1.
Rhine Province
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It was created from the provinces of the Lower Rhine and Jülich-Cleves-Berg. Its capital was Koblenz and in 1939 it had 8 million inhabitants, the Province of Hohenzollern was militarily associated with the Oberpräsident of the Rhine Province. The small exclave district of Wetzlar, wedged between the grand duchy states Hesse-Nassau and Hesse-Darmstadt was also part of the Rhine Province, the principality of Birkenfeld, on the other hand, was an enclave of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, a separate state of the German Empire. In 1911, the extent of the province was 10,423 km2, its length, from north to south, was nearly 200 km. The population of the Rhine Province in 1905 was 6,435,778, the left bank was predominately Catholic, while on the right bank about half the population was Protestant. The great bulk of the population was ethnically German, although some villages, on the western and southern frontiers resided smaller French-speaking communities, while the industrial region of the Ruhr housed recent Polish migrants from the eastern provinces of the Empire. The Rhine Province was the most densely populated part of Prussia, the province contains a greater number of large towns than any other province in Prussia. Upwards of half the population were supported by industrial and commercial pursuits, there was the University of Bonn, and elementary education was especially successful. For purposes of administration the province was divided into the five districts of Koblenz, Düsseldorf, Cologne, Aachen, Koblenz was the official capital, though Cologne was the largest and most important city. Being a frontier province, the Rhineland was strongly garrisoned, the province sent 35 members to the German Reichstag and 62 to the Prussian House of Representatives. Of the total area of the Rhine Province about 45% was occupied by land, 16% by meadows and pastures. Little except oats and potatoes could be raised on the plateaus in the south of the province, but the river-valleys. The great bulk of the soil was in the hands of small proprietors, the usual cereal crops were, however, all grown with success, and tobacco, hops, flax, hemp and beetroot were cultivated for commercial purposes. Large quantities of fruit were also produced, the vine-culture occupied a space of about 30,000 acres, about half of which was in the valley of the Mosel, a third in that of the Rhine itself, and the rest mainly on the Nahe and the Ahr. In the hilly districts more than half the surface was occupied by forests. Considerable herds of cattle were reared on the pastures of the lower Rhine. The wooded hills were well stocked with deer, and a stray wolf occasionally found its way from the forests of the Ardennes into those of the Hunsrück, the salmon fishery of the Rhine was very productive, and trout abound in the mountain streams. The great mineral wealth of the Rhine Province furnished its most substantial claim to the title of the richest jewel in the crown of Prussia, besides parts of the carboniferous measures of the Saar and the Ruhr, it also contains important deposits of coal near Aachen
2.
Bavaria
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Bavaria is a free state and one of 16 federal states of Germany. Located in the German southeast with an area of 70,548 square kilometres and its territory comprises roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and, with 12.9 million inhabitants, it is Germanys second most populous state. Munich, Bavarias capital and largest city, is the third largest city in Germany, the Duchy of Bavaria dates back to the year 555. In the 17th century CE, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, when Bavaria became a republic. In 1946, the Free State of Bavaria re-organised itself on democratic lines after the Second World War, Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the states Catholic majority and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes such as Oktoberfest. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia, Upper Palatinate and Swabia. The Bavarians emerged in a north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, the name Bavarian means Men of Baia which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BCE. From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria and their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibalds successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the frontier against the expansion of Slavs. Tassilos son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616, after Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and his son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodos death the duchy was divided among his sons, at Hugberts death the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighbouring Alemannia. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748, saint Boniface completed the peoples conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. Bavaria was in ways affected by the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century
3.
Audi
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Audi is a German automobile manufacturer that designs, engineers, produces, markets and distributes luxury vehicles. Audi is a member of the Volkswagen Group and has its roots at Ingolstadt, Bavaria, audi-branded vehicles are produced in nine production facilities worldwide. The modern era of Audi essentially began in the 1960s when Auto Union was acquired by Volkswagen from Daimler-Benz. After relaunching the Audi brand with the 1965 introduction of the Audi F103 series, Volkswagen merged Auto Union with NSU Motorenwerke in 1969, the company name is based on the Latin translation of the surname of the founder, August Horch. Horch, meaning listen in German, becomes audi in Latin, the four rings of the Audi logo each represent one of four car companies that banded together to create Audis predecessor company, Auto Union. Audis slogan is Vorsprung durch Technik, meaning Advancement through Technology, however, since 2007 Audi USA has used the slogan Truth in Engineering. Audi, along with BMW and Mercedes are among the luxury automobile brands in the world. Originally in 1885, automobile company Wanderer was established, later becoming a branch of Audi AG, another company, NSU, which also later merged into Audi, was founded during this time, and later supplied the chassis for Gottlieb Daimlers four-wheeler. On 14 November 1899, August Horch established the company A. Horch & Cie. in the Ehrenfeld district of Cologne, three years later in 1902 he moved with his company to Reichenbach im Vogtland. On May, 10th,1904 he founded the August Horch & Cie. Motorwagenwerke AG, after troubles with Horch chief financial officer, August Horch left Motorwagenwerke and founded in Zwickau on 16 July 1909, his second company, the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH. His former partners sued him for trademark infringement, the German Reichsgericht in Leipzig, eventually determined that the Horch brand belonged to his former company. Since August Horch was prohibited from using Horch as a name in his new car business, he called a meeting with close business friends, Paul and Franz Fikentscher from Zwickau. At the apartment of Franz Fikentscher, they discussed how to come up with a new name for the company, during this meeting, Franzs son was quietly studying Latin in a corner of the room. Horch. in German means Hark. or hear, which is Audi in the imperative form of audire – to listen – in Latin. The idea was accepted by everyone attending the meeting. On 25 April 1910 the Audi Automobilwerke GmbH Zwickau was entered in the register of Zwickau registration court. The first Audi automobile, the Audi Type A 10/22 hp Sport-Phaeton, was produced in the same year, followed by the successor Type B 10/28PS in the same year. Audi started with a 2,612 cc inline-four engine model Type A, followed by a 3,564 cc model and these cars were successful even in sporting events
4.
August
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August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the fifth month to have the length of 31 days. In the Southern Hemisphere, August is the equivalent of February in the Northern Hemisphere. In many European countries, August is the month for most workers. Certain meteor showers take place in August, the Perseids, a major meteor shower, typically takes place between July 17 - August 24, with the days of the peak varying yearly. The star cluster of Messier 30 is best observed around August and this month was originally named Sextilis in Latin, because it was the sixth month in the original ten-month Roman calendar under Romulus in 753 BC, when March was the first month of the year. About 700 BC it became the month when January and February were added to the year before March by King Numa Pompilius. Julius Caesar added two days when he created the Julian calendar in 45 BC giving it its modern length of 31 days, in 8 BC it was renamed in honor of Augustus. According to a Senatus consultum quoted by Macrobius, he chose this month because it was the time of several of his great triumphs and these dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. August is the month with highest birth rate in the United States, augusts birthstones are the peridot and sardonyx. Its birth flower is the gladiolus or poppy, meaning beauty, strength of character, love, marriage, the Western zodiac signs for the month of August are Leo and Virgo. This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance. H, sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyans Accession Day. Ferragosto Māras Mothers Day National Acadian Day Virgin of Candelaria, patron of the Canary Islands
5.
Germans
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Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history. German is the mother tongue of a substantial majority of ethnic Germans. The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages, before the collapse of communism and the reunification of Germany in 1990, Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Europe by far. Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire, of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans. Thus, the number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied. Today, people from countries with German-speaking majorities most often subscribe to their own national identities, the German term Deutsche originates from the Old High German word diutisc, referring to the Germanic language of the people. It is not clear how commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym in Old High German, used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of a German emerges in Middle High German, attested from the second half of the 12th century. The Old French term alemans is taken from the name of the Alamanni and it was loaned into Middle English as almains in the early 14th century. The word Dutch is attested in English from the 14th century, denoting continental West Germanic dialects, while in most Romance languages the Germans have been named from the Alamanni, the Old Norse, Finnish and Estonian names for the Germans were taken from that of the Saxons. In Slavic languages, the Germans were given the name of němьci, originally with a meaning foreigner, the English term Germans is only attested from the mid-16th century, based on the classical Latin term Germani used by Julius Caesar and later Tacitus. It gradually replaced Dutch and Almains, the latter becoming mostly obsolete by the early 18th century, the Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnicity emerged during the Middle Ages. Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, around 300 independent German states emerged during its decline after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War and these states eventually formed into modern Germany in the 19th century. The concept of a German ethnicity is linked to Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe, the early Germans originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia. By the 2nd century BC, the number of Germans was significantly increasing and they began expanding into eastern Europe, during antiquity these Germanic tribes remained separate from each other and did not have writing systems at that time. In the European Iron Age the area that is now Germany was divided into the La Tène horizon in Southern Germany and the Jastorf culture in Northern Germany. By 55 BC, the Germans had reached the Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwise driven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spread west into what is now Belgium and France. Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine, in Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become an influence in the development of a common German identity
6.
Engineer
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Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost. The word engineer is derived from the Latin words ingeniare and ingenium, the work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life. His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a mental or physical character. It requires the exercise of original thought and judgement and the ability to supervise the technical, he/she is thus placed in a position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its applications. In due time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical advice, much of an engineers time is spent on researching, locating, applying, and transferring information. Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviours, Engineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, Engineers apply techniques of engineering analysis in testing, production, or maintenance. Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a process failure and they also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects, Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principles and processes to reveal the properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study. Most engineers specialize in one or more engineering disciplines, numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example, includes structural and transportation engineering and materials engineering include ceramic, metallurgical, mechanical engineering cuts across just about every discipline since its core essence is applied physics. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as vehicles, or in one type of technology. Several recent studies have investigated how engineers spend their time, that is, research suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers’ work, technical work, social work, computer-based work, information behaviours. Amongst other more detailed findings, a recent work sampling study found that engineers spend 62. 92% of their time engaged in work,40. 37% in social work. The time engineers spend engaged in activities is also reflected in the competencies required in engineering roles. There are many branches of engineering, each of which specializes in specific technologies, typically engineers will have deep knowledge in one area and basic knowledge in related areas. When developing a product, engineers work in interdisciplinary teams. For example, when building robots an engineering team will typically have at least three types of engineers, a mechanical engineer would design the body and actuators
7.
Car
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
8.
Innovation
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Innovation can be defined simply as a new idea, device or method. However, innovation is also viewed as the application of better solutions that meet new requirements, unarticulated needs. This is accomplished through more-effective products, processes, services, technologies, or business models that are available to markets, governments. The term innovation can be defined as something original and more effective and, as a consequence, new and it is related to, but not the same as, invention. Innovation is often manifested via the engineering process, the opposite of innovation is exnovation. In industrial economics, innovations are created and found empirically from services to meet the consumer demand. A2013 survey of literature on innovation found over 40 definitions and it is both a process and an outcome. In business and economics, innovation can be a catalyst to growth and he famously asserted that creative destruction is the essential fact about capitalism. One prime example was the boom of Silicon Valley startups out of the Stanford Industrial Park. In 1957, dissatisfied employees of Shockley Semiconductor, the company of Nobel laureate and co-inventor of the transistor William Shockley, left to form an independent firm, after several years, Fairchild developed into a formidable presence in the sector. Eventually, these founders left to start their own based on their own, unique, latest ideas. Over the next 20 years, this snowball process launched the momentous startup company explosion of technology firms. Essentially, Silicon Valley began as 65 new enterprises born out of Shockley’s eight former employees, since then, hubs of innovation have sprung up globally with similar metonyms, including Silicon Alley encompassing New York City. In the organizational context, innovation may be linked to changes in efficiency, productivity, quality, competitiveness. However, recent research findings highlight the role of organizational culture in enabling organizations to translate innovative activity into tangible performance improvements. Organizations can also improve profits and performance by providing work groups opportunities and resources to innovate and it is the means by which the entrepreneur either creates new wealth-producing resources or endows existing resources with enhanced potential for creating wealth. –Drucker According to Clayton Christensen, disruptive innovation is the key to success in business. The organisation requires a structure in order to retain competitive advantage
9.
