Baldwin II of Jerusalem

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Baldwin II
Balduin2.jpg
King of Jerusalem
Reign 1118–1131
Coronation 14 April 1118
Predecessor Baldwin I
Successors Fulk and Melisende
Count of Edessa
Reign 1100–1118
Predecessor Baldwin I
Successor Joscelin I
Died 21 August 1131
Jerusalem
Burial Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
Spouse Morphia of Melitene
Issue Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
Alice, Princess of Antioch
Hodierna, Countess of Tripoli
Iveta, Abbess of Bethany
House House of Rethel
Father Hugh I, Count of Rethel
Mother Melisende of Monthléry

Baldwin II, also known as Baldwin of Bourcq or Bourg (French: Baudouin; died 21 August 1131), was Count of Edessa from 1100 to 1118, and King of Jerusalem from 1118 until his death. He accompanied his cousins, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Baldwin of Boulogne, to the Holy Land during the First Crusade. He succeeded Baldwin of Boulogne in the County of Edessa when his cousin left the county for Jerusalem, he fell into captivity in the Battle of Harran in 1104. He was held first by Sökmen of Mardin, then by Jikirmish of Mosul, and finally by Jawali Saqawa, during his captivity, Tancred, the Crusader ruler of the Principality of Antioch, and Tancred's cousin, Richard of Salerno governed Edessa.

Baldwin was ransomed by his cousin, Joscelin of Courtenay, Lord of Turbessel in the summer of 1108. Tancred tried to retain Edessa, but Bernard of Valence, the Latin Patriarch of Antioch, persuaded him to restore the country to Baldwin. Baldwin soon made an alliance with Jawali, but Tancred and his ally, Radwan of Aleppo, defeated them at Turbessel. Baldwin and Tancred were reconciled at an assembly of the crusader leaders near Tripoli in April 1109. Mawdud, the Atabeg of Mosul, and his successor, Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, launched a series of campaigns against Edessa in the early 1110s, destroying the eastern regions of the country. Baldwin accused Joscelin of treason to seize the prosperous Turbessel from him in 1113 and captured the neighboring Armenian Lordships in 1116 and 1117.

Baldwin of Boulogne, who had been crowned the first King of Jerusalem, died on 2 July 1118, he bequeathed Jerusalem on his brother, Eustace III of Boulogne, stipulating that the throne was to be offered to Baldwin if Eustace failed to come to the Holy Land. Arnulf of Chocques, the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, and Joscelin of Courtenay, who held the largest fief in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, convinced their peers to elect Baldwin king. He took possession of most towns in the kingdom and gave Edessa to Joscelin, after the army of the Principality of Antioch was almost annihilated on 28 June 1119, Baldwin was elected Regent for the absent Bohemond II of Antioch. The frequent Seljuq invasions of Antioch forced him to spend most of his time in the principality, which caused discontent in Jerusalem, after Nur al-Daulak Balak captured him in April 1123, a group of noblemen offered the throne to Charles I, Count of Flanders, but Charles refused. During his absence, the Jerusalemite troops captured Tyre with the assistance of a Venetian fleet.

Early life[edit]

Baldwin was a younger son of Hugh I, Count of Rethel and Melisende of Monthléry,[1] he was closely related to the Lords of Courtenay and Le Puiset, and other noble families in the Ile-de-France.[2] He was also a kinsman of the brothers, Eustace III of Boulogne, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Baldwin of Boulogne, but the exact manner in which they were related is unknown.[1][3] Historian Alan V. Murray says, the primary sources suggest that their connection "was not particularly close", and Baldwin was most probably related to their mother, Ida of Lorraine.[4] Thomas Asbridge says that Baldwin was the Boulogne brothers' second cousin.[5]

He was the lord of Bourcq when he joined the army of Godfrey of Boulogne at the beginning of the First Crusade,[6] the army departed for the Holy Land on 15 August 1096, and reached Constantinople on 23 December.[7] The Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos urged the crusader leaders to take an oath fealty to him.[8] Godfrey of Bouillon appointed Baldwin, Conon of Montaigu and Geoffrey of Esch to represent him during a meeting with Alexios in January 1097,[9] after Godfrey and his principal commanders swore fealty to the emperor, the crusader army was transferred to Asia Minor in February.[10]

Baldwin of Boulogne and the Norman Tancred broke away from the main army to invade Cilicia around 15 September 1097.[11] Baldwin accompanied them in Boulogne's contingent,[12][13] he also participated in Boulogne's military campaigns against the Seljuq rulers of the fortresses in the plains near the river Euphrates.[14] After seizing Ravendel, Turbessel and Edessa, Boulogne established the first crusader state, the County of Edessa, in early 1098.[15][16]

Baldwin again joined the main crusader army, which was marching towards Jerusalem, near Tyre in late May 1099,[17] he and Tancred seized Bethlehem without fight, because the town was inhabited by local Christians.[18] Shortly after the crusaders laid siege to Jerusalem, on 13 June Baldwin and Tancred captured an old Muslim nobleman,[5] after he refused to convert to Christianity, Baldwin's soldiers beheaded him at the Tower of David to frighten the defenders of Jerusalem.[19] Jerusalem fell to the crusaders on 15 July.[20] Baldwin left Jerusalem in the retinue of Robert II, Count of Flanders, in late August.[21] Robert returned to Europe, but Baldwin remained in Syria.[22] Geoffrey of Bouillon died on 18 July 1100.[20] Baldwin of Boulogne decided to hurry to Jerusalem to take possession of Geoffrey's inheritance.[23]

