1.
Australasian Athletics Championships
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The Australasian Athletics Championships was an athletics competition between male athletes principally from Australia and New Zealand that was held between 1893 and 1927. They were the precursor to the national Australian Athletics Championships, which replaced the competition from 1930 onwards, the competition emerged from an inter-colonial athletics event in 1890 between New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and New Zealand before becoming a formalised event. An Australasian Championships in tennis for the colonies was established in 1905, during the same period, athletics organisers of the region began to cooperate more and the Amateur Athletic Union of Australasia was established in 1897. This became the basis for the national federation, Athletics Australia. Sports cooperation between Australia and New Zealand also resulted in a national team being sent as Australasia at the Olympics in 1908 and 1912. The main base of the programme consisted of track and field events measured in imperial units. The first edition in 1893 featured ten track events and five events for men. The track events were three sprints, two races, a 3-mile long-distance race, two hurdling events, and two track walking events. On the field, there were high jump, long jump, pole vault, shot put, the programme remained in this format until 1922, when three new events were added. A decathlon was held for three editions from 1924 onwards and a triple jump was contested in 1927 only. A marathon event was included on the programme in 1909 and the prominence of the event marked the importance of the newly developed distance in the region
2.
Melbourne Park
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Melbourne Park is a sports venue in the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Since 1988, Australians bicentenary, Melbourne Park has been home of the Australian Open in tennis, which is played annually in January. The venue was the home of the Melbourne Tigers basketball team and it is owned by Melbourne & Olympic Parks, which also runs the adjacent Melbourne Rectangular Stadium. The Yarra Park section of the Sports and Entertainment Precinct is run separately, Melbourne Park was built in 1988 beside the Jolimont Yard as a new venue to host the Australian Open, as Kooyong, the previous venue, had become too small. It was originally known as Flinders Park until 1996, when then-Premier, Jeff Kennett decided to rename it Melbourne Park, the decision was met with strong opposition, and was compared by some to renaming Stade Roland Garros Paris Park. However, over the years, it has become accepted by the Melbourne community, while it is best known for being a tennis venue, Melbourne Park also plays host to a number of other sports and musical events throughout the year. The Two Tribes dance festival was held there annually, Rod Laver Arena was the venue for The Eagles Emmy Award-winning 2005 Farewell 1 Tour, Live from Melbourne double-DVD recording. Pearl Jams concert of 17 March 1995 at the Flinders Park Tennis Centre was broadcast live on Australian radio, formerly known as Centre Court, Rod Laver Arena has a capacity of nearly 15,000, and has a retractable roof. The second largest court is Hisense Arena, which was opened in 2000 and it has a capacity of 10,500, and also has a retractable roof. There are also three courts, with the former Show Court 1 now named the Margaret Court Arena. Margaret Court Arena has recently had a roof added and its capacity expanded to 7,500. This now leaves Melbourne Park with three courts available for wet and extreme weather play during the Australian Open, Melbourne Park is adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Yarra Park, and there are several pedestrian bridges linking the two across the separating railway lines. The park is five minutes walk from Richmond and Jolimont railway stations, in June 2015, it was announced that the Rod Laver Arena would undergo a redevopment of its exterior facade and interior customer features, such as bars and other facilities. Overall, more than million is being spent on the multi-year redevelopment of the Melbourne Park precinct. Construction will begin in February 2016 though completion of all works at the precinct is not expected to finish until 2020, Melbourne & Olympic Parks official website Australian Open official website Melbourne Park at Austadiums
3.
Grass court
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A grass court is one of the four different types of tennis court on which the sport of tennis, originally known as lawn tennis, is played. Grass courts are made of grasses in different compositions depending on the tournament, although grass courts are more traditional than other types of tennis courts, maintenance costs of grass courts are higher than those of hard courts and clay courts. Grass courts must be left for the day if rain appears, Grass courts are most common in Britain, although the Northeastern United States also has some private grass courts. Because grass courts tend to be slippery, the ball often skids and bounces low while retaining most of its speed, in addition, there are often bad bounces. As a result, players must reach the ball relative to other surfaces. A grass-court favours a serve and volley style of play, all have won at least five grand slam singles titles on grass, Navratilova won twelve, Court won eight, while King, Sampras, Graf, Serena Williams and Federer each won seven. Sampras is lauded by many analysts as one of the greatest grass-court players of all time. He won seven Wimbledon singles titles in eight years from 1993 through 2000, the most successful male player currently is Roger Federer, a seven-time Wimbledon singles champion. His variety in the shots, speed, footwork, and slices, are his biggest weapons, before being beaten in 2008 at Wimbledon by Rafael Nadal, Federer had a 65-match winning streak on grass, and 40 consecutive wins at Wimbledon alone. The most successful female players currently playing are Serena Williams and her sister Venus Williams, with seven, Venus has won five out of her eight Wimbledon finals appearances and achieving five titles in the ladies doubles with her sister. The professional grass court season is comparatively short, in 2015 it was extended, with an extra week between the French Open and Wimbledon. In the ATP Tour, the Stuttgart Open became a court tournament in 2015, and in 2017 a new ATP250 tournament is being hosted in Antalya. In the WTA Tour Mallorca will host a grass court tournament beginning in 2016, clay court hardcourt carpet court LTA – Grass Court Guidance
4.
Hardcourt
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A hardcourt is a surface or floor on which a sport is played, most usually in reference to tennis courts. They are typically made of materials such as asphalt or concrete. Historically, hardwood surfaces were also in use in indoor settings, similar to a basketball court. Tennis hard courts are made of synthetic/acrylic layers on top of a concrete or asphalt foundation and these courts tend to play medium-fast to fast because there is little energy absorption by the court, like in grass courts. The ball tends to bounce high and players are able to apply many types of spin during play, flat balls are favored on hard courts because of the extremely quick play style. Speed of rebound after tennis balls bounce on hard courts is determined by how much sand is in the synthetic/acrylic layer placed on top of the asphalt foundation, more sand will result in a slower bounce due to more friction. Of the Grand Slam tournaments, the US Open and Australian Open currently use hard courts, there are numerous hardcourt maintenance methods which are commonly used to keep these facilities in top condition. Some of these include brushing, pressure washing with a solution and applying chemical treatments to prevent the growth of moss. Anti-slip paint is applied to hardcourts to give better playing qualities which enhance player safety
5.
Australian dollar
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Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign, with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is subdivided into 100 cents, in 2011, the Australian dollar was the fifth most traded currency in the world, accounting for 7. 6% of the worlds daily share. It trades in the foreign exchange markets behind the US dollar, the euro, the yen. The currency is referred to by foreign-exchange traders as the Aussie dollar. With pounds, shillings and pence to be replaced by decimal currency on 14 February 1966, in 1963, the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies, a monarchist, wished to name the currency the royal. Other proposed names included more exotic suggestions such as the austral, the oz, the boomer, the roo, the kanga, the emu, the digger, the quid, the dinkum and the ming. Menzies influence resulted in the selection of the royal, and trial designs were prepared and printed by the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Treasurer, Harold Holt, announced the decision in Parliament on 5 June 1963. The royal would be subdivided into 100 cents, but the existing names shilling, florin, the name royal for the currency proved very unpopular, with Holt and his wife even receiving death threats. On 24 July Holt told the Cabinet the decision had been a terrible mistake, on 18 September Holt advised Parliament that the name was to be the dollar, of 100 cents. The Australian pound, introduced in 1910 and officially distinct in value from the pound sterling since devaluation in 1931, was replaced by the dollar on 14 February 1966. The rate of conversion for the new currency was two dollars per Australian pound, or ten Australian shillings per dollar. The exchange rate was pegged to the pound sterling at a rate of $1 =8 shillings, in 1967, Australia effectively left the sterling area, when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar and the Australian dollar did not follow. It maintained its peg to the US dollar at the rate of A$1 = US$1.12, on 27 September 2012, the Reserve Bank of Australia stated that they had ordered work on a project to upgrade the current banknotes. The upgraded banknotes will incorporate a number of new features so that they remain secure into the future, the first new banknotes were issued from the 1st of September 2016, with the remaining denominations to be issued in the coming years. In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1,2,5,10,20 and 50 cents. The initial 50-cent coins contained high silver content and were withdrawn after a year after the value of the silver content was found to exceed the face value of the coins. One-dollar coins were introduced in 1984, followed by two-dollar coins in 1988, the one- and two-cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn from circulation. In commemoration of the 40th anniversary of decimal currency, the 2006 mint proof and uncirculated sets included one-, in early 2013, Australias first triangular coin was introduced, to mark the 25th anniversary of the opening of Parliament House
6.