Horch
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Horch was a car brand manufactured in Germany by August Horch & Cie, at the beginning of the 20th century. The company was established by August Horch and his first business partner Salli Herz on November 14,1899 at Ehrenfeld, August Horch had previously been a production manager for Karl Benz. Three years later in 1902 he moved the company to Reichenbach im Vogtland, on May, 10th,1904 he founded the Horch & Cie. Motorwagenwerke AG, a joint-stock company in Zwickau. The city of Zwickau was the capital of the South Western Saxon County, after troubles with the Horch chief financial officer, August Horch founded a second company on 16 July 1909, the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH in Zwickau. He had to rename the company because Horch was already a registered brand, on 25 April 1910 the name Audi Automobilwerke was entered in the companys register at the Zwickau registration court. Audi is the Latin translation of horch, from the German verb Horchen, the Audi name was proposed by a son of one of his business partners from Zwickau. In 1932 both companies from Zwickau were unified with Zschopauer Motorenwerke J. S. Rasmussen and the Wanderer car production facilities to become the Auto Union corporation of Saxony, the company initially began producing 5 hp and 10 hp twin-cylinder engine automobiles near Cologne in 1901. The first Horch had a 4.5 hp engine, with an alloy crankcase and it had an open-body design, with lighting provided by lanterns with candles in them. In contrast with the cars of later years, the first Horch could barely reach a top speed of 32 km/h. It was significant at that time because it used a friction clutch, the firm soon ran into financial troubles, not surprising considering the pioneering nature of the automobile business at that time. Horch had to seek new partners, in March 1902, August Horch produced a 20 hp four-cylinder car with a shaft drive in Reichenbach in Vogtland. Horch cars were considered advanced and superior to those being then built by Mercedes or Benz. By 1903, Horch had built a car with a four-cylinder engine, in March of the following year, he introduced his new car at the Frankfurt Fair. In 1904, August Horch developed the first six-cylinder engine, which appeared in 1907, in 1906 a Horch automobile driven by Dr. Rudolf Stöss from Zwickau won the Herkomer Competition. In the 1920s, Moritz Stauss, a cosmopolitan Berliner, was the principal stockholder of the Horch company and he succeeded in making the Horch brand highly desirable by introducing art into the advertising of their products. He recognized that only a brand emphasising Horchs unique characteristics would be successful, in 1923, Paul Daimler worked for Horch as the chief engineer for 8-cylinder engines. Horch vehicles were subsequently the first to introduce 8-cylinder engines in series production, in 1909, the supervisory board of the corporation forced out Horch. Horch went on to found Audi as Audiwerke GmbH, which became effective on 25 April 1910, the name was a solution to the legal dispute with his old company over use of the Horch brand and a clever play of words
10.
Hochschule Mittweida
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The Hochschule Mittweida is a public university of applied science located in Mittweida, Germany, founded in 1867. The University of Applied Sciences Mittweida is the second-largest public university of applied sciences in Saxony and it has had almost 80,000 alumni from almost 40 countries worldwide. Founded in 1867 as “Technicum”, the university first served the education of machine-building engineers, after the takeover by the National Socialists, the “Technicum” lost its status as a private school, and in 1935 became the “Engineering School Mittweida”. In the 1960s, due to the success of the training program. In 1980, it received the right to award the degree of “doctor engineer”. In 1992, after the reunification, the received a new start as a university of applied sciences. The number of courses of study and the supply of research facilities increased, and the schools of sciences, media. Furthermore, the university obtained the right to award doctorates in cooperation with another university as partner, the university builds strong contacts with the economy, focused in particular on small- and medium-sized enterprises in Saxony. The Bologna process has guided the development in recent years and has resulted in the establishment of bachelor. Today the university offers practice-oriented teaching in modern and disabled-friendly facilities, numerous laboratories, the architecture of the buildings combines new with old. In 1998, to reflect its role, the university was renamed as the “University of Applied Sciences Mittweida“. In Mittweida they are taught in the fields of automation engineering and energy system technology, communication technology, microelectronics, multimedia technology. Mechanical & Precision Engineering This faculty has the longest tradition at the University of AppliedSciences Mittweida and this interdisciplinary is a role model for many competitive courses of studies in all over Germany. Research and Teaching cohere at the University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, the University of Applied Sciences Mittweida occupies leading places in the Germany-wide research ranking of universities of applied sciences. The college contributes in about 80 research projects and maintains national and international relations to science. A variety of collegeassociated and external research facilities are affiliated to the University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, examples therefore are the Laser Institute Mittelsachsen e. V. and the Sensor Center Mittelsachsen e. V. The Laser Institute works in the fields of consulting, testing as well as research and development of technology, laser components. The Sensors Center researches in the field of environment-technical and fibre-optic sensor technology, the number of doctoral degrees within the cooperative promotion process increases steadily
11.
Karl Benz
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Karl Friedrich Benz was a German engine designer and automobile engineer. His Benz Patent Motorcar from 1885 is considered the first practical motorcar and he received a patent for the Motorcar on 29 January 1886. According to German law, the acquired the name Benz by legal marriage of his parents Benz. When he was two old, his father died of pneumonia, and his name was changed to Karl Friedrich Benz in remembrance of his father. Despite living in poverty, his mother strove to give him a good education. Benz attended the local Grammar School in Karlsruhe and was a prodigious student, in 1853, at the age of nine he started at the scientifically oriented Lyceum. Next he studied at the Poly-Technical University under the instruction of Ferdinand Redtenbacher, Benz had originally focused his studies on locksmithing, but he eventually followed his fathers steps toward locomotive engineering. On 30 September 1860, at age 15, he passed the exam for mechanical engineering at the University of Karlsruhe. Benz graduated 9 July 1864 aged 19, during these years, while riding his bicycle, he started to envision concepts for a vehicle that would eventually become the horseless carriage. Following his formal education, Benz had seven years of training in several companies. The training started in Karlsruhe with two years of varied jobs in an engineering company. He then moved to Mannheim to work as a draftsman and designer in a scales factory, in 1868 he went to Pforzheim to work for a bridge building company Gebrüder Benckiser Eisenwerke und Maschinenfabrik. Finally, he went to Vienna for a period to work at an iron construction company. In 1871, at the age of twenty-seven, Karl Benz joined August Ritter in launching the Iron Foundry and Mechanical Workshop in Mannheim, the enterprises first year went very badly. Ritter turned out to be unreliable, and the tools were impounded. The difficulty was overcome when Benzs fiancée, Bertha Ringer, bought out Ritters share in the company using her dowry, on 20 July 1872, Karl Benz and Bertha Ringer married. They had five children, Eugen, Richard, Clara, Thilde, despite the business misfortunes, Karl Benz led in the development of new engines in the early factory he and his wife owned. To get more revenues, in 1878 he began to work on new patents, first, he concentrated all his efforts on creating a reliable petrol two-stroke engine
12.
Ehrenfeld, Cologne
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Ehrenfeld is a city district of the City of Cologne in Germany. It includes the seven quarters Bickendorf, Bocklemünd, Mengenich, Ehrenfeld, Neuehrenfeld, Ossendorf and it has about 104.509 inhabitants and covers an area of 23.83 square kilometres. The district borders with the Cologne districts of Chorweiler to the North, Nippes and Innenstadt to the East, the landmark of Ehrenfeld is the Helios-lighthouse. Ehrenfeld got its name from the quarter Ehrenfeld, which represents the center of the borough, Ehrenfeld grew substantially during the Gründerzeit boom, became a municipality in 1867 and a town in 1879. Nine years later, Ehrenfeld became part of the city of Cologne, during summer and autumn of 1944 an anti-Nazi resistance group, known as the Ehrenfeld Group, operated from Ehrenfeld. Ehrenfeld consists of six Stadtteile, The borough is connected to the city centre of Cologne by numerous light rail stations of Cologne Stadtbahn line 3,4,5 and 13. The Bundesautobahn 57 connects Ehrenfeld with the Cologne Beltway, Venloer Straße is the principal road leading onto the Cologne Ring. The Köln-Ehrenfeld station connects the borough to the rail network
13.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
14.
Cologne
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Cologne is the largest city in the German federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-largest city in Germany. It is located within the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, one of the major European metropolitan areas, and with more than ten million inhabitants, Cologne is located on both sides of the Rhine River, less than eighty kilometres from Belgium. The citys famous Cologne Cathedral is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne, the University of Cologne is one of Europes oldest and largest universities. Cologne was founded and established in Ubii territory in the first century AD as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, Cologne, the French version of the citys name, has become standard in English as well. The city functioned as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior, during the Middle Ages it flourished on one of the most important major trade routes between east and west in Europe. Cologne was one of the members of the Hanseatic League and one of the largest cities north of the Alps in medieval. Up until World War II the city had several occupations by the French. Cologne was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II, the bombing reduced the population by 95%, mainly due to evacuation, and destroyed almost the entire city. With the intention of restoring as many buildings as possible. Cologne is a cultural centre for the Rhineland, it hosts more than thirty museums. Exhibitions range from local ancient Roman archeological sites to contemporary graphics, the Cologne Trade Fair hosts a number of trade shows such as Art Cologne, imm Cologne, Gamescom, and the Photokina. The first urban settlement on the grounds of modern-day Cologne was Oppidum Ubiorum, founded in 38 BC by the Ubii, in 50 AD, the Romans founded Colonia on the Rhine and the city became the provincial capital of Germania Inferior in 85 AD. The city was named Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium in 50 AD, considerable Roman remains can be found in present-day Cologne, especially near the wharf area, where a notable discovery of a 1900-year-old Roman boat was made in late 2007. From 260 to 271 Cologne was the capital of the Gallic Empire under Postumus, Marius, in 310 under Constantine a bridge was built over the Rhine at Cologne. Roman imperial governors resided in the city and it one of the most important trade. Cologne is shown on the 4th century Peutinger Map, maternus, who was elected as bishop in 313, was the first known bishop of Cologne. The city was the capital of a Roman province until occupied by the Ripuarian Franks in 462, parts of the original Roman sewers are preserved underneath the city, with the new sewerage system having opened in 1890. Early medieval Cologne was part of Austrasia within the Frankish Empire, Cologne had been the seat of a bishop since the Roman period, under Charlemagne, in 795, bishop Hildebold was promoted to archbishop
15.
Reichenbach im Vogtland
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Reichenbach im Vogtland is a town in the Vogtlandkreis district of Saxony, Germany. With a population of 18,879, it is the second largest town in the Vogtlandkreis after Plauen and it lies by the A72 between Plauen and Zwickau. Reichenbach im Vogtland originated as a settlement of the Franks and thanks its early growth to its convenient position in a valley near Mylau Castle, in 1212 it was officially named Richenbach, possibly because of the many wetland basins in the area which now hosts the Altstadt. Much of the Reichenbach history was lost in the city fires of 1720,1773, the foundations of the Peter Paul parish church still date back to the 12th century. The rise of industrialisation allowed the city to further, again promoted by its accessibility. Some of Reichenbachs most remarkable structures date from this era, including its Rathaus, the station, and worlds largest brick bridge. Reichenbach im Vogtland has had an insignificant role in World War II. On March 21,1945, American bombings killed 161 citizens, against the orders of the National Socialists, Mayor Dr. Otto Schreiber capitulated the city on April 17 without a fight. The town was occupied by American troops, who handed over control to the Red Army on July 1, about 120 innocent youth aged 15 and 16 were taken in custody and transferred to the Soviet Unions secret service, hoping all other citizens would be spared. After Germany was split up, Reichenbach im Vogtland became part of East Germany, the population has since declined from nearly 35,000 to little over 20,000 today. As was the case with many former East German industrial cities, many initiatives have since been deployed to rebuild the local economy. There are still many buildings in Reichenbach with a high historic value. Reichenbach station is part of the Leipzig–Hof line and this line includes the Göltzsch Viaduct, the largest brick bridge in the world, which lies 4 km west of the town. The Neuberinhaus is a historical and theatrical museum, named after the towns most famous citizen, actress Friederike Caroline Neuber. Permanent expositions include her life and work, 18th century German theatre, the Park der Generationen, the gardens of the 5th Saxon Landesgartenschau held between May 1 and October 18,2009. Reichenbach im Vogtland also has a tower of Deutsche Telekom erected out of concrete. It is not to be confused with the tower in Reichenbach which transmits MDR Info at 1,188 kHz, the Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau - University of Applied Sciences Zwickau teaches Architecture at bachelor and master level and Textile- and Leather Craftsmanship. The city also has a gymnasium, a school, three primary schools, and a special school for the physically and mentally challenged
16.
