1.
Volkswagen
–
Volkswagen, shortened to VW, is a German automaker founded on May 28,1937 by the German Labour Front and headquartered in Wolfsburg. It is the flagship marque of the Volkswagen Group and is the largest automaker worldwide, Volkswagen is German for peoples car, and the companys current international advertising slogan is just Volkswagen. American English pronunciation is approximately volks wagon, for vehicle timeline tables, see, Volkswagen. Volkswagen was originally established in 1937 by the German Labour Front, in the early 1930s, the German auto industry was still largely composed of luxury models, and the average German could rarely afford anything more than a motorcycle. As a result, only one German out of 50 owned a car, seeking a potential new market, some car makers began independent peoples car projects – the Mercedes 170H, Adler AutoBahn, Steyr 55, and Hanomag 1. 3L, among others. The trend was not new, as Béla Barényi is credited with having conceived the design in the mid-1920s. Josef Ganz developed the Standard Superior, in Germany, the company Hanomag mass-produced the 2/10 PS Komissbrot, a small, cheap rear engined car, from 1925 to 1928. Also, in Czechoslovakia, the Hans Ledwinkas penned Tatra T77, Ferdinand Porsche, a well-known designer for high-end vehicles and race cars, had been trying for years to get a manufacturer interested in a small car suitable for a family. He felt the cars at the time were just stripped down big cars. He wanted his German citizens to have the access to a car as the Americans. The Peoples Car would be available to citizens of the Third Reich through a plan at 990 Reichsmark —about the price of a small motorcycle. Despite heavy lobbying in favor of one of the existing projects, thus, Hitler chose to sponsor an all-new, state-owned factory using Ferdinand Porsches design. The intention was that ordinary Germans would buy the car by means of a savings scheme, however, the entire project was financially unsound, and only the corruption and lack of accountability of the Nazi regime made it possible. Prototypes of the car called the KdF-Wagen, appeared from 1938 onwards, the car already had its distinctive round shape and air-cooled, flat-four, rear-mounted engine. The VW car was just one of many KdF programs, which included such as tours. The prefix Volks— was not just applied to cars, but also to products in Germany. On May 28,1937, Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH, more than a year later, on September 16,1938, it was renamed to Volkswagenwerk GmbH. Erwin Komenda, the longstanding Auto Union chief designer, part of Ferdinand Porsches hand-picked team, developed the car body of the prototype and it was one of the first cars designed with the aid of a wind tunnel—a method used for German aircraft design since the early 1920s
Volkswagen
–
Model of
Porsche Type 12 (Zündapp), Museum of Industrial Culture,
Nuremberg
Volkswagen
–
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
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VW Type 82E
Volkswagen
–
Volkswagen factory
2.
Design
–
Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object, system or measurable human interaction. Design has different connotations in different fields, in some cases, the direct construction of an object is also considered to use design thinking. Designing often necessitates considering the aesthetic, functional, economic, and it may involve considerable research, thought, modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design. Meanwhile, diverse kinds of objects may be designed, including clothing, graphical user interfaces, skyscrapers, corporate identities, business processes, and even methods or processes of designing. Thus design may be a substantive referring to an abstraction of a created thing or things. It is an act of creativity and innovation, here, a specification can be manifested as either a plan or a finished product, and primitives are the elements from which the design object is composed. With such a broad denotation, there is no language or unifying institution for designers of all disciplines. This allows for many differing philosophies and approaches toward the subject, the person designing is called a designer, which is also a term used for people who work professionally in one of the various design areas usually specifying which area is being dealt with. A designers sequence of activities is called a process while the scientific study of design is called design science. Another definition of design is planning to manufacture an object, system, thus the word design can be used as a noun or a verb. In a broader sense, the design is an applied art, while the definition of design is fairly broad, design has a myriad of specifications that professionals utilize in their fields. Substantial disagreement exists concerning how designers in many fields, whether amateur or professional, alone or in teams, the prevailing view has been called The Rational Model, Technical Problem Solving and The Reason-Centric Perspective. The alternative view has been called Reflection-in-Action, Evolutionary Design, co-evolution, the Rational Model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon, an American scientist, and Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz, two German engineering design theorists. The Rational Model is based on a rationalist philosophy and underlies the waterfall model, systems development life cycle, according to the rationalist philosophy, design is informed by research and knowledge in a predictable and controlled manner. Technical rationality is at the center of the process, each stage has many associated best practices. Unrealistic assumptions – goals are often unknown when a design project begins, the Action-Centric Perspective is a label given to a collection of interrelated concepts, which are antithetical to The Rational Model. Substantial empirical evidence supports the veracity of this perspective in describing the actions of real designers, like the Rational Model, the Action-Centric model sees design as informed by research and knowledge. Designers context-dependent experience and professional judgment take center stage more than technical rationality, at least two views of design activity are consistent with the Action-Centric Perspective
Design
–
The new terminal at
Barajas airport in
Madrid,
Spain
Design
–
A drawing for a booster engine for
steam locomotives. Engineering is applied to design, with emphasis on function and the utilization of mathematics and science.
Design
–
An example of a business workflow process using
Business Process Modeling Notation.
3.
Manufacturing
–
Manufacturing is the value added to production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product, the manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part. Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems, in a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation, modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required the production and integration of a products components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead, the manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Sony, Huawei, Lenovo, Toyota, Samsung, in its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. In much of the world, the guild system protected the privileges. Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system. Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm, manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense. On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs, the clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks and these costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals. The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally, developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a role in the negotiation of worker rights. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world, tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing
Manufacturing
–
Textile factory (
Germany, circa 1975).
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
–
Assembly of Section 41 of a
Boeing 787 Dreamliner
Manufacturing
–
A female industrial
worker amidst heavy steel semi-products (KINEX BEARINGS,
Bytča,
Slovakia, c. 1995–2000)
4.