Count of Edessa[edit]

First years[edit]

Baldwin was staying in Antioch when Baldwin of Boulogne decided to leave Edessa,[24] he was a military commander of the troops of Bohemond I of Antioch who had recently been captured by Danishmend Gazi.[24][25][26] Baldwin of Boulogne summoned Baldwin from Antioch and granted the County of Edessa to him.[27][28] Baldwin swore fealty to Baldwin of Boulogne,[29] who left Edessa for Jerusalem on 2 October 1100.[30]

Baldwin married Morphia, the daughter of Gabriel, the Armenian lord of Melitene,[31] which enabled him to consolidate his position among his mainly Armenian subjects.[29][32] Sökmen, the Artuqid ruler of Mardin, attacked Saruj in early 1101.[33][34] Baldwin hurried to the town, but Sökmen routed his army, forcing him to return to Edessa.[34][35] When relating the events, the Armenian historian, Matthew of Edessa, described Baldwin as a coward who was "pitiful in body".[33] Sökmen soon captured the town, but the fortress resisted the siege.[34] Baldwin went to Antioch to raise new troops before returning to Saruj,[33][34] he forced Sökmen to leave the town and executed all the townspeople who had cooperated with the Artuqids.[34]

One of his cousins, Joscelin of Courtenay, came to Edessa in 1102.[29] Baldwin soon granted him the lands west to the Euphrates.[29][36] When the Egyptians invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem in May, Baldwin of Boulogne—who had been crowned king of Jerusalem—sent envoys to Tancred (who ruled Antioch) and Baldwin, seeking their assistance,[37] they soon assembled their troops and marched to Jerusalem, but by the time they arrived in late September, the Egyptians had returned to their headquarters at Ascalon.[38][39] The three crusader rulers made a raid against Ascalon, but Tancred and Baldwin soon returned to their realms.[40]

Tancred's ambitions in Northern Syria irritated both Baldwin and Bernard of Valence, the Latin Patriarch of Antioch,[36] they started negotiations with Danishmend Gazi about Bohemond's release.[36][41] Kogh Vasil, the Armenian lord of Raban and Kaisun, and Bohemond's Italian kinsmen also contributed to his ransom.[36][41] Bohemond was set free in May 1103.[42] Baldwin granted villages to the Armenian prelate, Barsegh Pahlavuni,[43] because he wanted to strengthen his position among his Armenian subjects.[44]

First captivity[edit]

Baldwin's troops made frequent raids against the fertile plains around Harran.[45][46] Sökmen and Jikirmish, the atabeg of Mosul, made an alliance and invaded Edessa in May 1104.[45] While their troops were assembling at Ras al-Ayn, Baldwin sent envoys to Joscelin and Bohemond and persuaded them to make a joint attack against Harran.[47][48] Baldwin, Bohemond and Joscelin hurried to Harran and entered into negotiations with the Seljuq garrison about a peaceful surrender.[49][48] However, both Baldwin and Bohemond wanted to seize the wealthy town and the crusader army started disintegrating because of their conflict.[46]

Sökmen and Jikirmish attacked the crusaders' camp at Harran on 7 May.[46][50] Applying the tactic of feigned retreat, they ambushed the crusaders and captured Baldwin and Joscelin.[48][46] Bohemond and Tancred rode to Edessa to save the town.[51] Benedict, Archbishop of Edessa, and the Edessene knights elected Tancred regent for the captive Baldwin.[51][46] Baldwin had been first taken to Sökman's tent, but Jikirmish's soldiers broke into it and dragged him away.[52][53]

Jikirmish laid siege to Edessa, but Tancred routed his troops, forcing him to flee,[54] he brought Baldwin to Mosul.[55] Tancred captured a Seljuq princess of Jikirmish's household at Edessa.[54][56] Jikirmish offered to pay 15,000 bezants in ransom, or to release Baldwin in return for her liberty.[54][56] Bohemond and Tancred preferred the money and Baldwin remained imprisoned,[54][57] before his departure for Europe in the autumn, Bohemond appointed Tancred to rule Antioch and their kinsman, Richard of Salerno, was entrusted with the administration of Edessa.[58][59]

A Turkish soldier of fortune, Jawali Saqawa, captured Jikirmish and seized Mosul in 1107.[59][60] Joscelin started negotiations with Jawali about the release of Baldwin.[55] Jawali demanded 60,000 dinars and the release of the Moslim prisoners from Edessa,[55] the Seljuq Sultan, Muhammad I Tapar, made the Mamluk Mawdud atabeg of Mosul.[61] When Mawdud expelled Jawali from Mosul, Jawali fled to the fortress of Qalat Jabar, taking Baldwin with him.[62] Joscelin paid 30,000 dinars to Jawali and offered himself as hostage to guarantee the paying off the arrears.[62][63] Jawali, who needed allies against Mawdud, accepted the offer and released Baldwin in the summer of 1108.[62][64][65]