Zwickau
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Zwickau (German pronunciation, Sorbian, Šwikawa, Czech Cvikov, is a town in Saxony, Germany, it is the capital of the district of Zwickau. Zwickau is situated in a valley at the foot of the Erzgebirge mountains and is within the Saxon triangle, the town has approximately 100,000 inhabitants, but has a regional catchment area of over 480,000 people. From 1834 until 1952 Zwickau was the seat of the government of the region of Saxony. Zwickau, known as the city of automobiles, is the centre of the Saxon automotive industry, well known beyond Germanys borders are car makers such as Horch, Audi, Auto Union, Trabant and Volkswagen. Since 2000 its history has been presented in the August-Horch Museum, the University of Applied Sciences Zwickau trains automotive engineers. The valley of the 166 kilometres long Zwickauer Mulde river stretches from the Vogtland to Colditz Castle at the other end, the Silver Road, Saxonys longest tourist route, connects Dresden with Zwickau. The ADAC City Guide 2005 wrote, The town of Zwickau has transformed itself over the years from a mining town into an elegant Art Nouveau town. Zwickau can be reached by car via the nearby Autobahns A4 and A72, the region around Zwickau was settled by Slavs as early as the 7th century. The name Zwickau is probably a Germanisation of the Sorbian toponym Šwikawa, which derives from Svarozič, in the 10th century, German settlers began arriving and the native Slavs were Christianized. A trading place known as terretorio Zcwickaw was mentioned in 1118, the settlement received a town charter in 1212 and hosted Franciscans and Cistercians during the 13th century. Zwickau was an imperial city from 1290–1323, but was subsequently granted to the Margraviate of Meissen. Although regional mining began in 1316, extensive mining increased with the discovery of silver in the Schneeberg in 1470, because of the silver ore deposits in the Erzgebirge, Zwickau developed in the 15th and 16th centuries and grew to be an important economic and cultural centre of Saxony. Its nine churches include the Gothic church of St. Mary, with a spire 285 ft. high, the church contains an altar with wood carvings, eight paintings by Michael Wohlgemuth and a pietà in carved and painted wood by Peter Breuer. The late Gothic church of St. Catharine has an altar piece ascribed to Lucas Cranach the elder, the town hall was begun in 1404 and rebuilt many times since. The municipal archives include documents dating back to the 13th century, in 1520 Martin Luther dedicated his treatise On the Freedom of the Christian Man to his friend Hermann Muehlpfort, the Lord Mayor of Zwickau. The Anabaptist movement of 1525 began at Zwickau under the inspiration of the Zwickau prophets, after Wittenberg, it became the first city in Europe to join the Lutheran Reformation. The late Gothic Gewandhaus, was built in 1522–24 and is now converted into a theatre, the city was seriously damaged during the Thirty Years War. The old city of Zwickau, perched on a hill, is surrounded by heights with extensive forests, in the Old Town the Cathedral and the Gewandhaus originate in the 16th century and when Schneeberg silver was traded
17.
Braunschweig University of Technology
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The TU Braunschweig is the oldest Technische Universität in Germany. It was founded in 1745 as Collegium Carolinum and is a member of TU9 and it is commonly ranked among the top universities for engineering in Germany. Today it has about 19,000 students, making it the third largest university in Lower Saxony after the University of Göttingen, research projects include micro air vehicles, hybrid engines, and digital video broadcasting. Its complete name is Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, translating the name into English is discouraged by the university, but proposed translations are University of Braunschweig - Institute of Technology or Braunschweig Institute of Technology. While the word technology in its name implies a focus on science and engineering and it is subdivided into six schools with different degree programmes and specialisations. IBMB also assists the DIBt in third-party vendor inspections and quality control testing, IBMB was also instrumental in leading the Eureka project, which has become a guideline for building codes and regulations governing fire protection measures for traffic tunnels. See also, List of Braunschweig University of Technology people Official site Brief portrait TU Braunschweig alumni website
18.
Nazi Party
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Its precursor, the German Workers Party, existed from 1919 to 1920. The party emerged from the German nationalist, racist, and populist Freikorps paramilitary culture, the party was created as a means to draw workers away from communism and into völkisch nationalism. Pseudo-scientific racism theories were central to Nazism, the Nazis propagated the idea of a peoples community. Their aim was to unite racially desirable Germans as national comrades, while excluding those deemed either to be political dissidents, to maintain the supposed purity and strength of the Aryan race, the Nazis sought to exterminate Jews, Romani, and the physically and mentally handicapped. They imposed exclusionary segregation on homosexuals, Africans, Jehovahs Witnesses, the partys leader since 1921, Adolf Hitler, was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. Hitler rapidly established a regime known as the Third Reich. The term Nazi derives from the name given in German to a party member Nationalsozialist and was coined in response to the German term Sozi, members of the party referred to themselves as Nationalsozialisten, rarely as Nazis. The term Parteigenosse was commonly used among Nazis, with the feminine form Parteigenossin used when it was appropriate, the term was in use before the rise of the party as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backward peasant, characterising an awkward and clumsy person. It derived from Ignaz, being a version of Ignatius, a common name in Bavaria. Opponents seized on this and shortened the name in intentional association to the long-time existing Sozi to the dismissive Nazi. In 1933, when Adolf Hitler assumed power of the German government, usage of the designation Nazi diminished in Germany, the use of Nazi Germany, and Nazi regime, was popularised by anti-Nazis and German exiles abroad. Thereafter, the spread into other languages and eventually was brought back to Germany after the Second World War. The party grew out of political groups with a nationalist orientation that formed in the last years of World War I. In 1918, a called the Freien Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden was created in Bremen. On 7 March 1918, Anton Drexler, an avid German nationalist, Drexler saw the situation of political violence and instability in Germany as the result of the new Weimar Republic being out-of-touch with the masses, especially the lower classes. These were all well-known themes popular with various Weimar paramilitary groups such as the Freikorps, though very small, Drexlers movement did receive attention and support from some influential figures. Supporter Dietrich Eckhart brought military figure Count Felix Graf von Bothmer, later in 1918, Karl Harrer, convinced Drexler and several others to form the Politischer Arbeiterzirkel. The members met periodically for discussions with themes of nationalism and racism directed against the Jews and they became one of many völkisch movements that existed in Germany at the time
19.
Upper Franconia
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Upper Franconia is a Regierungsbezirk of the state of Bavaria, southern Germany. It forms part of the historically significant region of Franconia, all now part of the German Federal State of Bayern, with more than 200 independent breweries which brew approximately 1000 different types of beer, Upper Franconia has the worlds highest brewery-density per capita. A special Franconian beer route leads along popular breweries, after the founding of the Kingdom of Bavaria the state was totally reorganised and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative government regions, in Bavaria called Kreise. They were created in the fashion of the French departements, quite even in size and population, in the following years, due to territorial changes, the number of Kreise was reduced to 8. One of these was the Mainkreis, in 1837 king Ludwig I of Bavaria renamed the Kreise after historical territorial names and tribes of the area. This also involved some border changes or territorial swaps, thus the name Mainkreis changed to Upper Franconia. Oberfranken is subdivided into nine Landkreise and four Kreisfreie Städte
20.
Autoweek
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Autoweek is an American fortnightly automotive enthusiast publication based in Detroit, Michigan. It was first published in 1958 and in 1977 the publication was purchased by Crain Communications Inc, the magazine covers auto racing, auto shows, vehicle trends, reviews and automotive lifestyle stories. It is also available via autoweek. com and on the iPad, the Autoweek Media Group also includes an Autoweek iPhone and iPad app. Autoweek began publication in 1958 as a bi-weekly motorsports newsletter, titled Competition Press, one of the editors involved with the creation of the magazine was professional racer Denise McCluggage. In 1964, distribution was changed to weekly, the title was changed to Competition Press & Autoweek, the name was shortened to Autoweek in 1975. In 1977, the paper was purchased by Crain Communications, Inc. in 1988, Leon Mandel was named Publisher, a position he held until November,2001. Leon’s son, Dutch Mandel, joined Autoweek in 1997 and as of 2012 is the magazine’s Editorial Director, distribution frequency was changed from weekly to fortnightly in 2009. In January 1,2013, shopautoweek. com merged with autoweek. com, at its launch Autoweek aimed to provide information for car and racing enthusiasts that was not readily available through other media outlets. The publication gave thorough coverage of major and minor races, as well as auto shows, auto racing coverage included full grids, qualifying times, speeds, and tires, for both amateur and professional races. As television and cable began increasing motorsports coverage during the 1970s, 1980s, as of 2012, in addition to covering auto racing and auto shows, Autoweek covers vehicle trends, reviews and automotive lifestyle stories. Autoweeks Vinsetta Garage is a show that ran from January 3,2012 on Discovery Channels Velocity TV until December that year. The show was hosted by Courtney Hansen and guests included automotive executives, musicians, race car drivers, the shows name came from the Vinsetta Garage, which opened in 1919 and is located on Woodward Avenue in Berkley, about 20 miles north of Detroit. Constructed when Woodward Avenue was still a road, the garage began as a gas station that serviced horse-drawn carriages. Later the garage took on the role of car repair shop. After 91 years, its doors were closed in 2010 and it was being converted into a restaurant
21.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
22.
Volkswagen Group
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Volkswagen Group, or Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft, shortly VW AG, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, in 2016, it was the largest automaker in the world with sales of 10.3 million units, overtaking Toyota. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades and it ranked seventh in the 2016 Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds largest companies. It is divided into two divisions, the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division, and has approximately 340 subsidiary companies. VW also has two major joint-ventures in China, the company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries. Volkswagen was founded in 1937 to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle, the companys production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf, the companys operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. It has been traded in the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The state of Lower Saxony holds 12. 7% of the companys shares, Volkswagen held a 19. 9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the back to Suzuki. Suzuki paid $3. 8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Volkswagen was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH by the National Socialist Deutsche Arbeitsfront. The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1 and this vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsches consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed Volkswagenwerk GmbH, only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces, however, no British car manufacturer was interested, the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car. It is quite unattractive to the average buyer, to build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise. In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, as part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers
23.
