1.
Southern California
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Southern California, often abbreviated as SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises Californias 10 southernmost counties. The region is described as eight counties, based on demographics and economic ties, Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara. The more extensive 10-county definition, which includes Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, is used and is based on historical political divisions. Southern California is an economic center for the state of California. The 8-county and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion, the megaregions area is more expansive, extending east into Las Vegas, Nevada and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana.5 million people. With over 22 million people, Southern California contains roughly 60 percent of Californias population, located east of Southern California is the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona. The Mojave Desert is located at the border with the state of Nevada while towards the south is the Mexico–United States border, within Southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of the countrys largest metropolitan areas. With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. South of Los Angeles and with a population of 1,307,402 is San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation. The counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state, the motion picture, television, and music industry are centered in the Los Angeles area in Southern California. Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles, gives its name to the American motion picture industry, headquartered in Southern California are The Walt Disney Company, Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers, and Sony also run major record companies, Southern California is also home to a large homegrown surf and skateboard culture. Companies such as Vans, Volcom, Quiksilver, No Fear, RVCA, some of the worlds biggest action sports events, including the X Games, Boost Mobile Pro, and the U. S. Open of Surfing, are all held in Southern California. Southern California is also important to the world of yachting, the annual Transpacific Yacht Race, or Transpac, from Los Angeles to Hawaii, is one of yachtings premier events. The San Diego Yacht Club held the Americas Cup, the most prestigious prize in yachting, from 1988 to 1995, Southern California is home to many sports franchises and sports networks such as Fox Sports Net. Many locals and tourists frequent the Southern California coast for its popular beaches, the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces. Southern California is not a geographic designation and definitions of what constitutes Southern California vary. Geographically, Californias North-South midway point lies at exactly 37°958.23 latitude, around 11 miles south of San Jose, however, when the state is divided into two areas, the term Southern California usually refers to the 10 southernmost counties of the state
Southern California
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Southern California Images top from bottom, left to right:
San Diego Skyline,
Downtown Los Angeles,
Village of La Jolla,
Santa Monica Pier,
Surfer at Black's Beach,
Hollywood Sign,
Disneyland,
Hermosa Beach Pier
Southern California
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San Diego Marina district
Southern California
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Sunset in
Venice, a district in Los Angeles
Southern California
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Three Arch Bay in Laguna
2.
American Automobile Association
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The American Automobile Association is a federation of motor clubs throughout North America. AAA is a member service organization, with 55.6 million members in the United States. AAA provides services to its members, including roadside assistance and others and its national headquarters are in Heathrow, Florida. Those individual motor clubs included the Chicago Automobile Club, Automobile Club of America, Automobile Club of New Jersey, the Automobile Club of Buffalo joined in 1903. In 1904, the AAA merged with the very first American automobile organization, the first AAA road maps were published in 1905. AAA began printing hotel guides in 1917, the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, which conducts studies on motorist safety, was established as a separate entity in 1947. AAA created an organization called the Racing Board, and later known as the Contest Board, in 1902 to officiate the Vanderbilt Cup international automobile race in Long Island, New York. The Racing Board sanctioned the Indianapolis 500 and awarded national racing championships in 1905,1916, 1920–1941, after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, AAA decided that auto racing distracted from its primary goals, and the United States Automobile Club was formed to take over the race sanctioning/officiating. In 2005, AAA re-entered racing as a sponsor of ISC-owned tracks, in 2006, AAAs foray into racing expanded when it made a three-year commitment to sponsor Roush Racings number 6 car on the NASCAR Nextel Circuit. In 1935, AAA published Sportsmanlike Driving, the first course outline for high school teachers, in 1936, AAA published the first driver education curriculum for use in high schools. AAA has updated its driver training courses throughout the years and many clubs currently offer their own driving schools, knowing that vehicles pose a hazard to pedestrians, in 1936 AAA began a pedestrian safety program with a grant from the Automotive Safety Foundation. AAA went on to commission and publish a study of pedestrian safety for the purpose of reducing pedestrian fatalities and injuries. The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety was established as an entity in 1947. AAA has also provided services to the U. S. government in times of war, during the 1940s, AAA offered its services to the Advisory Commission of the Council of National Defense in anticipation of becoming involved in World War II. Reductions in manufacturing because of the war increased the need for conservation in automobiles, in 1944, AAA’s Keep em Rolling campaign sponsored a cross-country tour featuring cars equipped with synthetic tires. The tour demonstrated the reliability of tires made with synthetic rubber, AAA also assisted in the development of a manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices and their operation during wartime. In 1946, AAA launched a campaign called Take It Easy, subsequently, fatalities dropped 20 percent below the pre-war figure. In the 1960s, AAA helped draft the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, setting safety standards for automobiles, tires, and equipment
American Automobile Association
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AAA 50th Anniversary US stamp, issued in 1952, promotes the School Safety Patrol. [
citation needed]
American Automobile Association
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AAA
American Automobile Association
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An AAA office in Walnut Creek, California
American Automobile Association
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A typical AAA Car Care Plus center
3.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
4.
California State Automobile Association
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AAA Northern California, Nevada and Utah, formerly known as the California State Automobile Association, is one of the largest motor clubs in the American Automobile Association National Federation. As the names states, it serves members in Northern California, Nevada and it is headquartered in Emeryville, California. The California State Automobile Association traces its history to a 1900 meeting of car buffs in San Franciscos Cliff House, the club’s efforts began to pay off in 1905, when the legislature passed a set of uniform regulations governing the use of motor vehicles on California highways. This established the state, rather than individual local jurisdictions, as the authority on motor vehicle law and did away with a jumble of local regulations. The new club’s focus was “Good Roads and Just Legislation. ”CSAA sent teams of cartographers to survey Californias roads for the production of maps, with the first ones produced in 1909. The organization also helped post thousands of porcelain-on-steel traffic signs throughout the state, CSAA began to offer automobile insurance in 1913 and homeowners insurance in 1974. In 1933, CSAA opened its first office in Nevada, in 1994, CSAA acquired the Automobile Club of Utah. In 2005, CSAA and AAA Arizona announced they would affiliate under a holding company. By 2006, AAA Club Affiliates counted AAA MountainWest, AAA Oklahoma/South Dakota, AAA Northern Ohio joined in 2008. AAA Club Affiliates merged with AAA Mid-Atlantic in 2010 to form AAA Club Partners, CSAA announced in 2007 that it was going to move its headquarters to Station Landing, a new office building in unincorporated Walnut Creek. The building was completed in 2009, after doing business under the name, California State Automobile Association for more than 103 years, the long running name would be changed to AAA Northern California, Nevada & Utah, or AAA NCNU. This name change however did not take effect until February 2011 which was reflective in their December 15,2010 corporate amendments filed with the California Secretary of State, the next year, the auto club moved its headquarters to Emeryville. In 2013, the company changed its name to CSAA Insurance Group. Automobile Club of Southern California Official website
California State Automobile Association
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Counties covered by the
Automobile Club of Southern California (red) and AAA NCNU (blue)
5.
Ridge Route
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The Ridge Route, officially the Castaic-Tejon Route, was a two-lane highway between Los Angeles and Kern counties, California. North of the forest, the Ridge Route passed through Deadmans Curve before ending at Grapevine, most of the road was bypassed in 1933–34 by the three-lane Ridge Route Alternate, then U. S. Route 99, to handle increased traffic and remove many curves. The four-lane US99 was completed in 1953 and replaced by a freeway, the portion of the road within the Angeles National Forest was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997, following the efforts of Harrison Scott. Much of the road has closed by the U. S. Forest Service. The Ridge Route was officially the Castaic-Tejon Route, the official limits of the Ridge Route, as built in the 1910s, were SR126 at Castaic Junction and the bottom of the grade at Grapevine. A1930 bypass of the tunnel and Newhall through Weldon Canyon is now part of The Old Road, from Castaic Junction north to Castaic the Ridge Route has been largely buried by the Ridge Route Alternate and Interstate 5. At Castaic the Ridge Route Alternate turned northwest from the old road at 34. 4898°N118. 617°W /34.4898, -118.617, now the intersection of Castaic Road and Neely Street. The first piece of Ridge Route Road out of Castaic has been realigned as recently as the late 1990s when the North Lake housing development was built. The road begins to climb after passing North Lake, a portion was straightened in 1924, two bridges were built to allow traffic to cross to the left side. Near the north end of area, the Ridge Route curves away from the newer bypass. The road enters the Angeles National Forest about one mile south of Templin Highway, establishments in the forest included the National Forest Inn, Kellys Half Way Inn, Tumble Inn, and Sandbergs Summit Hotel. The National Forest Inn was on the west side of the road, on October 14,1932, a fire began in the garage, and took over a day to put out. When the Ridge Route Alternate bypassed the site to the west, the inn was not rebuilt, about two miles north of the National Forest Inn is Serpentine Drive, where the road curves around the sides of hills as it climbs out of a low point in the route. North of the curves, the passes through Swedes Cut, also called Big Cut, Culebra Excavation. The cut was the largest on the route, with a depth of 110 feet, Reservoir Summit, also called Reservoir Hill, is 3,883 feet above sea level. The Reservoir Summit Café was a popular restaurant on the east side of the road, closed in the late 1920s. The summit was named after a reservoir, one of three probably built for the concrete used in paving the road. Kellys Half Way Inn was roughly halfway between Los Angeles and Bakersfield, located on a small knoll with a single tree on the east side of the road, all that remains is remnants of the foundation
Ridge Route
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View of the route, 1920
Ridge Route
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Ridge Route highlighted in red
Ridge Route
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Remains of the steps to the National Forest Inn
Ridge Route
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Looking north through Swede's Cut
6.
