1.
Edwardian Baroque architecture
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Edwardian Baroque is the Neo-Baroque architectural style of many public buildings built in the British Empire during the Edwardian era. Sir Edwin Lutyens was an exponent, designing many commercial buildings in what he termed the Grand Style during the later 1910s and 1920s. This period of British architectural history is considered a retrospective one. Some Edwardian Baroque buildings include details from sources, such as the Dutch gables of Norman Shaws Piccadilly Hotel in London
2.
Ports of Auckland
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Ports of Auckland Limited, the successor to the Auckland Harbour Board, is the Council-owned company administering Aucklands commercial freight and cruise ship harbour facilities. As the company all of the associated facilities in the Greater Auckland area. Auckland has two harbours, with an international container port in Auckland and a regional port in Onehunga. There is also an inland port serving the national reshipment trade, located in Wiri. In its facilities, the company employs the equivalent of 550 full-time staff and is in operation at all hours to allow for quick turnaround of cargo. The Port of Auckland is a container and international trade port on the Waitemata Harbour, lying on the central. The 55ha of wharves and storage areas are almost exclusively situated on reclaimed land, mostly in the former Commercial Bay, Official Bay and this land is now owned and administered by Councils Waterfront Auckland CCO. An easement around the edge wharf provides for emergency services and ship berthing Queens Wharf and this land is now owned and administered by Councils Waterfront Auckland CCO. The new cranes are the largest in New Zealand, weighing 1,250 tonnes each, standing 103 m high with a 56 m boom length, they are capable of lifting two 20-foot containers at once, with speeds of up to 150 m per minute. They were bought to provide the lifting capacity and reach for Post-Panamax ships. Their generators can provide power to refrigerated containers in case of power failure. The port has also upgraded most of the carrier fleet to the most modern version Noell Straddles. This second harbour is a facility near Onehunga on the Manukau Harbour. The Wharf and structure has been bought by NZTA for 17million Dollars for use on the East West Reading link. Much of the now port defunct trade due to the last Milburn Carriers visits means the area will be inaccessible as its used as a site for the next 5-7years. This will mean that proposed development by Panuku and Auckland city Council will be stalled as the area will be a construction site. Chelsea Wharf, in Birkenhead, North Shore City, not part of the current POAL facilities, serves the Chelsea Sugar Refinery, the nine hectares of the land were leased from POAL, but purchased by Chelsea in 1997. An inland port in South Auckland which functions as an exchange between the sea port and the national road and rail freight networks
3.
Heritage New Zealand
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Its current enabling legislation is the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014. It is governed by a Board of Trustees, currently chaired by Shonagh Kenderdine, past chairs include Dame Anne Salmond. The head office is in Antrim House, Wellington, while regional and area offices are in Kerikeri, Auckland, Tauranga, Wellington, Christchurch and it publishes the quarterly magazine New Zealand Heritage. Buildings owned by Heritage New Zealand include the Mission House, the Stone Store, the Canterbury earthquakes of September 2010 and February 2011 resulted in damage to a number of historic buildings in Christchurch. Post-earthquake redevelopment has caused a significant loss of buildings in Christchurch. The Māori Heritage Council sits within the New Zealand Historic Places Trust and was established by the Historic Places Act 1993, as of 2013 Sir Tumu Te Heuheu is the Chair of the MHC
4.
Auckland
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Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
5.