Volkswagen
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Volkswagen, shortened to VW, is a German automaker founded on May 28,1937 by the German Labour Front and headquartered in Wolfsburg. It is the flagship marque of the Volkswagen Group and is the largest automaker worldwide, Volkswagen is German for peoples car, and the companys current international advertising slogan is just Volkswagen. American English pronunciation is approximately volks wagon, for vehicle timeline tables, see, Volkswagen. Volkswagen was originally established in 1937 by the German Labour Front, in the early 1930s, the German auto industry was still largely composed of luxury models, and the average German could rarely afford anything more than a motorcycle. As a result, only one German out of 50 owned a car, seeking a potential new market, some car makers began independent peoples car projects – the Mercedes 170H, Adler AutoBahn, Steyr 55, and Hanomag 1. 3L, among others. The trend was not new, as Béla Barényi is credited with having conceived the design in the mid-1920s. Josef Ganz developed the Standard Superior, in Germany, the company Hanomag mass-produced the 2/10 PS Komissbrot, a small, cheap rear engined car, from 1925 to 1928. Also, in Czechoslovakia, the Hans Ledwinkas penned Tatra T77, Ferdinand Porsche, a well-known designer for high-end vehicles and race cars, had been trying for years to get a manufacturer interested in a small car suitable for a family. He felt the cars at the time were just stripped down big cars. He wanted his German citizens to have the access to a car as the Americans. The Peoples Car would be available to citizens of the Third Reich through a plan at 990 Reichsmark —about the price of a small motorcycle. Despite heavy lobbying in favor of one of the existing projects, thus, Hitler chose to sponsor an all-new, state-owned factory using Ferdinand Porsches design. The intention was that ordinary Germans would buy the car by means of a savings scheme, however, the entire project was financially unsound, and only the corruption and lack of accountability of the Nazi regime made it possible. Prototypes of the car called the KdF-Wagen, appeared from 1938 onwards, the car already had its distinctive round shape and air-cooled, flat-four, rear-mounted engine. The VW car was just one of many KdF programs, which included such as tours. The prefix Volks— was not just applied to cars, but also to products in Germany. On May 28,1937, Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH, more than a year later, on September 16,1938, it was renamed to Volkswagenwerk GmbH. Erwin Komenda, the longstanding Auto Union chief designer, part of Ferdinand Porsches hand-picked team, developed the car body of the prototype and it was one of the first cars designed with the aid of a wind tunnel—a method used for German aircraft design since the early 1920s
24.
Audi Sport GmbH
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Audi Sport GmbH. is a wholly owned private subsidiary of the German automobile manufacturer AUDI AG, part of the Volkswagen Group. Founded in October 1983 as quattro GmbH, it specialises in producing high performance Audi cars and components. The companys former name was an homage to Audis original four-wheel drive rally-inspired road car – the Audi Quattro, in 2016, the company was renamed Audi Sport GmbH. It is located in a 3,500 square metres site at Neckarsulm, near Stuttgart, although quattro GmbH as a company may be relatively unknown, compared to its parent, Audi, its core products include the Audi RS4, the Audi RS6 and the Audi R8. Furthermore, it is a company, in that it does not sell its automobiles directly to the public via franchised outlets under its own brand name, instead. The Audi RS cars have technology and performance comparable with high performance cars such as the Porsche 911. Being based on conventional saloon or estate cars, RS models also retain the everyday comfort and they are some of the most powerful vehicles ever offered by Audi. quattro GmbH create, design, develop and produce all RS models in conjunction with parent, AUDI AG. The RS initials are taken from the German, RennSport - literally translated as racing sport, RS is Audis highest trim level, positioned distinctly above the S specification level of Audis regular model range. Whilst RS cars generally command a higher purchase price, compared to their lesser brethren. S line is a specification that allows customers to effect a sporty appearance in their otherwise mainstream Audi model. Cars with S line trim should not be confused with high performance S and RS models. Audi cars with S line trim bear identical performance figures to their counterparts with SE or base trim levels and this facility is called Audi exclusive, and extends to virtually all areas of the car. The customer may choose unique exterior paint, in any colour, for the interior, the upholstery can be finished in various grades and grains of leathers, again in a choice of colours. These coloured leathers may also be applied to interior door coverings, headlining fabrics can be customised in colour, along with seat belt webbing. The interior can be finished with a selection of fine wooden trims, sourced from around the world. Finally, for the business person, a range of in-car office equipment is available. Quattro GmbH first offered this service at the 1995 Frankfurt International Motor Show, in the current markets, many consumers expect to find their favourite brand logo on objects other than the car. From 1985, quattro GmbH have developed a range of Audi lifestyle products and these include mountain bikes and personal leather goods, such as briefcases, handbags, purses and wallets
25.
Bentley
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Bentley Motors Limited is a British manufacturer and marketer of luxury cars and SUVs—and a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG since 1998. The joining and eventual separation of Bentley and Rolls-Royce follows a series of mergers and acquisitions, beginning with the 1931 purchase by Rolls-Royce of Bentley, Rolls-Royce Motors was subsequently sold to engineering conglomerate, Vickers and in 1998, Vickers sold Rolls-Royce to Volkswagen AG. The aerospace company, Rolls-Royce Plc, ultimately sold both to BMW AG, at the DFP factory, in 1913, he noticed an aluminum paperweight and thought that aluminum might be a suitable replacement for cast iron to fabricate lighter pistons. The first Bentley aluminum pistons were fitted to Sopwith Camel aero engines during World War I, in August 1919, W. O. registered Bentley Motors Ltd. and in October he exhibited a car chassis, with dummy engine, at the London Motor Show. Ex–Royal Flying Corps officer Clive Gallop designed an innovative 4 valves per cylinder engine for the chassis, by December the engine was built and running. Delivery of the first cars was scheduled for June 1920, the durability of the first Bentley cars earned widespread acclaim and they competed in hill climbs and raced at Brooklands. Bentleys first major event was the 1922 Indianapolis 500, a race dominated by specialized cars with Duesenberg racing chassis and they entered a modified road car driven by works driver, Douglas Hawkes, accompanied by riding mechanic, H. S. Bertie Browning. Hawkes completed the full 500 miles and finished 13th with an speed of 74.95 mph after starting in 19th position. The team was rushed back to England to compete in the 1922 RAC Tourist Trophy. In ironic reference to his heavyweight boxers stature, Captain Woolf Barnato was nicknamed Babe, in 1925, he acquired his first Bentley, a 3-litre. With this car he won numerous Brooklands races, just a year later he acquired the Bentley business itself. The Bentley enterprise was always underfunded, but inspired by the 1924 Le Mans win by John Duff and Frank Clement, Barnato had incorporated Baromans Ltd in 1922, which existed as his finance and investment vehicle. Via Baromans, Barnato initially invested in excess of £100,000, saving the business, a financial reorganisation of the original Bentley company was carried out and all existing creditors paid off for £75,000. Existing shares were devalued from £1 each to just 1 shilling, Barnato held 149,500 of the new shares giving him control of the company and he became chairman. Barnato injected further cash into the business, £35,000 secured by debenture in July 1927, £40,000 in 1928, with renewed financial input, W. O. Bentley was able to design another generation of cars. The Bentley Boys were a group of British motoring enthusiasts that included Woolf Barnato, Sir Henry Tim Birkin, steeple chaser George Duller, aviator Glen Kidston, sammy Davis, and Dr Dudley Benjafield. The Bentley Boys, favored Bentley cars, many were independently wealthy and often had a military background. They kept the reputation for high performance alive, Bentley was noted for its four consecutive victories at the 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1927 to 1930
26.
Bugatti Automobiles
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Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. is a French high-performance luxury automobiles manufacturer and a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG, with its head office and assembly plant in Molsheim, Alsace, France. Volkswagen purchased the Bugatti trademark in June 1998 and incorporated Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. in 1999. Bugatti presented several concept cars between 1998 and 2000 before commencing development of its first production model, the Veyron 16.4, at the urging of then-chairman Ferdinand Piëch, Volkswagen purchased the rights to produce cars under the Bugatti marque in June 1998. This followed the earlier Volkswagen purchases of the Lamborghini marque, the Rolls-Royce factory in Crewe, United Kingdom, on 22 December 2000, Volkswagen officially incorporated Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. with former VW drivetrain chief Karl-Heinz Neumann as president. The company purchased the 1856 Château Saint Jean, formerly Ettore Bugattis guest house in Dorlisheim, near Molsheim, the original factory was still in the hands of Snecma, who were unwilling to part with it. At the Pebble Beach Concours dElegance in August 2000, VW announced that they would build a new modern atelier next to. The atelier was officially inaugurated on 3 September 2005, Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Volkswagen AG After the Veyrons discontinuation in 2014, the new Bugatti model was revealed to be the Chiron in 2016. Volkswagen commissioned Italdesigns Giorgetto Giugiaro to design a series of cars to return the marque to prominence. The first example, the EB118, was a two-door coupé and was introduced at the Paris Motor Show in 1998 and it was followed by the four-door EB218 touring sedan, introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in 1999. Later that year, the 18/3 Chiron was shown at the IAA in Frankfurt, Volkswagen designed the final Bugatti concept, the EB 18/4 GT in house. Bugatti introduced the EB 18/4 at the 1999 Tokyo Motor Show, all of these early concepts featured a 555 PS 18-cylinder engine. This was the first-ever W-configuration engine on a vehicle, with three blocks of 6 cylinders each. It shared many components with Volkswagens modular engine family, the 16C Galibier was first unveiled during Celebration of the Centenary of the Marque in Molsheim. The presentation was only for Bugatti customers, the car show in Molsheim showed the car in blue carbon fibre and aluminum parts. One year later Bugatti showed the world the 16C Galibier Concept at VW Group Night at the Geneva Auto Show in a new black and aluminum color combination. The Galibier, a 1000 HP sedan, was first shown as a concept in 2010 and it would use the same 16-cylinder 8. 0-litre engine as the Veyron but instead of four turbos, the 16C Galibier would instead use two superchargers to deliver better torque. Production would require new facilities in Molsheim, France, to be refitted, in 2013 it was announced that the car will never be produced as they wish to focus on a Veyron replacement. In the 1980s the Bugatti brand was back as Bugatti Automobili S. p. A. in Italy
27.
Ducati
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Ducati Motor Holding S. p. A. is an Italian company that designs and manufactures motorcycles. Headquartered in Bologna, Italy, Ducati is owned by German automotive manufacturer Audi through its Italian subsidiary Lamborghini, in 1935 they had become successful enough to enable construction of a new factory in the Borgo Panigale area of the city. Production was maintained during World War II, despite the Ducati factory being a target of Allied bombing. Meanwhile, at the small Turinese firm SIATA, Aldo Farinelli began developing a small engine for mounting on bicycles. Barely a month after the liberation of Italy in 1944, SIATA announced its intention to sell this engine. In 1950, after more than 200,000 Cucciolos had been sold, in collaboration with SIATA and this first Ducati motorcycle was a 48 cc bike weighing 98 pounds, with a top speed of 40 mph, and had a 15 mm carburetor giving just under 200 mpg‑US. Ducati soon dropped the Cucciolo name in favor of 55M and 65TL, when the market moved toward larger motorcycles, Ducati management decided to respond, making an impression at an early-1952 Milan show, introducing their 65TS cycle and Cruiser. In 1953, management split the company into two entities, Ducati Meccanica SpA and Ducati Elettronica, in acknowledgment of its diverging motorcycle. Ducati Elettronica became Ducati Energia SpA in the eighties, dr. Giuseppe Montano took over as head of Ducati Meccanica SpA and the Borgo Panigale factory was modernized with government assistance. By 1954, Ducati Meccanica SpA had increased production to 120 bikes a day, in the 1960s, Ducati earned its place in motorcycling history by producing the fastest 250 cc road bike then available, the Mach 1. In the 1970s Ducati began producing large-displacement V-twin motorcycles and in 1973, in 1985, Cagiva bought Ducati and planned to rebadge Ducati motorcycles with the Cagiva name. By the time the purchase was completed, Cagiva kept the Ducati name on its motorcycles, in 1999, TPG issued an initial public offering of Ducati stock and renamed the company Ducati Motor Holding SpA. TPG sold over 65% of its shares in Ducati, leaving TPG the majority shareholder, in December 2005, Ducati returned to Italian ownership with the sale of Texas Pacifics stake to Investindustrial Holdings, the investment fund of Carlo and Andrea Bonomi. In April 2012, Volkswagen Groups Audi subsidiary announced its intention to buy Ducati for €860 million, Volkswagen chairman Ferdinand Piëch, a motorcycle enthusiast, had long coveted Ducati, and had regretted that he passed up an opportunity to buy the company from the Italian government in 1984. Italian luxury car brand Lamborghini was strengthened under VW ownership, AUDI AGs Automobili Lamborghini S. p. A. subsidiary acquired 100 percent of the shares of Ducati Motor Holding S. p. A. on 19 July 2012 for €747 million. Since 1926, Ducati has been owned by a number of groups, AUDI AG acquired 100% of the voting rights of Ducati Motor Holding S. p. A. via Audis Automobili Lamborghini S. p. A. MotoTranss most notable machine was the 250 cc 24 Horas, Ducati is best known for high-performance motorcycles characterized by large-capacity four-stroke, 90° V-twin engines, with a desmodromic valve design. Ducati refers to this configuration as L-twin because one cylinder is vertical while the other is horizontal, modern Ducatis remain among the dominant performance motorcycles available today partly because of the desmodromic valve design, which is nearing its 50th year of use
28.