Tehachapi Mountains
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The Tehachapi Mountains /təˈhætʃəpi/ are a mountain range in the Transverse Ranges system of California in the Western United States. The range extends for approximately 40 miles in southern Kern County, the Tehachapis form a geographic, watershed, habitat, and rain shadow divide separating the San Joaquin Valley to the northwest and the Mojave Desert to the southeast. The Tehachapis crest varies in height from approximately 4, 000–8,000 feet and they are southeast of Bakersfield and the Central Valley, and west of Mojave and the Antelope Valley. The range runs southwest to northeast connecting the Southern Sierra Nevada range on their northeast with the San Emigdio Mountains on the west, the Tehachapis are delineated from the San Emigdio Mountains by Tejon Pass at the ranges western end. The canyon was named after grapevines, the California grapevine. The California State Water Project is to the east, with the California Aqueduct pumped by the Edmonston Pumping Plant over/through the Tehachapis to Castaic Lake reservoir. The Tehachapis are delineated from the Sierra Pelona Mountains by California State Route 138 at the southwestern end, connecting Interstate 5. The Tehachapis are delineated from the Sierra Nevada by Tehachapi Pass and State Route 58 at the northeastern end, connecting the San Joaquin Valley. The Union Pacific north/south railroad line, with the famous Tehachapi Loop, the Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm is on its eastern side. Their relative lack of development, especially in the large Tejon Ranch section, have allowed the continuity of these functions to date. The Tehachapis are primarily in the California interior chaparral and woodlands sub-ecoregion, with grasslands, California oak woodlands. The higher montane elevations include the California mixed evergreen forest plant community, some of the chaparral woodland species include, canyon live oak, valley oak, blue oak, and gray pine. Montane species include, black oak, Coulter pine, incense cedar, white fir, the Tehachapi linanthus is a phlox plant species endemic to chaparral habitat in the Tehachapi Mountains and the southern Sierra Nevada. The Tehachapi ragwort is a plant species endemic to forest habitat in the Tehachapis. The Tehachapi buckwheat is known only from the chaparral of the Tehachapis, the Tehachapi slender salamander is endemic to the Tehachapi Mountains and a listed vulnerable species. The white-eared pocket mouse is endemic to the Tehachapis and San Bernardino Mountains, there are at least 107 bird species, including the Stellers jay and mountain chickadee, found in the Tehachapis, many which consume acorns of the black oak as part of their diet. Other flora found here include the buckbrush and mountain mahogany, the notable raptor is the California condor, a critically endangered species. As in many California mountains, larger fauna includes, mule deer, mountain lion, coyote, fox, black bear, feral pig, bobcat, the Tehachapi Mountains are also the last known breeding site of the jaguar in the United States
Tehachapi Mountains
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Tehachapi Mountains Crest peaks
Tehachapi Mountains
Tehachapi Mountains
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The
California mixed evergreen forest plant community in the upper Tehachapi Mountains
Tehachapi Mountains
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The eastern Tehachapi foothills: panoramic view with the
Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm.
7.
San Gabriel Mountains
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The San Gabriel Mountains are a mountain range located in northern Los Angeles County and western San Bernardino County, California, United States. The mountain range is part of the Transverse Ranges and lies between the Los Angeles Basin and the Mojave Desert, with Interstate 5 to the west and Interstate 15 to the east. This range lies in, and is surrounded by, the Angeles National Forest, the highest peak in the range is Mount San Antonio, commonly referred to as Mt. Baldy. Mount Wilson is another peak, famed for the Mount Wilson Observatory. The observatory may be visited by the public, on October 10,2014, President Obama designated the area the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument. Much of the range features rolling peaks, the range lacks craggy features, but contains a large number of canyons and is generally very rugged and difficult to traverse. The San Gabriel Mountains are in effect a large block that was uplifted and then dissected by numerous rivers. North of San Fernando, the San Gabriel Mountains crest abruptly up to almost 4,000 feet, pacoima and Big Tujunga Canyons cut through the range just east of San Fernando, carrying runoff into the San Fernando Valley. Little Tujunga Canyon Road bridges the range in area, connecting the San Fernando Valley to the Santa Clara River valley in the north. Towering over Big Tujunga Canyon north of Big Tujunga Reservoir is Mount Gleason, which at 6,502 feet, is the highest in this region of the San Gabriels. South of the gorge are the foothills of the mountains, which rise abruptly 4,000 feet above the Los Angeles Basin and give rise to the Arroyo Seco. Southeast of Big Tujunga Canyon, the front range of the San Gabriels gradually grows in elevation. On the north the range is dissected by the canyon of the West Fork San Gabriel River. On the north slopes of the San Gabriel crest, the ranks of mountains drop down incrementally to the floor of the Mojave Desert in a much more gradual manner than the sheer southern flank. The Angeles Crest Highway, one of the routes across the San Gabriels. Little Rock, Big Rock and Sheep Creeks drain off the part of the mountains. To the east, the San Andreas Fault cuts across the range, forming a series of long, straight and narrow depressions, including Swarthout Valley, South of Mount San Antonio, San Antonio Creek drains the mountains, cutting the deep San Antonio Canyon. However, there are several notable peaks in this region, including Telegraph Peak, at 8,985 feet, Cucamonga Peak, at 8,859 feet
San Gabriel Mountains
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Summits in the eastern San Gabriel Mountains,
Angeles National Forest,
San Bernardino County, California. The main peaks are: Telegraph Peak, 8,985' (left),
Cucamonga Peak, 8,859' (center), and Ontario Peak, 8693' (center right), as seen from
Baldy Bowl on
Mount Baldy.
San Gabriel Mountains
San Gabriel Mountains
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East Fork
San Gabriel River canyon, looking west.
San Gabriel Mountains
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Mount Islip.
8.
Bakersfield, California
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Bakersfield is a city in California, United States, and the county seat of Kern County. It covers about 142 square miles near the end of the San Joaquin Valley. Bakersfields population is approximately 365,000, making it the ninth-most populous city in California, the Bakersfield–Delano Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Kern County, had a 2010 census population of 839,631, making it the 62nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. The more built-up urban area that includes Bakersfield and areas immediately around the city, such as East Bakersfield, the city is a significant hub for both agriculture and oil production. Kern County is the most productive oil producing county, and the fourth most productive county in the United States. Industries include natural gas and other energy extraction, aerospace, mining, petroleum refining, manufacturing, distribution, food processing, the city is also the birthplace of the country music genre known as the Bakersfield sound. Archaeological evidence indicates the presence of Native American settlements dating back thousands of years, the Yokuts lived in lodges along the branches of the Kern River Delta and hunted antelope, tule elk, deer, bear, fish, and game birds. In 1776, Spanish missionary Father Francisco Garcés became the first European to explore the area, following the discovery of gold in California in 1848, settlers flooded into the San Joaquin Valley. In 1851, gold was discovered along the Kern River in the southern Sierra Nevada, the Bakersfield area, once a tule-reed-covered marshland, was first known as Kern Island to the handful of pioneers who built log cabins there in 1860. The area was subject to flooding from the Kern River, which occupied what is now the downtown area. In 1862, disastrous floods swept away the original settlement founded in 1860 by the German-born Christian Bohna, among those attracted to the area by the California gold rush was Thomas Baker, a lawyer and former colonel in the militia of Ohio, his home state. Baker moved to the banks of the Kern River in 1863, at what became known as Bakers Field, by 1870, with a population of 600, what is now known as Bakersfield was becoming the principal town in Kern County. In 1873, Bakersfield was officially incorporated as a city, alexander Mills was hired as the city marshal, a man one historian would describe as. An old man by the time he became Marshal of Bakersfield, but he was a Kentuckian, a handy man with a gun, and not lacking in initiative and resource when the mood moved him. Businessmen and others began to resent Mills, who was cantankerous, wanting to fire him but fearing reprisals, they came up with a scheme to disincorporate, effectively leaving him without an employer. According to local historian Gilbert Gia, the city was also failing to collect the taxes it needed for services, in 1876, the city voted to disincorporate. For the next 22 years, a citizens council managed the community, by 1880, the town had a population of 801, and by 1890, it had a population of 2,626. Migration from Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Southern California brought new residents, the city reincorporated on January 11,1898
Bakersfield, California
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Bakersfield skyline at night with the
Rabobank Arena in the foreground.
