuring New Zealands first bus-dedicated roadway, a number of North Shore suburbs have a regular ferry service to Auckland City, including Devonport, Stanley Bay, Bayswater, Birkenhead. Others are planned for Takapuna and Browns Bay, the city was run by a 15-member council and mayor, democratically elected every three years using the First Past The Post voting system. The final mayor prior to 2010 amalgamation was Andrew Williams, the mayor was a strong critic of the Super City proposals which would see North Shore City amalgamated into a larger Auckland authority, Auckland Council
7.
Waitakere City
–
Waitakere City is a former territorial authority district in the west of Auckland, New Zealand, which was governed by the Waitakere City Council from 1989 to 2010. It was New Zealands fifth largest city, with a growth of about 2%. In 2010 the council was amalgamated with other regional authorities into one new Auckland Council, the name Waitakere comes from the Waitakere River in the Waitakere Ranges and was applied to Waitakere County, which covered much of the later city. Before being settled by Europeans, the Māori iwi Te Kawerau a Maki, in the 1830s, European settlers started to arrive, concentrating on timber milling, kauri gum digging and flax milling, with brickworks and pottery industries following later. Suburbs like New Lynn, Glen Eden and Henderson grew to prominence in the following decades, in February 1993 the council developed the Greenprint as an Agenda 21 initiative and declared itself to be an eco-city. Waitakere City was formed by the amalgamation of Waitemata City with the boroughs of Henderson, New Lynn, there were just two mayors of Waitakere during its existence, Assid Corban from 1989 to 1992, and Bob Harvey from 1992 to 2010. On 1 November 2010, the Waitakere City Council was abolished, all council facilities and services were handed over to the new council. The elected Council consisted of the mayor and 14 councillors representing the four wards, each ward also had an elected community board that considered local issues. This urban ward contained the old Henderson borough as well as the suburbs of Glendene, Te Atatu South, there were 40,086 residents in 2001. It was located immediately to the west of Auckland city, some 10 kilometres from the city centre, along the shores of the Waitemata Harbour and its southwestern arm. Although this area was urban, it also had some farms and lifestyle blocks in the north. The ward contained the suburbs of Whenuapai, Hobsonville, West Harbour, Massey, Ranui and it had a population of 51,369 in the 2001 census. Centered on the old boroughs of New Lynn and Glen Eden, it contained the suburbs of Kelston, Green Bay, Titirangi, Kaurilands, Waima. The ward had a population of 49,845 in 2001, New Lynn Ward was to the south of Henderson Ward, and extended to the shore of the Manukau Harbour at its southern end. New Lynn itself is 10 kilometres southwest of Auckland city centre and this ward was by far the largest in area as it encompassed the sparsely populated Waitakere Ranges, as well as some of the urban fringes as the city expanded westward into former orchards and farms. The population of 27,450 in 2001 was the smallest of the wards, many of these had volunteer fire brigades to protect their communities from the summer bush fires. This ward lay to the west of the three wards, and extended to the north as well. Its northern end, around Muriwai, was the furthest part of Waitakere from Auckland city centre, Waitakere City developed retail and service sectors and light manufacturing
8.
Manukau
–
Manukau, or Manukau Central, is a suburb of South Auckland, New Zealand, centred on the central business district. It is located 23 kilometres south of the Auckland CBD, west of the Southern Motorway, south of Papatoetoe, the industrial and commercial suburb of Wiri lies to the east and south. The headquarters of Manukau City Council were in Manukau Central until the council was merged into Auckland Council in November 2010, Manukau Central should not be confused with the much larger Manukau City, which was the entire area administered by the city council. The Manukau Central area was part of the rural area of Wiri in the early 20th century. Its transition from farmland was driven by Manukau City Council, which formed in 1965 and purchased land there in 1966 for the development of an administrative and commercial centre. The Manukau City Centre mall, now Westfield Manukau City, opened in October 1976, several government departments established offices in the late 1970s. In 1983 Manukau City Council decided to rename the area Manukau Central, the name Manukau City Centre has been used for the central business district around the mall and city council building. The Rainbows End theme park opened just south of the city centre in 1982, vodafone Events Centre, a multi-purpose event centre, is also opened in 2005 located at Manukau. Another shopping centre, Manukau Supa Centa, opened to the west of the city centre in 1998, Manukau Institute of Technology, which has its main campus at Ōtara, is building another campus at Manukau Central in 2014. The suburb is, since November 2010, in the Manukau ward, the Southwestern Motorway joins the Southern Motorway at Manukau Central. Eastern Line train services carry passengers between Manukau train station and central Aucklands Britomart Transport Centre, photographs of Manukau held in Auckland Libraries heritage collections
9.