Italdesign Giugiaro
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As of 2010, Italdesign employs 800 people. On August 09,2010, Volkswagen subsidiary AUDI AG’s subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S. p. A acquired 90. 1% of the shares of Italdesign Giugiaro S. p. A, including the brand name rights and patents. The remaining shares were sold to Audi on 28 June 2015, Giorgetto Giugiaro and Aldo Mantovani founded Studi Italiani Realizzazione Prototipi S. p. A, the company that would eventually become Italdesign, on February 13,1968, in Moncalieri, Italy. Volkswagen and Italdesign have a history of working together that dates back to the early 1970s, former Volkswagen AG Chairman Ferdinand Piëch apprenticed at Italdesign during the summer of 1972, learning about engineering and design. Italdesign is responsible for the design of several notable Volkswagen vehicles including the first generation Volkswagen Golf, Volkswagen Scirocco and Volkswagen Passat and the Audi 80. In May 2010, Italdesign agreed to transfer 90. 1% of its shares to Audi AG subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S. p. A. in order to keep Volkswagens Italian holdings bundled together, the purchase price was not disclosed. The Giugiaro family retained ownership of the remaining shares, both Giorgetto Guigiaro and his son, Fabrizio Guigiaro, continued to have active roles in the company. In July 2015 it was announced that Giorgetto Giugiaro had left, Italdesign created a new firm, Diseño Industrial Italdesign Srl, in Barcelona, Spain, in 1992 to design and construct models, master models and prototypes for the Spanish manufacturing industry. This subsidiary is known today as Italdesign Giugiaro Barcelona SL, Italdesign acquired SALLIG, a company founded in 1960 that designs and builds acrylic, cast iron and zamak matrices for automotive, auronautical and household appliance prototypes. Italdesign-Giugiaro S. p. A is headquartered 10 km south of Turin, Italy, best known for its automobile design work, Italdesign also offers project management, styling, packaging, engineering, modeling, prototyping and testing services. Italdesign has 993 employees and generated over €193 million revenue in 2015, under Volkswagen Group ownership, Rupert Stadler is the Chairman of the Board and Jörg Astalosch is CEO. Italdesign has been credited for the design of a variety of concept. Volkswagen says Italdesign purchase will boost its growth strategy, archived from the original on 2011-02-22. Archived from the original on 2011-02-22, archived from the original on 2011-02-22. Archived from the original on 2011-02-22, archived from the original on 2011-02-22. Statement of Interests Pursuant to Sections 285 and 313 of the German Commercial Code, archived from the original on 2012-07-30. Turin 90. 1% Volkswagen Group completes acquisition of majority shareholding in Italdesign Giugiaro, archived from the original on 2011-02-22. 2010-05-25 Volkswagen Group takes majority shareholding in Italdesign Giugiaro, archived from the original on 2011-02-22
29.
Lamborghini
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Automobili Lamborghini S. p. A. is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in SantAgata Bolognese, Italy. The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi, Ferruccio Lamborghini, an Italian manufacturing magnate, founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S. p. A. in 1963 to compete with established marques, including Ferrari. The company gained wide acclaim in 1966 for the Miura sports coupé, Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade, but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis. The firms ownership changed three times after 1973, including a bankruptcy in 1978, American Chrysler Corporation took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and sold it to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group VPower Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and VPower sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the groups Audi division, New products and model lines were introduced to the brands portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand Lamborghini. In the late 2000s, during the financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghinis sales saw a drop of nearly 50 percent. Lamborghini produces sports cars and V12 engines for powerboat racing. Lamborghini currently produces the V12-powered Aventador and the V10-powered Huracán, the companys first models, such as the 350 GT, were released in the mid-1960s and were noted for their refinement, power and comfort. Lamborghini gained wide acclaim in 1966 for the Miura sports coupé, Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first ten years, but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis. Ferruccio Lamborghini sold ownership of the company to Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer, the company went bankrupt in 1978, and was placed in the receivership of brothers Jean-Claude and Patrick Mimran in 1980. The Mimrans purchased the company out of receivership by 1984 and invested heavily in the companys expansion, under the Mimrans management, Lamborghinis model line was expanded from the Countach to include the Jalpa sports car and the LM002 high performance off-road vehicle. The Mimrans sold Lamborghini to the Chrysler Corporation in 1987, in 1998, Mycom Setdco and VPower sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the groups Audi division. New products and model lines were introduced to the portfolio and brought to the market. In the late 2000s, during the financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghinis sales saw a drop of nearly 50 percent. As of the 2015 model year, Lamborghinis automobile product range consists of two lines, both of which are mid-engine two-seat sports cars. The V12-powered Aventador line consists of the LP 700–4 coupé and roadster, the V10-powered Huracán line currently includes the all-wheel-drive LP 610-4 coupé and roadster, as well as the less powerful rear-wheel-drive LP 580-2 coupé. Lamborghini intends to double its car production by producing as many SUVs by 2018 as sports cars, motori Marini Lamborghini produces a large V12 marine engine block for use in World Offshore Series Class 1 powerboats. A Lamborghini branded marine engine displaces approximately 8,171 cc, in the mid-1980s, Lamborghini produced a limited-production run of a 1,000 cc sports motorcycle
30.
Navistar International
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The company is also a provider of truck and diesel engine parts and service. Headquartered in Lisle, Illinois, Navistar has 16,500 employees, the company also provides financing for its customers and distributors principally through its wholly owned subsidiary, Navistar Financial Corporation. Today, Navistar produces International brand military vehicles through its affiliate Navistar Defense, International Harvester fell on hard times during the poor agricultural economy in the early to mid-1980s and the effects of a long strike with the UAW over proposed work rule changes. IHs new CEO, Donald Lennox, directed the management organization to begin exiting many of its IHs historical business sectors in an effort to survive. Some of the sales of business endeavors were executed to raise cash for short-term survival. During this period of economic survival, in an effort to raise needed cash and to reduce losses. The Scout and Light Truck Parts Business was sold to Scout/Light Line Distributors, after the Agricultural Division sale in 1985, all that remained of IH was the Truck and Engine Divisions. The company changed its name in 1986 to Navistar International Corporation, in the early 1980s, IH developed a series of reliable large-displacement V8 diesel engines that were sold as an option for heavy-duty Ford 3/4-ton and 1-ton pickup trucks. During the 1980s and 1990s, the popularity of diesel engines had made Navistar a leading manufacturer of bus chassis, the company purchased one-third of American Transportation Corporation, an Arkansas-based manufacturer in 1991, and the remaining two-thirds in April 1995. By becoming both a body and chassis manufacturer at the time, Navistar gained significant market share in the industry. In 2002, AmTran was rebranded as IC after a few months as International Truck, after nearly a century of business in Chicago, Navistar announced its plans on 30 September 2000 to leave the city and relocate its corporate offices to west suburban Warrenville, Illinois. The companys Melrose Park, Illinois plant is notable for a significant workplace shooting on February 5,2001, in 2004, Navistar re-entered the retail vehicle market for the first time since 1980. The International XT pickup truck was a series of three pickup trucks and it was the largest pickup truck available for retail sale and two of the three versions were essentially International Durastar medium-duty trucks fitted with pickup beds. The third version was essentially a version of a Navistar-designed military vehicle. The three XT trucks were sold until 2008, in 2005, Navistar purchased the Workhorse company, a manufacturer of step-van and motor home chassis, to seemingly re-enter the delivery van market. It appeared that the new subsidiary might also benefit by its association with a company history from the 1930s into the 60s included the popular Metro van. For a short time Workhorse offered an integrated chassis-body product called MetroStar, in Sept. of 2012, Navistar announced the shut down of Workhorse and the closure of the plant in Union City, Indiana in order to cut costs. Workhorse has since repositioned itself as a manufacturer of electrically powered trucks, in January 2006, the company declared it would not file its form 10-K annual report with the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission on time
31.
Porsche
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F. Porsche AG, usually shortened to Porsche AG, is a German automobile manufacturer specializing in high-performance sports cars, SUVs and sedans. Porsche AG is headquartered in Stuttgart, and is owned by Volkswagen AG, Porsches current lineup includes the 718 Boxster/Cayman,911, Panamera, Macan and Cayenne. Ferdinand Porsche founded the company called Dr. Ing. h. c, F. Porsche GmbH in 1931, with main offices at Kronenstraße 24 in the centre of Stuttgart. Initially, the company offered motor vehicle development work and consulting, One of the first assignments the new company received was from the German government to design a car for the people, that is a Volkswagen. This resulted in the Volkswagen Beetle, one of the most successful car designs of all time, the Porsche 64 was developed in 1939 using many components from the Beetle. During World War II, Volkswagen production turned to the version of the Volkswagen Beetle, the Kübelwagen,52,000 produced. Porsche produced several designs for heavy tanks during the war, losing out to Henschel & Son in both contracts that ultimately led to the Tiger I and the Tiger II. However, not all work was wasted, as the chassis Porsche designed for the Tiger I was used as the base for the Elefant tank destroyer. Porsche also developed the Maus super-heavy tank in the stages of the war. At the end of World War II in 1945, the Volkswagen factory at KdF-Stadt fell to the British, Ferdinand lost his position as Chairman of the Board of Management of Volkswagen, and Ivan Hirst, a British Army Major, was put in charge of the factory. On 15 December of that year, Ferdinand was arrested for war crimes, during his 20-month imprisonment, Ferdinand Porsches son, Ferry Porsche, decided to build his own car, because he could not find an existing one that he wanted to buy. He also had to steer the company through some of its most difficult days until his fathers release in August 1947, the first models of what was to become the 356 were built in a small sawmill in Gmünd, Austria. The prototype car was shown to German auto dealers, and when pre-orders reached a set threshold, production was begun by Porsche Konstruktionen GesmbH founded by Ferry, many regard the 356 as the first Porsche simply because it was the first model sold by the fledgling company. After the production of 356 was taken over by the fathers Dr. Ing. h. c. In 1952, Porsche constructed a plant across the street from Reutter Karosserie, the main road in front of Werk 1. The 356 was road certified in 1948, Porsches company logo was based on the coat of arms of the Free Peoples State of Württemberg of former Weimar Germany, which had Stuttgart as its capital. The arms of Stuttgart was placed in the middle as an inescutcheon, on 30 January 1951, not long before the creation of Baden-Württemberg, Ferdinand Porsche died from complications following a stroke. The 356, however, had several stages, A, B, and C, while in production
32.