Marketing
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Marketing is the study and management of exchange relationships. Marketing is used to create the customer, to keep the customer, with the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that Marketing is one of the premier components of Business Management - the other being Innovation. Other services and management activities such as Operations, Human Resources, Accounting, Law, the term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services. The Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably, a similar concept is the value-based marketing which states the role of marketing to contribute to increasing shareholder value. Marketing practice tended to be seen as an industry in the past. The overall process starts with marketing research and goes through market segmentation, business planning and execution, ending with pre and it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also adept at re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times, the term marketing concept pertains to the fundamental premise of modern marketing. This concept proposes that in order to satisfy its organizational objectives, Marketing and marketing concepts are directly related. An orientation, in the context, relates to a perception or attitude a firm holds towards its product or service. There exist several common orientations, A firm employing a product orientation is chiefly concerned with the quality of its own product, a firm would also assume that as long as its product was of a high standard, people would buy and consume the product. A firm using a sales orientation focuses primarily on the selling/promotion of a particular product, consequently, this entails simply selling an already existing product, and using promotion techniques to attain the highest sales possible. Such an orientation may suit scenarios in which a firm holds dead stock, or otherwise sells a product that is in high demand, a firm focusing on a production orientation specializes in producing as much as possible of a given product or service. Thus, this signifies a firm exploiting economies of scale, until the minimum efficient scale is reached, a production orientation may be deployed when a high demand for a product or service exists, coupled with a good certainty that consumer tastes do not rapidly alter. The marketing orientation is perhaps the most common used in contemporary marketing. It involves a firm essentially basing its marketing plans around the marketing concept, the marketing orientation often has three prime facets, which are, A firm in the market economy can survive by producing goods that persons are willing and able to buy. Consequently, ascertaining consumer demand is vital for a firms future viability, in this sense, a firms marketing department is often seen as of prime importance within the functional level of an organization. Information from a marketing department would be used to guide the actions of other departments within the firm. As an example, a department could ascertain that consumers desired a new type of product
Marketing
–
Constructive criticism helps marketers adapt offerings to meet changing customer needs.
5.
Selling
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A sale is the exchange of a commodity or money as the price of a good or a service. Sales is activity related to selling or the amount of goods or services sold in a time period. The seller or the provider of the goods or services completes a sale in response to an acquisition, appropriation, requisition or an interaction with the buyer at the point of sale. There is a passing of title of the item, and the settlement of a price, the seller, not the purchaser generally executes the sale and it may be completed prior to the obligation of payment. In common law countries, sales are governed generally by the common law, a person or organization expressing an interest in acquiring the offered item of value is referred to as a potential buyer, prospective customer or prospect. Buying and selling are understood to be two sides of the coin or transaction. Both seller and buyer engage in a process of negotiation to consummate the exchange of values, the exchange, or selling, process has implied rules and identifiable stages. It is implied that the process will proceed fairly and ethically so that the parties end up nearly equally rewarded. Sometimes, sellers have to use their own experiences when selling products with appropriate discounts, from a management viewpoint it is thought of as a part of marketing, although the skills required are different. Sales often forms a separate grouping in a structure, employing separate specialist operatives known as salespersons. Selling is considered by many to be a sort of persuading art, selling is the profession-wide term, much like marketing defines a profession. Recently, attempts have been made to understand who is in the sales profession. There are many articles looking at marketing, advertising, promotions, two common terms used to describe a salesperson are Farmer and Hunter. The reality is that most professional sales people have a little of both, a hunter is often associated with aggressive personalities who use aggressive sales technique. In terms of sales methodology a hunter refers to a person whose focus is on bringing in and this process is called sales capturing. An example is a commodity such as a long distance sales person, shoe sales person. Their job is to find and convert buyers, a sales farmer is someone who creates sales demand by activities that directly influence and alter the buying process. Many believe that the focus of selling is on the agents involved in the exchange between buyer and seller
Selling
–
A vegetable seller in a rural Sri Lankan village
6.
Motor vehicle
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For legal purposes motor vehicles are often identified within a number of vehicle classes including cars, buses, motorcycles, off-road vehicles, light trucks and regular trucks. These classifications vary according to the codes of each country. ISO3833,1977 is the standard for road vehicles types, terms, as of 2010 there were more than one billion motor vehicles in use in the world excluding off-road vehicles and heavy construction equipment. Global vehicle ownership per capita in 2010 was 148 vehicles in operation per 1000 people, the United States has the largest fleet of motor vehicles in the world, with 239.8 million in 2010. Vehicle ownership per capita in the US is also the highest in the world with 769 vehicles in operation per 1000 people. The Peoples Republic of China has the second largest fleet in the world, with more than 78 million vehicles. In 2011, a total of 80 million cars and commercial vehicles were built, led by China, the US publisher Wards, estimate that as of 2010 there were 1.015 billion motor vehicles in use in the world. This figure represents the number of cars, light, medium and heavy duty trucks, and buses, the world vehicle population passed the 500 million-unit mark in 1986, from 250 million motor vehicles in 1970. Between 1950 and 1970, the population doubled roughly every 10 years. Two US researchers estimate that the fleet will reach 2 billion motor vehicles by 2020. Navigant Consulting forecasts that the stock of light-duty motor vehicles will reach 2 billion units in 2035. The global rate of motorization increased in 2013 to 174 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants, in developing countries vehicle ownership rates rarely exceed 200 cars per 1,000 population. The five largest markets, Germany, Italy, France, the UK, the EU-27 member countries had in 2009 an estimated ownership rate of 473 passenger cars per 1000 people. According to Wards, Italy had the second highest vehicle ownership per capita in 2010, Germany had a rate of motorization of 534 vehicles per 1000 people and the UK of 525 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants, both in 2008. France had a rate of 575 vehicles per 1000 people and Spain 608 vehicles per 1000 people in 2007, portugal, between 1991 and 2002 grew up 220% on its motorization rate, having had in 2002,560 cars per 1000 people. Italy also leads in alternative fuel vehicles, with a fleet of 779,090 natural gas vehicles as of June 2012, sweden, with 225,000 flexible-fuel vehicles, has the largest flexifuel fleet in Europe by mid-2011. According to Wards, the United States has the largest fleet of vehicles in the world. Vehicle ownership per capita in the U. S. is also the highest in the world with 769 vehicles in operation per 1000 inhabitants, or a ratio of 1,1.3 vehicles to people
Motor vehicle
–
The United States has the world's largest motor vehicle registered fleet, with almost 250 million vehicles.
Motor vehicle
–
The People's Republic of China became the world's largest new car market in 2009
7.
Economic sector
–
One classical breakdown of economic activity distinguishes three sectors, Primary, involves the retrieval and production of raw materials, such as corn, coal, wood and iron. Secondary, involves the transformation of raw or intermediate materials into goods e. g. manufacturing steel into cars, tertiary, involves the supplying of services to consumers and businesses, such as baby-sitting, cinema and banking. In the 20th century, economists began to suggest that traditional tertiary services could be distinguished from quaternary and quinary service sectors. An economy may include several sectors that evolved in successive phases, the industrial revolution lessened the role of subsistence farming, converting land-use to more extensive and monocultural forms of agriculture over the last three centuries. Economic growth took place mostly in the mining, construction and manufacturing industries, in the economies of modern consumer societies, services, finance, and technology – the knowledge economy – play an increasingly significant role. Even in modern times, developing countries tend to more on the first two sectors, in contrast to developed countries
Economic sector
–
This figure illustrates the percentages of a country's economy made up by different sector. The figure illustrates that countries with higher levels of socio-economic development tend to have less of their economy made up of primary and secondary sectors and more emphasis in tertiary sectors. The less developed countries exhibit the inverse pattern.