Auckland City
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Auckland City was a local authority district governed by Auckland City Council. It was the part of Auckland urban area covering the isthmus, the core of Auckland City was the Auckland CBD, a major financial and commercial centre, surrounded by many suburbs. It lay within the wider Auckland Region, which was governed by Auckland Regional Council, Auckland City was the most populous district in the country, with a population of 450,000 at 30 June 2010. In 2009, Auckland was rated the fourth-best place to live in the world, the mainland part of Auckland City occupied the Auckland isthmus, also known as the Tāmaki isthmus. The Waitemata Harbour, which opens to the Hauraki Gulf, separated North Shore City from the isthmus, the Manukau Harbour, which opens to the Tasman Sea, separated Manukau City from the isthmus. The distance between the two harbours is particularly narrow at each end of the isthmus, a few kilometres to the southeast at Otahuhu, the Tamaki River, an arm of the Hauraki Gulf on the east coast, comes just 1200 metres from the Manukaus waters. Being part of the Auckland volcanic field, much of the isthmus is mantled with volcanic rocks and soils, many Hauraki Gulf islands were part of Auckland City. In November 1989, central government restructured local authorities throughout New Zealand, after substantial protests and legal challenges, Auckland City was merged with eight smaller local authorities to form a new Auckland City Council. The new Auckland City had double the population of the old, however, amalgamation, forced onto local authorities often against their will, was criticised to have led to less democracy and higher rates for the same services. A further restructuring and amalgamation brought all seven councils in the area, Auckland City was the most populous city of New Zealand. In 2010 it was made up of 188 ethnic groups, making it New Zealands most diverse city, and slightly more diverse than in 2007, when 185 ethnic groups had been counted. In 2010, the life expectancy was 83 years for women, over 2009 to the month of March, Auckland Citys unemployment rate increased to 5. 6%, compared to the overall New Zealand unemployment rate of 4. 5%. In addition the citys economic output declined by 2. 4%, however, over the last five years of its existence, Aucklands economic growth averaged 1. 4% each year, higher than the average of the region and the nation. In 2003 three of the ten largest companies in New Zealand were headquartered in Auckland City, many large corporations were housed within Auckland CBD, the central part of Auckland City. Air New Zealand has its headquarters, called The Hub, off Beaumont and Fanshawe Streets in the Western Reclamation. In September 2003 Air New Zealand was the one of the very largest corporations in New Zealand to have its headquarters within the Auckland CBD. These lists of suburbs are arranged electorally, by the wards, hobson Auckland CBD, Epsom, Greenlane, Newmarket, One Tree Hill, Parnell, Remuera, Mechanics Bay, Grafton, Newton. All of these cities except Hamburg are located around the Pacific Rim, Auckland waterfront A Complete Guide To Heraldry by A. C. Fox-Davies 1909
6.
Auckland CBD
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The Auckland central business district, sometimes referred to as Central City or Downtown, is the geographical and economic heart of the Auckland metropolitan area. The area is made up of the citys largest concentration of skyscrapers and businesses, the CBD is one of the most densely developed places in New Zealand, with many commercial and some residential developments packed into a space of only 433 hectares. Bounded by several motorways and by the harbour coastline in the north. Located on the shore of a narrow isthmus, the CBD extends from the Auckland waterfront on the Waitemata Harbour southwards along Queen Street. The CBD has an area of 433 hectares, similar to the Sydney CBD, the CBD is to a substantial part located on reclaimed land of the Waitemata Harbour. For a closer discussion of this aspect, see the Commercial Bay, the town of Auckland was created in 1840 with the first European colonisation of the area, marked by an official ceremony on the now non-existent Point Britomart. The initial centre of the new town was focused on what is now the corner of Shortland and Queen Streets, Shortland Street tended to be the location of the more important businesses and most of the luxury shops of the mid 19th century. The 1850s onwards saw a number of businesses, and especially retail, locating further south along Queen Street. During the remainder of the 19th century, Commercial Bay was progressively filled in, allowing an extension of Queen Street and the creation of Fort Street, Customs Street. The part of Queen Street north of Customs Street is today referred to informally as Lower Queen Street, up until the middle of the 20th century the centre of town still contained a large number of small factories including clothing manufacturers. This was mirrored by the development of shopping malls which enticed retailers to vacate the inner city as well. Attempts by the council to halt this pattern by constructing numerous public car parking buildings met with varying success, residential numbers in the inner city were also declining in the 20th century from as early as the 1920s. Around 24,000 apartment units exist as of 2010, the CBD of Auckland has been the leading centre of New Zealands business and economic development for nearly two centuries. The area of todays CBD was the site of the original European settlement of Auckland, oriented along the coastline and then Queen Street, in a southward direction. From those origins, it has grown progressively, and become more densely built-up, now being an area of high-rise buildings mainly used for commercial. It has the highest concentration of arts, culture and higher education institutions, some commentators have noted that the recent decades have not been kind to the aesthetics and the community values of the inner city. In an attempt to reverse the decline of aesthetics in the CBD, previous Auckland City Councils and these include the recent redevelopment of Aotea Square in 2010 and the upgrade of Saint Patricks Square in 2009. The Auckland CBD is one of the few places in New Zealand that has skyscraper-sized buildings, such as the Vero Centre, ANZ Centre or the Metropolis, with the Sky Tower rising above them
7.
Auckland waterfront
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The Auckland waterfront is a city-side stretch of the southern Waitemata Harbour coastline in Auckland, New Zealand. The waterfront stretches roughly from the suburb of Saint Marys Bay / the Auckland Harbour Bridge in the west to the Ports of Auckland areas in the east, while Auckland City technically has a second waterfront on the Manukau Harbour, this is never called Auckland waterfront. However, Ports of Auckland noted that while it will explore plans for public access. In early 2008, ARC plans were unveiled that may see Queens Wharf, currently the wharf is used to store ripening bananas and hold import cars before fumigation treatment by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry staff. However, plans for the activities are still up in the air, though a new cruise ship terminal, to support the heavily booked Princes Wharf terminal. The Yokohama Passenger Terminal was held up as an example, with port, ferry and customs/immigration facilities contained within a wharf, and with a sweeping public park on the roof of the structure
8.