SEAT
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SEAT, S. A. is a Spanish automobile manufacturer with its head office in Martorell, Spain. It was founded on May 9,1950, by the Instituto Nacional de Industria and it is currently a wholly owned subsidiary of the German Volkswagen Group. The headquarters of SEAT, S. A. are located at SEATs industrial complex in Martorell near Barcelona, SEAT today is the only major Spanish car manufacturer with the ability and the infrastructure to develop its own cars in-house. The plant was opened by King Juan Carlos of Spain on February 22,1993, a rail connection between SEATs Martorell and Zona Franca complexes facilitates vehicle and parts transportation between the two sites. In Wolfsburg, Germany, in the middle of a lake inside the Autostadt, in its 60 years, there was only a short period from 1953 to 1965 when the firm produced its cars exclusively for the domestic Spanish market. Until the early 1980s, however, most SEAT exports were sold with Fiat badging, as a response to SEATs bid for independence, Fiat committed themselves to selling 200,000 SEAT-built cars a year from 1981, compared to 120,000 the year before. At the end of 1983, just after SEAT had won its legal battle with Fiat, in Europe, they were represented in West Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Austria, and Greece. The UK, Ireland, and various Scandinavian markets were planned to be added in 1984 and this was in spite of the company only being able to export the Ronda, with the Fura to follow. Its core market remains Europe, while the most successful market outside of Europe in terms of sales for SEAT is currently Mexico, in Europe the brand has been launched in almost 40 countries across Northern, Western, Southern, Eastern Europe and Russia. In the years to come SEAT plans expanding in even more markets, SEATs further expansion plans in more markets outside of Europe have yet to be realised. In the past the company was considering a launch in the United States although this move has never been carried out. SEAT has been present in the Russian Federation since 2007, In India all Volkswagen group brands are assembled or imported except SEAT, Spain is the worlds eighth largest producer of automobiles and its car market stands among the largest in Europe. In this period there was only limited car production and only a few low volume local manufacturers catering mainly to the end of the market. The situation greatly deteriorated with the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939, the lack of interest shown by the foreign firms in the weakened post civil war Spanish market opened an opportunity for local interests. The initial Banco Urquijos project aimed at running the S. I. A. T, with the rest of Europe having entered the World War II, and Spain itself in ruins from its civil war, the project was delayed but not abandoned due to its strategic importance. The favoured bidders were Germanys Volkswagen and Italys Fiat, Fiats collaboration with the French company Simca proved Fiats ability to manage complex international projects. In Italy, Fiat dominated the market for vehicles under 12 horsepower, in 1947, the Banco Urquijo group had revived the S. I. A. T. The Banco Urquijo group, although a minority share holder, looked forward to assuming a role in the future as soon as the company was privatesed
33.
Scania AB
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Scania AB, formerly AB Scania-Vabis, is a major Swedish automotive industry manufacturer of commercial vehicles – specifically heavy trucks and buses. It also manufactures engines for motive power of heavy vehicles, marine. Today, Scania has production facilities in Sweden, France, Netherlands, India, Argentina, Brazil, Poland, in addition, there are assembly plants in ten countries in Africa, Asia and Europe. Scanias sales and service organisation and finance companies are worldwide, in 2012, the company employed approximately 42,100 people around the world. Scania was listed on the NASDAQ OMX Stockholm stock exchange from 1996 to 2014, Scanias logo shows a Griffin, from the coat of arms of the province of Scania. AB Scania-Vabis was established in 1911 as the result of a merger between Södertälje-based Vabis and Malmö-based Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania, Vabis was established as a railway car manufacturer in 1891, while Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania was established as a bicycle manufacturer in 1900. Both companies had tried their luck at building automobiles, trucks and engines, in 1910, Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania had succeeded in constructing reliable vehicles, while Vabis was at the brink of closing down. Development and production of engines and light vehicles were set to Södertälje, initially the headquarters were located in Malmö, but in 1912 they were moved to Södertälje. Prince Carl of Sweden owned a 1913 Scania-Vabis 3S, a type which was fitted with in-car buttons so the passenger could communicate with the driver, Scania-Vabis also built two-seat sports cars. For the next few years the companys profits stagnated, with around a third of their orders coming from abroad, the outbreak of the First World War, however, changed the company, with almost all output being diverted to the Swedish Army. By 1916, Scania-Vabis was making enough profit to invest in redeveloping both of their production facilities, following the war, in 1919, Scania decided to focus completely on building trucks, abandoning other outputs including cars and buses. However, they were hurt by the swamping of the market with decommissioned military vehicles from the war, after some economic difficulties in 1921, new capital came from Stockholms Enskilda Bank owned by the Wallenberg family, and Scania-Vabis became a solid and technically, high standing, company. Denmark Towards the end of 1913, the established a subsidiary in Denmark. The following year the first Danish-built car, a four-seater Phaeton, was built at the companys Frederiksberg factory in Copenhagen, in 1914, the factory produced Denmarks first Scania-Vabis truck, and following this developed a V8 engine, one of the first in the world. In 1921, having sold around 175 trucks, and 75 cars, Norway In 1917 an agreement was established with the newly formed Norwegian company Norsk Automobilfabrik A/S about production under license of Scania-Vabis cars and lorries. Production began in 1919, but was ended in 1921 after production of only 77 lorries, during the Second World War Scania produced a variety of military vehicles for the Swedish Army, including Stridsvagn m/41 light tanks produced under licence. During the 1950s, the company expanded its operations into new segments, becoming agents for the Willys Jeep and the Volkswagen Beetle. It also started to become a competitor to Volvo with their new L71 Regent truck which was introduced in 1954
34.
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
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Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles is a German multinational commercial vehicles manufacturer headquartered in Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Volkswagen Group. Originally part of Volkswagen Passenger Cars, it has operated as a separate marque,1947 Volkswagen Dutch importer Ben Pon sketches a van based on Beetle components which becomes the legendary Type 2 Transporter range after seeing the Volkswagen Beetle-based Plattenwagen. 1949 Volkswagen General Director Heinrich Nordhoff approves Ben Pons sketch for production,1949 The first prototype was unveiled in Wolfsburg christened Bulli, On November 12 the production Bulli was launched officially to the public. 1950 Full production began, Bulli was renamed Type 2 Transporter due to Bulli being trademarked by another company,1954 Volkswagen celebrates production of 100, 000th Type 2 Transporter at Wolfsburg plant. 1956 The first Type 2 Transporter rolls off the Hanover plant,19621,000, 000th Transporter leaves production line in Hanover. 1967 The second-generation Type 2 Transporter is released,1968 The 2,000, 000th Transporter leaves production line in Hanover. 1975 The first generation of the LastenTransporter LT is released which opens the door to Volkswagen in the light truck sector,1977 The 4.5 millionth Transporter is produced. 1978 A six cylinder engine is introduced for the LT range in August expanding the range with the LT40. 1979 The third-generation Type 2 Transporter is released,1980 A diesel engine is added to the Type 2 Transporter range. 1981 Hanover celebrates 25 years of producing the Transporter range, in March the 5 millionth unit is produced. Volkswagen Caminhoes Ltd starts building medium sized trucks in Brazil,1982 Watercooled petrol engines are added to the German Transporter range. The Caddy Ute, which is based on the Golf, is launched to the public,1983 The luxurious Caravelle MPV is launched into the T3 range. 1985 VWCV launch the four-wheel drive syncro Transporter T3 Volkswagenwerk GmbH changes its name to VOLKSWAGEN AG,1986 The 6 millionth Transporter is produced. 1987 The Volkswagen California motorhome is introduced into the range,1989 The first Volkswagen Taro leaves the Hanover assembly lines. 1990 The fourth-generation Transporter/Multivan is released, VWCV celebrates 40 years of the Transporter,6 million have been produced since its 1950 introduction,1992 A joint venture with Ching Chung Motor Co. Ltd. is founded in Taipei, Taiwan. Volkswagen AG has 1/3 capital in the company and from 1993 the T4 Transporter is produced there,1994 The 500, 000th Transporter/Multivan leaves production line in Hanover. The Volkswagen L80 is launched onto the German market,1995 Dr Bernd Wiedemann, Chairman of the Management of Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, announces the formation of Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles as an independent Volkswagen Group marque. 1996 The Type 9K Caddy Panel Van and Type 9U Caddy are released on the market,2000 VWCV celebrate 50 years of building the legendary Transporter/Multivan range
35.
Here (company)
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HERE is a company which provides mapping data and related services to individuals and companies. It is owned by a consortium of German automotive companies, in December 2016, it was announced that a 10% stake is planned to be owned by Navinfo, Tencent and GIC Private Limited, while a 15% stake is planned to be acquired by Intel. Here captures location content such as networks, buildings, parks. It then sells or licenses that mapping content, along with services and location solutions to other businesses such as Alpine, Garmin, BMW, Oracle. It provides location services through its own Here applications, and also for GIS and government clients and other providers, such as Microsoft Bing, Facebook and Yahoo. Here has built its mapping and location business by acquiring location technology and know-how, Navteq, was an American company founded in 1985 as Karlin & Collins, Inc. later known as Navigation Technologies Corporation and eventually as Navteq. At the time of its acquisition by Nokia, Navteq was the largest maker of automotive grade map data used in car navigation equipment, Nokia Maps began in 2001 as Smart2Go, a generic 3D-map interface for access to tourist information on mobile terminals. It was developed by an EU consortium named TellMaris, Nokia gained the rights to the software when it acquired Berlin-based route planning software company Gate 5 in August 2006, which has become the cornerstone for the companys mapping business. It then made the Smart2Go application free to download, in October 2007, Nokia acquired the Chicago-based company Navteq, which brought 25 years of experience in creating automotive grade map content, and a deep footprint in the automotive industry. Nokia ran Navteqs business along with their own Nokia Maps, the two divisions remained as separate entities of Nokia Corporation until Navteq was amalgamated into the core Nokia operations in 2011. The service was rebranded as Here in 2012, bringing together mapping, location businesses, satellite navigation, in 2008, Nokia picked up geo social networking site Plazes and the following year it bought mobile applications developer Bit-Side, social location pioneer Plum, and social travel service Dopplr. In 2010, it acquired Metacarta a leading enterprise local search service used by security, in April 2011, Nokia released a beta version of 3D maps that covered 20 cities in the world. By August 2011, the coverage has expanded to 23 cities, and in 2012, Nokia bought EarthMine, in May 2011, Ovi Maps was renamed to Nokia Maps when Nokia streamlined its services offering under the HERE brand. In October 2011, Maps & Drive for Windows Phone 7 was announced, however, major features such as off-line routing and text-to-speech navigation of street names, compared to the Symbian version, were absent. These features were brought over to the Windows Phone platform in 2012. On 13 November 2012, Nokia announced that it would rebrand its location offering as Here to highlight its vision for the future of location-based services, in June 2014, HERE announced that it had acquired Medio a Seattle-based start-up that specialized in predictive analytics. In 2014, Windows Phones low market share, as well as the end of Nokias partnership with Microsoft, led to the company prioritizing Android, Here launched the Here beta app for Samsung Galaxy smartphones in August 2014. Later in October the app available on all Android devices running on 4.1 Jelly Bean or higher
36.