Hauraki Gulf
–
The Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana is a coastal feature of the North Island of New Zealand. It has an area of 4000 km², and lies between, in order, the Auckland Region, the Hauraki Plains, the Coromandel Peninsula. Most of the gulf is part of the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, Hauraki is Māori for north wind. In 2014, the gulf was officially named Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana, the gulf is part of the Pacific Ocean, which it joins to the north and east. It is largely protected from the Pacific by Great Barrier Island and Little Barrier Island to the north and it is thus well protected against all but northern winds. Three large channels join the gulf to the Pacific, to the north of Auckland several peninsulas jut into the gulf, notably the Whangaparaoa Peninsula. Tiritiri Matangi Island is near the end of this peninsula, further north, Kawau Island nestles under the Tawharanui Peninsula. Numerous beaches dot the shores of the gulf, many of them known for swimming and surfing. During the last glaciation period the gulf was dry land, with the sea level being around 100–110 m lower than at present, the gulf was submerged when the sea reached its current level around 7200 years ago. In the west of the gulf lie a string of islands guarding the mouth of the Waitemata Harbour and these include Ponui Island, Waiheke Island, Tiritiri Matangi and the iconic dome of Rangitoto Island, which is connected to the much older Motutapu Island by a causeway. The islands are separated from the mainland by the Tamaki Strait, at the southern end of the gulf is the wide, relatively shallow Firth of Thames. Beyond this lie the Hauraki Plains, drained by the Waihou River, the Hunua Ranges and hills of the Coromandel Peninsula rise on either side of the Firth. There are approximately 25 species of mammals in the gulf. Nearly a third of the marine mammal species live in or visit the Marine Park. The population remaining is estimated to be between 100-200, in recent years, increases in numbers of migrating baleen whales are confirmed long after the end of hunting era. These are humpback whales, southern blue whales, pygmy blue whales, less frequently, fin whales and sei whales are seen as well. For southern right whales, these whales will possibly become seasonal residents in the gulf as the populations recover, many of the islands are official or unofficial bird sanctuaries, holding important or critically endangered species like kiwi, takahe, brown teal and grey-faced petrel. The gulf is a vibrant natural environment, which has seen significant damage during the 20th, particularly damaging were the introduction of industrialised fishing, with for example snapper fishing peaking in the 1970s at more than 10,000 tonnes a year
10.