Conflicts[edit]

A coin depicting an armed man holding a sword
Baldwin's coin struck in Edessa

Baldwin went to Edessa after his release, but Tancred demanded his oath of fealty in exchange for the town.[65][66] Baldwin refuted and hurried to Turbessel,[50][62] after Tancred made a raid against Turbessel, they started peace negotiations, but could not reach a compromise.[62] Baldwin made an alliance with Kogh Vasil against Tancred at Raban.[62][59] Oshin of Lampron, also sent reinforcements—300 Pecheneg horsemen—to them.[67] Their raids against the Principality of Antioch persuaded Tancred to accept the arbitration of the Catholic prelates.[50][68][69] They decided in favor of Baldwin who returned to Edessa on 18 September 1108.[70][69]

In accordance with his treaty with Jawali, Baldwin released most Muslim prisoners from Edessa,[66][68] he also allowed the Muslim burghers of Saruj to build a mosque and executed the unpopular rais (or governor) of the town who was a convert from Islam.[68][71] Jawali's alliance with Baldwin alarmed Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, the Seljuq ruler of Aleppo, which brought about a rapprochement between Radwan and Tancred.[68][56] When Jawali launched a military expedition against Aleppo, Baldwin and Joscelin of Courtney joined him, while Tancred came to assist Radwan.[50][68] Radwan and Tancred routed Jawali, Baldwin and Joscelin near Turbessel in late September 1108.[70][72]

Baldwin fled to a nearby fortress from the battlefield.[70][72] Tancred laid siege to the fortress, but lifted the siege as soon as he learnt of Jawali's approach.[69] Believing that Baldwin had died, the Armenian burghers of Edessa held an assembly to set up a provisional government,[72][56] after his return, Baldwin thought that the Armenians wanted to dethrone him and ordered the blinding of the ringleaders.[72][73] The Armenian bishop of the town was obliged to pay a huge fine.[72] To put an end to the conflicts between the crusader leaders, Baldwin I of Jerusalem summoned them in the name of the "church of Jerusalem" to Mount Pilgrim near Tripoli in April 1109,[70][74] at the meeting, the king mediated a reconciliation between Baldwin and Tancred who acknowledged Baldwin's rule in the County of Edessa in exchange for Galilee and other fiefs in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[75][76] Thereafter Baldwin participated in the siege of Tripoli, which ended with the capture of the town by the crusaders.[70][75]

Mawdud's campaigns[edit]

The Seljuq sultan instructed Mawdud to unite his troops with the Seljuq ruler of Armenia, Sökmen el-Kutbî, and the Artuqid Ilghazi against the crusaders.[75][77] They laid siege to Edessa in April 1110.[70] Baldwin sent envoys to Baldwin I of Jerusalem, who was besieging Beirut, and urged him to come to his rescue, but the king did not abandon the siege until Beirut fell on 13 May,[70][77] before departing to Edessa, Baldwin I celebrated Pentecost in Jerusalem.[77] The king persuaded Bertrand of Tripoli, Joscelin of Courtenay and other crusader leaders to join his campaign, and the Armenian Kogh Vasil and Abu'l-Garib also sent reinforcements,[78][79] on their arrival, Mawdud and his allies lifted the siege of Edessa and withdrew towards Harran.[80]

Baldwin and Tancred accused each other of having incited the invasion.[81] Tancred also claimed sovereignty over the County of Edessa, saying that its territory had been subject to Antioch already in the Byzantine Empire.[81] Baldwin I refuted Tancred's claim, declaring himself the head of the Latin East,[81] after a short campaign against the neighboring Muslim territories, the rulers of the other crusader states decided to leave the county.[82] On the king's advice, Baldwin ordered the transfer of the local Christian (predominantly Armenian) peasants to the lands to the west of the Euphrates.[81][83] Taking advantage of the gathering of the Christian peasants and the mainly Armenian rear guard on the river, Mawdud attacked and massacred them.[80][84][85] Baldwin, who had already crossed the river along with the other crusader leaders, hastily returned and assaulted Mawdud's troops, although they outnumbered his small retinue.[86] Baldwin and his men were only saved by Baldwin I and Tancred, who followed them to the left bank of the river.[87]

Mawdud launched a new invasion against the county and laid siege to Turbessel in July 1111.[88][89] While Mawdud was besieging Turbessel, Sultan, the Munquidite emir (or ruler) of Shaizar, sent envoys to him, seeking his assistance against Tancred.[90] Mawdud lifted the siege of Turbessel and hastened to Shaizar.[91] Toghtekin, the atabeg of Damascus, joined him and they decided to reconquer Tripoli in September.[91][92] The concentration of Muslim forces alarmed the crusaders and Baldwin I of Jerusalem summoned all crusader rulers to his camp.[91] Baldwin hurried to the south, accompanied by his two powerful vassals, Joscelin and Pagan of Sajar,[91][89] the smaller Muslim rulers had meanwhile left Mawdud's camp and returned to Mesopotamia.[89] Mawdud did not risk a pitched battle with the united crusader armies and retired first to Shaizar, and later to Mosul;[93][89] in April 1112, Mawdud returned and besieged Edessa.[92] His agents started secret negotiations with some Armenian soldiers in the town, but Joscelin of Courteney who was informed of the plot warned Baldwin.[89][94] Mawdud could not capture the town and withdrew to Mosul in June.[95] Next year, he was murdered by Assassins at Damascus.[96]