Audi e-tron
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The Audi e-tron family is a series of electric and hybrid concept cars shown by Audi from 2009 onwards. In 2012 Audi unveiled a hybrid version, the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, released to retail customers in Europe in August 2014. As this car is still in phase, much of its performance specifications are still uncertain. The car will have four electric motors, one per wheel, together, these motors will produce 3,320 pound-feet of torque. Top speed for the e-tron is limited to 222 kilometres per hour, in concept form, the e-tron also is equipped with conceptual technology, technology that communicates with other cars, road signs, etc. The first e-tron concept car was shown at the 2009 International Motor Show Germany, a two-seater, similar in appearance to the Audi R8 but slightly smaller, is powered by four UQM Technologies motors, providing four-wheel drive. Together, these produce 313 PS and 4,500 N·m of torque, a 470 kg 42.4 kWh lithium-ion battery is located in front of the rear axle and provides a range of approximately 248 km with a full charge taking 6–8 hours from a normal household socket. It has ceramic disc brakes as well as regenerative braking, in 2010 Audi began a development program with the objective to manufacture a limited production R8 e-tron. The R8 e-tron made a appearance in the 2013 Marvel Studios release of Iron Man 3. In March 2014 Audi revised its decision and announced it will build the R8 e-tron upon request, the carmaker explained that their latest development work resulted in an increased range from 215 km to approximately 450 km. The concept car can accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 5.9 seconds, the vehicle was unveiled in 2010 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. A similar production model, based on a future mid-engined automotive platform codenamed 9X1, shared with Porsche, the Audi A1 e-tron concept car, an electric variant of the Audi A1 production model, was first shown at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show. The A1 e-tron is a series hybrid, powered by an electric motor from UQM with a continuous output of 45 kW. A254 cc Wankel engine is used to power a 15 kW range-extending generator. Acceleration to 100 km/h is achieved in 4.4 seconds, Audi presented the e-tron Spyder in January 2011 at the Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show, near identical to the Paris show car, but this time painted bright red. The car was advertised with the performance specifications, including an electronically limited top speed of 155 mph. The Audi A3 e-tron is an all-electric car variant of the Audi A3 production model, the A3 e-tron is powered by an electric motor under the hood which sends power from the rear- and mid-mounted battery packs to the front wheels. The 26.5 kWh lithium-ion battery pack provides a range of around 92 mi
37.
Auto Union
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Auto Union AG, Chemnitz, was an amalgamation of four German automobile manufacturers, founded in 1932 and established in 1936 in Chemnitz, Saxony, during the Great Depression. It is the predecessor of Audi as it is known today. As well as acting as a firm for its four constituent brands. The companys distinctive logo, of four interlocking rings to represent the four members of the Auto Union. Horch – founded 1904 by August Horch in Zwickau and it built cars starting from straight-two engines to luxury models with V8- and V12 engines. Audi – because of disputes with the CFO, August Horch in 1909 left his namesake enterprise and founded Audi across town, building inline-four-, six-, in 1928 Audi became a subsidiary of Zschopauer Motorenwerke. In the same year, Rasmussen bought the remains of the US automobile manufacturer Rickenbacker, including the equipment for eight-. These engines were used in Audi Zwickau, Audi Imperator and Audi Dresden models, at the same time, six-cylinder and four-cylinder models were manufactured. Although all four continued to sell cars under their own names and brands. Auto Union chairman, Klaus, Baron von Oertzen, wanted a project to announce the new brand. Ferdinand Porsche, who had work for him before. This highly annoyed Mercedes, who had developed their Mercedes-Benz W25. It resulted in a heated exchange both on and off the track between the two companies until World War II. Having garnered state funds, Auto Union bought Porsches Hochleistungsfahrzeugbau GmbH and hence the P-Wagen Project for 75,000 RM, the Auto Union racing cars types A to D were built as Grand Prix racing cars from 1934 to 1939. They resembled the earlier Benz Tropfenwagen, also built in part by Rumpler engineers, The only Grand Prix racers to wear Auto Unions four-ringed logo, they were particularly dominant in 1936. From 1935 to 1937, Auto Union cars car won 25 races, driven by Ernst von Delius, Bernd Rosemeyer, Hans Stuck Sr. and Achille Varzi. Much has been written about the handling characteristics of this car. The cars used supercharged engines, eventually producing almost 550 hp
38.
DKW
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DKW is a German car and motorcycle marque. The company and brand is one of the companies of the modern day Audi company as one of the four companies that formed Auto-Union. In 1916, Danish engineer Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen founded a factory in Zschopau, Saxony, Germany and that year he attempted to produce a steam-driven car, called the DKW. Although unsuccessful, he made a two-stroke toy engine in 1919, in 1932, DKW merged with Audi, Horch and Wanderer to form Auto Union. After World War II, DKW moved to West Germany, with the factory becoming MZ. Auto Union came under Daimler-Benz ownership in 1957 and was purchased by the Volkswagen Group in 1964, the last German-built DKW car was the F102, which ceased production in 1966. Its successor, the four-stroke F103, was marketed under the Audi brand, dKW-badged cars continued to be built under license in Brazil and Argentina until 1967 and 1969 respectively. DKW cars were made from 1928 until 1966, apart from an interruption caused by the Second World War, dKWs always used two-stroke engines, reflecting the companys position by the end of the 1920s as the worlds largest producer of motorcycles. More significant was a series of cars built 300 km to the south in Zwickau in the plant acquired by the companys owner in 1928 when he had become the majority owner in Audi Werke AG. Models F1 to F8 were built between 1931 and 1942, with successor models reappearing after the end of the war in 1945 and they were the first volume production cars in Europe with front wheel drive, and were powered by transversely mounted two-cylinder two-stroke engines. Displacement was 584 or 692 cc, claimed power was initially 15 PS. These models had a generator that doubled as a starter, mounted directly on the crankshaft, dKWs from Zwickau notched up approximately 218,000 units between 1931 and 1942. Between 1929 and 1940, DKW produced a well remembered. Engine displacement was 1,000 cc, later 1,100 cc, the engines had two extra cylinders for forced induction, so they appeared like V6 engines but without spark plugs on the front cylinder pair. In 1939, DKW made a prototype with the first three-cylinder engine, with a displacement of 900 cc, with a streamlined body, the car could run at 115 km/h. It was put into production after World War II, first as an Industrieverband Fahrzeugbau F9 in Zwickau, East Germany, DKW engines were used by Saab as a model for the Saab two-stroke in its Saab 92 car manufacturing venture, in 1947. As Auto Union was based in Saxony in what became the German Democratic Republic and their first line of production took place in Düsseldorf. This van used the engine as the last F8 made before the war
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NSU Motorenwerke
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NSU Motorenwerke AG, or NSU, was a German manufacturer of automobiles, motorcycles and pedal cycles, founded in 1873. Acquired by Volkswagen Group in 1969, VW merged NSU with Auto Union, creating Audi NSU Auto Union AG, the name NSU originated as an abbreviation of Neckarsulm, the city where NSU was located. The business relocated in 1880 to Neckarsulm, there followed a period of rapid growth and in 1886, the company began to produce bicycles, the first of them a high wheeler or Penny-farthing branded as the Germania. By 1892, bicycle manufacturing had completely replaced knitting machine production, at about this time, the name NSU appeared as a brand name. The first NSU motorcycle appeared in 1901, followed by the first NSU car in 1905, from 1957, NSU-Fiat cars assumed the brand name Neckar. During World War II NSU produced the Kettenkrad, the NSU HK101 and they also made the 251 OSL motorcycle during the war. In December 1946, Das Auto reported the company had resumed the manufacture of bicycles and motor-bicycles at Neckarsulm, the first postwar model was the NSU Fox in 1949, available in 2-stroke and 4-stroke versions. In 1953, the NSU Max followed, a 250 cc motorbike with a unique overhead camdrive with connecting rods, all these new models had an innovative monocoque frame of pressed steel and a central rear suspension unit. Albert Roder, the engineer behind the success story, made it possible that in 1955. NSU also holds four world records for speed,1951,1953,1954, in August 1956, Wilhelm Herz at the Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah, became the first man to ride a motorcycle faster than 200 mph. In 1957, NSU re-entered the car market with the new Prinz, a car with a doubled NSU Max engine. NSUs last production motorcycle was the Quick 50, in 1964, NSU offered the worlds first Wankel engined car, the Wankelspider. In development of the project, NSU built the Sport Prinz, in the same year Prinz 1000 and derivatives like the TT and TT/S followed. The Typ 110 was launched in 1965 as a car with a more spacious body design. The last NSU cars with a conventional four-stroke engine had the air-cooled OHC four-cylinder engine in common, the car was marketed in the U. K. In 1967, the four-door NSU Ro 80, with a 115 hp version of the same 2-rotor, was presented to the public. Weighing 1,200 kg, it had a Cd of 0.36, disc brakes, independent suspension and it soon gained several design awards such as car of the year 1967, while drivers liked its performance. Virtually all the major motor manufacturers purchased licenses from NSU to develop and produce the rotary engine
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Wanderer (company)
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Wanderer was a German manufacturer of bicycles, motorcycles, automobiles, vans and other machinery. Winklhofer & Jaenicke was established in 1896 in Chemnitz and it built motorcycles from 1902 and automobiles from 1903. The Wanderer brand was chosen in 1911 for overseas exports and was adopted for domestic sales. The first two- or three-seater models used four-cylinder 1145 cc and 1220 cc engines, the 1220 cc model lasted until 1925. The first six-cylinder model appeared in 1928, motorcycle production continued in Chemnitz alone. During the Great Depression, in 1929, the owner, Dresdner Bank, sold the motorcycle business to František Janeček. The car division with its Siegmar factory became part of Auto Union together with Horch, Audi, in this quartet, Horch was positioned as the luxury brand, DKW built cheap two-stroke cars, Audi and Wanderer competed in different segments of mid-priced, technologically advanced small cars. Wanderers of Nazi period acquired a trademark radiator design, shaped as a heraldic shield, the next model W17 7/35 PS was propelled by a new 1692 cc OHV four-cylinder engine developed by Ferdinand Porsche. In 1933 the new Audi Front was equipped with the Wanderer W22 engine, the top model from 1936 to 1939 was W50, propelled by a 2257 cc six-cylinder engine. From 1937 on there were also sporting fours and another model of 2632 cc. Wanderer cars were always admired for their quality and sporting character. During World War II all civilian production was replaced in 1941 with licence-built military vehicles, a subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp, KZ Siegmar-Schonau, was operated during the war to provide slave labour for the Wanderer vehicle plants. From 1943 on the Auto Union Siegmar plant produced Maybach HL230 V12 engines, the Wanderer Siegmar plant of Auto Union were destroyed in early 1945, closing this chapter in the history of automobiles. List of automobile manufacturers List of German cars Auto Union Dates in the history of Wanderer - Audi USA AUTO UNION Sales Brochures 1939
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Museum mobile
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Museum mobile is an automobile museum owned and operated by Audi AG in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. Opened in 2000, it is devoted to the history of Audi and its predecessors, the museum is housed within a circular glass and steel building over 22 m high. The building was designed by Gunter Henn, and the concept was developed by KMS. A special feature of the museum is a paternoster, which displays 14 cars in constant motion
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Audi A3