8.
Revenue
–
In accounting, revenue is the income that a business has from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Revenue is also referred to as sales or turnover, some companies receive revenue from interest, royalties, or other fees. Revenue may refer to income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, received during a period of time, as in Last year. Profits or net income generally imply total revenue minus total expenses in a given period, in accounting, revenue is often referred to as the top line due to its position on the income statement at the very top. This is to be contrasted with the line which denotes net income. For non-profit organizations, annual revenue may be referred to as gross receipts, in general usage, revenue is income received by an organization in the form of cash or cash equivalents. Sales revenue or revenues is income received from selling goods or services over a period of time, tax revenue is income that a government receives from taxpayers. In more formal usage, revenue is a calculation or estimation of periodic income based on a standard accounting practice or the rules established by a government or government agency. Two common accounting methods, cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting, corporations that offer shares for sale to the public are usually required by law to report revenue based on generally accepted accounting principles or International Financial Reporting Standards. In a double-entry bookkeeping system, revenue accounts are general ledger accounts that are summarized periodically under the heading Revenue or Revenues on an income statement, Revenue account names describe the type of revenue, such as Repair service revenue, Rent revenue earned or Sales. Money income from activities that are ordinary for a corporation, company, partnership. For some businesses, such as manufacturing and/or grocery, most revenue is from the sale of goods, service businesses such as law firms and barber shops receive most of their revenue from rendering services. Lending businesses such as car rentals and banks receive most of their revenue from fees, Revenues from a businesss primary activities are reported as sales, sales revenue or net sales. This includes product returns and discounts for early payment of invoices, most businesses also have revenue that is incidental to the businesss primary activities, such as interest earned on deposits in a demand account. This is included in revenue but not included in net sales, Sales revenue does not include sales tax collected by the business. Other revenue is revenue from peripheral operations, for example, a company that manufactures and sells automobiles would record the revenue from the sale of an automobile as regular revenue. The combination of all the revenue generating systems of a business is called its revenue model, Revenue is a crucial part of financial statement analysis. The company’s performance is measured to the extent to which its asset inflows compare with its asset outflows, net income is the result of this equation, but revenue typically enjoys equal attention during a standard earnings call
Revenue
–
Accounting
9.
Automobile repair shop
–
An automobile repair shop is a repair shop where automobiles are repaired by auto mechanics and technicians. Automotive garages and repair shops can be divided into following categories and this is not common in the United Kingdom but more common in the US. Automobile repair workshops that are owned and operated businesses. These may also include regional or national chains and franchises including OEM car dealership sites, in the United States, these sites are commonly certified by their respective manufacturer to perform warranty and recall repairs by that manufacturer or distributor. Independent automobile repair shops in the US may also achieve certification through manufacturer sponsored programs, in the European Union a recent law allows motorists more flexibility in selecting where they can get their car serviced. Also, some repair shops provide additional towning services. There are also automotive repair shops that specialize in vehicle modifications, oftentimes, various specialized auto repair shops will have varied infrastructure and facilities, as well as technicians and mechanics with different qualifications. Such kind of organizations are predominant in US with wide acceptance, automotive repair shops also offer paintwork repairs to scratches, scuffs and dents to vehicle damage as well as damage caused by collisions and major accidents. Many body shops now offer paintless dent repair, which is done by pushing the dents out from inside, OEM Certified Collision Centers have the highest standards. Automotive Service Excellence Breakdown Preventive maintenance Reliability centered maintenance
Automobile repair shop
–
A convertible undergoing regular maintenance at a
Sam's Club service garage
10.
Filling station
–
A filling station is a facility that sells fuel and engine lubricants for motor vehicles. The most common fuels sold in the 2010s are gasoline and diesel fuel, Fuel dispensers are also known as bowsers, petrol pumps or gas pumps. Also, many filling stations incorporate a convenience store, which like most other buildings generally have electricity sockets, the convenience stores found in filling stations typically sell candy, soda/pop, snacks and, in some cases, a small selection of grocery items. Some also sell propane or butane and have added shops to their primary business, conversely, some chain stores, such as supermarkets, discount superstores, warehouse clubs, or traditional convenience stores, have provided filling stations on the premises. The term gas station is used in the United States, Canada and the English-speaking Caribbean. In some regions of Canada, the term gas bar is used, elsewhere in the English-speaking world, mainly in the Commonwealth, the fuel is known as petrol, and the term petrol station or petrol pump is used. In the United Kingdom and South Africa garage is still commonly used, similarly, in Australia, the term service station describes any petrol station. In Japanese English, it is called a gasoline stand, in Indian English, it is called a petrol pump or a petrol bunk. In some regions of America and Australia, many filling stations have a mechanic on duty, latest figures show there are now 8,455 petrol stations in the UK down from about 18,000 in 1992 and a peak of around 40,000 in the mid-1960s. The USA had 114,474 filling stations in 2012, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, in Canada, the number is on the decline. As of December 2008,12,684 were in operation, significantly down from about 20,000 stations recorded in 1989 In Japan, in Germany, the number dropped down to 14,300 in 2011. In China, according to different reports, the number is about 95,000 to 97,000. India –43,000 Russia - there were about 25,000 gas stations in the Russian Federation In Argentina, as of 2014, the first places that sold gasoline were pharmacies, as a side business. The first filling station was the city pharmacy in Wiesloch, Germany, since 2008 the Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event. The increase in automobile ownership after Henry Ford started to sell automobiles that the class could afford resulted in an increased demand for filling stations. The worlds first purpose built gas station was constructed in St. Louis, the second gas station was constructed in 1907 by Standard Oil of California in Seattle, Washington at what is now Pier 32. Reighards Gas Station in Altoona, Pennsylvania claims that it dates from 1909 and is the oldest existing gas station in the United States, early on, they were known to motorists as filling stations. The first drive-in filling station, Gulf Refining Company, opened to the public in Pittsburgh on December 1,1913 at Baum Blvd & St Clairs Street
Filling station
–
The
Skovshoved Filling Station, in operation since 1935, in Copenhagen, Denmark
Filling station
–
A
Shell filling station in
Sabah, Malaysia
Filling station
–
Filling station in
Luduș, Transylvania, Romania
Filling station
–
The world's first "filling station", the City Pharmacy in
Wiesloch, Germany
11.