Mawdud's invasions destroyed the eastern regions of the county, but Joscelin's fief at Turbessel still flourished.[83][94] Baldwin persuaded Joscelin to come to Edessa, saying that he was dying and want to make his last will in 1113.[94] Stating that Joscelin had not sent enough food to Edessa, Baldwin had him imprisoned and only released him after Joscelin renounced Turbessel.[94][97] Joscelin soon left the county for Jerusalem, where Baldwin I granted Galilee to him.[97] A new reconciliation between the crusader leaders was brought about by marriage alliances: Baldwin's sister, Cecilia, was given in marriage to Roger of Salerno, who had succeeded Tancred in Antioch in late 1112, and Joscelin married Roger's sister, Maria.[98]

Expansion[edit]

While Baldwin was away from his capital to take possession of Turbessel, the Armenians of Edessa staged a new plot against him,[99] he returned to the town and ordered the transportation of the Armenian townspeople to Samosata.[97][99] After the Armenians started to move to Kaisun, Baldwin allowed those who remained in Samosata to return to Edessa in early 1114.[97][99]

Mawdud's successor, Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, invaded the county in May 1114, but Edessa resisted his siege, forcing him to return to Mosul,[96][99] the sultan made Bursuq bin Bursuq of Hamadan the supreme commander of the Seljuq armies.[100] Bursuq invaded Edessa in early 1115, but he soon marched on to Aleppo.[101] Lulu, the atabeg of Aleppo, sought assistance from Ilghazi and Toghtekin, who also persuaded Roger of Salerno to join their coalition against Bursuq.[101][102] At Roger's request, Baldwin I of Jerusalem, Pons of Tripoli and Baldwin also gathered their troops and hurried to Apamea in August.[101] Bursuq chose to retreat and the crusader rulers returned to their realms.[101]

Taking advantage of the weakening of the Seljuqs' power after Roger of Salerno's victory in the Battle of Sarmin, Baldwin decided to annex the small Armenian principalities in the valley of the Euphrates,[103] the Armenian Thoros I of Cilicia captured Kogh Vasil's successor, Vasil Dgha, who had made an alliance with Bursuq.[99] Thoros soon sold Vasil Dgha to Baldwin who forced his prisoner to renounce Raban and Kaisun in 1116.[103][99] Next, Baldwin, laid siege to Abu'l-Garib's fortress of Birejik,[103] the siege lasted for a year and Abu'l-Garib was forced into surrender in 1117.[103][99] Baldwin granted the fortress to his cousin, Waleran of Le Puiset;[99] in the same year, Kogh Vasil's brother, Bagrat, had to abandon Cyrrhus and Baldwin captured Constantine of Gargar.[103][104]

King of Jerusalem[edit]

Ascension to the throne[edit]

The childless Baldwin I of Jerusalem died on 2 July 1118, during a campaign against Egypt,[105][106] he had willed the kingdom to his eldest brother, Eustace III of Boulogne, "if by chance he would come", but also stipulated that Baldwin of Bourcq should be elected king, only if Eustace were unable to come "because of his age", according to Albert of Aachen.[106][107] Baldwin arrived Jerusalem around the day when the late king's body was carried to the town,[106] the contemporaneous Albert of Aachen stated that Baldwin had come to celebrate Easter in Jerusalem, without having any knowledge of the king's death.[106] Decades later, William of Tyre recorded that Baldwin had been informed of his kinsman's death during his journey to Jerusalem.[108]

Two bishops place a crown on the head of a man sitting on a throne
Baldwin's coronation

The question of Baldwin I's succession divided the barons and the prelates, according to William of Tyre,[107][109] the highest-ranking prelate, Arnulf of Chocques, the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, and Joscelin of Courtenay, who held the largest fief in the kingdom, argued that Baldwin should be elected without delay to avoid an interregnum.[107][109] Others maintained that the crown should first be offered to Eustace in accordance with Baldwin I's last will,[107][109] some "great nobles", whom William of Tyre did not name, were appointed to inform Eustace of his brother's death.[109] However, shortly after their departure, on Easter Day (that is on 14 April), Baldwin was anointed,[110] his coronation was delayed for unknown reasons.[111][112] Patriarch Arnulf died two weeks after Baldwin's anointment and his successor, Warmund of Picquigny, was installed only in August or September.[113]

Baldwin promised the County of Edessa to Joscelin, but Joscelin remained in the kingdom to secure the defence of Galilee.[114] Baldwin convoked the noblemen to an assembly "on an appointed day" to receive "fealty and an oath of allegiance from them", according to Albert of Aachen,[109] he also secured the direct royal control of eight important towns, including Nablus, Jaffa, Acre, Sidon and Tiberias.[109][115] Alan V. Murray argues, Albert of Aachen's words evidence that Baldwin "carried out a major distribution of fiefs, granting out some lordships but retaining other towns and territories as domain lands" in 1118.[115] Baldwin also reorganized the royal household, making Hugh Caulis constable, Pagan butler and one John chamberlain.[115]