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The Audi A3 is a Small Family/Compact car produced since 1996. The third-generation A3 uses the Volkswagen Group MQB platform, the original A3 was introduced in the European market in 1996, marking Audis return to the production of smaller cars following the demise of the Audi 50 in 1978. This was the first Volkswagen Group model to use the PQ34 or A4 platform, bearing a resemblance to the contemporary Volkswagen Golf Mk4. Within three years, this platform was used for total of seven cars, the A3 was initially available only with a three-door hatchback body, to present a more sporty image than the Golf, in both front and four-wheel drive. The inline four-cylinder engines were transversely mounted, after the A4, the Audi A3 was the second model in the Audi lineup to use five valves per cylinder. The United Kingdom market first received the Audi A3 in November 1996, the four-wheel-drive A31. 8T quattro used either the 150 PS or 180 PS engine, and the same Haldex Traction-based four-wheel-drive system as the Audi S3 and the Audi TT. Also in 1999, Audi also introduced a five-door body, Audis electronic stability control, traction-control, and brake force distribution computer became standard equipment in some countries. Although the first-generation Audi A3 was replaced in Europe in 2003, production of the first generation model stopped in Brazil in 2006. Euro NCAP rating of 4 out of 5 stars and their evaluation concluded the column lock, adjuster lever and bracket presented hazards in the knee impact area for the driver. These could cause high loads on his legs and damage to his knees. The A3 also provides almost no protection to pedestrians, giving it two out of a possible four. Audi released the A3-derived Audi S3 in 1999, only as a three-door hatchback, the inline-four 20v 1.8 L turbocharged petrol engine came in two versions,210 PS and 225 PS. Later models had variable valve timing and 225 PS, the engine had a maximum of 280 N·m torque. This is the first time a small four-cylinder engine has been used in an Audi S-series car, although dubbed quattro, the S3 uses a different four-wheel drive system. The Haldex Traction coupling adjusts the bias of torque distribution from the front to rear axle as grip requirements change – most of the time it operates as a front-wheel drive. The S3 was sold in the Europe, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, the S3 was facelifted in 2002, where it was given one-piece headlights/indicator units, different front wings, rear lights clusters, and some minor upgrades to interior trim. These items are standard in export markets. The engines used are the same as those for other cars in the Volkswagen Group
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Audi A4
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The Audi A4 is a line of compact executive cars produced since late 1994 by the German car manufacturer Audi, a subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. The A4 has been built in five generations and is based on the Volkswagen Group B platform, the first generation A4 succeeded the Audi 80. The automakers internal numbering treats the A4 as a continuation of the Audi 80 lineage, with the initial A4 designated as the B5-series, followed by the B6, B7, B8 and the B9. The B8 and B9 versions of the A4 are built on the Volkswagen Group MLB platform shared with many other Audi models, the Audi A4 automobile layout consists of a longitudinal engine front-engine design, with transaxle-type transmissions mounted at the rear of the engine. The cars are front-wheel drive, or on some models, quattro all-wheel drive, the A4 is available as a sedan and station wagon. The first generation Audi A4 debuted in October 1994, with production starting November 1994, North American sales later began in September 1995 for the 1996 model year. It was built on the Volkswagen Group B5 platform, which it shared with the fourth generation Volkswagen Passat and it had a front-mounted longitudinal engine and front-wheel drive. Many variations of the A4 were also available with Audis quattro four-wheel drive system, the A4 was initially introduced as a four-door saloon/sedan, the Avant was introduced in November 1995 and went on sale in February 1996. Development began in 1988, with the first design sketches being created later that year, by 1991, an exterior design by Imre Hasanic was chosen and frozen for November 1994 production by 1992. The interior design was finalized in 1992, with pilot production commencing in the first half of 1994. Development concluded in the quarter of 1994, preceding November 1994 start of production. The 2.6 and 2. 8-litre V6 engines which had carried over from the old 80/90 proved popular, although in North America. A turbocharged 1. 8T version produced 150 PS and 210 newton metres torque, moreover, a quattro GmbH special edition of the B51. 8T was later available in Germany and Europe, for which the engines power output was raised to 178 PS and 235 newton metres. Audi also debuted their new tiptronic automatic transmission on the B5 platform, the transmission is a conventional automatic gearbox with a torque converter offering the driver fully automatic operation or manual selection of the gear ratios. The B5 marked Audis continued move into the luxury car segment. The Audi A4 B5 saw nearly constant minor changes and alterations throughout its seven-year run, moreover, a significant facelift was introduced for the 1998 B5 model year at the 1997 Frankfurt Motor Show, with sales beginning in Europe in early 1998. The 2. 8-litre 30-valve V6 engine replaced the 2. 8-litre 12-valve, a 2. 5-litre V6 Turbocharged Direct Injection diesel engine with 150 PS was standard on the quattro. A six-speed manual gearbox was available, as well as the new high-performance Audi S4, cosmetic updates included new rear lights, headlights, door handles, and other minor exterior/interior changes
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Audi S4
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The Audi S4 is the high performance variant of Audis compact executive car A4. The original Audi S4, built from 1991 until 1994, was a version of Audis 100 saloon/sedan. All subsequent S4s since 1997 have been based on the Audi A4, in markets where the even higher-performance Audi RS4 is not offered, the S4 is the top-of-the-line trim of the A4 family. Like its regular A4 counterpart, all S4 variants have had longitudinally oriented, front-mounted engines, a single turbocharged 2. 2-litre inline five-cylinder powered the original C4 version, and a 2. 7-litre twin turbocharged V6 engine was found in the B5 generation. The recently introduced B8 generation uses a supercharged 3. 0-litre V6 TFSI engine, a two-door four-seat Cabriolet S4 variant was introduced as part of the B6 and B7 generation A4 lineups. The B8 Cabriolet has now been built off the A5 coupe body style, factory production of the original Audi S4, usually known as Audi 100 S4, began in August 1991 to serve as the performance version of the newly updated C4 platform 100 four-door, five-seat saloon. It was designed to replace the outgoing C3 based Audi 200 quattro turbo, being the first S4 model from Audi, it is commonly referred to as the Ur-S4, derived from the German, Ursprünglich augmentive word. Audi mildly updated the C4-based model line in 1994 and dropped the 100 nomenclature, despite the change in name, differences between the outgoing S4 and incoming S6 were primarily cosmetic. A more powerful, more expensive and more exclusive variant known first as the S4 Plus, built in very small numbers, the Plus models featured numerous performance enhancing upgrades, including the use of Audis 4. 2-litre V8 engine in place of the then current inline-five engine. An all-new C5-based Audi A6 debuted for 1997, after which the S4, the C4 variant S4 ended factory production after less than three years in July 1994. One of its most renowned owners was Ayrton Senna who owned a silver Avant and this engine, developed a motive power output of 169 kilowatts at 5,900 revolutions per minute and 350 newton metres of torque 1,950 rpm. This powerplant made it rather powerful by contemporary standards, and the vehicle with five-speed manual transmission was able to accelerate from standstill to 100 kilometres per hour in 6.2 seconds. Front and rear final drive ratio is either 4.111 or 3.889. All C4 S4s came equipped as standard with a conventional fixed-assistance rack, an electronically controlled servotronic system, which varied the level of assistance in accordance with the road speed, was available as an option. There were two different types of high performance brake systems on offer for the C4 S4, all S4s initially had 310 millimetres diameter by 25 millimetres thick, radially ventilated disc brakes up front, each with an ATE single-piston sliding caliper inside a UFO styled bell-shaped disc. US models had smaller 276 millimetres discs, a Bosch three-channel operation Anti-lock Braking System with a mechanical load sensing valve for the rear brakes was standard throughout production. For roadwheel options, the standard five-arm Fuchs forged alloy wheels were 8. 0Jx16H2 ET40, in addition to the saloon, an estate version –the Audi S4 Avant–was introduced into the lineup from 1998. Production of the B5 S4 ceased in September 2001, although it was sold together with the next B6 platform generation through 2002 in North America
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Audi RS 4
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The Audi RS4 quattro is the top tier and highest performing version of some specific generations of the Audi A4 range of automobiles. It slots distinctly above the Audi S4, as the fastest, most sports-focused model based on the A4s B automobile platform, the RS4 made a comeback in 2012, in Avant form only based on the Audi A4 Avant. The original B5 version was produced only as a five-door five-seat Avant, the second version, the B7, was released initially as a four-door five-seat saloon/sedan, with the Avant following a short while later. A two-door four-seat Cabriolet version was subsequently added, furthermore, their unique internal combustion engines are all front-mounted, and are longitudinally oriented. The transmission is mounted immediately at the rear of the engine in an orientation, in the form of a transaxle. Like all Audi RS cars, the RS4 pioneers some of Audis latest advanced technology, furthermore, it is only available with Audis Torsen-based trademark quattro permanent four-wheel drive system. Its main market competitors include the BMW M3, Mercedes-Benz C63 AMG, Lexus IS-F and Cadillac CTS-V. The vehicle, like its RS2 predecessor, was only as an Avant and was built on an existing platform, in this case the Volkswagen Group B5 platform shared with the A4. Retail price was around DM103,584, the RS4 was available for sale in most of Europe, parts of Asia and in some Latin American countries. Audi produced 6,030 units between 1999 and 2001, although related to the Audi B5 S4, many of the outer body panels were altered, with wider front and rear wheel arches, to allow for the wider axle track on the RS4. With unique front and rear bumpers and side sills, and the rear spoiler from the S4 Avant, although the B5 S4 came in a saloon car body style, the B5 RS4 was only available in the Avant version. Luggage space, measured according to the industry standard VDA method was 390 litres with the seats in the upright position. The engine was developed from the 2.7 litre 90° V6 biturbo used in the B5 S4 and it displaced 2,671 cubic centimetres and had five valves per cylinder. The parts code prefix was 078 and the codes were, early version,2000, ASJ. This engine was developed and manufactured in the UK by Cosworth Technology, the modifications increased the engines output from 195 kilowatts and 400 newton metres of torque in S4 form to 280 kilowatts at 7,000 revolutions per minute and 440 newton metres at 6,000 rpm. The engine was controlled by a Bosch Motronic ME7.1 electronic engine control unit, the engine had multipoint sequential fuel injection, a MAF, six individual single-spark coils and NGK longlife spark plugs. The engine oil was cooled by an oil, water cooler. Even with a weight of 1,620 kilograms, the RS 4s powerful engine gave it the performance of a sports car
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Audi A5
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The Audi A5 is a series of compact executive cars produced by the German automobile manufacturer Audi since 2007. The A5 range comprises the coupé, cabriolet, and Sportback version of the Audi A4 saloon, under Audis internal platform numbering convention, the A5 is a member of the B-platform series of vehicles, sharing its platform designation with the A4 saloon and Avant. The first generation A5 is therefore a member of the B8 family, both are derived from the Volkswagen MLB architecture. The A5 marked Audis return to the entry-level luxury coupé market since the Audi 80–based coupé model ended production in 1996, on May 10,2006, Audi confirmed that the A5 would go into production. The B6/B7 A4 spawned a convertible variant but not a coupé, for the fourth generation A4, Audi decided to spin off the cabriolet, along with a new coupé and five-door hatchback coupé, into a nameplate of its own as the A5. The A5 was the first of the B8 family of vehicles to be released, all based on the Audi MLP platform which underpin the next generation A6, the A5 is the third coupé in Audis line-up, following the second-generation TT and the R8. The A5 adopted design elements of the Nuvolari quattro concept car, the A5 debuted with the 3. 2-litre FSI V6 engine delivering 195 kW. The design was based on the Nuvolari quattro concept car, both the Audi A5 and the S5 Coupé models were unveiled simultaneously in Salon International de lAuto and Melbourne International Motor Shows on March 6,2007. Ordering of the A5 and S5 began on March 6,2007, launch models included 3.2 FSI V6 engine multitronic and 3.0 TDI quattro 6-speed, with 1.8 TFSI available in autumn 2007. Early U. S. models included the A53.2 FSI quattro, both included either a 6-speed manual or 6-speed Tiptronic automatic transmission. The S5 model went on sale in November 2007, equipped only with a transmission, while the A5. Canadian models went on sale in 2008, launch model included A53.2 FSI with choice of 6-speed manual or 6-speed Tiptronic transmission. Since 2011 only the 2.0 L Turbo engines are available for the A5 in Canada, in 2013 Audi introduced the new A5 Black Edition. Both the Audi A5 and the S5 Cabriolet production began in early 2009, the A5 Cabriolet included a fabric roof as opposed to a retractable hardtop as on the Volkswagen Eos. The engine ranges are same as contemporary A5 coupé models, the A5 Cabriolet replaces the A4 Cabriolet. Delivery of A5 Cabriolet began in the quarter of 2009. The vehicle was unveiled in 2009 New York Auto Show, the U. S. versions of A5 and S5 Cabriolet went on sale in September 2009 as a 2010 model. Early models included A52.0 I4 TFSI multitronic, A52.0 quattro Tiptronic, the A5 Sportback has four frameless doors and a long, tapering fastback-like roofline, giving it a four-door coupé-like appearance
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