Elmer Ambrose Sperry
–
Elmer Ambrose Sperry, Sr. was an American inventor and entrepreneur, most famous as co-inventor, with Herman Anschütz-Kaempfe of the gyrocompass and as founder of the Sperry Gyroscope Company. His compasses and stabilizers were adopted by the United States Navy and he also worked closely with Japanese companies and the Japanese government and was honored after his death with a biography in his honor. Sperry was born at Cincinnatus, New York on October 12,1860 to Stephen Decatur Sperry and Mary Burst and his family had been in what is now the Northeastern United States since the 1600s, and his earliest American ancestor was an English colonist named Richard Sperry. His mother died the day, from complications from his birth. He spent three years at the normal school in Cortland, New York, then a year at Cornell University in 1878 and 1879. He moved to Chicago, Illinois, early in 1880 and soon founded the Sperry Electric Company. He married Zula Augusta Goodman in Chicago, Illinois on June 28,1887 and he drove the first American-made car in Paris in 1896. Sperry experimented with engines and gyroscopic compasses and gyroscopic stabilizers for ships. Perrys work eventually resulted in a gyroscope that could replace the magnetic compass, in 1910 he founded the Sperry Gyroscope Company in Brooklyn, New York on the basis of this innovation. His first navigational gyroscope was tested that same year in USS Delaware, during both world wars, Sperrys company profited from military demand for gyroscopes. His technology was used in torpedoes, ships, airplanes, perry moved into related devices such as bombsights, fire control, radar, and automated take off and landing. In 1914 he won a prize from the Aero Club of France for his airplane stabilizer and he also was awarded a Franklin Institute Medal in the same year. In 1918 he produced a high-intensity arc lamp which was used as a searchlight by both the Army and Navy after setting up eight companies and taking out over 400 patents. In 1923, his son, Lawrence Burst Sperry, died in the North Sea in the crash of an airplane of his own design, in January 1929 he sold his Sperry Gyroscope Company to North American Aviation. The following year his wife died on March 31, in Havana and he died at St. Johns Hospital in Brooklyn, New York on June 16,1930 from complications following the removal of gallstones six weeks earlier. Sperry Electric Mining Machine Company, Sperry Electric Railway Company, Chicago Fuse Wire Company, Sperry Gyroscope Company, founded to manufacture Sperrys development of the gyrocompass, originally invented by Herman Anschütz-Kaempfe in 1908. Sperrys first model was installed on the battleship USS Delaware in 1911, the companies eventually evolved into Sperry Marine Sperry was also a founding member of the US Naval Consulting Board,1915. In 1916, Sperry joined Peter Hewitt to develop the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane, one of the first successful precursors of the UAV, USS Sperry was named for him, as was the annual Elmer A
Elmer Ambrose Sperry
–
Elmer Ambrose Sperry, Sr.
12.
History of the automobile
–
The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, in 1807 François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen. Marcus created the two-cycle combustion engine, the cars second incarnation in 1880 introduced a four-cycle, gasoline-powered engine, an ingenious carburetor design and magneto ignition. He created an additional two models further refining his design with steering, a clutch and brakes, the four-stroke petrol internal combustion engine that still constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by Nikolaus Otto. The similar four-stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel, the hydrogen fuel cell, one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered in principle by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838. The battery electric car owes its beginnings to Ányos Jedlik, one of the inventors of the motor, and Gaston Planté. In 1886, Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile and this is also considered to be the first production vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies. The automobile was powered by a single two stroke engine. The early history of the automobile was concentrated on the search for a portable power unit to propel the vehicle. Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China and it was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam-powered vehicle. Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles large enough to people and cargo were first devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his fardier à vapeur, an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor, as Cugnots design proved to be impractical, his invention was not developed in his native France. The center of innovation shifted to Great Britain, by 1784, William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth and in 1801 Richard Trevithick was running a full-sized vehicle on the roads in Camborne. The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789, during the 19th century attempts were made to introduce practical steam powered vehicles. Innovations such as brakes, multi-speed transmissions and better steering developed. This effectively halted road auto development in the UK for most of the rest of the 19th century, the law was not repealed until 1896, although the need for the red flag was removed in 1878. In 1816, a professor at Prague Polytechnic, Josef Bozek, walter Hancock, builder and operator of London steam buses, in 1838 built a four-seat steam phaeton. In 1867, Canadian jeweller Henry Seth Taylor demonstrated his 4-wheeled steam buggy at the Stanstead Fair in Stanstead, Quebec, the basis of the buggy, which he began building in 1865, was a high-wheeled carriage with bracing to support a two-cylinder steam engine mounted on the floor
History of the automobile
–
Cugnot's steam wagon, the second (1771) version
History of the automobile
–
A replica of Richard Trevithick's 1801 road locomotive 'Puffing Devil'
History of the automobile
–
German Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888, regarded as the first electric car of the world
History of the automobile
–
1885-built
Benz Patent-Motorwagen, the first car to go into production with an internal combustion engine
13.
Thomas B. Jeffery Company
–
Jeffery Company was an American automobile manufacturer in Kenosha, Wisconsin from 1902 until 1916. The company manufactured the Rambler and Jeffery brand motorcars and it was preceded by the Gormully & Jeffery Manufacturing Company, a bicycle manufacturer. It was the parent company to Nash Motors, thus one of the parent companies of American Motors, Jeffery was an inventor and an industrialist. He was one of Americas first entrepreneurs interested in automobiles in the late 19th century, in 1897, he built his first prototype motorcar. Jeffery was serious enough about automobiles to sell his stake in Gormully & Jeffery to the American Bicycle Company to finance the new car company, Charles T. Jefferys experimental prototypes of 1901 used at least two radical innovations – steering wheels and front-mounted engines. By the time Charles was ready for production in 1902, his father had talked him out of wild dreams and convinced him to stick with tillers. From 1902 until 1908, Jeffery moved steadily to bigger, more reliable starting with the 1902 Model C. Jeffery cars were built on lines, and in 1903 Jeffery sold 1,350 Ramblers. By 1905, Jeffery more than doubled this number, one reason may have been because Charles went back to the steering wheel before 1904. In 1907, Jeffery was building a variety of different body styles and sizes. Among them was a five-passenger, US$2,500 Rambler weighing 2,600 pounds, Jeffery, died in Pompeii, Italy and in June of that year the business was incorporated under the name of the Thomas B. Jeffery Company, with Charles T. Jeffery as the president and general manager, H. W. Jeffery, vice president, in 1915, Charles T. Jeffery, changed the automotive branding from Rambler to Jeffery to honor the founder, his father, Thomas B. As of 1916, G. H. Eddy replaced H. W. Jeffery as the treasurer so H. W. Jeffery could focus on the position of vice president. G. W. Greiner was the secretary, L. H. Bill the general manager, J. W. DeCou the factory manager, and Al Recke was the sales manager. Charles T. Jeffery survived the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in 1915, Charles W. Nash resigned from General Motors, saw an opportunity and bought the Thomas B. Jeffery, with the money from his sale of Gormully & Jeffery, bought the old Sterling Bicycle Companys factory in Kenosha, the original factory building was only 600 x 100 feet in size. However, by 1916, the companys buildings expanded over 20 acres under roof, the Quad introduced numerous engineering innovations. Its design and durability proved effective in traversing the muddy, rough, the Quad also became one of the effective work vehicles in World War I
Thomas B. Jeffery Company
–
Contents
Thomas B. Jeffery Company
–
Thomas B. Jeffery and his 1897 Rambler prototype
Thomas B. Jeffery Company
–
Charles T. Jeffery driving a 1901 Rambler model A
Thomas B. Jeffery Company
–
The sprawling Jeffery works circa 1915
14.