Bakersfield, California
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The
Bakersfield Sign, in April 2009.
Bakersfield, California
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The
First Baptist Church building, which survived the 1952 earthquake and is now a commercial use structure, is one of several buildings in Bakersfield listed on the
National Register of Historic Places.
Bakersfield, California
–
Truxtun Tower, also referred to as the Bank of America Building, is the tallest in downtown and the second tallest building in Bakersfield.
9.
Cartographer
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Cartography is the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively, the fundamental problems of traditional cartography are to, Set the maps agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing, traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries. Represent the terrain of the object on flat media. This is the concern of map projections, eliminate characteristics of the mapped object that are not relevant to the maps purpose. This is the concern of generalization, reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generalization, orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience. This is the concern of map design, modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems. The earliest known map is a matter of debate, both because the term map isnt well-defined and because some artifacts that might be maps might actually be something else. A wall painting that might depict the ancient Anatolian city of Çatalhöyük has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE, the oldest surviving world maps are from 9th century BCE Babylonia. One shows Babylon on the Euphrates, surrounded by Assyria, Urartu and several cities, all, in turn, another depicts Babylon as being north of the world center. The ancient Greeks and Romans created maps since Anaximander in the 6th century BCE, in the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy wrote his treatise on cartography, Geographia. This contained Ptolemys world map – the world known to Western society. As early as the 8th century, Arab scholars were translating the works of the Greek geographers into Arabic, in ancient China, geographical literature dates to the 5th century BCE. The oldest extant Chinese maps come from the State of Qin, dated back to the 4th century BCE, in the book of the Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, published in 1092 by the Chinese scientist Su Song, a star map on the equidistant cylindrical projection. Early forms of cartography of India included depictions of the pole star and these charts may have been used for navigation. Mappa mundi are the Medieval European maps of the world, approximately 1,100 mappae mundi are known to have survived from the Middle Ages. Of these, some 900 are found illustrating manuscripts and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents, the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi produced his medieval atlas Tabula Rogeriana in 1154
Cartographer
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A medieval depiction of the
Ecumene (1482, Johannes Schnitzer, engraver), constructed after the coordinates in Ptolemy's
Geography and using his second map projection. The translation into Latin and dissemination of Geography in Europe, in the beginning of the 15th century, marked the rebirth of scientific cartography, after more than a millennium of stagnation.
Cartographer
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Valcamonica rock art (I), Paspardo r. 29, topographic composition, 4th millennium BC
Cartographer
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The
Bedolina Map and its tracing, 6th–4th century BC
Cartographer
–
Copy (1472) of
St. Isidore's TO map of the world.
10.
Traffic sign
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Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of or above roads to give instructions or provide information to road users. The earliest signs were simple wooden or stone milestones, later, signs with directional arms were introduced, for example, the fingerposts in the United Kingdom and their wooden counterparts in Saxony. Such pictorial signs use symbols in place of words and are based on international protocols. Such signs were first developed in Europe, and have adopted by most countries to varying degrees. Traffic signs can be grouped into several types, for example, Annexe 1 of the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals, which on 30 June 2004 had 52 signatory countries, defines eight categories of signs, A. Special regulation signs F. Information, facilities, or service signs G. Direction, position, a rather informal distinction among the directional signs is the one between advance directional signs, interchange directional signs, and reassurance signs. Advance directional signs appear at a distance from the interchange. A number of countries do not give information for the road ahead, advance directional signs enable drivers to take precautions for the exit. They often do not appear on lesser roads, but are normally posted on expressways and motorways, while each nation has its own system, the first approach sign for a motorway exit is mostly placed at least 1000 m from the actual interchange. After that sign, one or two additional advance directional signs typically follow before the interchange itself. The earliest road signs were milestones, giving distance or direction, for example, in the Middle Ages, multidirectional signs at intersections became common, giving directions to cities and towns. In 1686, the first known Traffic Regulation Act in Europe is established by King Peter II of Portugal and this act foresees the placement of priority signs in the narrowest streets of Lisbon, stating which traffic should back up to give way. One of these still exists at Salvador street, in the neighborhood of Alfama. The first modern road signs erected on a wide scale were designed for riders of high or ordinary bicycles in the late 1870s and early 1880s. These machines were fast, silent and their nature made them difficult to control, moreover their riders travelled considerable distances, the development of automobiles encouraged more complex signage systems using more than just text-based notices. One of the first modern-day road sign systems was devised by the Italian Touring Club in 1895, by 1900, a Congress of the International League of Touring Organizations in Paris was considering proposals for standardization of road signage. In 1903 the British government introduced four national signs based on shape, in 1909, nine European governments agreed on the use of four pictorial symbols, indicating bump, curve, intersection, and grade-level railroad crossing. The intensive work on road signs that took place between 1926 and 1949 eventually led to the development of the European road sign system
Traffic sign
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Two or more signs may be displayed on one post. Here a
Canadian end-of-road marker appears together with a rural airport sign.
Traffic sign
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A "route confirmation" sign on the
Warrego Highway in
Queensland,
Australia, informing motorists of their distance (in
kilometres) from the places listed
Traffic sign
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A group of green-coloured directional signs on the
National Highway No. 1 in
Kaohsiung,
Taiwan.
Traffic sign
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Sign warning of cattle crossing in a rural road of
Madeira island,
Portugal
11.
Figueroa Street
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One of the longer streets in the city, it runs in a north/south direction for more than 30 miles between the neighborhoods of Wilmington and Eagle Rock of Los Angeles. From its south end at Harry Bridges Boulevard to Downtown Los Angeles, the only portion of this segment of Figueroa Street that lies outside Los Angeles city limits is in the city of Carson. South of the Financial District, Figueroa Street services some popular locations including the University of Southern California, the Los Angeles Convention Center, and Staples Center/L. A. An early routing of Figueroa Street in this area was part of U. S. Route 66. The noted Figueroa Street Tunnels were once a part of that stretch of roadway. After resuming at San Fernando Road, Figueroa continues to run parallel to the Arroyo Seco Parkway until it reaches York Boulevard in Highland Park. Afterwards, it heads north to its terminus with the Ventura Freeway, some of the southern termini was once part of U. S. Early maps produced by the Automobile Club of Southern California measured distances to Los Angeles from the headquarters at the intersection of Figueroa Street with Adams Boulevard. On April 2,2011, a portion of the street at Jefferson Boulevard was blocked off for the Orange Carpet, Figueroa was originally called Calle de los Chapules. Later in the 1880s it became known as Pearl Street, the section of what is now Figueroa in Highland Park above Avenue 39 was known as Pasadena Avenue until Figueroa was extended through Elysian Park. The portion of what is now Figueroa between the Los Angeles River and Avenue 39 was originally known as Dayton Avenue until the Arroyo Parkway went through. Metro Local Line 81 operates on Figueroa Street between Colorado Boulevard and Interstate 105 and Torrance Transit Line 1 between Interstate 105 and the Harbor Gateway Transit Center, southbound Silver Line trips to Harbor Gateway Transit Center run south on Flower Street from 5th Street to the Harbor Transitway. There are 5 Silver line street stops served in the direction, Figueroa/23rd, Figueroa/Washington, Figueroa/Pico, Figueroa/Olympic. In addition, there are 5 Metro Silver Line Stations served on the Harbor Transitway close to Figueroa Street, 37th Street/USC, Slauson, Manchester, Harbor Freeway, the Harbor Transitway is located on the I-110 freeway, between Figueroa Street and Broadway. The Lincoln/Cypress Station for the Metro Gold Line on Avenue 26 at its intersection with Lacy Street is about a 5-minute walk from Figueroa Street, the Figueroa Corridor Streetscape project is a city led effort to beautify and improve the boulevard by adding pedestrian friendly amenities. The project begins on 7th street in Downtown Los Angeles, by Staples Center, the $20 million Figueroa Corridor Streetscape project is funded by a Proposition 1C grant. After delays, work is expected to commence in the summer of 2016 and is expected to be completed by March 2017, when the prop 1C grant expires. Los Angeles 2024 bid organizers plan to use this corridor as a planned Live Site, a area dedicated as a central pedestrian corridor, linking all of the Downtown LA venues, and creating an unparalleled zone of fan excitement for locals and visitors from around the world
Figueroa Street
–
Staples Center at 12th Street
Figueroa Street
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Entrance of
Grammy Museum at
L.A. Live
Figueroa Street
–
Metro Local Line 81 bus stop at Figueroa and 65th Streets, Los Angeles, California. Metro Local Line 81 runs on Figueroa Street.