Auckland CBD
–
The Auckland central business district, sometimes referred to as Central City or Downtown, is the geographical and economic heart of the Auckland metropolitan area. The area is made up of the citys largest concentration of skyscrapers and businesses, the CBD is one of the most densely developed places in New Zealand, with many commercial and some residential developments packed into a space of only 433 hectares. Bounded by several motorways and by the harbour coastline in the north. Located on the shore of a narrow isthmus, the CBD extends from the Auckland waterfront on the Waitemata Harbour southwards along Queen Street. The CBD has an area of 433 hectares, similar to the Sydney CBD, the CBD is to a substantial part located on reclaimed land of the Waitemata Harbour. For a closer discussion of this aspect, see the Commercial Bay, the town of Auckland was created in 1840 with the first European colonisation of the area, marked by an official ceremony on the now non-existent Point Britomart. The initial centre of the new town was focused on what is now the corner of Shortland and Queen Streets, Shortland Street tended to be the location of the more important businesses and most of the luxury shops of the mid 19th century. The 1850s onwards saw a number of businesses, and especially retail, locating further south along Queen Street. During the remainder of the 19th century, Commercial Bay was progressively filled in, allowing an extension of Queen Street and the creation of Fort Street, Customs Street. The part of Queen Street north of Customs Street is today referred to informally as Lower Queen Street, up until the middle of the 20th century the centre of town still contained a large number of small factories including clothing manufacturers. This was mirrored by the development of shopping malls which enticed retailers to vacate the inner city as well. Attempts by the council to halt this pattern by constructing numerous public car parking buildings met with varying success, residential numbers in the inner city were also declining in the 20th century from as early as the 1920s. Around 24,000 apartment units exist as of 2010, the CBD of Auckland has been the leading centre of New Zealands business and economic development for nearly two centuries. The area of todays CBD was the site of the original European settlement of Auckland, oriented along the coastline and then Queen Street, in a southward direction. From those origins, it has grown progressively, and become more densely built-up, now being an area of high-rise buildings mainly used for commercial. It has the highest concentration of arts, culture and higher education institutions, some commentators have noted that the recent decades have not been kind to the aesthetics and the community values of the inner city. In an attempt to reverse the decline of aesthetics in the CBD, previous Auckland City Councils and these include the recent redevelopment of Aotea Square in 2010 and the upgrade of Saint Patricks Square in 2009. The Auckland CBD is one of the few places in New Zealand that has skyscraper-sized buildings, such as the Vero Centre, ANZ Centre or the Metropolis, with the Sky Tower rising above them
11.
Auckland waterfront
–
The Auckland waterfront is a city-side stretch of the southern Waitemata Harbour coastline in Auckland, New Zealand. The waterfront stretches roughly from the suburb of Saint Marys Bay / the Auckland Harbour Bridge in the west to the Ports of Auckland areas in the east, while Auckland City technically has a second waterfront on the Manukau Harbour, this is never called Auckland waterfront. However, Ports of Auckland noted that while it will explore plans for public access. In early 2008, ARC plans were unveiled that may see Queens Wharf, currently the wharf is used to store ripening bananas and hold import cars before fumigation treatment by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry staff. However, plans for the activities are still up in the air, though a new cruise ship terminal, to support the heavily booked Princes Wharf terminal. The Yokohama Passenger Terminal was held up as an example, with port, ferry and customs/immigration facilities contained within a wharf, and with a sweeping public park on the roof of the structure
12.
Queen Street, Auckland
–
Queen Street is the major commercial thoroughfare in the Auckland CBD, Auckland, New Zealands main population centre. The early route of Queen Street led up the middle of a following the bank of the Waihorotiu Stream. This canal was culverted beneath the street from the 1870s onward, the course of the stream is still reflected today in the slight bend of lower Queen Street. From north of Shortland Street, Queen Street is built on land reclaimed from the sea in the late 19th century, there are several other Queen Streets in the greater Auckland area, mostly in suburbs that were separate towns before being absorbed by a growing central city. Auckland was also called the Queen City since before the turn of the 20th century, while the street was metalled in 1843, the natural stream still often overflowed its banks, and the area was still swampy. This led to canalisation and later covering-over of the stream, fires however still continued to plague the new town, with one in 1873 wiping out another 54 buildings in the Queen Street area between Wellesley Street West and Grey Street. The fires, amongst other things, led to the establishment of the Auckland Volunteer Fire Service, in the 1880s, the first horse-drawn buses began connecting Queen Street with areas such as Ponsonby Road and Remuera. In 1900, the first motorcar was admired on the street, and in 1902 the street was finally asphalted, the same year the first electric trams also arrived, to provide services until 1956. By that time, the street was popular for such as parades and festivities. During the second half of the 20th century, many of the buildings on Queen Street were demolished to make space for larger office buildings. Queen Street is known by all over the country, even by people who have never seen it. The street was immortalised by The Front Lawn with their song Queen Street, the street has been the site of numerous parades, marches and other events of political, cultural or sporting nature. Together with adjacent High Street, it is the retail precinct of the central city, with most national store, bank. Several important other local businesses, such as the Smith & Caugheys department store, have branches here. The street sees very high numbers, estimated by some as up to 10 times as high as on Broadway in Newmarket. Prior to a 2006–2008 street upgrade, Council figures showed that over 50,000 pedestrians,40,000 public transport users and 20,000 people in vehicles used Queen Street daily. The Council anticipated that the private car share would drop by around 15%, an editorial of The New Zealand Herald accused Council of using overestimated public transport user numbers for political purposes to support its bus lane plans. These junctions were at the intersections with Customs Street and Wellesley Street, since the closure of Aucklands tram network, Balaclava Junction on Melbournes tram network has been the sole grand union left in the Southern Hemisphere
13.