Brass Era car
–
The Brass Era is an American term for the early period of automotive manufacturing, named for the prominent brass fittings used during this time for such things as lights and radiators. It is generally considered to encompass 1896 through 1915, a time when vehicles were often referred to as horseless carriages. Within the 20 years that make up this era, the experimental designs. This system specified front-engined, rear-wheel drive internal combustion engined cars with a sliding gear transmission, in the early part of this period steam car development had advanced, and they were among the fastest road vehicles in that period. Electric cars also held a market throughout the era. Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the worlds attention, key developments included the electric ignition system, independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes. Leaf springs were used for suspension, though many other systems were still in use. Safety glass also made its debut, patented by John Wood in England in 1905, angle steel took over from armored wood as the frame material of choice, and in 1912, Hupp pioneered the use of all-steel bodies, joined in 1914 by Dodge. In January,1904, Frank Leslies Popular Monthly magazine catalogued the entire range of available to the mass market in the United States. In both instances, however, the great majority faded out of the once the industry had become firmly established. As late as 1917, there were 127 different makes of American automobiles on the market, a great many more names, including Brush, Duryea, Alco, Speedwell, and Waverly, had already disappeared from the scene by 1917. Sixty Years with Men and Machines, New York and London, McGraw-Hill, available as a reprint from Lindsay Publications. Csere, Csaba,10 Best Engineering Breakthroughs, Car and Driver,33, cars, 1886–1930, New York, Beekman House, distributed by Crown, ISBN 0-517-48073-5
Brass Era car
–
1905
Jackson Model C
Brass Era car
–
A
Royal Tourist model US Army vehicle, circa 1906. The vehicle was the conveyance of General
Frederick Funston (leftmost figure in the back seat).
Brass Era car
–
A 1911
K-R-I-T advertisement
Brass Era car
–
A Stanley Steamer racecar in 1903; in 1906, a similar Stanley Rocket set the world land speed record at 205.5 km/h (127.6 mi/h) at Daytona Beach Road Course.
15.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
16.
Great Depression
–
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
Great Depression
–
Dorothea Lange 's
Migrant Mother depicts destitute
pea pickers in
California, centering on
Florence Owens Thompson, age 32, a mother of seven children, in
Nipomo, California, March 1936
Great Depression
–
USA annual real GDP from 1910 to 1960, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–1939) highlighted.
Great Depression
–
Crowd gathering at the intersection of
Wall Street and Broad Street after the
1929 crash
Great Depression
–
Crowds outside the
Bank of United States in New York after its failure in 1931
17.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
18.
Automobile safety
–
Automobile safety is the study and practice of design, construction, equipment and regulation to minimize the occurrence and consequences of traffic collisions. Road traffic safety more broadly includes roadway design, one of the first formal academic studies into improving vehicle safety was by Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory of Buffalo, New York. The main conclusion of their report is the crucial importance of seat belts. However, the vector of traffic-related deaths and injuries is the disproportionate mass and velocity of an automobile compared to that of the predominant victim. In the United States a pedestrian is injured by an automobile every 8 minutes, improvements in roadway and automobile designs have steadily reduced injury and death rates in all first world countries. Nevertheless, auto collisions are the cause of injury-related deaths. Of those killed by autos, nearly two-thirds are pedestrians, risk compensation theory has been used in arguments against safety devices, regulations and modifications of vehicles despite the efficacy of saving lives. Coalitions to promote road and automobile safety, such as Together for Safer Roads, brings together global private sector companies, across industries, to collaborate on improving road safety. TSR brings together knowledge, data, technology, and global networks to focus on five road safety areas that will make the greatest impact globally. Work-related roadway crashes are the cause of death from traumatic injuries in the U. S. workplace. They accounted for nearly 12,000 deaths between 1992 and 2000, deaths and injuries from these roadway crashes result in increased costs to employers and lost productivity in addition to their toll in human suffering. Workers outside the motor carrier industry routinely operate company-owned vehicles for deliveries, sales and repair calls, in these instances, the employer providing the vehicle generally plays a major role in setting safety, maintenance, and training policy. As in non-occupational driving, young drivers are especially at risk, in the workplace, 45% of all fatal injuries to workers under age 18 between 1992 and 2000 in the United States resulted from transportation incidents. The terms active and passive are simple but important terms in the world of automotive safety, active safety is used to refer to technology assisting in the prevention of a crash and passive safety to components of the vehicle that help to protect occupants during a crash. Crash avoidance systems and devices help the driver — and, increasingly, Driver assistance systems include, DADS, DADS, Driver Alertness Detection System System to prevent crashes caused by fatigue Automatic Braking systems to prevent or reduce the severity of collision. Crashworthy systems and devices prevent or reduce the severity of injuries when a crash is imminent or actually happening, much research is carried out using anthropomorphic crash test dummies. Seatbelts limit the motion of an occupant, stretch to absorb energy, to lengthen the time of the occupants negative acceleration in a crash. They prevent occupants being ejected from the vehicle and ensure that they are in the position for the operation of the airbags
Automobile safety
–
Ferrari F430 steering wheel with
airbag
Automobile safety
–
1974
Mini Clubman Experimental Safety Vehicle featuring a "pedestrian-friendly" front end.
Automobile safety
–
Consumer information label for a vehicle with at least one US NCAP star rating
19.