Figueroa Street
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Variety Arts Center Building, 938-940 South Figueroa, 1980, Julius Shulman photo
12.
Downtown Los Angeles
–
Downtown Los Angeles is the central business district of Los Angeles, California, as well as a diverse residential neighborhood of some 58,000 people. A2013 study found that the district is home to over 500,000 jobs, Downtown Los Angeles is known for its government buildings, parks, theaters and other public places. The earliest known settlements in the area of what is now Downtown Los Angeles was by the Tongva, on September 4,1781, the city was founded by a group of settlers who trekked north from present-day Mexico. Land speculation increased in the 1880s, which saw the population of the city explode from 11,000 in 1880 to nearly 100,000 by 1896. Infrastructure enhancements and the laying of a street grid eventually brought development south of the settlement into what is today the Civic Center. By 1920, the private and municipal rail lines were the most far-flung and most comprehensive in the world in mileage. By this time, an influx of residents and aggressive land developers had transformed the city into a large metropolitan area. Rail lines connected four counties with over 1,100 miles of track, during the early part of the 20th century, banking institutions clustered around South Spring Street, forming the Spring Street Financial District. The Los Angeles Stock Exchange was also located on the corridor from 1929 until 1986 before moving into a new building across the Harbor Freeway, Broadway became the nightlife, shopping and entertainment district of the city, with over a dozen theater and movie palaces built before 1932. Numerous specialty stores also flourished including those in the business which gave rise to the Downtown Jewelry District. Among these early jewelers included the Laykin Diamond Company and Harry Winston & Co. both of which found their beginnings in the Alexandria Hotel at 5th and Spring Streets. The Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal opened in May,1939, unifying passenger service among local, regional. It was built on a scale and would be one of the last of the Great Railway Stations built in the United States. Following World War II, suburbanization, the development of the Los Angeles freeway network, many corporate headquarters slowly dispersed to new suburbs or fell to mergers and acquisitions. The once-wealthy Bunker Hill neighborhood became a haven for low-income renters, the drastic reduction in the number of residents in the area further reduced the viability of streetfront businesses that would be able to attract pedestrians. For most Angelenos, downtown became a destination as they would come into the area for a particular objective. This period saw the clearing and upzoning of the neighborhood as well as the shuttering of the Angels Flight funicular railway in 1969. Angels Flight resumed operation in 1996 for a period of five years, on March 15,2010, the railway once again opened for passenger service following extensive upgrades to brake and safety systems
Downtown Los Angeles
Downtown Los Angeles
Downtown Los Angeles
Downtown Los Angeles
13.
Sumner Hunt
–
Sumner P. Hunt was an architect in Los Angeles from 1888 to the 1930s. On January 21,1892, he married Mary Hancock Chapman and they had a daughter Louise Hunt. Hunt initially apprenticed with and worked for Clarence B, Cutler in Troy, NY from 1879–1887, and in his later career made claim to having worked in Cutler’s office in New York City from 1888 to 1889. However, New York City directories make no mention of a Sumner Hunt as city resident, the 1888 Los Angeles City Directory lists Hunt as a resident, living in a rooming house on the east side of Hill Street north of Fifth Street. In Los Angeles, he worked for Eugene Caulkin and Sidney I and he supervised construction of City Hall for Caulkin and Haas. In 1895, Hunt formed a partnership with Theodore A. Eisen, Eisen & Hunt continued until 1899. Hunt was hired by Bradbury sometime in 1891, Bradbury had purchased the parcel at the Third and Broadway intersection on November 11th,1890. Eckstein had had the very first telephone, incidentally. Sumner Hunt designed Bradburys office building during the fall of that year and his last recorded involvement in the project was in pulling a foundation permit on the following 9th of March. Meanwhile, on or about February 8th, Bradbury called in Hunt, requested that he bring the plans with him. City Directory for 1892 indicates that Wyman was then operating an office in the Stowell Block on the east side of Spring Street north of Third. There is no record of his ever having worked for Hunt, other than the suspect allegation by Wymans daughters and grandson made to Esther McCoy in 1953. The March 1892 edition of Illustrated Herald of Los Angeles included Hunts perspective rending of the Bradbury Building, as well, the 1896 edition of Los Angeles of Today Architecturally credits Hunt with the design of the building. In 1899, Hunt went into partnership with A. Wesley Eager, Hunt & Eager lasted until 1908, at which point Silas Reese Burns joined the firm, which became Hunt, Eager & Burns. In 1910 Eager retired, and the became known as Hunt & Burns. Hunt joined Charles Lummis and the architect Arthur B. Benton in 1894 to found the California Landmarks Club, with the purpose of saving Southern California’s mission buildings. The following year Lummis mentioned some of Hunt’s architecture in an article in Land of Sunshine, in the same article Lummis attributed the plan of the Bradbury building to Hunt. Projects designed by Hunt, and by his architectural partnerships, include, a gift of Mr. and Mrs. Allan C
Sumner Hunt
–
Automobile Club of Southern California headquarters,
Exposition Park neighborhood, Los Angeles.
Sumner Hunt
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E.L. Doheny mansion,
University Park, Los Angeles (1910).
Sumner Hunt
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Southwest Museum tower,
Mount Washington, Los Angeles.
Sumner Hunt
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Interior atrium of
Bradbury Building,
Downtown Los Angeles.
14.
Costa Mesa, California
–
Costa Mesa is a city in Orange County, California. The population was 109,960 at the 2010 United States Census, members of the Gabrieleño/Tongva and Juaneño/Luiseño nations long inhabited the area. After the 1769 expedition of Gaspar de Portolà, a Spanish expedition led by Junípero Serra named the area Vallejo de Santa Ana, on November 1,1776, Mission San Juan Capistrano became the areas first permanent European settlement in Alta California, New Spain. In 1801, the Spanish Empire granted 62,500 acres to Jose Antonio Yorba, yorbas great rancho included the lands where the communities of Olive, Orange, Villa Park, Santa Ana, Tustin, Costa Mesa and Newport Beach stand today. An 1889 flood wiped out the serving the community, however. To the south, meanwhile, the community of Harper had arisen on a siding of the Santa Ana and Newport Railroad and this town prospered on its agricultural goods. On May 11,1920, Harper changed its name to Costa Mesa and this is a reference to the citys geography as being a plateau by the coast. Costa Mesa surged in population during and after World War II, as many thousands trained at Santa Ana Army Air Base, within three decades of incorporation, the citys population had nearly quintupled. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 15.7 square miles. 15.7 square miles of it is land and 0.05 square miles of it is water, Costa Mesa has a semi-arid climate with mild temperatures year round. Rain falls primarily in the months, and is close to nonexistent during the summer. Morning low clouds and fog are common due to its coastal location, the 2010 United States Census reported that Costa Mesa had a population of 109,960. The population density was 7,004.0 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Costa Mesa was 75,335 White,1,640 African American,686 Native American,8,654 Asian,527 Pacific Islander,17,992 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39,403 persons. The Census reported that 106,990 people lived in households,2,232 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 3,013 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 281 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 10,963 households were made up of individuals and 2,775 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.68. There were 23,239 families, the family size was 3.30. The median age was 33.6 years, for every 100 females there were 103.7 males
Costa Mesa, California
–
An aerial view of Costa Mesa in March 2011.
Costa Mesa, California
–
Newport Boulevard, 1950s
15.