Eustace accepted the barons' invitation and left Boulogne for Jerusalem,[112] he travelled as far as Apulia where he was informed of Baldwin's ascension to the throne.[112] The delegates tried to convince him to continue his journey, saying that Baldwin's election was illegal, but Eustace preferred to return to his homeland.[112]

Muslim threat[edit]

His predecessor's last campaign against Egypt brough about a rapprochement between Egypt and Damascus.[114] Baldwin sent envoys to Toghtekin to Damascus to prevent him from making an alliance with the Egyptian vizier, Al-Afdal Shahanshah, but Toghtekin demanded Oultrejourdain in return for his neutrality.[114] Toghtekin launched an incursion against Galilee and Al-Afdal gathered his troops near Ascalon in May or June 1118.[114][116] Baldwin hurried to the southern frontier and urged Roger and Pons to send reinforcements from Antioch and Tripoli.[114] Neither the Egyptians, nor the crusaders risked to fight a fitched battle and both armies were dissolved three months later.[114] Baldwin and Joscelin made a raid against Damascene territory in the autumn and defeated Toghtekin's son, Taj al-Muluk Buri near Daraa.[114][116]

Ilghazi, Toghtekin and the Munquidites of Shaizar made an alliance and their troops started raiding Antioch and Edessa in May 1119.[117][118] Roger sent envoys to Baldwin, urging him to come to the north to fight against the invaders,[117][118] the envoys met with Baldwin in Tiberias, because he had just concluded a short campaign against a Bedouin tribe in Oultrejourdain.[119] He soon gathered troops and departed for Antioch, taking a portion of the True Cross with him.[117] Roger did not wait until Baldwin's arrival and marched from Antioch as far as the plains of Sarmada.[120][121] Ilghazi's army encircled the crusaders' camp and imposed a major defeat on them in the Battle of the "Field of Blood" on 28 June.[116][122] Roger and hundreds of his soldiers died fighting in the battlefield and most who survived the massacre were taken prisoner, which left Antioch almost undefended, but Ilghazi did not attack the town.[123]

Baldwin and Pons of Tripoli arrived to Antioch in late July or early August,[124][125] the leaders of the town acknowledged him as regent for the lawful prince, the ten-year old Bohemond II, who had been living in Southern Italy.[124][126] He distributed the estates of the noblemen who had perished in the "Field of Blood" among his retainers, mainly through giving the widows of the deceased lords in marriage to them.[124][127] Ilghazi and Toghtekin joined their forces and started to capture the Antiochene fortresses to the east of the Orontes River.[128] Baldwin gathered almost all available crusader troops and marched against the Muslims as far as Tell Danith near Zardana,[128][126] the crusaders and the united armies of Toghtekin and Ilghazi encountered in a battle on 14 August.[116] According to Walter the Chancellor, the crusaders routed the Muslims, but Matthew of Edessa stated that "neither side was defeated or was victorious".[126] Baldwin returned Antioch two days later, where the townspeople and the patriarch gave him a "victor's welcome",[126] before leaving Antioch, he granted the County of Edessa to Joscelin of Courtenay.[116]

A crowned man sitting on a throne and a group of people
Baldwin presiding at a council

Baldwin and his wife were crowned king and queen in Bethlehem on Christmas Day,[129] he and the patriarch held a general assembly at Nablus on 16 January 1120.[127] The prelates and noblemen who attended the meeting confirmed the clergymen's right to collect the tithe and to bear arms "in the cause of defense",[130] the council also ordered the punishment of adulterers, pimps, sodomites and bigamists, and prohibited sexual relations between Christians and Muslims.[130][131] Other decrees established penalties against thieves and those who accused others of crimes falsely,[130][131] the decisions of the council represented the first examples of law making in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[116]

A confraternity of knights that Hugh of Payns and Godfrey de Saint-Omer had established to protect the pilgrims in the Holy Land most probably received official recognition at the council, according to historians Malcolm Barber and Christopher Tyerman.[132][133] Baldwin temporarily lodged the knights in the royal palace on the Temple Mount and they were shortly thereafter known as Knights Templar,[132][133] he offered Nabi Samwil to the Cistercians, but Bernard of Clairvaux ceded the place to the Premonstratensians who built a monastery.[134] Shortly after the council, Baldwin and Patriarch Warmund also sent letters to Pope Calixtus II and the Venetians, urging them to support the defense of the Holy Land,[135] the crusaders especially needed the Venetians' naval force against the Egyptians.[135]

Toghtekin and his nephew, Nur al-Daulak Balak, invaded Edessa and Antioch in May 1120.[136][137] Being responsible for the defence of the northern crusader states, Baldwin decided to again lead his troops to Antioch, but a significant group of the Jerusalemite noblemen and clergy opposed the military expedition.[138][139] Patriarch Warmund refused to accompany the royal army to Antioch and allowed Baldwin to take the True Cross with him only after lengthy negotiations.[138][139] Baldwin and his army reached Antioch in June.[136] Ilghazi agreed to sign a one-year truce, which secured the possession of Kafartab and two other fortresses for the crusaders.[136][140]