Manufacturers
–
Manufacturing is the value added to production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product, the manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part. Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems, in a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation, modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required the production and integration of a products components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead, the manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Sony, Huawei, Lenovo, Toyota, Samsung, in its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. In much of the world, the guild system protected the privileges. Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system. Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm, manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense. On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs, the clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks and these costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals. The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally, developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a role in the negotiation of worker rights. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world, tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing
Manufacturers
–
Textile factory (
Germany, circa 1975).
Manufacturers
Manufacturers
–
Assembly of Section 41 of a
Boeing 787 Dreamliner
Manufacturers
–
A female industrial
worker amidst heavy steel semi-products (KINEX BEARINGS,
Bytča,
Slovakia, c. 1995–2000)
20.
Automobiles
–
A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
Automobiles
–
Benz "Velo" model (1894) by German inventor
Carl Benz – entered into an
early automobile race as a
motocycle
Automobiles
–
A modern car,
BMW E90
Automobiles
–
Cugnot's 1771 fardier à vapeur, as preserved at the
Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris
Automobiles
–
Karl Benz, the inventor of the modern car
21.
Motor vehicles
–
For legal purposes motor vehicles are often identified within a number of vehicle classes including cars, buses, motorcycles, off-road vehicles, light trucks and regular trucks. These classifications vary according to the codes of each country. ISO3833,1977 is the standard for road vehicles types, terms, as of 2010 there were more than one billion motor vehicles in use in the world excluding off-road vehicles and heavy construction equipment. Global vehicle ownership per capita in 2010 was 148 vehicles in operation per 1000 people, the United States has the largest fleet of motor vehicles in the world, with 239.8 million in 2010. Vehicle ownership per capita in the US is also the highest in the world with 769 vehicles in operation per 1000 people. The Peoples Republic of China has the second largest fleet in the world, with more than 78 million vehicles. In 2011, a total of 80 million cars and commercial vehicles were built, led by China, the US publisher Wards, estimate that as of 2010 there were 1.015 billion motor vehicles in use in the world. This figure represents the number of cars, light, medium and heavy duty trucks, and buses, the world vehicle population passed the 500 million-unit mark in 1986, from 250 million motor vehicles in 1970. Between 1950 and 1970, the population doubled roughly every 10 years. Two US researchers estimate that the fleet will reach 2 billion motor vehicles by 2020. Navigant Consulting forecasts that the stock of light-duty motor vehicles will reach 2 billion units in 2035. The global rate of motorization increased in 2013 to 174 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants, in developing countries vehicle ownership rates rarely exceed 200 cars per 1,000 population. The five largest markets, Germany, Italy, France, the UK, the EU-27 member countries had in 2009 an estimated ownership rate of 473 passenger cars per 1000 people. According to Wards, Italy had the second highest vehicle ownership per capita in 2010, Germany had a rate of motorization of 534 vehicles per 1000 people and the UK of 525 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants, both in 2008. France had a rate of 575 vehicles per 1000 people and Spain 608 vehicles per 1000 people in 2007, portugal, between 1991 and 2002 grew up 220% on its motorization rate, having had in 2002,560 cars per 1000 people. Italy also leads in alternative fuel vehicles, with a fleet of 779,090 natural gas vehicles as of June 2012, sweden, with 225,000 flexible-fuel vehicles, has the largest flexifuel fleet in Europe by mid-2011. According to Wards, the United States has the largest fleet of vehicles in the world. Vehicle ownership per capita in the U. S. is also the highest in the world with 769 vehicles in operation per 1000 inhabitants, or a ratio of 1,1.3 vehicles to people
Motor vehicles
–
The United States has the world's largest motor vehicle registered fleet, with almost 250 million vehicles.
Motor vehicles
–
The People's Republic of China became the world's largest new car market in 2009
22.
Automotive industry by country
–
This article provides an overview of the automotive industry in countries around the world. The United States was the worlds largest automobile producer by volume from the years of the 20th century until the 1980s. In 2009, China became the worlds largest vehicle producer and it is among the largest continent automotive market can exceed 500,000 units a year. Adding that the standards will be applied in both Tiaret, which will produce 10. In December 2015 an agreement signed with an Algerian company and the Iranian automaking group Saipa will produce X100, Tiba I and II, Saina, the project is in partnership with the Chinese Jianghuaa Automobile Corporation JAC Motors and Emin Auto. This project will be located in the new industrial zone Tamazoura,54 km over an area of 34 hectares and this assembly unit will generate 270 job positions at first to move to 450 jobs during its fifth year of production. The plant is expected to produce 10,000 trucks a year, the vehicles brands Volvo group will be assembled in this unit, This plant has the potential to become an important element in the global network of Iveco. The groups president, Pierre Lahutte, said that the company has a development model based on partnership. Moreover, the country represents 13% of group sales in Africa, Toyota Algeria announced three projects in the assembly and manufacture of spare parts. The first project relates to the launch an assembly line of heavyweights Hino brand. The plant will produce light truck tonnage, the Hino 300 series, for the second project, it is a Toyota vehicle assembly possibility in Algeria. Toyota Algeria also announced the launch of a unit of brake pads and brake shoes. The beginnings of the Egyptian automotive industry date back to 1960, during the socialist era, the government pledged to transform the country from an agricultural economy to an industrial one, and the first completely Egyptian car was produced. The car soon went out of production, as it was unable to compete with brands, especially following the end of socialism. It was not until 1985 that automotive giant, General Motors, set up its first assembly plant in Egypt, besides GM, giants such as BMW, Nissan, Hyundai, and Daewoo produce a majority of their product line in their factories in Egypt. In fact, the BMW assembly line in Egypt is the only factory outside Germany where the BMW7 Series is produced, but it was not until 2004 that the Egyptian automotive market began to expand exponentially, along with the local production of both assembled cars and components. The total production market in Egypt consisted of only 49,335 vehicles in 2004 and this figure rose to 116,683 vehicles in 2010, a 136% increase. However, due to the changes starting in 2011, production was down over 31% in 2012
Automotive industry by country
–
Assembly line at
Hyundai Motor Company car factory in
Ulsan,
South Korea.
Automotive industry by country
–
Volkswagen assembly line, Wolfsburg, in 1973
Automotive industry by country
–
Citroën C3 Picasso is now produced in
Trnava, Slovakia.
23.