Marvin Braude
–
Marvin Braude was a member of the Los Angeles City Council for 32 years, between 1965 and 1997—the third-longest-serving council member in the history of the city. He was known for protecting the open space of the Santa Monica Mountains and successfully pushing the city to ban smoking in restaurants and government buildings. Braude was born on August 11,1920, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Benjamin and Rose Braude. He graduated from the University of Chicago in 1941 with a degree in political science. He was an assistant with the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics in 1941. He owned and operated businesses and a small investment firm until he was elected to the City Council in 1965. Braude was married to Marjorie Sperry of Chicago on September 26,1948, they went to Yosemite on their honeymoon and decided then to move to California and she became a medical doctor and specialized in psychiatry. The couple moved to the Brentwood district of Los Angeles in 1952 and they had two children, Liza, born in May 1953, and Ann, born in July 1955. Marjorie Braude, who became head of the Los Angeles Domestic Violence Task Force, died in February 2005 and he was co-founder and first president of the Santa Monica Mountains Regional Park Association, founder of Capital for Small Business in Los Angeles and president of the Crestwood Hills Association. He was described as being professorial, cranky and wonkish, abrupt and cantakerous, especially with those who stood in his way. The polyester suits he ordered from Sears, Roebuck & Co. catalogs were one of his trademarks and he brought health food in plastic containers to the banquets he was obliged to attend. Braude died at the age of 85 on December 7,2005, in Rancho Mirage, California, after breaking his leg in a fall and he chose to be cremated, said his daughter Ann, because he believed using open space for cemeteries was poor land-use policy. A memorial service was held at University Synagogue in Brentwood, Los Angeles, see also List of Los Angeles municipal election returns,1965 and after. In 1996 he said he would begin to donate large sums of money from his $100,000 salary and he decided, however, to retire instead of campaigning. In that era, the 11th District covered Pacific Palisades, Brentwood, West Los Angeles, with sections of Tarzana, Encino, Rancho Park, Westdale, Mar Vista and it covered 52 square miles and had some 210,000 residents. With Councilman Zev Yaroslavsky, Braude was the author of Proposition U, the measure passed by a wide margin in November 1986. He called for an attack on the widespread ownership and use of guns—saying he would push for legislation to prevent gun violence. This is something that will take four of six or maybe even 10 years, Council members Jackie Goldberg, Mark Ridley-Thomas, Ruth Galanter and Laura Chick seconded his proposal
Marvin Braude
–
Braude in 1988
16.
Chula Vista, California
–
The population was 243,916 as of the 2010 census. Chula Vista is so named because of its location between the San Diego Bay and coastal mountain foothills. Founded in the early 19th century, fast population growth has recently observed in the city. In the year 3000 BCE, people speaking the Yuman language began movement into the region from the Lower Colorado River Valley, later the Kumeyaay tribe came to populate the land, on which the city sits today, who lived in the area for hundreds of years. In the year 1542 CE, a fleet of three Spanish Empire ships commanded by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, sailed into San Diego Harbor, early explorations by Spanish conquistadors, such as these, led to Spanish claims of the land. The historic land on which Chula Vista sits became part of the 1795 land grant known as Rancho del Rey or The Kings Ranch, the land eventually was renamed Rancho de la Nación. During the Mexican-American War, California was claimed by the United States, though California was now under the jurisdiction of the United States, land grants were allowed to continue in the form of private property. The San Diego Land and Town Company developed lands of the Rancho de la Nación for new settlement, the town began as a five thousand acre development, with the first house being erected in 1887, by 1889, ten houses had been completed. Around this time, the lemon was introduced to the city, Chula Vista can be roughly translated from Spanish as beautiful view. The 1888 completion of the Sweetwater Dam allowed for irrigation of Chula Vista farming lands, Chula Vista eventually became the largest lemon-growing center in the world for a period of time. The citizens of Chula Vista voted to incorporate on October 17,1911, although the Great Depression affected Chula Vista significantly, agriculture still provided considerable income for the residents. In 1931, the lemon orchards produced $1 million in revenue, the relocation of Rohr Aircraft Corporation to Chula Vista in early 1941, just months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, changed Chula Vista. The land never returned to being orchard groves again, the population of post-World War II Chula Vista tripled from 5,000 residents in 1940 to more than 16,000 in 1950. After the war, many of the workers and thousands of servicemen stayed in the area resulting in the huge growth in population. The last of the groves and produce fields disappeared as Chula Vista became one of the largest communities in San Diego County. From 1960 to 2013, the South Bay Power Plant, a 700 megawatt four boiler plant, in 1944, the state of California attempted to seize land in Chula Vista owned by Kajiro Oyama, a legal Japanese resident who was then interned in Utah. Oyama was correctly charged with putting the property in his son Freds name with the intent to evade the Alien Land Law because Fred was a native-born citizen. The case went to the U. S. Supreme Court as Oyama v. California where the court found that Kajiros equal protection rights had been violated, in January 1986, Chula Vista annexed the unincorporated community of Montgomery, which had previously rejected annexation in 1979 and 1982
Chula Vista, California
–
Images from top, left to right:
Chula Vista Bayfront,
Sleep Train Amphitheatre,
HMS Surprise, Third Avenue in Downtown
Chula Vista, California
–
Olympic Training Center, Lower Otay Reservoir in the background
Chula Vista, California
–
Proctor Valley in Chula Vista
Chula Vista, California
–
The Chula Vista
shopping center
17.
Bishop, California
–
Bishop is a city in Inyo County, California, United States. Though Bishop is the city and the largest populated place in Inyo County. Bishop is located near the end of the Owens Valley. The population was 3,879 at the 2010 census, up from 3,575 at the 2000 census, the town was named after Bishop Creek, flowing out of the Sierra Nevada, the creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop, a settler in the Owens Valley. Bishop lies west of the Owens River at the end of the Owens Valley. It is on U. S. Route 395, the main artery through the Owens Valley, connecting the Inland Empire to Reno. US395 also connects Bishop to Los Angeles via State Route 14 through Palmdale, Bishop is the western terminus of U. S. Route 6. The Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community of the Bishop Colony control land just west of the town, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power controls much of the upstream and surrounding area. Bishop is immediately to the east of the Sierra Nevada, numerous peaks are within a short distance of Bishop, including Mount Humphreys, to the west, White Mountain Peak in the northeast, and pyramidal Mount Tom northwest of town. Basin Mountain is viewed to the west from Bishop as it rises above the Buttermilks, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.9 square miles, over 97% of it land. The festival attracts tourists, primarily from the Southern California area. Bishop is well known in the climbing community. Near the city are numerous climbing spots that attract visitors from around the world, there are over 2,000 bouldering problems in Bishop. The two main types of rock are volcanic tuff and granite.18 inches of precipitation, and is part of USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 7. The wettest year was 1969 with 17.09 in of precipitation, measurable precipitation occurs on an average of 27.6 days annually. The most precipitation in one month was 8.93 in in January 1969, which included 4.00 in on January 4, snowfall averages 6.8 inches per year. The snowiest season was from July 1968 to June 1969 with 57.1 inches, which included the snowiest month, January 1969, at 23.2 inches. There is an average of 2.5 nights of sub 10 °F lows,134 nights where the low reaches the mark,100 days with 90 °F + highs
Bishop, California
–
Downtown Bishop looking south along
US 395
Bishop, California
–
Aerial view of Bishop, looking west. Line Street, Bishop's main East-West Street, is in center left, running from the bottom of the photo into the distance.
18.
Auto Club 400
–
The Auto Club 400 is a 400-mile Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series stock car race held at the Auto Club Speedway in Fontana, California. Prior to 2005, the race was held in late April or early May, and until 2010, when the NASCAR Realignment of 2005 was made, the race was moved to February and the week following the Daytona 500. The February date stayed until the 2011 season when the changed to March. Kyle Larson is the winner of the event. 2006, and 2014–2017, Race extended due to a NASCAR Overtime finish, the 2015 race took two attempts. 2008, Race started on Sunday but was finished on Monday due to rain,2011, Race distance changed from 500 miles to 400. Kevin Harvick passed Jimmie Johnson on the last lap to win,2012, Race shortened due to rain. 1997, After nearly a decade, NASCAR came back to Southern California on June 22 with the inaugural California 500, the race featured 21 lead changes among a dozen different drivers. Jeff Gordon passed Mark Martin with 11 laps remaining and sped to victory, terry Labonte took second, giving Hendrick Motorsports another 1-2 finish. After that, the NASCAR Sanctioning Body strictly allows jumping on the roof in celebration,2001, On what would have been Dale Earnhardts 50th birthday, the race was ran with Rusty Wallace holding off Jeff Gordon at the end. During the celebration, Rusty had a 3 flag to fly around the track in the reverse direction, in 1993, Earnhardt and Wallace ran in reverse to hold Alan Kulwicki and Davey Allison flags at the last race in Atlanta that year. After Dales death, Rusty was the last driver of that group of four drivers to race. 2002, There were ten drivers who failed to finish the race, nearly 10% of the 199-minute race was held under a caution flag and the average green flag run was approximately 38 laps. At the end, Jimmie Johnson holds off Kurt Busch to score his first career win,2008, The race started on Sunday, completing only 87 laps with 7 yellow flags and 2 red flags. The rain delay on Sunday also delayed the Stater Brothers 300 to Monday, carl Edwards would go on to win the event, while he finished 5th in the Nationwide Series race. 2013, Kyle Busch won after Joey Logano and Denny Hamlin crashed fighting hard for the lead on the last lap, Busch also took the weekend sweep by winning the Nationwide race the day before. It is the first Fontana victory in the NASCAR Cup Series both for Joe Gibbs Racing and Toyota, from 2011-2013, Busch finished in a reverse order, 3rd, 2nd and 1st. The last lap crash between Logano and Hamlin sent Hamlin into the inside wall head-on, as a result, he suffered a compression fracture of his L1 vertebra in his back, which forced him to miss four races
Auto Club 400
–
Auto Club 400
19.