Roger Federer
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Roger Federer is a Swiss professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No.4 by the Association of Tennis Professionals. Many players and analysts have called him the greatest tennis player of all time, Federer turned professional in 1998 and was continuously ranked in the top 10 from October 2002 to November 2016. Federer has won 18 Grand Slam singles titles, the most in history for a tennis player. In majors, Federer has won seven Wimbledon titles, five Australian Open titles, five US Open titles and he is among the eight men to capture a career Grand Slam. He has reached a record 28 mens singles Grand Slam finals, Federers ATP tournament records include winning a record six ATP World Tour Finals and playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments. He also won the Olympic gold medal in doubles with his compatriot Stan Wawrinka at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, representing Switzerland, he was a part of the 2014 winning Davis Cup team. He was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year for a four consecutive years from 2005 to 2008. Federer was born at the Basel Cantonal Hospital in Basel, Switzerland, Federer has one sibling, his older sister Diana, who is the mother of a set of twins. He holds both Swiss and South African citizenship, Federer was raised as a Roman Catholic and met Pope Benedict XVI while playing the 2006 Internazionali BNL dItalia tournament in Rome. Like all male Swiss citizens, Federer was subject to military service in the Swiss Armed Forces. However, in 2003 he was ruled unsuitable and was not required to fulfil his military obligation. Instead, he served in the protection force and was required to pay 3% of his taxable income as an alternative. He grew up supporting F. C. Basel and the Swiss National Football Team, Federer also credits the range of sports he played as a child—he also played badminton and basketball—for his hand-eye coordination. Federer is married to former Womens Tennis Association player Mirka Vavrinec and he met her while both were competing for Switzerland in the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Vavrinec retired from the tour in 2002 because of a foot injury and they were married at Wenkenhof Villa in Riehen near Basel on 11 April 2009, surrounded by a small group of close friends and family. In July 2009, Mirka gave birth to twin girls, Myla Rose. The Federers had another set of twins in 2014, this time boys whom they named Leo and Lennart, in 2003, he established the Roger Federer Foundation to help disadvantaged children and to promote their access to education and sports. In 2005, he auctioned his racquet from his US Open championship to aid victims of Hurricane Katrina, at the 2005 Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells, Federer arranged an exhibition involving several top players from the ATP and WTA tour called Rally for Relief
7.
Oliver Marach
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Oliver Marach is an Austrian professional tennis player. His highest ATP singles ranking is world No,82, which he reached on August 7,2005. His career high in doubles is world No,8, set on October 18,2010
8.
Roy Emerson
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Roy Stanley Emerson is an Australian former World number one tennis player who won 12 Major singles titles and 16 Grand Slam tournament mens doubles titles. He is the male player to have completed a Career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles. His 28 major titles are a record for a male amateur player. Roy Emerson is the first male player to win each amateur major title at least twice in his career and he is one of only eight men to win all four majors in his career. He was the first male player to win 12 majors, along with Novak Djokovic, he is one of only two male players to win 6 Australian Championships. He won five of them consecutively and his 12 wins have since been surpassed. Emerson is only one of five tennis players all-time to win multiple slam sets in two disciplines, only matched by Margaret Court, Martina Navratilova, Frank Sedgman and Serena Williams, Emerson was born on a farm in Blackbutt, Queensland. His family later moved to Brisbane and he received better tennis instruction after attending Brisbane Grammar School, Emerson won his first Grand Slam tournament doubles title in 1959 at Wimbledon. In 1961, he captured his first Grand Slam tournament singles title at the Australian Championships, later that year, Emerson claimed his second major singles crown when he again beat Laver in the final of the US Championships. Affectionately known as Emmo on the tour, the six-foot right-hander was known for training hard and he was primarily a serve-and-volley style player, but was also able to adapt to the rigours of slow courts, allowing him to enjoy success on all surfaces. From 1963 to 1967, Emerson won five consecutive singles titles at the Australian Championships. His six Australian singles crowns are a record for a male player,1963 also saw Emerson capture his first French Championships singles title, beating Pierre Darmon in the final. Emersons first Wimbledon singles title came in 1964, with a victory over Fred Stolle. Emerson won 55 consecutive matches during 1964 and finished the year with 109 victories out of 115 matches and he won three of the years four Grand Slam events that year. During his amateur career Emerson received several offers to turn professional, including an £38,000 offer made at the end of 1964 by Jack Kramer, but declined and opted to remain an amateur. Emerson was the World No.1 amateur player in 1964 and 1965 according to Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph, in 1965, he successfully defended his Australian and Wimbledon singles crowns. He was the favourite to win Wimbledon again in 1966. He still finished the match, but was unable to win, emersons last major singles title came at the French Championships in 1967 – the year before the open era began
9.
Novak Djokovic
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Novak Djokovic, often referred to by the hypocorism Nole, is a Serbian professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No.2 in mens singles tennis by the Association of Tennis Professionals. He is considered one of the greatest tennis players of all time and he is coached by former Slovak tennis player Marián Vajda. Djokovic holds the best match winning rate in Open Era, as of March 2017, Djokovic has won 12 Grand Slam singles titles, the fourth most in history, and held the No.1 spot in the ATP rankings for a total of 223 weeks. In majors, Djokovic has won six Australian Open titles, three Wimbledon titles, two US Open titles and one French Open title, Djokovic stands alone with an all-time record of 30 Masters 1000 series titles. Among other titles, he has won the ATP World Tour Finals five times and was on the Serbian team which won the 2010 Davis Cup and he also won the Bronze medal in mens singles at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Djokovic is the first Serbian player to be ranked No.1 by the ATP and he is a recipient of the Order of St. Sava, the Order of Karađorđes Star and the Order of the Republika Srpska. Djokovic was born on 22 May 1987 in Belgrade, SR Serbia, Yugoslavia, to parents Srđan, novaks father is Montenegrin in origin and his mother is Croatian by background, with Novak considering himself to be Serbian. His two younger brothers, Marko and Djordje, are also tennis players with professional aspirations, a resident in Monte Carlo, Djokovic was coached by former Slovak tennis player Marián Vajda from 2006 until Boris Becker took over the role of head coach in December 2013. Djokovic is a fan of languages, speaking Serbian, English, French, German. He met his wife, Jelena Ristić, in high school. On 24 April 2014, Djokovic announced that he and Ristić were expecting their first child and his son Stefan was born in October 2014. Djokovic began playing tennis at the age of four, in the summer of 1993, the six-year-old was spotted by Yugoslav tennis player Jelena Genčić at Mount Kopaonik, where Djokovics parents ran a fast-food parlour. Upon seeing Djokovic play tennis, she stated, This is the greatest talent I have seen since Monica Seles, to that end, she contacted Nikola Pilić and in September 1999 the 12-year-old moved to the Pilić tennis academy in Oberschleißheim, Germany, spending four years there. At the age of 14, he began his career, winning European championships in singles, doubles. Djokovic is known for his often humorous off-court impersonations of his fellow players and this became evident to the tennis world after his 2007 US Open quarterfinal win over Carlos Moyá, where he entertained the audience with impersonations of Rafael Nadal and Maria Sharapova. His impersonations have become popular on YouTube. Djokovic did an impression of John McEnroe after his fourth round victory at the 2009 US Open, before playing a brief game with McEnroe. Djokovic is a member of the Serbian Orthodox Church and he is a keen fan of Serbian football club Red Star Belgrade, Italian club A. C. Milan and Portuguese club S. L
10.
Adrian Quist
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Adrian Karl Quist was an Australian tennis player. Adrian Quist was born in Medindie, South Australia and his father was Karl Quist, who had been a noted interstate cricketer, and owned a sporting goods store at the time of his sons birth. The tennis legend grew up in Adelaide and once played Harry Hopman and he was a three-time Australian Championships mens singles champion but is primarily remembered today as a great doubles player. He won the Australian doubles title 10 years in a row, Quist was ranked World No.3 in 1939 and World No.4 in 1936. In his 1979 autobiography tennis great Jack Kramer writes that in doubles Quist played the backhand court and he had a dink backhand that was better for doubles than singles, and a classic forehand drive with a natural sink. He was also fine at the net, volley and forehand, Quist was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1984. Adrian Quist also held the most Davis Cup victories by any Australian until Lleyton Hewitt surpassed that record on 18 September 2010 in Cairns and he died in Sydney, New South Wales in 1991, aged 78. Adrian Quist is the uncle of fashion designer Neville Quist, founding director of Saville Row
11.