Boston Consulting Group
–
The Boston Consulting Group is an American worldwide management consulting firm with 88 offices in 48 countries. The firm advises clients in the private, public, and not-for-profit sectors around the world, considered one of the most prestigious management consulting firms in a branche-internal survey, BCG was ranked third in Fortunes 100 Best Companies to Work For in 2017. The company was founded by Bruce D. Henderson, a Vanderbilt University, after many years in the purchasing department of Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, he joined Arthur D. Little in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was then recruited by The Boston Company, where he founded a one-man, in 1975, Henderson arranged an employee stock ownership plan, and employees spun-off BCG from The Boston Company. The buyout of all shares was completed in 1979, in January 2013, Rich Lesser became the sixth president and chief executive officer of BCG. The headquarters will be located at the site of the former Anthonys Pier 4 restaurant, BCG received the number 1 spot in Consulting Magazines 2016 Best Firms to Work for ranking. BCG also won recognition in Consulting Magazines 2014 The Best Firms to Work For ranking. Fortune Magazine ranked BCG second in its 2011-2012 lists of the top 100 best companies to work for, the 2016 rankings by Fortune listed BCG as the third best company to work for. And in 2015 BCG ranked second, bCGs recruiting process is notoriously demanding, typically taking candidates through multiple rounds of case and experience-based interviews. In 2013, career review site Glassdoor ranked BCG as the 3rd most difficult company with which to interview, in 1968, BCG created the growth-share matrix, a simple chart to assist large corporations in deciding how to allocate cash among their business units. The experience curve illustrates that the more often a task is performed the lower the cost of doing it will be, the task can be the production of any good or service. Each time cumulative volume doubles, value-added costs fall by a constant, BCG founder, Bruce Henderson, expounded the implications of the experience curve for strategy. BCG research concluded that relatively low cost of operations is a very powerful strategic advantage, firms should capitalize on these learning. In this matrix, the two axes are economies of scale and differentiation, the four quadrants formed are called Volume, Stalemated, Specialized, and Fragmented. Yves Morieux and Peter Tollman, Six Simple Rules, How to Manage Complexity without Getting Complicated,2014, ISBN1422190552 Luc de Brabandere and Alan Iny, Thinking in New Boxes, A New Paradigm for Business Creativity,2013. ISBN0812992954 Michael Deimler, Rich Lesser, David Rhodes, and Janmejaya Sinha, ISBN9781118591703 Michael J. Silverstein, Abheek Singhi, Carol Liao, and David Michael, The $10 Trillion Dollar Prize - Captivating the Newly Affluent in China and India,2012. ISBN1422187055 David Rhodes and Daniel Stelter, Accelerating Out of the Great Recession,2010, ISBN0071718141 Michael J. Silverstein and Kate Sayre. Women Want More, How to Capture Your Share of the Worlds Largest, ISBN0061776416 Harold L. Sirkin, James W. Hemerling and Arindam K. Bhattacharya
Boston Consulting Group
24.
BRIC
–
In economics, BRIC is a grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China, which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. It is typically rendered as the BRICs or the BRIC countries or the BRIC economies or alternatively as the Big Four, a related acronym, BRICS, adds South Africa. There are arguments that Indonesia should be included into grouping, effectively turning it into BRIIC or BRIICS, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping and on December 24,2010 South Africa was invited to join BRICS. The aim of BRIC is establishment of an equitable, democratic and multi polar world order, Jim ONeill, told the summit that South Africa, at a population of under 50 million people, was just too small as an economy to join the BRIC ranks. But future of BRIC as a group is questionable. In 2012, a book with title Breakout Nations mentioned that it is hard to sustain growth for more than a decade. And in 2015, only India can lure global investors, China struggles with its slow down, while Brazil, the economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India and China is such that they could become among the four most dominant economies by the year 2050. The thesis was proposed by Jim ONeill, global economist at Goldman Sachs and these countries encompass over 25% of the worlds land coverage and 40% of the worlds population and hold a combined GDP of $20 trillion. On almost every scale, they would be the largest entity on the global stage and these four countries are among the biggest and fastest-growing emerging markets. The BRIC thesis recognizes that Brazil, Russia, India and China have changed their systems to embrace global capitalism. Of the four countries, Brazil remains the only polity that has the capacity to continue all elements, meaning manufacturing, services, cooperation is thus hypothesized to be a logical next step among the BRICs because Brazil and Russia together form the logical commodity suppliers. In 2016, an economist from Australia predicted that in 2050, based on Gross Domestic Product per capita spending, China will be the first and followed by India, Indonesia which nowadays does not belong to BRIC countries will jump from 9th position to 4th position. And Brazil will be in fifth position and it is due to the global economic center is shifting from the Atlantic to the Asia Pacific region. The Goldman Sachs global economics team released a report to its initial BRIC study in 2004. The report states that in BRIC nations, the number of people with an income over a threshold of $3,000 will double in number within three years and reach 800 million people within a decade. This predicts a massive rise in the size of the class in these nations. In 2025, it is calculated that the number of people in BRIC nations earning over $15,000 may reach over 200 million people and this indicates that a huge pickup in demand will not be restricted to basic goods but impact higher-priced goods as well. According to the report, first China and then a decade later India will begin to dominate the world economy, the report also highlights Indias inefficient energy consumption and mentions the dramatic under-representation of these economies in the global capital markets
BRIC
–
São Paulo, Brazil
BRIC
–
GDP (PPP)
BRIC
–
Moscow, Russia
BRIC
–
Mumbai, India
25.
Iran
–
Iran, also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East, with 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the worlds 17th-most-populous country. It is the country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The countrys central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, Tehran is the countrys capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is the site of to one of the worlds oldest civilizations, the area was first unified by the Iranian Medes in 625 BC, who became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great, under the Sassanid Dynasty, Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world for the next four centuries. Beginning in 633 AD, Arabs conquered Iran and largely displaced the indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism by Islam, Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. During the 18th century, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, through the late 18th and 19th centuries, a series of conflicts with Russia led to significant territorial losses and the erosion of sovereignty. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a monarchy and the countrys first legislative body. Following a coup instigated by the U. K. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution, Irans rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and 11th-largest in the world. Iran is a member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC. Its political system is based on the 1979 Constitution which combines elements of a democracy with a theocracy governed by Islamic jurists under the concept of a Supreme Leadership. A multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, most inhabitants are Shia Muslims, the largest ethnic groups in Iran are the Persians, Azeris, Kurds and Lurs. Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis, meaning land of the Persians. As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, however, Persis was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the end of the Zagros Mountains. In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably
Iran
–
Cave painting in Doushe cave,
Lorestan, Iran,
8th millennium BC
Iran
–
Flag
Iran
–
A depiction of the united
Medes and
Persians in
Apadana,
Persepolis
Iran
–
Ruins of the
Gate of All Nations,
Persepolis
26.
Indonesia
–
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
Indonesia
–
A
Borobudur ship carved on
Borobudur, c. 800 CE. Indonesian outrigger boats may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa as early as the 1st century CE.