National Hot Rod Association
–
The National Hot Rod Association is a drag racing governing body, which sets rules in drag racing and hosts events all over the United States and Canada. With over 40,000 drivers in its rosters, the NHRA claims to be the largest motorsports sanctioning body in the world, the association was founded by Wally Parks in 1951 in California to provide a governing body to organize and promote the sport of drag racing. The first nationwide NHRA sponsored event was held in 1955, in Great Bend, Nationals are now held at Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis in Clermont, Indiana and are officially called the U. S. Nationals. Winners of national events are awarded a statue in honor of founder Wally Parks. The trophy is referred to by its nickname, a “Wally”. The NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series is the Top Division of the NHRA and it consists of five professional classes, Top Fuel Dragster Funny Car Pro Stock Pro Stock Motorcycle Pro Modified List of NHRA champions There are more than a dozen Sportsman Classes. All classes except Snowmobile and some Sportsman Motorcycle classes are regularly contested at NHRA National Events, NHRA promotes mainly the Professional Classes at National Events, however, the majority of its participants are Sportsman Racers. Sportsman Class Racers must be dues-paying members of NHRA before they are allowed to enter, included in these sportsman events are the Lucas Oil Drag Racing Series, the Summit Racing Equipment Racing Series and the NHRA Jr. The NHRA Sportsman Drag Racing Series originally consisted of seven divisions, Northeast, Southeast, North Central, South Central, West Central, Northwest and Pacific. Starting in 2012, the Top Alcohol Dragster and Top Alcohol Funny Car classes compete in four regions, East, North Central, Central, Sportsman racers with multiple championships Sportsman racers who have won multiple world championships, with the date of their most recent championship. The five point safety harness is required for all vehicles and it holds the driver secure in the seat, and is equipped with a quick release latch which can be released in less than a second should the driver need to leave the car due to fire or explosions. Fire suits are required for all drivers in the alcohol and nitromethane fuel classes and these suits are full body coveralls and made with seven layers of Nomex fabric, which makes them resistant to fire. The required suit includes Nomex gloves, foot socks, and head sock, another NASCAR transplant, which was brought into use after the death of Fireball Roberts, was the fuel cell. This bladder is placed into the tanks of non-nitromethane fueled vehicles to prevent fuel leaks. Third is the use of the HANS device and this device limits the movement of the head and neck in the event of an impact. Fourth is the shield that must be placed behind the head of all Dragsters. This is to prevent any debris from entering the cockpit and becoming a hazard to the driver after the death of Top Fuel racer Darrell Russell. Fifth is the fire extinguishing system that are required
National Hot Rod Association
–
2009
Top Fuel trophy
National Hot Rod Association
–
National Hot Rod Association NHRA
20.
Auto Club Speedway
–
Auto Club Speedway, formerly California Speedway, is a two-mile, low-banked, D-shaped oval superspeedway in Fontana, California which has hosted NASCAR racing annually since 1997. It is also used for open wheel racing events, the racetrack is located near the former locations of Ontario Motor Speedway and Riverside International Raceway. The track is owned and operated by International Speedway Corporation and is the track owned by ISC to have naming rights sold. The speedway is served by the nearby Interstate 10 and Interstate 15 freeways as well as a Metrolink station located behind the backstretch, construction of the track, on the site of the former Kaiser Steel Mill, began in 1995 and was completed in late 1996. The speedway has a capacity of 68,000 and 28 skyboxes. In 2006, a fanzone was added behind the main grandstand, lights were added to the speedway in 2004 with the addition of a second annual NASCAR weekend. Since 2011, the track has hosted only one NASCAR weekend, indyCar returned to the track in 2012 with its season finale race, the series previously ran a 400-mile race from 2002 to 2005. On April 20,1994, Roger Penske and Kaiser announced the construction of a racetrack on the site of the abandoned Kaiser Steel mill in Fontana, a day after the announcement CART announced it would hold an annual race at the speedway. Community meetings were held to discuss issues related to the construction of the track, the local community largely supported construction of the speedway citing potentially increased land values and rejuvenation of the community. In April 1995, after having toured the sister track Michigan International Speedway, the California Environmental Protection Agency gave Penske permission to begin construction after Kaiser agreed to pay $6 million to remove hazardous waste from the site. Construction on the site began on November 22,1995 with the demolition of the Kaiser Steel Mill, the 100-foot water tower, a landmark of the Kaiser property, was preserved in the center of the track to be used as a scoreboard. 3,000 cubic yards of contaminated dirt was removed and transported to a waste landfill. To prevent remaining impurities from rising to the surface, a cap of non-porous polyethylene was put down, construction of the track was completed in late 1996. On January 10,1997 Marlboro Team Penske’s driver Paul Tracy became the first driver to test on the new speedway, NASCAR held its first open test session on at the track from May 5–7. The official opening and ribbon cutting ceremony was held on June 20,1997 with the first race, the track was named the California Speedway from the time it was built through February 21,2008 when the Southern California Automobile Club purchased the naming rights in a 10-year deal. With early success following the opening of the track, the speedway began to expand reserved grandstand seating along the front stretch with an additional 15,777 seats, in May 1999, an additional 28 skyboxes were added to the top of the main grandstand. In 2001 the Auto Club Dragway, a 1/4 mile dragstrip, was built outside of the backstretch of the main speedway and that same year, the infield of the speedway was reconfigured to hold a multipurpose road course. On April 24,2003 The San Bernardino County Planning Commission approved the changing of the conditional use permit to allow the installation of lights around the track
Auto Club Speedway
–
The infield at the speedway.
Auto Club Speedway
Auto Club Speedway
–
Main Grandstand From Pit Road at Auto Club Speedway
Auto Club Speedway
–
Overview of track looking north
21.
Auto Club Raceway at Pomona
–
Auto Club Raceway at Pomona, also known as Pomona Raceway, is a racing facility located in Pomona, California that features a quarter-mile dragstrip. Since its opening in 1961, the dragstrip has hosted the NHRAs Winternationals event – the traditional season opener – and since 1984, the seasons last race and these two events have contributed to its becoming perhaps one of the most famous dragstrips in North America. The facility has a capacity of 40,000 spectators. This dragstrip has also gone by the nickname of The Fairplex, in reference to its location at the Fairplex, formerly called the Los Angeles County Fairgrounds. In 1952 a car known as the Choppers of Pomona aided by a young police officer, Sergeant Bud Coons. Coons, along with hot rod enthusiast, Pomona Police Chief Ralph Parker. The county finally agreed, as long as the hot rodders would provide their own insurance, at the time the county made the agreement, the parking lot was nothing but a gravel lot. The coalition of hot rodders, police and community leaders raised funds through donations and this was the birth of the dragstrip in Pomona. Though it was not considered an event by todays standards, the very first NHRA event. On Saturday attendance was at two or three thousand and attendance was reported to be at 15,000 on Sunday, compared to the 4.5 second numbers the pros are putting on the board presently, the best ET of that day was a respectable 10.93. In 1961, NHRA held its first ever Winternationals at the Pomona Raceway and it became NHRAs second national event. The first NHRA national event was the U. S. Nationals, thus, the Winternationals got nicknamed the Big-Go West. It has remained at this location ever since, for many years, this event was sponsored by Chief Auto Parts and later its successor AutoZone, but later was sponsored by CSK Automotive, and now its current successor, OReilly Auto Parts. The season closer, the NHRA Finals, was brought to the facility in 1984 from the now defunct Orange County International Raceway, when the event was first brought to Pomona, the event was sponsored by Winston. As of 2010, the event is sponsored by the Automobile Club of Southern California, from 1934 to 1937 a 1/2 mile dirt oval was located at the facility. The dirt oval was once opened in the 1950s but closed in 1959. Ponoma was also home to a 1.7 mile Paved road course which operated in 1998 and 1999, from 1956 to 19612 mile temporary road course was located in the parking lot
Auto Club Raceway at Pomona
–
Auto Club Raceway, 2008
22.