Caroline Wozniacki
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Caroline Wozniacki is a Danish professional tennis player. She is a former world No.1 on the WTA Tour and she was the first woman from a Scandinavian country to hold the top ranking position and 20th overall. From her WTA debut in 2005, she improved her year-end ranking each year until finishing on top in both 2010 and 2011, Wozniacki has won 25 WTA singles titles, including six in 2010 and 2011, the most in a year by a WTA player from 2008–2011. She was runner-up at the 2009 and 2014 US Opens and the 2010 WTA Tour Championships in Doha to Kim Clijsters and she won the 2006 Wimbledon Girls Singles title and also holds two WTA titles in doubles. In 2008, Wozniacki won the title of WTA Newcomer of the Year, Wozniacki is the daughter of Polish immigrants, Piotr Woźniacki and Anna Woźniacka. Anna played on the Polish womens national team, and Piotr played professional association football. The couple moved to Denmark when Piotr signed for the Danish football club Boldklubben 1909 and her older brother, Patrik Wozniacki, is a professional footballer for IF Skjold Birkerød in Denmark. Wozniackis playing style centers on the aspects of tennis with her anticipation, movement, agility, footwork and speed all first-rate. She also anticipate serves with aggressive footwork and her two-handed backhand is one of her best weapons as she is capable of turning defense into offense, most notably the backhand down-the-line. Her defensive playing style has her contemporaries label her a counter-puncher, in 2009, Wozniacki signed on to become an endorser for the line of tennis apparel designed by Stella McCartney for Adidas. She wore her first Adidas by Stella McCartney tennis dress at the 2009 US Open and she also has sponsorship agreements with Compeed, Rolex, Danske Invest, Oriflame, Proactiv, Sony Ericsson, Babolat and e-Boks. On 20 December 2010, she signed a deal to endorse Turkish Airlines business class service. In 2012, Wozniacki became an endorser of Compeed BlisterPatch, at the end of 2013 she switched her racquet sponsorship from Yonex back to her long-time partner Babolat. In 2015, Wozniacki became an endorser of Godiva Chocolatier, according to the June 2011 edition of SportsPro Wozniacki is the worlds ninth most marketable athlete. According to Forbes in 2011 Wozniacki was the second highest-earning female athlete in the world, Wozniacki won several junior tournaments in 2005, including the Orange Bowl tennis championship. She made her debut on the WTA Tour at Cincinnatis Western & Southern Financial Group Womens Open on 19 July 2005, losing to the top-seeded, in the Nordea Nordic Light Open, her other WTA tournament of the year, she lost to Martina Suchá in the first round. In 2006, she was the top seed at the Australian Open, in February at the Memphis, she reached her first WTA Tour quarterfinal, beating Kristina Brandi and Ashley Harkleroad, before losing to third-seeded Sofia Arvidsson of Sweden. Before the Wimbledon, Wozniacki won the exhibition tournament Liverpool International Tennis Tournament, later that year, she was given a wild card to the qualifying draw at Wimbledon, where she was beaten in the first round by Miho Saeki
12.
Margaret Court
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Margaret Court AO MBE, also known as Margaret Smith Court, is a retired Australian tennis player and former world No.1. She is currently a Christian minister in Perth, Western Australia, in 1970, Court became the first woman during the open era to win the singles Grand Slam. She won a record 24 of those titles, a record still stands. She also won 19 womens doubles and 21 mixed doubles titles and she is the only woman to win the mixed doubles Grand Slam, which she accomplished twice. Her all surfaces singles career winning percentage of 91. 68% is one of the best of all according to the Sporteology website. Her open era singles career winning percentage of 91. 37% is unequalled and her win-loss performance in all Grand Slam singles tournaments was 90. 12%. She was 95. 31% at the Australian Open,90. 38% at the French Open,85. 10% at Wimbledon and 89. 47% at the US Open and she also shares the open era record for most Grand Slam singles titles as a mother with Kim Clijsters. The International Tennis Hall of Fame states, For sheer strength of performance, in 2010, the Herald Sun newspaper of Melbourne, Australia called her the greatest female tennis player of all time. Court is one of six tennis players to ever win a multiple slam set in two disciplines, matching Roy Emerson, Martina Navratilova, Frank Sedgman, Doris Hart and Serena Williams. Court, however, is the one in tennis history to complete a multiple slam set, twice. Having grown up as a Roman Catholic, Court became associated with Pentecostalism in the 1970s and she later founded the Margaret Court Ministries, and in this capacity she has been vocal critic of LGBT rights. Margaret Smith was the youngest of the four children of Lawrence Smith and she has two older brothers, Kevin and Vincent, and an older sister, June Shanahan. She is a natural left-hander who was persuaded to change to a hand grip. She began playing tennis when she was eight years old and was 17 in 1960 when she won the first of seven singles titles at the Australian Championships. Court became the first female player from Australia to win a Grand Slam tournament abroad, the year after that, she became the first Australian woman to win Wimbledon. After Wimbledon in 1966, Court temporarily retired from tennis and she married Barry Court in 1967, whose father, Sir Charles Court, and brother, Richard Court, served as premiers of Western Australia. She returned to tennis in 1968 and in 1970 won all four Grand Slam singles titles, the next year, she lost the Wimbledon singles final to Evonne Goolagong Cawley while pregnant with her first child, Daniel, who was born in March 1972. Court made a comeback the year and played in the US Open and then played throughout 1973
13.
Thelma Coyne Long
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Thelma Dorothy Coyne Long was an Australian tennis player and one of the female players who dominated Australian tennis from the mid-1930s to the 1950s. During her career she won 19 Grand Slam tournament titles, in 2013 Long was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. At the Australian Championships, Long won singles titles in 1952 and 1954 and was a singles finalist in 1940,1951,1955 and 1956, in womens doubles, she won ten titles with Nancye Wynne Bolton and two titles with Mary Bevis Hawton. Long was a doubles finalist with Bolton in 1946 and 1950. She won mixed doubles titles in 1951,1952 and 1955 with George Worthington and she was a mixed doubles finalist in 1948 with Bill Sidwell. At Wimbledon, Long was a doubles finalist in 1957 with Hawton. At the age of 52, Long teamed with Lorraine Coghlan to lose in the first round of doubles at Wimbledon in 1971. At the French Championships, Long was a doubles finalist in 1958 with Hawton, won the mixed doubles title in 1956 with Luis Ayala. At the 1953 tournament in Cincinnati, Long won the singles title and the womens doubles title with Kanter. According to Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail, Long was ranked in the top ten in 1952 and 1954. Long became a professional in 1960 and spent many years coaching promising New South Wales junior players. In 1985, her achievements were recognized by Tennis NSW when she was awarded Life Membership of the State Association, on 30 August 2000, Long was awarded the Australian Sports Medal. She was inducted into the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame in a ceremony at Melbourne Park during the Australian Open on Australia Day in 2002, in 2013, Thelma was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame symbolizing recognition of her extraordinary career. She was born in Sydney, Australia on 14 October 1918, on 30 January 1941, she married Maurice Newton Long of Melbourne. The marriage did not continue after the end of the Second World War, in May 1941, during the Second World War, Long joined the Red Cross as a transport driver and worked in Melbourne. On 19 February 1942, she joined the Australian Womens Army Service, for her service in the AWAS, she was awarded the War Medal 1939–1945 and Australia Service Medal 1939–1945. Long worked as a volunteer at the State Library of New South Wales, Coyne died on 13 April 2015 at the age of 96. R = tournament restricted to French nationals and held under German occupation, SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of those tournaments played
14.