Baldwin returned to Jerusalem only in early 1121, after Toghtekin made a raid against Galilee;[140] in July, he invaded Damascene territory and destroyed a fortress that Toghtekin had recently erected near Jerash.[140] David IV of Georgia routed the united armies of Ilghazi and the Seljuq prince Toghrul Arslan in August.[140] Taking advantage of Ilghazi's weakening, Baldwin launched a military campaign across the Orontes, forcing Ilghazi's son to renounce Zardana, Athareb and other forts that Ilghazi had captured in the previous year in favor of the crusaders in November.[136][140]

Pons of Tripoli refused to pay allegiance to Baldwin for unknown reasons in early 1122,[136][138] after Baldwin mustered his troops and marched against Tripoli, Pons paid homage to him without resistance.[141] Ilghazi and Balak laid siege to Zardana in June, but Baldwin and Joscelin of Edessa hurried to the fortress, forcing them to lift the siege in July.[136] Balak ambushed and captured Joscelin near Saruj on 13 September.[142] Ilghazi reoccupied Athareb,[143] but he died on 3 November 1122.[142] His realm was divided among his sons and nephews.[143] Baldwin, who was still staying in Antioch, persuaded Badr ad-Daulah Suleiman, the new ruler of Aleppo, to restore Athareb to the crusaders on 2 April 1123.[143] Baldwin recaptured Birejik and made Geoffrey, Lord of Marash, regent of Edessa.[143]

Second captivity[edit]

Bearded and dark-skinned horsemen and a white-skinned man
Baldwin is captured

Baldwin made a raid towards Kharput where Balak held Joscelin and other knights captive, but he stopped near Gargar.[144] While Baldwin was preparing to practice falconry in the morning of 18 April 1123, Balak suddenly attacked his camp and captured him.[145][146] Baldwin was taken to the fortress of Kharput.[146] While Balak was away in Aleppo in June, Joscelin's fifteen Armenian supporters came to Kharput, disguising themselves as monks, and expelled the Seljuq garrison from the fortress.[147] Joscelin soon left Kharput to gather troops in Turbessel and Antioch, but Baldwin and the Armenian soldiers remained in the fortress to defend it against Balak.[147] Balak soon returned to Kharput and forced Baldwin to surrender.[148] Balak ordered the execution of the Armenians and transferred Baldwin to Harran.[148]

On learning of Baldwin's captivity, Patriarch Warmund convoked the prelates and barons to an assembly which elected Eustace Grenier bailliff (or regent),[144][149] after Grenier died on 15 June, William of Bures, succeeded him as regent.[150][151] The baillifs and the patriarch closely cooperated with each other and other high-ranking officials in administering the kingdom during Baldwin's captivity,[144][152] they made an alliance—the so-called Pactum Warmundi—with Domenico Michiel, the Doge of Venice, offering commercial privileges to the Venetians in return for their military assistance against the Egyptian towns on the coast.[153] They captured Tyre on 7 or 8 July 1124.[154][155]

The contemporaneous Galbert of Bruges recorded that delegates came to Flanders from Jerusalem during Baldwin's captivity,[156][157] they stated that Baldwin "was grasping and penurious, and had not governed the people of God well".[158][159] They offered the crown to Charles the Good, Count of Flanders.[160] Bruges's report shows that a fraction of the Jerusalemite nobility tried to dethrone the captive Baldwin.[156][157][161] Being the head of the lineage from which the first two rulers of Jerusalem were descended, and also the overlord of their brother, Eustace, Charles was an ideal candidate to the throne, but he refuted the offer.[160] Murray tentatively associates the leader of the discontented noblemen with the Flemish Eustace Grenier.[161]

Balak died fighting against one of his rebellious officials on 6 May 1124.[162][163] Baldwin was seized by Ilghazi's son, Timurtash.[164] Timurtash entrusted Sultan, the emir of Shaizar, to start negotiations about Baldwin's release with Joscelin and Morphia.[164] According to their agreement, Baldwin was to pay 80,000 dinars and to cede Athareb, Zardana, Azaz and other Antiochene fortresses to Timurtash.[164][165] Baldwin also promised that he would assist Timurtash against the Bedouin warlord, Dubais ibn Sadaqa,[164][165] after a quarter of Baldwin's ransom was paid and a dozen hostages (including Baldwin's youngest daughter and Joscelin's son) were handed over to Timurtash to secure the payment of the arrears, Baldwin was released on 29 August 1124.[162][164]

Wars[edit]

Baldwin went to Antioch where Patriarch Bernard reminded him that he had not been authorized to renounce Antiochene territories and forbade him to cede fortresses to Timurtash on 6 September 1124.[162][166][167] On 6 October 1124, Baldwin laid siege to Aleppo where the hostages for his ransom were being held captive.[162][167] Dubais ibn Sadaqa, and two Seljuq princes, Sultan-Shah ibn Radwan and Toghrul Arslan, joined him and Timurtash did not support the besieged town.[166] Il-Bursuqi decided to intervene and gathered his troops,[168] on learning of Il-Bursuqi's arrival, Dubais ibn Sadaqa withdrew from Aleppo, which forced Baldwin to lift the siege on 25 January 1125.[168][169]