Team Penske
–
Team Penske is an American professional stock car racing and open wheel racing team that currently competes in the IndyCar Series, the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, and the Xfinity Series. Debuting at the 196624 Hours of Daytona, the team has competed in various other types of professional racing such as Can Am, Trans Am. Team Penske is a division of Penske Corporation, and is owned and chaired by Roger Penske, the team president is Tim Cindric. Penske has been involved with IndyCar racing since 1968, when they first fielded a stock block-powered Eagle with Mark Donohue, the team first competed at Indianapolis in 1969, and within three years had become the team to beat, winning the race with Donohue in 1972. Penske Racing has 1,463 starts in IndyCar races,231 pole positions,71 wins from pole,47 double wins of which 8 are 1–2–3 finishes from the Pocono race on June 26,1977, to January 1,2015. In 2001, team Penske marked its return to the Indy 500 after an absence due to the open wheel split. Later, in 2001 Roger Penske announced he would leave CART for the IRL IndyCar Series, Castroneves has won the Indianapolis 500 three times, as well as other CART and IRL races with Team Penske. Sam Hornish Jr. is the 2006 Indianapolis 500 winner and the IndyCar Series Champion and his 2001 and 2002 championships were with Panther Racing, prior to joining Team Penske. Juan Pablo Montoya is the 2015 Indianapolis 500 winner and the leader in the championship with 2 wins in the season. Since 2007, the IndyCar Series cars have carried Team Penske insignia, for 2009, Cellco Partnership, a joint venture of Verizon and Vodafone, joined Exxon Mobil as associate sponsors, and the team will be billed as Verizon Championship Racing. In 2010, Phillip Morris USA discontinued their relationship with Team Penske, the team subsequently changed their livery to black and white, reflecting Verizon sponsorship. Team Penske became a team for the first time since 1994. Roger Penske announced a switch to Chevrolet powerplants for the 2012 IndyCar Series season, Briscoe would have struggles throughout the season, but managed to find victory lane at Sonoma. However, Power would come up short in the championship after a crash at the season finale, Briscoe left the team after 2012 for other opportunities. In 2014, Will Power took the IndyCar Championship for Team Penske after 3 concurrent runner up finishes in 2011-2013. Power got a win at the Grand Prix of Indianapolis in the 5th race of the season and just 2 weeks later, Juan Pablo Montoya would loose the championship in the final race on a tie-breaker to Scott Dixon. Team Penske would go on to dominate 2016, filling the top 3 positions in the final standings, capping the season with a dominating race victory, Simon Pagenaud won his first IndyCar championship, becoming the ninth Penske driver to be crowned champion. Roger Penske’s organization claimed its 14th such title and its second in three years, Penskes 1994 IndyCar World Series Championship was one of, if not the most dominating performance from a race team in history of American open wheel racing
Team Penske
–
1994 Penske PC-23 Speedway Oval Package. The car displayed was driven by
Al Unser, Jr..
Team Penske
–
Former logo used until 2013.
Team Penske
–
Penske's #3
Dallara -
Honda at the
2007 Indianapolis 500
Team Penske
–
Ryan Briscoe,
Hélio Castroneves, and
Roger Penske at the
Indianapolis Motor Speedway for Miller Lite Carb Day in 2009.
23.
Joey Logano
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Joseph Thomas Joey Logano, nicknamed Sliced Bread, is an American professional stock car racing driver. His Penske contract extends through the 2018 season and he previously drove the No.20 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing from 2008 to 2012, collecting two wins and 41 Top 10 finishes. Loganos first major NASCAR win came during the Meijer 300 at Kentucky Speedway in just his third start in the 2008 Nationwide Series, Logano became the youngest driver to win a Nationwide Series race at 18 years,21 days old. The previous youngest was Casey Atwood in 1999 at 18 years,313 days, Logano became the youngest winner in Cup Series history when he won the 2009 Lenox Industrial Tools 301 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway at 19 years,35 days. The previous youngest was Kyle Busch in 2005 at 20 years,125 days, Logano is now the youngest winner in two of NASCARs three top divisions. Logano was also the first NASCAR driver born in the 1990s that has competed in NASCARs three major divisions, in 2015, he became the second-youngest Daytona 500 winner. Logano was born in Middletown, Connecticut, the son of Deborah and his father is of Italian ancestry. He began his career in 1996 as a 6-year-old quarter midget racer living in Connecticut. In 1997 Logano won his first Eastern Grand National Championship in the Jr and he followed it up with a Jr. Honda Division Championship in 1998 and in early 1999 a Lt. Mod. Later in 1999 Logano won 3 New England Regional Championships in the Sr. Stock, Loganos family then moved to Georgia. The transaction allowed Logano to win a Bandolero Bandits Series Championship, at age 10 he went on to racing Legend cars, where he set a 14-consecutive winning streak track record at the Atlanta Motor Speedway, along with a Lions National Championship. At age 12, Logano won the Southeast-based Pro Legends National championship, afterwards he spent a couple years racing various forms of pavement Late Model racing. Logano was also nicknamed sliced bread by two-time Busch Series champion Randy LaJoie, in 2005, he ran in 1 FASCAR Pro Truck Series race at the New Smyrna Speedway, started 1st and finished 2nd. He raced in the USAR Hooters Pro Cup Series, competing seven times in the Northern Division, the following season, he continued racing in the USAR Hooters Pro Cup Series. He raced in twelve Southern Division races, winning twice at South Georgia Motorsports Park and he ran in one USAR Hooters Pro Cup Series, Northern Division race and six Championship Series races. In 2007, a new NASCAR rule allowed drivers 16 and up to race in the Grand National Division and he also has made 1 NASCAR West Series start at Phoenix International Raceway, where he started 2nd and won in the No.10 Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota. On October 20,2007, Logano won the Toyota All-Star Showdown at Irwindale Speedway, leading 87 laps, on May 4,2008, Logano won the Carolina 500 during his ARCA RE/MAX Series debut with Venturini Motorsports in racings return to Rockingham Speedway. Logano also made his NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series debut, at Talladega, in the Mountain Dew 250, starting 6th, not only was Logano disqualified but he was credited as having run none of the laps of the race completing 0 laps
Joey Logano
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Joey Logano at the
2015 Toyota/Save Mart 350
Joey Logano
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Logano's 2007 Camping World East Series championship racecar
Joey Logano
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Logano holds his trophy for winning the pole position in Nashville
Joey Logano
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Logano's first Cup practice at Richmond International Raceway
24.
NASCAR
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The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing is an American family-owned and operated business venture that sanctions and governs multiple auto-racing sports events. Bill France Sr. founded the company in 1948 and his grandson Brian France became its CEO in 2003, NASCAR is motorsports preeminent stock-car racing organization. The three largest racing-series sanctioned by this company are the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, the Xfinity Series, the company also oversees NASCAR Local Racing, the Whelen Modified Tour, the Whelen All-American Series, and the NASCAR iRacing. com Series. NASCAR sanctions over 1,500 races at over 100 tracks in 39 of the 50 US states as well as in Canada. NASCAR has presented exhibition races at the Suzuka and Motegi circuits in Japan, the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico, NASCAR has its official headquarters in Daytona Beach, Florida, and also maintains offices in the North Carolina cities of Charlotte, Concord, and Conover. Regional offices are located in New York City and Los Angeles, with offices in Mexico City. Owing to NASCARs Southern roots, all but a handful of NASCAR teams are based in North Carolina. NASCAR is second to the National Football League among professional sports franchises in terms of television viewers, internationally, its races are broadcast on television in over 150 countries. In 2004, NASCARs Director of Security stated that the company holds 17 of the Top 20 regularly attended single-day sporting events in the world, fortune 500 companies sponsor NASCAR more than any other motor sport, although this sponsorship has declined since the early-2000s. By the time the Bonneville Salt Flats became the location for pursuit of land speed records. Drivers raced on a 4. 1-mile course, consisting of a 1. 5–2. 0-mile stretch of beach as one straightaway, the two straights were connected by two tight, deeply rutted and sand covered turns at each end. Stock car racing in the United States has its origins in bootlegging during Prohibition, bootleggers needed to distribute their illicit products, and they typically used small, fast vehicles to better evade the police. Many of the drivers would modify their cars for speed and handling, as well as increased cargo capacity, the cars continued to improve, and by the late 1940s, races featuring these cars were being run for pride and profit. These races were popular entertainment in the rural Southern United States, most races in those days were of modified cars. Street vehicles were lightened and reinforced, mechanic William France Sr. moved to Daytona Beach, Florida, from Washington, D. C. in 1935 to escape the Great Depression. He was familiar with the history of the area from the speed record attempts. France entered the 1936 Daytona event, finishing fifth and he took over running the course in 1938. He promoted a few races before World War II, France had the notion that people would enjoy watching stock cars race
NASCAR
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Nextel Cup Series (now Sprint Cup Series) race cars at Infineon Raceway (now Sonoma Raceway) in 2005
NASCAR
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Current NASCAR President
Mike Helton (left) being presented a
Commandant Coin by Admiral
Thomas H. Collins (right) in 2005.
NASCAR
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Junior Johnson, seen here in 1985, was a popular NASCAR driver from the 1950s who began as a bootlegging driver from
Wilkes County, North Carolina.