Gabriela Dabrowski
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Gabriela Gaby Dabrowski is a Canadian professional tennis player. She reached her highest WTA singles ranking of 164 on November 3,2014 and she is trained by her father Yurek. She played in her first provincial tournament, when she was 8 and her first big victory was at the provincial 10 and under Future Stars at 9 years old. Gabriela was a finalist at the Ontario 14 and under Provincial Championships and finished in the top 8 at the 14, at the beginning of 2006, she became the first Canadian to win Les Petits As, one of the most prestigious 14 and under tournaments in the world. In December 2006, Dabrowski reached the final of the 16. Gabriela also won the Junior Orange Bowl in December 2009 where she defeated top-seeded Kristina Mladenovic and she was the first Canadian to capture the title since Tennis Hall of Famer Carling Bassett-Seguso did it as a 15-year-old in 1982. At the junior event of the Australian Open in January 2010, in November 2011, she made it to her first professional singles final at the ITF $50,000 tournament in Toronto, but lost to qualifier Amra Sadiković. Dabrowski reached, in November 2012, the semifinals of the ITF $75,000 Challenger in Phoenix, at the end of May, Dabrowski reached the first WTA final of her career, with partner Shahar Peer, at the Premier tournament in Brussels. They were defeated by Anna-Lena Grönefeld and Květa Peschke in the final, at the beginning of July at the ITF $50,000 in Waterloo, Dabrowski made it to the second professional singles final of her career. She was defeated by Julia Glushko, at the Rogers Cup in August, Dabrowski reached the semifinals in doubles with compatriot Sharon Fichman after upsetting first seeds Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci the round before. They lost to Jelena Janković and Katarina Srebotnik, in October, Dabrowski reached her second WTA doubles final at the International tournament in Linz. They were eliminated by twin sisters Karolína and Kristýna Plíšková in the final, Dabrowski reached the third singles final of her career at the inaugural ITF 50K SSIR Womens Pro Classic in November, but lost to Mandy Minella. At her first tournament of the season, the ITF $25,000 in Vero Beach, at the French Open in May, she made it to the second round of the doubles event with Alicja Rosolska. In July at the Swedish Open, Dabrowski qualified for her first WTA main draw and upset World No.39 Camila Giorgi in the opening round and she was eliminated in three sets by Mona Barthel in the next round. At the beginning of August at the Citi Open, Dabrowski won the first WTA doubles title of her career and she defeated, with partner Shuko Aoyama, Hiroko Kuwata and Kurumi Nara in straight sets in the final. In late August at the US Open, she reached the round in doubles with Rosolska. In November, Dabrowski made it to the final of the ITF 50K Tevlin Womens Challenger where she won her first professional singles title over Maria Sanchez. At the Australian Open, Dabrowski and partner Alicja Rosolska reached the round of the doubles event with an upset over second seeds Hsieh Su-wei
15.
Harry Hopman
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Henry Christian Harry Hopman CBE was a world-acclaimed Australian tennis player and coach. Hopman was born in Glebe, Sydney, New South Wales, before his family moved to Parramatta, Hopman was a student at Rosehill Public Primary school, where his father was headmaster, and later at Parramatta High School, where he played tennis and cricket. Harry Hopman was born on 12 August 1906 in Glebe, Sydney as the child of John Henry Hopman, schoolteacher. He started playing tennis at the age of 13 and, playing barefoot, won a singles tournament on a court in the playground of Rosehill Public School. Hopman was the successful captain-coach of 22 Australian Davis Cup teams from 1939 to 1967, enough money was raised to purchase a gasoline station in the name of Sedgmans wife-to-be and Sedgman remained an amateur for one more year. As Joe McCauley writes in The History of Professional Tennis, For some reason, the pious Hopman, Hopman was also a journalist, joining the Melbourne Herald in 1933 as a sportswriter. After World War II, this became his focus until he was again coaxed into tennis coaching. As an example of Hopmans journalism, Kramer writes that Sedgman, by then a touring professional. Hopman accepted the offer, and then he took Sedg aside and told him that what Hoad, so he told Sedg to go easy on them, which he gladly did. After a few days, Hopman wrote an exclusive in his newspaper column revealing how his kids could whip Sedgman, the Hopman Cup is named in his honour. His widow, Lucy Hopman, travels to Perth, Western Australia in January each year for the tournament, Hopman was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island in 1978. Tennis great Jack Kramer, who was also a promoter of the professional tour. He had no children, no hobbies, and tennis was everything to him, Kramer, who admits that Hopman has never been my favorite guy, goes on to say The minute one of his stars would turn pro, Hopman would turn on him. No matter how close hed been to a player, as soon as he was out of Hopmans control and it was as if wed never existed Rosewall said once. Hopman was first married to Nell Hall, with whom he won four mixed doubles finals, the marriage took place on 19 March 1934 at St Philips Anglican Church in Sydney. She died of a tumour on 10 January 1968. Hopman emigrated to the United States in 1969 and became a professional coach, at Port Washington Tennis Academy, of future champions such as Vitas Gerulaitis. Hopman later opened the Harry Hopmans International Tennis camp in Treasure Island then Largo, Florida, with his wife, Lucy Pope Fox
16.
Daphne Akhurst
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Daphne Jessie Akhurst known also by her married name Daphne Cozens, was an Australian tennis player. Akhurst won the singles title at the Australian Championships five times between 1925 and 1930. According to Wallis Myers, she was ranked World No.3 in 1928 and she is fourth on the list of most womens singles titles at the Australian Championships, behind only Margaret Court with eleven titles and Nancye Wynne Bolton and Serena Williams with six titles. She won the doubles title at the Australian Championships five times, in 1924 and 1925 with Sylvia Lance Harper, in 1928 with Esna Boyd Robertson. She and Marjorie Cox were the runners-up in 1926, in 1925 she was part of the first Australian womens team to tour Europe and reached the quarterfinal of the singles event at Wimbledon which she lost to Joan Fry. Akhurst won the doubles title at the Australian Championships four times, in 1924 and 1925 with Jim Willard, in 1928 with Jean Borotra. She and Willard were the runners-up in 1926 and she and her partner Jack Crawford reached the mixed doubles final at Wimbledon in 1928, but lost to the team of Elizabeth Ryan/Patrick Spence, 7–5, 6–4. Akhurst won the title at the German Championships in 1928 after a three-sets victory in the final against defending champion Cilly Aussem. E. Tildesleys Normanhurst School, followed by the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, Daphne Akhurst Cozens died on 9 January 1933, aged 29, from an ectopic pregnancy and was cremated. Since 1934 the trophy presented each year to the winner of the singles at the Australian Open is named the Daphne Akhurst Memorial Cup in her honour. She was inducted into the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame on Australia Day,2006 and she was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2013. SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of tournaments played. 1The French Championships were not held in 1924, as the Olympics were held in Paris that year
17.
Nell Hall Hopman
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Eleanor Nell Mary Hall Hopman was one of the female tennis players that dominated Australian tennis from 1930 through the early 1960s. She was the first wife of Harry Hopman, the coach, Hopman was born on 9 March 1909 at Coogee, Sydney and was the only daughter and second of three children of Charles Ernest Hall, clerk, and Mabel Gertrude, née Tipper. She was educated at Claremont College, Randwick and as a student she excelled at tennis and she obtaining her licentiate and teaching diploma at the Royal College of Music, London and received a scholarship in 1928 but instead elected to pursue a tennis career. Hopman teamed with her husband to win four mixed doubles titles at the Australian Championships and they were mixed doubles finalists at Wimbledon in 1935, losing to Fred Perry and Dorothy Round Little in three sets. Hopman was a singles finalist at the Australian Championships in 1939 and 1947 and she partnered with Maureen Connolly to win the womens doubles title at the 1954 French Championships. She played in 58 Grand Slam singles events during her career and she played in 27 of the 28 singles events that were held at the Australian Championships from 1930 through 1962, including 25 consecutive events from 1933 through 1962. Her last Grand Slam event was the doubles tournament at the 1966 US Championships. Hopman was instrumental in Tennis Australias decision to invite the reigning Wimbledon champion, Louise Brough Clapp and she also arranged for Connolly and the American junior title holder Julie Sampson Haywood to play in Australia in the summer of 1952–1953. The end result was Tennis Australias decision to establish a committee to discuss ways, other tennis writers supported Hopmans efforts, accusing Tennis Australia of a parochial attitude to women players. In 1955, Tennis Australia finally sent a team abroad. In 1961, Hopman took another womens team abroad, consisting of Margaret Court, Lesley Turner Bowrey, although the tour was a financial success, Hopman was accused of overworking and underfeeding her players and forcing them to stay in inadequate hotels. As a result, Court refused to participate in the 1962 overseas tour led by Hopman, Hopman was employed by the United States Lawn Tennis Association and the Southern California Tennis Association from 1952 through 1954 to be the travelling companion and chaperon of Connolly. In 1962, she persuaded the International Tennis Federation to begin sponsoring the Federation Cup, now known as the Fed Cup and she was awarded the CBE in July 1962. Hopman became the first life member of Tennis Victoria in 1965 but the following year underwent unsuccessful surgery for a brain tumor, R = tournament restricted to French nationals and held under German occupation. SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of tournaments played. 1In 1946 and 1947, the French Championships were held after Wimbledon, performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final Australian Dictionary of Biography entry about Hopman National Portrait Gallery – Eleanor Mary Hopman
18.