Indonesia
–
Flag
Indonesia
–
The
nutmeg plant is native to Indonesia's
Banda Islands.
Indonesia
–
Tan Malaka, Indonesian philosopher, guerilla, and national hero.
27.
Light commercial vehicle
–
Qualifying light commercial vehicles include pickup trucks, vans and three-wheelers all commercially based goods or passenger carrier. All of the light commercial vehicles are sold through dealer networks. Usually a car dealer will have a franchise for the sale of a manufacturers cars, isuzu Truck market commercial vehicles up to 18 tonnes GVW and Iveco market their heavy truck range with their Daily van to complement this. Many franchised dealers also retail used LCVs, with the poorer quality examples sent to specialist auctions for sale, there is a large network of independent used commercial vehicle retailers who retail thousands of used commercial vehicles every month. LCV dealers are using the Internet to help sell their vehicles in addition to the traditional print media. Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle Light Haulage
Light commercial vehicle
–
2006
Renault Trafic, also rebadged as Opel/Vauxhall
Light commercial vehicle
–
2007 Ford Transit
28.
1970s energy crisis
–
The two worst crises of this period were the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis, when the Yom Kippur War and the Iranian Revolution triggered interruptions in Middle Eastern oil exports. The crisis began to unfold as petroleum production in the United States and some parts of the world peaked in the late 1960s. World oil production per capita began a decline after 1979. The major industrial centers of the world were forced to contend with escalating issues related to petroleum supply, Western countries relied on the resources of potentially unfriendly countries in the Middle East and other parts of the world. The crisis led to stagnant economic growth in countries as oil prices surged. Although there were concerns with supply, part of the run-up in prices resulted from the perception of a crisis. The combination of stagnant growth and price inflation during this era led to the coinage of the term stagflation, the period was not uniformly negative for all economies. Petroleum-rich countries in the Middle East benefited from increased prices and the production in other areas of the world. Some other countries, such as Norway, Mexico, and Venezuela, many of these economic gains, however, came to a halt as prices stabilized and dropped in the 1980s. During the 1960s petroleum production in some of the top producers began to peak. Germany reached its peak in 1966, Venezuela and the United States in 1970. Canadas conventional oil production peaked around this same time, the worldwide production per capita peaked soon afterward. Though production in parts of the world was increasing, the peaks in these regions began to put substantial upward pressure on world oil prices. The 1973 oil crisis is a consequence of the US production peak in late 1970. The embargo as described below is the name given to the crisis. For the main Arab producers, the embargo allowed to show to the Arab street that they were doing something for the Palestinians, in real market terms the embargo was almost a non-event, and only from a few countries, towards a few countries. It should also be noted that the Embargo was never effective from Saudi Arabia towards the US, James Akins, who audited US capacity for Nixon after US peak, was US ambassador in Saudi Arabia at that time. OAPEC declared it would limit or stop oil shipments to the United States, Arab oil producers had also linked the end of the embargo with successful US efforts to create peace in the Middle East, which complicated the situation
1970s energy crisis
–
In the parlance of
recession shapes, the Recession of 1973–75 in the United States could be considered a
U-shaped recession, because of its prolonged period of weak growth and contraction. Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real Gross Domestic Product (annualized; seasonally adjusted); Average GDP growth 1947–2009 Source:
Bureau of Economic Analysis
1970s energy crisis
–
The Real and Nominal price of oil 1968- 2006.
29.
Newly industrialized country
–
The category of newly industrialized country is a socioeconomic classification applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists. NICs are countries whose economies have not yet reached a developed countrys status but have, in a macroeconomic sense, another characterization of NICs is that of countries undergoing rapid economic growth. Incipient or ongoing industrialization is an important indicator of an NIC, NICs usually share some other common features, including, Strong political leaders. A switch from agricultural to industrial economies, especially in the manufacturing sector, an increasingly open-market economy of developed nations, allowing free trade with other countries in the world. Large national corporations operating in several continents, Strong capital investment from foreign countries. Political leadership in their area of influence, rapid growth of urban centers and population. There is a distinction between these countries and the countries now considered NICs. All four economies are classified as high-income economies by the World Bank and Advanced economies by the International Monetary Fund, all of them, like Western European countries, have a Human Development Index considered very high by the UN. The table below presents the list of countries consistently considered NICs by different authors, turkey and South Africa are classified as developed countries by the CIA. Turkey was a member of the OECD in 1961 and Mexico joined in 1994. The G8+5 group is composed of the original G8 members in addition to China, India, Mexico, South Africa, note, Green-colored cells indicate higher value or best performance in index, while yellow-colored cells indicate the opposite. For China and India, the population of these two countries means that per capita income will remain low even if either economy surpasses that of the United States in overall GDP. When GDP per capita is calculated according to purchasing power parity, GDP per capita typically is an indicator for living standards in a given country as well. This group is expected to expand to G14 by adding Egypt alongside the five forementioned countries, authors set lists of countries accordingly to different methods of economic analysis. Sometimes a work ascribes NIC status to a country that other authors dont consider NIC and this is the case of countries such as Argentina, Chile, Egypt, Sri Lanka and Russia. NICs usually benefit from low wage costs, which translates into lower input prices for suppliers. This comparative advantage is often criticized by advocates of the trade movement. Critics of NICs argue economic freedom is not always associated with freedom in countries such as China, pointing out that Internet censorship
Newly industrialized country
–
Newly industrialized countries as of 2013 [update].
Algeria
Argentina
Australia (main page)
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh (main page)
Belarus (main page)
Belgium
Brazil (main page)
Bulgaria (main page)
Canada (main page)
China (main page)
Colombia
Czech Republic
Egypt
Finland
France (main page)
Ghana
Germany (main page)
Hungary (main page)
India (main page)
Indonesia (main page)
Iran (main page)
Italy (main page)
Japan (main page)
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya (main page)
Morocco (main page)
Malaysia (main page)
Mexico (main page)
Netherlands
Pakistan (main page)
Philippines
Poland (main page)
Portugal
Romania (main page)
Russia (main page)
Serbia (main page)
Slovakia (main page)
Slovenia
South Africa (main page)
South Korea (main page)
Spain (main page)
Sweden (main page)
Taiwan
Thailand (main page)
Turkey (main page)
Ukraine (main page)
United Kingdom (main page)
United States (main page)
Uzbekistan (main page)
Venezuela
Vietnam
China
United States
Japan
Germany
India
South Korea
Mexico
Spain
Canada
Brazil
France
Thailand
United Kingdom
Turkey
Czech Republic
Russia
Indonesia
Iran
Italy
Slovakia