Britomart Transport Centre
–
Britomart Transport Centre is the public transport hub in the central business district of Auckland, New Zealand, and the northern terminus of the North Island Main Trunk railway line. It combines a bus interchange with a station in a former Edwardian post office. It is at the foot of Queen Street, the commercial thoroughfare of Auckland city centre. The centre was the result of design iterations, some of them being substantially larger and including an underground bus terminal. Political concerns and cost implications meant that those concepts did not proceed and it is one of the few underground railway stations in the world designed for use by diesel trains. Initially seen as underused and too costly, it is now considered a great success, cost over-runs and differing tastes made the centre politically controversial, the design often being described as a large hole in the ground, both literally and figuratively. Despite this and a NZ$204 million price tag, it has won design awards and is internationally recognised for its innovative. Britomart is on reclaimed land in the middle of what was once Commercial Bay and it is named after Point Britomart, a former headland at Commercial Bays eastern end. In the 1870s and 1880s the headland was levelled in order to extend the line to the bottom of Queen Street. Auckland Railway Station moved west from its original 1873 site to Britomart in 1885, in 1930 the station was relocated 1.2 km east to Beach Road and the former station site became a bus terminal in 1937 and car park in 1958. In 1995, Auckland City Council purchased the old Post Office, the developer eventually defaulted on contractual deadlines, and the project failed. In 1998, an option was decided on, partly after a consultation process with stakeholders. The architectural design was chosen via a competition and it used part of Queen Elizabeth II Square and surrounding streets as a bus terminal, with the existing dilapidated bus terminal redeveloped to incorporate both bus services and a pedestrianised area. When nearby Quay Street was realigned in the late 1990s, a tunnel was built to provide the railway link. Bus services using the old bus terminal were diverted to other locations in June 2001,200,000 cubic metres were excavated for the station, and 40,000 cubic metres of concrete poured. The station has an area of 5.2 ha. The main chamber of Britomart is one of the best interiors in New Zealand, the station opened to passengers on 7 July 2003, with the official opening on 25 July 2003 by Sir Edmund Hillary and government ministers. Services to the Beach Road terminus ceased, except for some commuter services and excursion trains using the former Platform 4
14.