Nancye Wynne Bolton
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Nancye Wynne Bolton was a tennis player from Australia. She won the singles title six times at the Australian Championships. Bolton won 20 titles at the Australian Championships, second only to Courts 21 titles, according to Ned Potter of American Lawn Tennis magazine, Bolton was the second ranked player in 1947, behind Louise Brough. She married George Bolton on 6 July 1940 and he was a RAAF pilot and was killed in May 1942 during a raid on Germany. Bolton was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2006, performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final Nancye Wynne Bolton at the International Tennis Hall of Fame
19.
Grand Slam (tennis)
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The Grand Slam tournaments, also called majors, are the four most important annual tennis events. They offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and greater number of best of sets for men. The Grand Slam itinerary consists of the Australian Open in mid January, the French Open in May and June, Wimbledon in June and July, each tournament is played over a period of two weeks. The Australian and United States tournaments are played on courts, the French on clay. Wimbledon is the oldest, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, however, of these four, only Wimbledon was a major before 1924/25, the time when all four became designated Grand Slam tournaments. In doubles, one team may accomplish a Grand Slam playing together or one player may achieve it with different partners, the term Grand Slam without qualification refers to winning the four majors in a single calendar year. Winning the gold medal at the Summer Olympic Games in addition to the four majors in a one year is known as a Golden Grand Slam or more commonly the Golden Slam. Also, winning the Year-End Championship in the period is known as a Super Slam. Together, all four Majors in all three disciplines are called a set of Grand Slam titles. No male or female player has won all events in one calendar year. The term slam for winning all of the tricks in the whist family card games is attested early in the 17th century. Grand slam for all of the tricks, in contrast to small slam or little slam for all but one and this use was inherited by contract bridge, a modern development of whist defined in 1925 that became very popular in Britain and America by 1930. Grand slam has been used in golf since 1930, when Bobby Jones won the four major championships, before that time only three events, Wimbledon, the World Hard Court Championships and the World Covered Court Championships were considered the premier international tennis events by the ILTF. Tony Wilding of New Zealand won all three of those majors in one year –1913. It has been possible to complete a Grand Slam in most years, phil Dent has pointed out that skipping Grand Slam tournaments—especially the Australian Open—was not unusual then, before counting Grand Slam titles became the norm. Nevertheless, except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments, many of the best players missed this championship until 1982, because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates, the tournament was won by Arthur Ashe. The first definitive Grand Slam, of the current four majors, was accomplished when Don Budge won all four mens singles Majors in 1938, to date,17 players have completed a Grand Slam, though only six in the most prestigious singles titles. The four Junior disciplines, boys and girls singles and doubles, Players are only eligible from age 13 to 18, with 18-year-olds likely to hold a physical advantage
20.
French Open
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The French Open, often referred to as Roland Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. Roland Garros is the only Grand Slam event held on clay, French spelling rules dictate that in the name of a place or event named after a person, the elements of the name are joined together with a hyphen. Therefore, the names of the stadium and the tournament are hyphenated as Roland-Garros, in 1891 the Championnat de France, which is commonly referred to in English as the French Championships, was begun. It was only open to players who were members of French clubs. The first winner was a Briton—H, the first womens singles tournament, with four entries, was held in 1897. The mixed doubles event was added in 1902 and the doubles in 1907. This French club members only tournament was played until 1924, using four different venues during that period, Île de Puteaux, in Puteaux, the Racing Club de France, played on clay. For one year,1909, it was played at the Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose in Bordeaux, Tennis Club de Paris, at Auteuil, Paris, played on clay. Another tournament, the World Hard Court Championships, is considered the precursor to the French Open as it was open to international competitors. Winners of this tournament included world no, 1s such as Tony Wilding from New Zealand and Bill Tilden from the US. In 1924 there was no World Hard Court Championships due to tennis being played at the Paris Olympic Games, in 1925, the French Championships became open to all amateurs internationally and was designated a major championship by the ILTF. It was held at the Stade Français in Saint-Cloud in 1925 and 1927, in 1926 the Racing Club de France hosted the event in Paris, site of the previous French club members only Championship, also on clay. In 1928, the Roland Garros stadium was opened and the event has held there ever since. After the Mousquetaires or Philadelphia Four won the Davis Cup on American soil in 1927, the Stade de France had offered the tennis authorities three hectares of land with the condition that the new stadium must be named after the World War I pilot, Roland Garros. The new Stade de Roland Garros, and its Center Court hosted that Davis Cup challenge, during World War II the tournament was held from 1941 through 1945 on the same grounds but these editions are not recognized by the French governing body, Fédération Française de Tennis. From 1946 through 1947, the French Championships were held after Wimbledon, in 1968, the French Championships became the first Grand Slam tournament to go open, allowing both amateurs and professionals to compete. Since 1981, new prizes have been presented, the Prix Orange, the Prix Citron, in another novelty, since 2006 the tournament has begun on a Sunday, featuring 12 singles matches played on the three main courts. Additionally, on the eve of the opening, the traditional Benny Berthet exhibition day takes place
21.
The Championships, Wimbledon
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The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly known simply as Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is widely considered the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London, Wimbledon is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others being the Australian Open, the French Open and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hardcourt in 1988, Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass. The tournament takes place two weeks in late June and early July, culminating with the Ladies and Gentlemens Singles Final. Five major, junior, and invitational events are each year. Wimbledon traditions include a dress code for competitors and Royal patronage. The tournament is notable for the absence of sponsor advertising around the courts. In 2009, Wimbledons Centre Court was fitted with a roof to lessen the loss of playing time due to rain. The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club is a club founded on 23 July 1868. Its first ground was off Worple Road, Wimbledon, in 1876, lawn tennis, a game devised by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so earlier and originally given the name Sphairistikè, was added to the activities of the club. In spring 1877, the club was renamed The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club, a new code of laws, replacing the code administered by the Marylebone Cricket Club, was drawn up for the event. Todays rules are similar except for such as the height of the net and posts. The inaugural 1877 Wimbledon Championship started on 9 July 1877 and the Gentlemens Singles was the event held. It was won by Spencer Gore, an old Harrovian rackets player, about 200 spectators paid one shilling each to watch the final. The lawns at the ground were arranged so that the court was in the middle with the others arranged around it. The name was retained when the Club moved in 1922 to the present site in Church Road, however, in 1980 four new courts were brought into commission on the north side of the ground, which meant the Centre Court was once more correctly defined. The opening of the new No.1 Court in 1997 emphasised the description, by 1882, activity at the club was almost exclusively confined to lawn tennis and that year the word croquet was dropped from the title. However, for reasons it was restored in 1899
22.
US Open (tennis)
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The United States Open Tennis Championships is a hardcourt tennis tournament. The tournament is the version of one of the oldest tennis championships in the world. The US Open is held annually, starting on the last Monday in August, the main tournament consists of five event championships, mens and womens singles, mens and womens doubles, and mixed doubles, with additional tournaments for senior, junior, and wheelchair players. Since 1978, the tournament has played on acrylic hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Queens. The US Open is owned and organized by the United States Tennis Association, net proceeds from ticket sales, sponsorships, and television deals are used to promote the development of tennis in the United States. The US Open is the only Grand Slam that employs tiebreakers in every set of a match, the first edition was won by Richard Sears, who went on to win seven consecutive singles titles. In the first years of the U. S. National Championship only men competed and this was followed by the introduction of the U. S. Womens National Doubles Championship in 1899 and the U. S. The womens tournament used a system from 1888 through 1918. This view was opposed by another group of players which included eight former national singles champions, the contentious issue was brought to a vote at the annual USNLTA meeting on February 5,1915 and with 128 votes in favor and 119 against it was decided to relocate. From 1921 through 1923, the tournament was played at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia and it returned to Forest Hills in 1924 following the completion of the newly constructed 14,000 seat concrete Forest Hills Stadium. Though regarded unofficially by many as a major championship beforehand, the tournament was officially designated as one of the tournaments by the ILTF commencing in 1924. At the 1922 U. S. National Championships the draw for the first time included seeded players in order to avoid leading players drawing against each other in the early rounds. Open era The open era began in 1968 when all five events were merged into the US Open, the 1968 combined tournament was open to professionals for the first time. That year,96 men and 63 women entered the event, from 1970 to 1974 the US Open used a best-of-nine point, sudden death tiebreaker before moving to the ITF best-of-twelve point system. In 1973 the US Open became the first Grand Slam tournament to award equal prize money to men and women with that years singles champions John Newcombe, another US Open innovation came in 1975 when floodlights enabled night play for the first time. In 1978 the tournament moved from the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills, Queens to the larger USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, Queens, three miles to the north. In the process, the tournament switched the court surface from clay, jimmy Connors is the only individual to have won US Open singles titles on all three surfaces, while Chris Evert is the only woman to win on two surfaces. The US Open is the only Grand Slam tournament that has played every year since its inception
23.