Queen Street, Auckland
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Queen Street is the major commercial thoroughfare in the Auckland CBD, Auckland, New Zealands main population centre. The early route of Queen Street led up the middle of a following the bank of the Waihorotiu Stream. This canal was culverted beneath the street from the 1870s onward, the course of the stream is still reflected today in the slight bend of lower Queen Street. From north of Shortland Street, Queen Street is built on land reclaimed from the sea in the late 19th century, there are several other Queen Streets in the greater Auckland area, mostly in suburbs that were separate towns before being absorbed by a growing central city. Auckland was also called the Queen City since before the turn of the 20th century, while the street was metalled in 1843, the natural stream still often overflowed its banks, and the area was still swampy. This led to canalisation and later covering-over of the stream, fires however still continued to plague the new town, with one in 1873 wiping out another 54 buildings in the Queen Street area between Wellesley Street West and Grey Street. The fires, amongst other things, led to the establishment of the Auckland Volunteer Fire Service, in the 1880s, the first horse-drawn buses began connecting Queen Street with areas such as Ponsonby Road and Remuera. In 1900, the first motorcar was admired on the street, and in 1902 the street was finally asphalted, the same year the first electric trams also arrived, to provide services until 1956. By that time, the street was popular for such as parades and festivities. During the second half of the 20th century, many of the buildings on Queen Street were demolished to make space for larger office buildings. Queen Street is known by all over the country, even by people who have never seen it. The street was immortalised by The Front Lawn with their song Queen Street, the street has been the site of numerous parades, marches and other events of political, cultural or sporting nature. Together with adjacent High Street, it is the retail precinct of the central city, with most national store, bank. Several important other local businesses, such as the Smith & Caugheys department store, have branches here. The street sees very high numbers, estimated by some as up to 10 times as high as on Broadway in Newmarket. Prior to a 2006–2008 street upgrade, Council figures showed that over 50,000 pedestrians,40,000 public transport users and 20,000 people in vehicles used Queen Street daily. The Council anticipated that the private car share would drop by around 15%, an editorial of The New Zealand Herald accused Council of using overestimated public transport user numbers for political purposes to support its bus lane plans. These junctions were at the intersections with Customs Street and Wellesley Street, since the closure of Aucklands tram network, Balaclava Junction on Melbournes tram network has been the sole grand union left in the Southern Hemisphere
9.
Land reclamation
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Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill, is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. The land reclaimed is known as ground or land fill. In a number of jurisdictions, including parts of the United States. In Alberta, Canada, for example, reclamation is defined by the government as The process of reconverting disturbed land to its former or other productive uses. In Oceania it is referred to as land rehabilitation. Land reclamation can be achieved with a number of different methods, the most simple method involves simply filling the area with large amounts of heavy rock and/or cement, then filling with clay and dirt until the desired height is reached. The process is called infilling and the used to fill the space is generically called infill. Draining of submerged wetlands is often used to land for agricultural use. Deep cement mixing is used typically in situations in which the material displaced by either dredging or draining may be contaminated, the creation of new land was for the need of human activities. Notable examples include, Much of the coastlines of Mumbai, India and it took over 150 years to join the original seven islands of Mumbai. Much of the coastlines of Mainland China, Hong Kong, North Korea and it is estimated that nearly 65% of tidal flats around the Yellow Sea have been reclaimed. Inland lowlands in the Yangtze valley, China, including the areas of important cities like Shanghai, Much of the coastline of Karachi, Pakistan. A part of the Hamad International Airport in Qatar, around 36 square kilometres, the entire island of The Pearl-Qatar situated in West Bay, Qatar. The city-state of Singapore, where land is in supply, is also famous for its efforts on land reclamation. The Palm Islands, The World and hotel Burj al-Arab off Dubai in the United Arab Emirates The Yas Island in Abu Dhabi and it is one of the six divisions of Malé City. The Eko Atlantic in Lagos, Nigeria, mexico City, the chinampas are a famous example. Parts of Panama City urban and street development are based on reclaimed land, aeroparque Jorge Newbery, in Buenos Aires, Argentina One of the earliest large scale projects was the Beemster Polder in the Netherlands, realized in 1612 adding 70 square kilometres of land. In Hong Kong the Praya Reclamation Scheme added 20 to 24 hectares of land in 1890 during the phase of construction
10.