Land reclamation
–
Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill, is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. The land reclaimed is known as ground or land fill. In a number of jurisdictions, including parts of the United States. In Alberta, Canada, for example, reclamation is defined by the government as The process of reconverting disturbed land to its former or other productive uses. In Oceania it is referred to as land rehabilitation. Land reclamation can be achieved with a number of different methods, the most simple method involves simply filling the area with large amounts of heavy rock and/or cement, then filling with clay and dirt until the desired height is reached. The process is called infilling and the used to fill the space is generically called infill. Draining of submerged wetlands is often used to land for agricultural use. Deep cement mixing is used typically in situations in which the material displaced by either dredging or draining may be contaminated, the creation of new land was for the need of human activities. Notable examples include, Much of the coastlines of Mumbai, India and it took over 150 years to join the original seven islands of Mumbai. Much of the coastlines of Mainland China, Hong Kong, North Korea and it is estimated that nearly 65% of tidal flats around the Yellow Sea have been reclaimed. Inland lowlands in the Yangtze valley, China, including the areas of important cities like Shanghai, Much of the coastline of Karachi, Pakistan. A part of the Hamad International Airport in Qatar, around 36 square kilometres, the entire island of The Pearl-Qatar situated in West Bay, Qatar. The city-state of Singapore, where land is in supply, is also famous for its efforts on land reclamation. The Palm Islands, The World and hotel Burj al-Arab off Dubai in the United Arab Emirates The Yas Island in Abu Dhabi and it is one of the six divisions of Malé City. The Eko Atlantic in Lagos, Nigeria, mexico City, the chinampas are a famous example. Parts of Panama City urban and street development are based on reclaimed land, aeroparque Jorge Newbery, in Buenos Aires, Argentina One of the earliest large scale projects was the Beemster Polder in the Netherlands, realized in 1612 adding 70 square kilometres of land. In Hong Kong the Praya Reclamation Scheme added 20 to 24 hectares of land in 1890 during the phase of construction
15.
Coromandel Peninsula
–
It is 40 kilometres wide at its broadest point. Almost the entire population lies on the narrow coastal strips fronting the Hauraki Gulf, in fine weather the peninsula is clearly visible from Auckland, the countrys biggest city, which lies on the far shore of the Hauraki Gulf,55 kilometres to the west. The peninsula is part of the government areas of Thames-Coromandel District. The peninsula is steep and hilly, and is covered in temperate rainforest. Great Barrier is separated from Cape Colville on the northern coast by the Colville Channel. A forest park covers much of the peninsulas interior, the peninsula shows considerable signs of past volcanism. It comprises the eroded remnants of the Coromandel Volcanic Zone, which was active during the Miocene and Pliocene periods. Volcanic activity has since primarily shifted southeast to the Taupo Volcanic Zone, geothermal activity is still present on the Peninsula, with hot springs in several places, notably at Hot Water Beach, in the central east coast between Whitianga and Tairua. Owing to the nature of the land, much of the Coromandels population clusters in a number of towns. Only five towns on the peninsula have populations of over 1000, several small towns dot the coast of the Firth of Thames in the southwest. Other small towns on the peninsula include Te Puru, Matarangi, Whangapoua, Whiritoa, Hikuai, Port Jackson, Port Charles, Tairua, Pauanui, the population of several of these centres is highly seasonal, with many Aucklanders having holiday homes in the Coromandel. The peninsula has become a place to live for those who have chosen an alternative lifestyle. As of 2010, increasing numbers of affluent Aucklanders have started moving to the Coromandel, the population density decreases with both distance from the coast and distance north. Of the main centres, only Coromandel, Colville, Matarangi and Whitianga lie in the north of the peninsula. The area was known largely for its hardrock gold mining and kauri industries. A forest park occupies much of the centre of the peninsula, the Moehau Ranges even have an imagined monster, the Hairy Moehau. Evidence of the regions geothermal origins can be found in hot springs, the town of Whangamata is a popular holiday retreat, and Whitianga on Mercury Bay is renowned for its yachting. The peninsulas waters are also a destination for scuba divers
16.