Tennis
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Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent or between two teams of two players each. Each player uses a racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net. The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return, the player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the opposite player will. Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society, the sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including wheelchair users. The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, in the late 19th century as lawn tennis and it had close connections both to various field games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport of real tennis. The rules of tennis have changed little since the 1890s, two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times, and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s. Tennis is played by millions of players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport. Historians believe that the ancient origin lay in 12th century northern France. Louis X of France was a player of jeu de paume, which evolved into real tennis. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, in due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe. Because of the accounts of his death, Louis X is historys first tennis player known by name. Another of the enthusiasts of the game was King Charles V of France. It wasnt until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be called tennis, from the French term tenez, an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent. It was popular in England and France, although the game was played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall. Henry VIII of England was a big fan of this game, during the 18th century and early 19th century, as real tennis declined, new racket sports emerged in England. This in turn led to the codification of rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls. In 1872, along with two doctors, they founded the worlds first tennis club in Leamington Spa. Evans, turfgrass agronomist, Sports historians all agree that deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis, according to Honor Godfrey, museum curator at Wimbledon, Wingfield popularized this game enormously
24.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
25.
Rebound Ace
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Rebound Ace is a cushioned tennis hardcourt composed of polyurethane rubber, fiberglass, and other materials on top of an asphalt or reinforced concrete base. It is manufactured by California Products Corporations Sports Surfaces division, the friction of the surface of Rebound Ace can be varied by adjusting the amount of sand in the top layer thereby customising the ball bounce and general speed of the court. Rebound Ace is sometimes compared with DecoTurf, which is used at the US Open, from 1988 until May 302007, Rebound Ace was the official surface of the Australian Open, when it was replaced by Plexicushion. It was subject to controversy in recent years when some tennis players argued that it got very sticky with high temperatures. However, evidence points to it being no worse than other hard courts, Rebound Ace was also used at the Sydney 2000 Olympics, at Homebush Bay in the Sydney Olympic Park. In 2013, Rebound Ace was acquired by California Products Corporation of Andover, Massachusetts and incorporated into its Sports Surfaces line of athletic surfacing products
26.
Southern Hemisphere
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The Southern Hemisphere is the half sphere of Earth which is south of the equator. It contains all or parts of five continents, four oceans and its surface is 80. 9% water, compared with 60. 7% water in the case of the Northern Hemisphere, and it contains 32. 7% of Earths land. Due to the tilt of Earths rotation relative to the Sun, September 22 or 23 is the vernal equinox and March 20 or 21 is the autumnal equinox. The South Pole is in the middle of the southern hemispherical region, Southern Hemisphere climates tend to be slightly milder than those at similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, except in the Antarctic which is colder than the Arctic. This is because the Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean and much land, water heats up. In the Southern Hemisphere the sun passes from east to west through the north, sun-cast shadows turn anticlockwise throughout the day and sundials have the hours increasing in the anticlockwise direction. Cyclones and tropical storms spin clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect, the southern temperate zone, a subsection of the Southern Hemisphere, is nearly all oceanic. Forests in the Southern Hemisphere have special features which set apart from those in the Northern Hemisphere. Both Chile and Australia share, for example, unique species or Nothofagus. The eucalyptus is native to Australia but is now planted in Southern Africa and Latin America for pulp production and, increasingly. Approximately 800,000,000 humans live in the Southern Hemisphere and this is due to the fact that there is significantly less land in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. Africa Antarctica Asia Australia South America Zealandia Media related to Southern Hemisphere at Wikimedia Commons
27.
Rod Laver Arena
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Rod Laver Arena is a multipurpose arena located within Melbourne Park, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The arena is the venue for the Australian Open, a tennis Grand Slam event since 1988. Replacing the aging Kooyong Stadium, construction on the began in 1985 and was completed in 1987 at a cost of AU$94 million. It opened on 11 January 1988 for the 1988 Australian Open. The arena has a capacity of 14,820, with a capacity of 15,400 for sports such as basketball, when extra seats are added around the court. The arena currently attracts over 1.5 million visitors per year, originally known in 1988 as the National Tennis Centre at Flinders Park, the arena has officially changed its name twice. First in 1996, when it was known as the Centre Court, and again in January 2000 to honour Rod Laver, Rod Laver Arena was Australias first retractable roof venue, and it is the largest indoor arena in Australia without a permanent roof. It is also the second largest indoor arena in Australia behind the 21,032 capacity Sydney Super Dome, the arena features a retractable roof allowing competitors to continue play during rain or extreme heat. Other than for tennis, during sporting events or concerts, a section of the southern the lower seating bowl is retracted to allow space for a stage or special floor level seating. Rod Laver Arena was the centrepiece of the 12th FINA World Aquatics Championships, a temporary swimming pool, named the Susie ONeill Pool after Australian swimming champion Susie ONeill, was built to allow this to happen. Rod Laver Arena is equipped with the Hawk-Eye electronic system which allows players to challenge the umpires decision on calls made throughout championships. The Tennis Centre saw its first basketball game in 1991 when the Australian Boomers played host to a touring All-Star team headlined by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, on 3 April 1992, the arena became the home of Melbourne basketball when the Melbourne Tigers defeated the Canberra Cannons 112-104. The venue was criticised in its early days as a basketball venue due to the poor quality of the backboards. However, these concerns were addressed and the arena became known as one of the best in the country. The arena was home to the South East Melbourne Magic with both teams attracting some of the largest crowds in the history of the NBL. Rod Laver Arena was also the site of the first ever outdoor pro basketball game in Australia when the Magic hosted the Adelaide 36ers on 31 December 1997 with the roof open. The largest basketball crowd at Rod Laver Arena was set in 1996 when 15,366 attended a derby game between the Magic and Tigers. Game two of the 1996 NBL Grand Final series, also between the Magic and Tigers, saw the NBLs largest ever single game Grand Final crowd when 15,064 watched the Magic defeat the Tigers 88-84
28.
Melbourne Park Multi-Purpose Venue
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Construction of the arena commenced in the late 1990s, and was completed in 2000. It was originally called the Multi-Purpose Venue, until the rights were sold to Vodafone. The arena features a track, which is covered over with seating for court events. The tennis court is a Plexicushion surface and the roof is retractable, the arena is able to hold a maximum spectator capacity of 11,000 for events such as music concerts where general floor seating or standing room is available. For basketball and netball, capacity is 10,500 while for tennis, the arena has been used for netball for Melbourne Phoenix and Melbourne Kestrels games in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy. New SSN team the Collingwood Magpies have also played games at Hisense Arena since 2017. The largest netball attendance at the arena was on 20 November 2004 when 10,300 saw the Australian national team defeat New Zealand 53 to 51. On 12 May 2008, it was announced that as of 1 July 2008, in 2014 this was extended for a further three years. Every year, the venue hosts many matches as part of the Australian Open tennis tournament and it has usually only been used for day matches in the 10 days of the tournament. In 2012, however, the venue began having night matches in the first week of the tournament as well, the first match completed on the court was Tim Henmans first round win over Hicham Arazi. Hisense Arena is the home court of National Basketball League team Melbourne United. Formerly, the Victoria Titans and South Dragons used it as their home, until this move the venue was largely devoid of sporting events outside of the two weeks of the Australian Open tennis tournament held each January. The Dragons, founded in 2006 until they withdrew from the competition winning the championship in 2009. For the 2012–13 NBL season, the Tigers returned to the venue, the largest basketball crowd was on 4 December 2016 during the 2016–17 NBL season when 10,300 fans saw Melbourne United defeat the New Zealand Breakers 98–74. This broke the previous attendance record of 9,308 set in 2008 in a local derby game between the South Dragons and Melbourne Tigers. In 2004 and 2012, the UCI Track Cycling World Championships were held at the venue, from 2011 to 2013 the venue hosted the Melbourne judges audition stages of the Seven Network singer search program The X Factor. On 14 and 15 June 2013, the venue played host to an ice hockey series between teams representing the United States and Canada. Netball is played regularly at the venue and it is the home court to Melbourne Vixens and Collingwood Magpies in the Suncorp Super Netball competition
29.