After more than two years, Baldwin returned to Jerusalem on 3 April,[168][169] he renegotiated the Pactum Warmundi with the Venetians, approving its most terms in the so-called Pactum Balduini, but also stipulating that the Venetians were to provide military assistance to the kingdom.[170] After Il-Bursuqi, Toghtekin and Khirkan of Homs captured Kafartab and laid siege to Zardana, Baldwin again hurried to the north.[168] Few knights accompanied him from the kingdom, which may have been the sign of discontent over his frequent campaigns, according to Murray and Barber.[156][171] Pons of Tripoli and Joscelin of Edessa joined him and they defeated the Seljuqs at Azaz in late May.[169] Spoils seized after the battle, described as "one of the bloodiest engagements in the history of the crusader states" by historian Peter Lock,[169] enabled Baldwin to pay off his ransom before his return to Jerusalem.[172]

The career of some influential lords started around the time when Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in 1125.[173] Walter I of Brisebarre witnessed the Pactum Balduini as lord of Beirut on 2 May 1125; Pagan the Butler was first mentioned as lord of Oultrejordain in 1126.[174] According to William of Tyre, Pagan seized Oultrejordain after Roman of Le Puy and his son, Ralph, had been deprived of the territory.[175] Murray argues that Baldwin must have confiscated Oultrejordain from Roman because Roman had been one of his opponents during his captivity.[175] Murray also says that Baldwin allegedly adopted an expansionist policy against Damascus in the late 1120s to assuage the Jerusalemite noblemen's discontent,[176] he made a raid against Damascene territory across the Jordan already in early 1126.[169][176] Accompanied by almost the whole army, Baldwin routed Toghtekin on 25 January and returned to the kingdom laden with booty.[169][177] Shortly thereafter, he supported Pons of Tripoli to capture Rafaniyah and to make raids against Homs.[177] Al-Bursuqi laid siege to Athareb in July 1126.[169] Baldwin soon marched to the north and Joscelin of Edessa joined him at Artah.[169][178] Both sides wanted to avoid a pitched battle, and Al-Bursuqi retired to Aleppo.[178]

Succession[edit]

After reaching the age of majority, Bohemond II of Antioch came to Syria to claim his inheritance in October 1126,[179] his arrival put an end to Baldwin's rule in Antioch, but he married Baldwin's second daughter, Alice.[159] Baldwin who had no sons made his eldest daughter, Melisende, his heir in 1126 or 1127.[112]

Baldwin had already realized that the crusaders were unable to conquer Damascus without further reinforcements from Europe,[180] after consulting with his nobles, he sent William I of Bures and Guy of Brisebarre to France to offer Melisende's hand to the powerful count of Anjou, Fulk V, in the autumn of 1127.[181] Hugh of Payns and his five fellows accompanied the envoys,[180] the embassy first visited Louis VI of France, who gave consent to the marriage.[182] The negotiations between Fulk and Baldwin's envoys lasted for months;[182] in August or September 1127, Baldwin launched a new military campaign against Damascene territory.[183] Historian Steven Tibble proposes that the royal fortress at Wadi Musa was built shortly thereafter.[184]

Baldwin dispatched William I, Archbishop of Tyre and Roger, Bishop of Lydda and Ramla to the Holy See.[185] Pope Honorius II stated that Baldwin was the lawful ruler of Jerusalem in a letter on 29 May 1129.[186] Christopher Tyerman and Hans Eberhard Mayer agree that the pope wrote his letter to sweep away all doubts about the legitimacy of Baldwin's rule.[157][186] On the other hand, Stephen of La Ferté, who had succeeded Warmund of Picquigny as patriarch in July 1128, turned against Baldwin and demanded Jerusalem for the patriarchate.[187]

Fulk of Anjou arrived to the Holy Land in the spring of 1129,[188] he married Melisende and Baldwin granted the two wealthiest town of the kingdom, Tyre and Acre, to them.[188] Hugh of Payns, who had achieved the adoption of statutes of the Knights Templar at the Council of Troyes, returned to the kingdom accompanied by new crusaders.[189][190]

A crowned dead man is carried across a gate of a fortress by 10 people and they are accompanied by armed knighst
Baldwin's funeral

Toghtekin's successor, Taj al-Muluk Buri, ordered the massacre of the Nizari (or Assassins) in Damascus in September 1129.[191] The Nizari's local leader, Ismail al-Ajami, sent envoys to Baldwin and offered the fortress of Banias to the crusaders in return for receiving asylum in the kingdom.[191] Baldwin accepted the offer and his troops seized Banyas.[190] Taking advantage of the presence of the new crusaders, he also decided to attack Damascus,[192] he gathered all available troops and marched as far as the Wooden Bridge, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south-west of the town, in November.[192] After Buri's Turcoman horsemen routed a detachement of the cursader army and a heavy storm turned the plains around Damascus into a large marshland, Baldwin had to return to the kingdom in early December.[192][193]