Auckland Regional Transport Authority
–
The Auckland Regional Transport Authority was the central co-ordinating agency for transport in the Auckland Region of New Zealand from 2004 to 2010. In this role, ARTA provided public services, assigned funding and subsidies. ARTA was under the control of the Auckland Regional Council and was replaced by Auckland Transport on 1 November 2010, the establishment of ARTA was one of a set of changes announced on 12 December 2003 in the Investing for Growth transport package. The package also announced significant new funding measures including a $900m Crown contribution to Auckland transport over 10 years, Governance and funding of transport in Auckland was complex. The Royal Commission on Auckland Governance, set up in 2007, described then arrangements for transport in Auckland as, central government agencies involved in planning and funding road and rail infrastructure include the Ministry of Transport, Land Transport New Zealand, Transit New Zealand, and ONTRACK. Land Transport New Zealand and Transit will be replaced by the New Zealand Transport Agency from 1 July 2008, Regional entities involved in transport planning and public transport include the ARC, the Regional Land Transport Committee, and the Auckland Regional Transport Authority. In addition local councils own, build, and manage local roads, Auckland Transport is responsible for local authority transport delivery functions inherited from the eight Auckland local authorities and ARTA including local roads and public transport. The Auckland Regional Land Transport Strategy, prepared by the Auckland Regional Council, set out a vision for Auckland’s transport system, and a 10-year framework for working towards this vision. ARTA was required to effect to the ARLTS, both through its own actions and by setting priorities for the funding of land transport activities in the Region. ARTA achieved this by preparing the Auckland Transport Plan, and detailed implementation plans, each year, ARTA prepared a Land Transport Programme setting out its recommendations for the funding of transport projects in the Auckland region. KiwiRail Network undertook Project DART in association with ARTA to upgrade Aucklands rail network, signalling and train station platforms, public transport in Auckland Transport in Auckland List of Auckland railway stations Transdev Auckland
17.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
18.
Auckland Libraries
–
Auckland Libraries is the public library system for the Auckland Region of New Zealand. It was created when the seven councils in the Auckland region merged in 2010. It is currently the largest public library network in the Southern Hemisphere with 55 branches from Wellsford to Waiuku, in November 2010, Aucklands local councils merged to create the Auckland Council. As a result of this process, the seven public library systems within the region were combined to form Auckland Libraries and this consortium settled on Millenium as their Library Management System and the libraries within this system all moved to this software. The result was that the systems were able to offer their customers a seamless transition to membership of the larger network. Prior to the amalgamation, Auckland City Libraries was a network of 17 public libraries, in September 1880, the said local government authority took responsibility for the library of the Auckland Mechanics Institute. In 1887, George Grey donated around 8,000 books, at the time, this building housed the entire collection for the Auckland public library in addition to the citys art collection. Additionally, from its inception in 1916 until it was closed in 1957 and this building is now the Auckland Art Gallery. The building that houses the Central City library was opened in 1971. Before amalgamation three public libraries made up Bookinopolis, Pukekohe, Waiuku and Tuakau, a municipal library had first been established at Pukekohe in 1913 and at Waiuku in 1946, in each case taking over an existing subscription library. Tuakau Public Library was opened in 1977, after local body amalgamation in 1989 these three libraries formed the Franklin District library system. In 2000 this was taken over by the Franklin District Library Trust, the Trust renamed its library system ‘Bookinopolis’. In 2010 the Pukekohe and Waiuku libraries became branches of Auckland Libraries, the newly formed city opened its first full-service public library at Manurewa in 1967. Then came Māngere Bridge in 1979, Māngere Town Centre in 1980, Local body amalgamation in 1989 saw two more libraries added to the system, Papatoetoe and Howick, where the municipal library services dated from 1945 and 1947 respectively. In 1958 Papatoetoe Library had earned the distinction of setting up the first municipal library service in New Zealand. Manukau Libraries’ last three branches were Clendon, the innovative Tupu-Dawson Road Youth Library, and the Botany Idealibrary, Clendon was renamed Te Matiriki-Clendon when it was relocated in 2006. Throughout its life, Manukau Libraries operated as a rather than a centralised library system. However, in 2001 it also opened a reference and reading room near Manukau City Centre that later expanded into the Manukau Research Library, by 2010 Manukau Libraries operated 13 branch libraries, a research library, five volunteer-run ‘rural libraries’ and a mobile library service
19.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