Margaret Court Arena
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Margaret Court Arena is an Australian tennis and multi-purpose sports and entertainment venue located in Melbourne, Victoria. The arena, which was built in 1987, has a capacity of 7,500, the venue is part of the National Tennis Centre at Melbourne Park, which is part of the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct. Originally named Show Court One, the venue was opened in 1988, the show court had a capacity of 6,000 people and was renamed to Margaret Court Arena in early 2003, as a tribute to Australia’s most successful female tennis player. Lend Lease Group was awarded the tender in October 2011, at point the Government announced the cost of the upgrade to the arena exclusively. Construction of the began in March 2012 and was undertaken by NH Architecture. The redevelopment made the arena the third in the precinct to have a retractable roof, the redevelopment was completed in January 2015, prior to that months Australian Open. The arena is the third largest capacity venue at the Australian Open tournament, behind the 15,000 capacity Rod Laver Arena, the arena has hosted tennis matches at the Australian Open every year since 1988. Since the redevelopment in 2014, the arena has increasingly used for sports such as basketball and netball. Professional netball clubs the Melbourne Vixens and Collingwood Magpies play some matches at Margaret Court Arena. The Vixens announced their intention to move home games to the venue in March 2013, in netball mode, the venue can be configured to hold either 5000 people in its bottom tier or 7500 when both sections are open. The Australia national netball team have hosted test matches at the venue. National Basketball League club Melbourne United play approximately half their matches at Margaret Court Arena. The club announced it had signed a deal in August 2014 to split 12 of its 14 home matches at Margaret Court Arena. United played their first home game at the arena on 12 November 2014, the venue has a capacity of 6,500 for concerts though has the flexibility to downsize for smaller events
30.
Albert Cricket Ground
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Albert Cricket Ground, also known as the Albert Reserve and previously as the Warehousemans Cricket Ground, is a cricket ground in St Kilda, Victoria. It is operated by the Melbourne Cricket Club, and used as its home ground in the Victorian Premier Cricket competition. The Melbourne Cricket Club has held the lease for the Warehousemans Ground since 1890 and it has been the primary home venue for its cricket team in the Victorian District/Premier Cricket competition since that time. Top level womens cricket has played on the ground. The venue has one pavilion, the Clive Fairbairn Pavilion, named after MCC player, administrator, rodney Heath defeated fellow Australian Arthur Curtis in four sets to claim the inaugural title. A set of tennis courts remains available at Albert Reserve to the north of the cricket ground. The Melbourne Cricket Club lacrosse team has its training and playing base at the Albert Cricket Ground, football has been played on the ground in the past. The ground is not used for football today
31.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
32.
Adelaide
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Adelaide is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and the fifth-most populous city of Australia. In June 2016, Adelaide had a resident population of 1,326,354 million. South Australia, with a total of 1, the demonym Adelaidean is used in reference to the city and its residents. Adelaide is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges which surround the city. Adelaide stretches 20 km from the coast to the foothills, and 94 to 104 km from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south. Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort to King William IV, Colonel William Light, one of Adelaides founding fathers, designed the city and chose its location close to the River Torrens, in the area originally inhabited by the Kaurna people. Lights design set out Adelaide in a layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares. Early Adelaide was shaped by prosperity and wealth—until the Second World War, it was Australias third-largest city and it has been noted for early examples of religious freedom, a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties. It has been known as the City of Churches since the mid-19th century, as South Australias seat of government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the city centre along the boulevard of North Terrace, King William Street. Today, Adelaide is noted for its festivals and sporting events, its food and wine, its long beachfronts. It ranks highly in terms of liveability, being listed in the Top 10 of The Economist Intelligence Units Worlds Most Liveable Cities index in 2010,2011,2012 and 2015. It was also ranked the most liveable city in Australia by the Property Council of Australia in 2011,2012 and 2013, prior to its proclamation as a British settlement in 1836, the area around Adelaide was inhabited by the indigenous Kaurna Aboriginal nation. Kaurna culture and language was almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the European settlement of South Australia in 1836, however, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. South Australia was officially proclaimed as a new British colony on 28 December 1836, the event is commemorated in South Australia as Proclamation Day. The site of the capital was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light. Adelaide was established as a colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution. Wakefields idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen
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Brisbane
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Brisbane is the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbanes metropolitan area has a population of 2.35 million, the Brisbane central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the Brisbane River, about 15 kilometres from its mouth at Moreton Bay. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite, one of the oldest cities in Australia, Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples. A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe,28 kilometres north of the business district. The city was marred by the Australian frontier wars between 1843 and 1855, and development was set back by the Great Fire of Brisbane. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a colony from New South Wales in 1859. During World War II, Brisbane played a role in the Allied campaign. Today, Brisbane is well known for its distinct Queenslander architecture which forms much of the built heritage. It also receives attention for its damaging flood events, most notably in 1974 and 2011. Several large cultural, international and sporting events have held at Brisbane, including the 1982 Commonwealth Games, World Expo 88, the final Goodwill Games in 2001. Prior to white settlement, the Brisbane area was inhabited by the Turrbal and they knew the area that is now the central business district as Mian-jin, meaning place shaped as a spike. The Moreton Bay area was explored by Matthew Flinders. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at what is now known as Woody Point, in 1823 Governor of New South Wales Sir Thomas Brisbane instructed that a new northern penal settlement be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley further explored Moreton Bay. Oxley discovered, named, and explored the Brisbane River as far as Goodna,20 kilometres upstream from the Brisbane central business district, Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore. The party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after a year and the colony was moved to a site on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay,28 km south, chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane. Non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838, German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of ministers Christopher Eipper and Carl Wilhelm Schmidt and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and they were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as the German Station
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Perth
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Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth-most populous city in Australia, with a population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth. The first areas settled were on the Swan River, with the central business district. Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the centre of the Swan River Colony. It gained city status in 1856, and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929. The city is named after Perth, Scotland, due to the influence of Sir George Murray, Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. The citys population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century, largely as a result of emigration from the eastern colonies of Australia. During Australias involvement in World War II, Fremantle served as a base for operating in the Pacific Theatre. An influx of immigrants after the war, predominantly from Britain, Greece, Italy and Yugoslavia, Aboriginal people have inhabited the Perth area for 38,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological remains at Upper Swan. The Noongar people occupied the southwest corner of Western Australia and lived as hunter-gatherers, the wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain were particularly important to them, both spiritually and as a source of food. The Noongar people know the area where Perth now stands as Boorloo, Boorloo formed part of Mooro, the tribal lands of Yellagongas group, one of several based around the Swan River and known collectively as the Whadjuk. The Whadjuk were part of a group of fourteen tribes that formed the south-west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar. The judgment was overturned on appeal, the first documented sighting of the region was made by the Dutch Captain Willem de Vlamingh and his crew on 10 January 1697. The British colony would be officially designated Western Australia in 1832, Captain James Stirling, aboard Parmelia, said that Perth was as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed. On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship, Sulphur. The only contemporary information on the source of the name comes from Fremantles diary entry for 12 August, Murray was born in Perth, Scotland, and was in 1829 Secretary of State for the Colonies and Member for Perthshire in the British House of Commons. The town was named after the Scottish Perth, in Murrays honour, the racial relations between the Noongar people and the Europeans were strained due to these happenings. Because of the amount of building in and around Boorloo
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Christchurch