After Danishmend Gazi Gümüshtigin ambushed and killed Bohemond II in February 1130, Baldwin hurried to Antioch to make arrangement for the administration of the principality.[194] Alice, however, wanted to establish herself as regent during the minority of her and Bohemond's infant daughter, Constance, and did not allow Baldwin to enter Antioch.[194][195][196] She even sent envoys to Imad ad-Din Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul, to seek his assistance against her father, according to the contemporaneous Ibn al-Qalanisi,[194] the Antiochene noblemen were strongly opposed to her plan and opened two gates of the town, which enabled Baldwin to enter Antioch.[196] He forgave his daughter, but forbade her to stay in Antioch during Constance's minority,[196][197] after the Antiochene noblemen swore fealty to him and Constance, Baldwin appointed Joscelin of Edessa to administer the principality.[196]

Baldwin fell seriously ill after his return from Antioch, according to William of Tyre,[198] he was already dying when he made arrangements for his succession in August 1131.[199] He was transferred to the patriarch's palace near the Holy Sepulchre where he bequeathed the kingdom to Fulk, Melisende and their infant son, Baldwin,[198] he soon took monastic vows and entered the collegiate chapter of the Holy Sepulchre, but he died on 21 August.[200] He was buried in the Holy Sepulchre.[198]

Family[edit]

The crusader states around 1135

Most Armenians adhered to the Monophysite Armenian Apostolic Church, but Baldwin's wife, Morphia, was born to an Orthodox noble family,[201][33] her father, Gabriel, gave her in marriage to Baldwin, because he needed the crusaders' support against his enemies.[202] Morphia gave birth to four daughters,[181] she died on 1 October 1126 or 1127.[112]

The eldest daughter of Baldwin and Morphia, Melisende, succeeded Baldwin along with her husband, Fulk,[198] they were crowned in the Holy Sepulchre on 14 September 1131.[198][203] Baldwin's second daughter, Alice, made several attempts to administer Antioch after Baldwin's death.[203] Hodierna was Baldwin and Morphia's third daughter.[181] She was given in marriage to Raymond II, Count of Tripoli before 1138.[181][204] Iveta was her parents' youngest daughter, and their only child "born into the purple" (that is after her father's coronation).[181] She entered the Convent of Saint Anne in Jerusalem around 1134.[188] About 10 years later, she became the second abbess of the convent that Melisende had established at the Tomb of Lazarus in Bethany.[205]

Legacy[edit]

Baldwin's contemporaries often criticized him.[206] Matthew of Edessa, who recorded the Armenians' grievances during Baldwin's reign in Edessa, described him as a greedy ruler who had "an intolerable love for money".[206] An ascetic monk who settled in the Amanus Mountains, Stephen of Blois, blamed him for "certain enormities in his way of life".[206] Fulcher of Chartres hinted that Baldwin's captivity was a punishment for sin, because he had never seen other kings who were imprisoned.[206]

William of Tyre described Baldwin as "a devout and God-fearing man, notable for his loyalty and for his great experience in military matters," and said that he was nicknamed "the Thorny" (cognominatus est Aculeus). Ibn al-Qalanisi, who calls him "Baldwin the Little" (Baghdawin al-ru'aiuis) to distinguish him from Baldwin I, remarked that "after him there was none left amongst them possessed of sound judgment and capacity to govern."

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Sources[edit]

Primary sources[edit]

  • William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943.
  • Galbert of Bruges: The Murder of Charles the Good (Translated by James Bruce Ross) (1959). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13671-6

Secondary sources[edit]

  • Asbridge, Thomas (2004). The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517823-4. 
  • Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Crusader States. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9. 
  • Fink, Harold S. (1969). "The Foundation of the Latin States, 1099–1118". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. A History of the Crusades, Volume One: The First Hundred Years. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 368–409. ISBN 1-58684-251-X. 
  • Köhler, Michael (2013). Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-24857-1. 
  • Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 9-78-0-415-39312-6. 
  • Maalouf, Amin (1984). The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. SAQI. ISBN 978-0-86356-023-1. 
  • MacEvitt, Christopher (2010). The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4050-4. 
  • Mayer, Hans Eberhard (1985). "The Succession to Baldwin II of Jerusalem: English Impact on the East". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 38: 139–147. ISSN 0070-7546. 
  • Murray, Alan V. (1992). "Dynastic continuity or dynastic change? Accession of Baldwin II and the nobility of the Kingdom of Jerusalem". Medieval Prosopography. 13: 1–27. ISSN 0198-9405. 
  • Murray, Alan V. (1994). "Baldwin II and his Nobles: Baronial Factionalism and Dissent in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1118-1134". Nottingham Medieval studies. 38: 60–85. ISSN 0078-2122. 
  • Murray, Alan V. (2000). The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History, 1099–1125. Prosopographica et Geneologica. ISBN 978-1-9009-3403-9. 
  • Runciman, Steven (1989a). A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundations of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-06161-X. 
  • Runciman, Steven (1989b). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-06162-8. 
  • Tibble, Steven (1989). Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822731-1. 
  • Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02387-1. 
  • Sergio Ferdinandi, La Contea franca di Edessa. Fondazione e profilo storico del primo principato crociato nel Levante (1098-1150), Pontificia Università Antonianum, Roma 2017, 934 p. (ISBN 978-88-7257-103-3).

External links[edit]

Regnal titles
Preceded by
Baldwin I 		Count of Edessa
1100–1118 		Succeeded by
Joscelin I
King of Jerusalem
1118–1131 		Succeeded by
Melisende
Fulk
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem&oldid=842281222"