North Shore, New Zealand
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North Shore is the part of the urban area of Auckland, New Zealand, located to the north of the Waitemata Harbour. The city had an population of 229,000 at 30 June 2010. The former city was also the fourth largest city in land, with an area of 129.81 square kilometres. It was also the most densely populated city in the country because, unlike other New Zealand cities, the North Shore has been administered by various councils over the years, in the most recent past the North Shore City Council. On 1 November 2010, North Shore City Council and the six local councils. The administrative area of North Shore City Council was bounded by Rodney District to the north, Waitemata Harbour to the south, the seat of the council was in Takapuna. The city was divided into three wards, Harbour, Northern and Central, and each ward is divided into two community boards. Inner suburbs include Milford, Takapuna, Belmont, Devonport, Bayswater, Northcote, Birkenhead, Highbury, Hillcrest, Glenfield, Wairau Valley, Westlake and Forrest Hill. Those here with an asterisk, along several other beaches on the Hauraki Gulf coast, are collectively known as East Coast Bays. By the 1950s, only about 50,000 people lived on the Shore, eventually the growth became significant enough for the North Shore to be considered a city in its own right, though densities remained still below what is typical south of the Harbour. All council services and facilities are now under authority of the Auckland Council, commuting within the North Shore itself can be done relatively easily, but those who commute to Auckland City and need to cross the Auckland Harbour Bridge face severe traffic congestion. The alternative route through western suburbs is also prone to traffic at peak times. Several options for new bridges and tunnels have been studied in depth, but at the moment, public transport has been upgraded in an attempt to reduce the citys car dependence. In 2003, there were indications that the stages of the busway project were generally regarded as a success. The North Shore City Council increased the number of facilities with more park and ride stations in Sunnynook, Smales Farm and these were completed in February 2008. In January 2009, the Northern Busway began trial runs featuring New Zealands first bus-dedicated roadway, a number of North Shore suburbs have a regular ferry service to Auckland City, including Devonport, Stanley Bay, Bayswater, Birkenhead. Others are planned for Takapuna and Browns Bay, the city was run by a 15-member council and mayor, democratically elected every three years using the First Past The Post voting system. The final mayor prior to 2010 amalgamation was Andrew Williams, the mayor was a strong critic of the Super City proposals which would see North Shore City amalgamated into a larger Auckland authority, Auckland Council
11.
Hauraki Gulf
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The Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana is a coastal feature of the North Island of New Zealand. It has an area of 4000 km², and lies between, in order, the Auckland Region, the Hauraki Plains, the Coromandel Peninsula. Most of the gulf is part of the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, Hauraki is Māori for north wind. In 2014, the gulf was officially named Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana, the gulf is part of the Pacific Ocean, which it joins to the north and east. It is largely protected from the Pacific by Great Barrier Island and Little Barrier Island to the north and it is thus well protected against all but northern winds. Three large channels join the gulf to the Pacific, to the north of Auckland several peninsulas jut into the gulf, notably the Whangaparaoa Peninsula. Tiritiri Matangi Island is near the end of this peninsula, further north, Kawau Island nestles under the Tawharanui Peninsula. Numerous beaches dot the shores of the gulf, many of them known for swimming and surfing. During the last glaciation period the gulf was dry land, with the sea level being around 100–110 m lower than at present, the gulf was submerged when the sea reached its current level around 7200 years ago. In the west of the gulf lie a string of islands guarding the mouth of the Waitemata Harbour and these include Ponui Island, Waiheke Island, Tiritiri Matangi and the iconic dome of Rangitoto Island, which is connected to the much older Motutapu Island by a causeway. The islands are separated from the mainland by the Tamaki Strait, at the southern end of the gulf is the wide, relatively shallow Firth of Thames. Beyond this lie the Hauraki Plains, drained by the Waihou River, the Hunua Ranges and hills of the Coromandel Peninsula rise on either side of the Firth. There are approximately 25 species of mammals in the gulf. Nearly a third of the marine mammal species live in or visit the Marine Park. The population remaining is estimated to be between 100-200, in recent years, increases in numbers of migrating baleen whales are confirmed long after the end of hunting era. These are humpback whales, southern blue whales, pygmy blue whales, less frequently, fin whales and sei whales are seen as well. For southern right whales, these whales will possibly become seasonal residents in the gulf as the populations recover, many of the islands are official or unofficial bird sanctuaries, holding important or critically endangered species like kiwi, takahe, brown teal and grey-faced petrel. The gulf is a vibrant natural environment, which has seen significant damage during the 20th, particularly damaging were the introduction of industrialised fishing, with for example snapper fishing peaking in the 1970s at more than 10,000 tonnes a year