NASCAR
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Richard Petty 's 1970 426 C.I.
Plymouth Superbird on display.
25.
Funny car
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Funny Car is a type of drag racing vehicle and a specific racing class in organized drag racing. In the United States, the other professional drag racing classes are Top Fuel, Pro Modified, Pro Stock and they also have the engine placed in front of the driver, as opposed to dragsters, which place it behind the driver. Funny car bodies typically reflect the models of newly available cars in the period that the funny car was built. Currently, four manufacturers are represented in National Hot Rod Association Funny Car — Chevrolet with the Camaro, Dodge with the Charger, Ford with the Mustang, worldwide, however, many different body styles are used. These fake body shells are not just cosmetic, they serve an important aerodynamic purpose, today, fielding a Funny Car team can cost between US$2.6 and US$3 million. A single carbon fiber body can cost US$70,000, nitro Funny Car racing has never been more competitive than since 2006. The dominance of John Force Racing ended in 2006 and between 2007 and 2015 was equalled by DSR, with three TF/FC titles each, Funny Car is dominated by multi-car teams, with only Cruz Pedregon, Jim Dunn, and Tim Wilkerson maintaining the traditional one-car operation. The NHRA has strict guidelines for funny cars, most of the rules relate to the engine. In short, the engines can only be V-8s displacing no more than 500 cubic inches, the most popular design is loosely based on the second generation Chrysler 426 Hemi Elephant Engine made from 1964 to 1971. There can only be two valves per cylinder, superchargers are restricted to a basic Roots type—19-inch rotor case width with a breadth of 11.25 inches. The rotors are not allowed to have more than an amount of helical twist in them so the blower does not become a screw-type supercharger in function. There are two common bore-stroke combinations,4.1875 by 4.50 inches and 4.25 by 4.375 inches, the 3/4 stroker is the most common combination used today and equals 496 CID. Crankshafts are CNC machine carved from steel billet then nitrided in an oven to increase surface hardness, intake valves are titanium and of 2. 40-inch width, while exhaust valves are 1. 90-inch width of Inconel. Every funny car has ballistic blankets covering the supercharger because this part of the engine is prone to explosion, Funny car fuel systems are key to their immense power. During a single run cars can burn as much as 15 US gallons of fuel, the fuel mixture is usually 85–90% nitromethane with 10–15% methanol. The ratio of fuel to air can be as high as 1,1, compression ratios vary from 6,1 to 7,1. The engines in funny cars commonly exhibit varying piston heights and ratios that are determined by the proximity to the air intake. The rate/degree of lockup is mechanically/pneumatically controlled and preset before each run according to various conditions, Wheelbase is between 100 and 125 inches
Funny car
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Early
Jack Chrisman funny car from 1965
Funny car
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1971
Mickey Thompson -owned funny car
Funny car
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1975
Gene Snow funny car
26.
Verizon IndyCar Series
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The IndyCar Series is the premier level of open wheel racing in North America. Its parent company began in 1996 as a competitor to CART known as the Indy Racing League which was created by then Indianapolis Motor Speedway owner Tony George, in 2008, the IndyCar Series merged with the Champ Car World Series. The series is sanctioned by INDYCAR, due to the legal settlement with CART, the Indy Racing League was unable to utilize the name IndyCar until the beginning of the 2003 season. For 1996–1997, the series was referred to as the Indy Racing League. For 1998–1999, the series garnered its first title sponsor, and was advertised as the Pep Boys Indy Racing League, the contract was not renewed after the second year. In 2000, the series sold its rights to Internet search engine Northern Light for five seasons. After only two seasons, however, the agreement ended when Northern Light reevaluated its business plan. The league reverted to the Indy Racing League name for the 2002 season, the IndyCar Series name was officially adopted beginning in 2003, as the series was now legally entitled to use it. Simmons also co-authored the new IndyCar theme song, I Am Indy, izod was announced as the series title sponsor beginning on November 5,2009. Exact financial terms were not disclosed but the deal is worth at least $10 million per year, izod ended its sponsorship after the 2013 season. On March 14,2014, Verizon Wireless was announced as the title sponsor. Since the series inception, IndyCar Series events have been broadcast in the United States on several networks, including ABC, CBS, ESPN, Fox Broadcasting Company, Fox Sports Networks, and Spike. Beginning in 2009, NBCSN began a 10-year deal to broadcast 13 IndyCar races per season, whereas the remaining races, including the Indianapolis 500, would remain on ABC through 2018. As of the 2016 season, ABC airs 5 races per season, in the United Kingdom, since the launch of BT Sport in August 2013 races are shown on one of the BT branded channels or ESPN. Previous to August 2013, the IndyCar Series races were broadcasts on the Sky Sports family of networks, the IndyCar Series also had highlights of all the races on the channel Five British terrestrial channel and Five USA, but has since been discontinued since the 2009 season. In Portugal, all of the IndyCar Series are broadcast on Sport TV, in February 2013, Sportsnet announced that it would become the official Canadian broadcaster of the IndyCar Series beginning in the 2013 season in a five-year deal with the series. The new contract will include broadcasts on the Sportsnet regional networks, Sportsnet One, additionally, Sportsnet would also originate coverage from the Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, Indianapolis 500, and Honda Indy Toronto with Bill Adam, Todd Lewis, and Rob Faulds. Canadian driver Paul Tracy also joined Sportsnet as an analyst, rede Bandeirantes serves as the Brazilian broadcast partner in that country since 1989
Verizon IndyCar Series
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IndyCar Series logo
Verizon IndyCar Series
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A 1997-spec G-Force IRL car. This car was repainted for promotional purposes in 2008
Verizon IndyCar Series
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A Panoz GF09 driven at Indianapolis by
Jaques Lazier in 2007
Verizon IndyCar Series
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The 2012 DW12 chassis driven by
Scott Dixon showing the rear wheel enclosure
27.
John W. Baumgartner
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John Walter Baumgartner was a civil engineer who was a member of the Los Angeles, California, City Council from 1933 to 1945. Baumgartner was born on May 17,1890, on a ranch in Los Angeles located at what became the intersection of Beverly. He was educated in Los Angeles public schools and graduated from St. Vincents College and he was a civil engineer for fifteen years. Married since 1914, he was the father of one daughter and he lived at 1010 South Burlington Avenue. He was an elector pledged to the Democratic slate in 1936, see also List of Los Angeles municipal election returns, 1933–43. Baumgartner was appointed to the Water and Power Commission in 1932 and he was elected to the 12th Councilmanic District in 1933 and reelected every two years thereafter until he retired in 1945. In that era the 12th District covered roughly the north of Pico Boulevard and south of Griffith Park. He was the End Poverty in California candidate in 1935, in 1934 he opposed the policy of allowing the Automobile Club of Southern California to post directional signs for motorists on city streets because the club is in the insurance business. City purchasing agent Holm said that the club furnished the signs for free and he also asked consideration of a ban on the playing of those games by the use of any spherical object other than a marble. In 1943 he and three council members unsuccessfully opposed granting a permit to Seaboard Oil Company for slant oil drilling under Elysian Park from a site near Riverside Drive
John W. Baumgartner
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John W. Baumgartner
28.
Business Wire
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It is a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway. Business Wire was founded in 1961 by Lorry I, lokey, it launched its companys website in May 1995. Business Wires first wholly owned European operation launched in 2001, with the opening of an office in London, on June 1,2005, Business Wire entered the German Ad-Hoc market with a disclosure network for companies with primary or secondary listings on the Deutsche Boerse. The service was established in compliance with BaFin, Germanys national securities regulator, on September 15,2005, Business Wire established Regulatory Disclosure networks in France, Sweden, Switzerland and Luxembourg. The move came in anticipation of the implementation of the EUs Transparency Obligations Directive. On January 1,2007, Autorité des marchés financiers, the French Financial Markets Regulator, since 2005, its Chief Executive Officer and President has been Cathy Baron Tamraz. On January 10,2005, Business Wire established an Asian hub with the opening of its Tokyo, Japan bureau, on January 17,2006, Berkshire Hathaway announced that it was purchasing Business Wire for an undisclosed amount. This acquisition was completed on March 1,2006, in 2008, Business Wire partnered with ImpreMedia to launch LatinoWire, a news distribution service that distributes brand content to Hispanic websites, media outlets, journalists and bloggers. In 2011, Business Wire received a patent for the process of optimizing and distributing press releases to maximize their ability to be found. On September 23,2013, Business Wire announces exclusive distribution partnership with VentureBeat On November 3,2013, in January 2014, Business Wire launched a new news and content distribution enhancement service
Business Wire
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Business Wire
29.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
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Wayback Machine
California Roads portal