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Christchurch is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Islands east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula and it is home to 389,700 residents, making it New Zealands third most-populous urban area behind Auckland and Wellington. The city was named by the Canterbury Association, which settled the province of Canterbury. The name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the association on 27 March 1848 and it was suggested by John Robert Godley, who had attended Christ Church, Oxford. Some early writers called the town Christ Church, but it was recorded as Christchurch in the minutes of the management committee of the association, Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. The Avon River flows through the centre of the city, with a park located along its banks. At the request of the Deans brothers, the river was named after the River Avon in Scotland, the usual Māori name for Christchurch is Ōtautahi. This was originally the name of a site by the Avon River near present-day Kilmore Street. The site was a dwelling of Ngāi Tahu chief Te Potiki Tautahi. The Ōtautahi name was adopted in the 1930s, prior to that the Ngāi Tahu generally referred to the Christchurch area as Karaitiana, a transliteration of the English word Christian. The citys name is abbreviated by New Zealanders to Chch. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is the fingerspelled letter C signed twice, with the second to the right of the first. Archaeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs in 1876 has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250 CE. These first inhabitants were thought to have followed by the Waitaha tribe. Following tribal warfare, the Waitaha were dispossessed by the Ngati Mamoe tribe and they were in turn subjugated by the Ngāi Tahu tribe, who remained in control until the arrival of European settlers. Their abandoned holdings were taken over by the Deans brothers in 1843 who stayed, the First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte Jane, Sir George Seymour, the Charlotte Jane was the first to arrive on 16 December 1850. The Canterbury Pilgrims had aspirations of building a city around a cathedral and college, the name Christ Church was decided prior to the ships arrival, at the Associations first meeting, on 27 March 1848
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Hastings, New Zealand
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Hastings is a New Zealand city and is one of the two major urban areas in Hawkes Bay, on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The population of Hastings is about 68,900 as of the June 2016, Hastings is about 18 kilometres inland of the coastal city of Napier. These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities, the combined population of the Napier-Hastings Urban Area is 131,000 people, which makes it the sixth-largest urban area in New Zealand, closely following Tauranga. The city is the centre of the Hastings District. The city of Hastings and its suburbs of Flaxmere and Havelock North are the principal settlements in the Hastings District. These main centres are surrounded by thirty-eight rural settlements, including Clive, Hastings District covers an area of 5,229 square kilometres and has 1.7 % of the population of New Zealand, ranking it fourteenth in size out of the seventy-four territorial authorities. Since the merger of the surrounding and satellite settlements, Hastings has grown to one of the largest urban areas in Hawkes Bay. Hastings District is a food production region, the fertile Heretaunga Plains surrounding the city produce stone fruits, pome fruit, kiwifruit and vegetables, and the area is one of New Zealands major red wine producers. Associated business include food processing, agricultural services, rural finance, Hastings is the major service centre for the surrounding inland pastoral communities and tourism. Near the fourteenth century CE, Māori arrived in Heretaunga or Hawkes Bay, settling in the river valleys and along the coast where food was plentiful. It is believed that Māori arrived at Heretaunga by canoe, travelling down the coast from the north, landing at Wairoa, Portland Island, the Ahuriri Lagoon at Westshore, and at Waimarama. Their culture flourished, along with gradual deforestation of the land and they were one of the first Māori tribes to come in contact with European settlers. The Māori owners leased approximately seventy square kilometres on the Heretaunga Plains to Thomas Tanner in 1867, in 1870, twelve people, known as the 12 apostles, formed a syndicate to purchase the land for around £1 10s an acre. The original name of the location which was to become the centre was Karamu. In 1871, the New Zealand Government decided to route the new railway south of Napier through a notional Karamu junction in the centre of the Heretaunga Plains and this location was on Francis Hickss land. The decision on the route was based largely on two reports by Charles Weber, the provincial engineer and surveyor in charge of the railway. Karamu junction was renamed Hastings in 1873, exactly who chose the name has been disputed, although Thomas Tanner claimed that it was him and that the choice was inspired by his reading the trial of Warren Hastings. In any event, the name fitted well with other names in the district
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Davis Cup
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The Davis Cup is the premier international team event in mens tennis. It is run by the International Tennis Federation and is contested annually between teams from competing countries in a knock-out format and it is described by the organisers as the World Cup of Tennis, and the winners are referred to as the World Champion team. The competition began in 1900 as a challenge between Great Britain and the United States, by 2016,135 nations entered teams into the competition. The most successful countries over the history of the tournament are the United States, the present champions are Argentina who beat Croatia to win the title for the first time in 2016. The womens equivalent of the Davis Cup is the Fed Cup, Australia, the Czech Republic, and the United States are the only countries to have held both Davis Cup and Fed Cup titles in the same year. The Hopman Cup, a competition for mixed teams, carries less prestige. The tournament was conceived in 1899 by four members of the Harvard University tennis team who wished to challenge the British to a tennis competition and they in turn commissioned a classically styled design from William B. Durgins of Concord, New Hampshire, crafted by the Englishman Rowland Rhodes, Davis went on to become a prominent politician in the United States in the 1920s, serving as US Secretary of War from 1925 to 1929 and as Governor-General of the Philippines from 1929 to 1932. The first match, between the United States and Britain, was held at the Longwood Cricket Club in Boston, the American team, of which Dwight Davis was a part, surprised the British by winning the first three matches. The following year the two countries did not compete, but the US won the match in 1902 and Britain won the four matches. By 1905 the tournament expanded to include Belgium, Austria, France, and Australasia, the tournament was initially titled the International Lawn Tennis Challenge although it soon became known as the Davis Cup, after Dwight Davis trophy. The Davis Cup competition was played as a challenge cup. All teams competed against one another for the right to face the previous champion in the final round. Beginning in 1923, the teams were split into two zones, the America Zone and the Europe Zone. The winners of the two met in the Inter-Zonal Zone to decide which national team would challenge the defending champion for the cup. In 1955 a third zone, the Eastern Zone, was added, because there were three zones, the winner of one of the three zones received a bye in the first round of the INZ challenger rounds. In 1966, the Europe Zone was split into two zones, Europe Zone A and Europe Zone B, so the winners of the four competed in the INZ challenger rounds. From 1950 to 1967, Australia dominated the competition, winning the Cup 15 times in 18 years
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Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
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Norman Brookes
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Sir Norman Everard Brookes was an Australian tennis player. Brookes was a world No.1 ranked player and later president of the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia, during his career he won three Grand Slam singles titles, Wimbledon in 1907 and 1914 and the Australasian Championships in 1911. Brookes was part of the Australasian Davis Cup team that won the title on six occasions, the Australian Open mens singles trophy, the Norman Brookes Challenge Cup, is named in his honour. Brookes was born in Melbourne, to a father, William Brookes and he received a private education at Melbourne Grammar School. On leaving school, he went to work as a clerk at the Australian Paper Mills Co, ltd where his father was managing director, and was on the board himself within eight years. Brookes married 20-year-old Mabel Balcombe Emmerton, the daughter of Harry Emmerton, during World War I he served as commissioner of the Australian branch of the British Red Cross in Egypt. He died in South Yarra, Victoria in 1968, Brookes was the first non-British player and the first left-hander to win the mens singles title at Wimbledon. He won the singles twice, first in 1907 and again in 1914. He also won the doubles in each of years with New Zealander Anthony Wilding. He was a figure in establishing the Australian Open, which he won in 1911. Brookes is considered to have been a World No.1 player in the 1900s, Brookes played 39 Davis Cup matches for Australia/New Zealand and the Australian Davis Cup Team between 1905 and 1920. In May 1914 he won the title at the Surrey Lawn Championships in Surbiton. Brookes was instrumental in the development of Kooyong as a tennis centre, in 1926 he became the first president of the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia, a post he held for the next 29 years until his retirement in June 1955. Brookes was also an Australian rules footballer in his youth, particularly for Melbourne Grammar School, Norman Brookes was knighted in recognition of service to public service in 1939. His wife, Mabel, Lady Brookes became Dame Mabel Brookes in 1955 for her work in charities, the trophy for mens singles at the Australian Open, the Norman Brookes Challenge Cup, is named in his honour. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1977, in 1981 he was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post depicting a cartoon image by Tony Rafty. The Wizard, The story of Norman Brookes, Australias first Wimbledon champion
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Roger Federer
Marin Čilić
Caroline Wozniacki
Simona Halep
Oliver Marach
Juan Sebastián Cabal
Tímea Babos
Kristina Mladenovic
Ekaterina Makarova
Gabriela Dabrowski
Rohan Bopanna
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Roy Emerson
Novak Djokovic
Bob Bryan
Steffi Graf
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Monica Seles
Jana Novotná
Larisa Savchenko Neiland
