1.
Bangladeshi taka
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The Bangladeshi taka is the currency of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. Issuance of banknotes ৳10 and larger is controlled by Bangladesh Bank, and for the ৳1, ৳2 and ৳5 banknotes, the most commonly used symbol for the taka is ৳ and Tk, used on receipts while purchasing goods and services. ৳1 is subdivided into 100 poisha, the word taka is derived from the Sanskrit term tangka, which was an ancient denomination for silver coins. In the region of Bengal, the term has always used to refer to currency. In the 14th century, Ibn Battuta noticed that people in the Bengal Sultanate referred to gold, the word taka in Bangla is also commonly used generically to mean any money, currency, or notes. Thus, colloquially, a person speaking in Bangla may use taka to refer to money regardless of what currency it is denominated in and this is also common in the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura, where the official name of the Indian rupees is taka as well. Bangla was one of the two languages of the Pakistan union between 1956 and 1971. The Bangladeshi taka came into existence since 1972, a year after the independence of the wing of the union. During the war, it was a practice of some Bengali nationalists to protest Pakistani rule by stamping banknotes with বাংলা দেশ. On 8 June 1971, the Pakistani government declared that all banknotes bearing such stamps ceased to be legal tender, furthermore, to prevent looted high-denomination notes from disrupting the Pakistani economy, the government also withdrew the legal tender status of all 100- and 500-rupee notes. Some foreign publications mention that there were rubber stamp BANGLA DESH overprints on different denominations of Pakistani bank notes during the a. m. period, the first treasury notes in 1972 for ৳1 and notes of the Bangladesh Bank for ৳5, ৳10 and ৳100. In 1975, banknotes for ৳50 were introduced, followed by ৳500 in 1977, ৳1 treasury notes were issued until 1993, with ৳2 treasury notes introduced in 1989. ৳5 banknotes, previously issued by Bangladesh Bank, is now issued by the Government of Bangladesh, in 2000, the government issued polymer ৳10 notes as an experiment. They proved unpopular, however, and were withdrawn later, at present, the ৳1 and ৳5 notes are gradually being replaced with coins, and in 2008, the government issued ৳1,000 notes. In 2011, Bangladesh Bank began issuing a new series of banknotes denominated in ৳2, ৳5, ৳100, ৳500, and ৳1000. All are dated 2011 and feature a portrait and watermark of the Father of the Nation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, from 2011, the Bangladesh Bank introduced new notes denominated in ৳10, ৳20, and ৳50 on 7 March 2012. The notes bear the portrait of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the National Martyrs Monument in Savar on the front, in 2011, Bangladesh Bank also introduced a ৳40 note to commemorate the 40th Victory Anniversary of Bangladesh. The commemorative note features a portrait of the Father of the Nation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the National Martyrs Monument in Savar on front, curiously, this note has an electrotype 10 in the watermark, indicating it was likely printed on extra ৳10 banknote paper
2.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
3.
Government of Bangladesh
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The Government of Bangladesh is led by the Prime Minister, who selects all the remaining Ministers. The Prime Minister and the other most senior Ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, the Government has three branches, the Executive branch, the Legislative branch and the Judicial branch. The current Prime Minister is Sheikh Hasina, leader of the Bangladesh Awami League, Bangladesh Awami League led by her, and its Grand Alliance won the two-thirds majority numerically the party controls 230 seats out of 299. The President is the Head of State, a ceremonial post. The real power is held by the Prime Minister, who is the head of government and this system was first practised in 1991 and adopted to the constitution in 1996. The prime minister is appointed by the president, commanding the confidence of the majority of the MPs. The cabinet is composed of ministers selected by the prime minister, the executive administrates the country and executes the laws, passed by the legislature. It maintains the law and order in the country. It also maintains relationship with foreign countries and it works for defence, liberty and sovereignty of the country. As head of the state, the president can grant pardon to a man sentenced to death penalty or lessen the punishment, in some cases, it also performs some legislative and judicial functions. The executive on the other hand calculated the income and expenditure of the government and it also performs various public welfare services such as, education, agriculture, establishment of industry, trade & commerce, land reform, tax and revenue collection. Beside this, it accepts and implements various development projects. The legislature of Bangladesh is unicameral, the 300 members are elected by universal suffrage at least every 5 years. It consists of 350 members at present, there is universal suffrage for all citizens at the age of 18. On 16 May 2004, the Jatiyo Sangsad passed the 14th constitutional amendment to reintroduce quotas for women, the number of seats in parliament is to be raised to 345,45 of which will be reserved for women in the next parliament. The seats will be allocated to parties in proportion to their share of the vote. This quota system replaces the previous law which expired in 2001. Until 2001 a system of reserved seats for women was used and this provision of guaranteeing women reserved seats expired in April 2001
4.
Double-track railway
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A double-track railway usually involves running one track in each direction, compared to a single-track railway where trains in both directions share the same track. In the earliest days of railways in the United Kingdom, most lines were built as double-track because of the difficulty of co-ordinating operations before the invention of the telegraph, the lines also tended to be busy enough to be beyond the capacity of a single track. In the early days the Board of Trade did not consider any single-track railway line to be complete and this improved with the development of the telegraph and the train order system. In any given country, rail traffic generally runs to one side of a double-track line, thus in Belgium, China, France, Sweden, Switzerland and Italy for example, the railways use left-hand running, while the roads use right-hand running. In countries such as Indonesia, it is the reverse, on the French-German border, for example, flyovers were provided so that train moving on the left in France end up on the right in Germany and vice versa. Handedness of traffic can affect locomotive design, for the driver, visibility is good from both sides of the driving cab so the choice on which side to site the driver less important. For example, the French SNCF Class BB7200 is designed for using the left-hand track, generally, the left/right principle in a country is followed mostly on double track. On single track, when trains meet, the train that shall not stop uses the straight path in the turnout. Double-track railways, especially older ones, may use each track exclusively in one direction and this arrangement simplifies the signalling systems, especially where the signalling is mechanical. Where the signals and points or rail switches are power-operated, it can be worthwhile to signal each line in both directions, so that the line becomes a pair of single lines. This allows trains to use one track where the track is out of service due to track maintenance work, or a train failure. Most crossing loops are not regarded as even though they consist of multiple tracks. If the crossing loop is long enough to several trains. A more modern British term for such a layout is an extended loop, the distance between the track centres makes a difference in cost and performance of a double-track line. The track centres can be as narrow and as cheap as possible, signals for bi-directional working cannot be mounted between the tracks so must be mounted on the wrong side of the line or on expensive signal bridges. Track centres are usually wider on high speed lines, as pressure waves knock each other as high-speed trains pass, narrow track centres might be 4 metres or less. Narrow track centres may have to be widened on sharp curves to allow for rail vehicles following the arc of the curve. Widening a track centre to 5 metres or so suits high-speed trains passing each other, increasing width of track centres of 6 metres or more makes it much easier to mount signals and overhead wiring structures
5.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
6.
Bridge
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A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many different designs that each serve a particular purpose, the Oxford English Dictionary traces the origin of the word bridge to an Old English word brycg, of the same meaning. The word can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European *bʰrēw-. The word for the game of the same name has a different origin. The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of cut wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support, some early Americans used trees or bamboo poles to cross small caverns or wells to get from one place to another. Dating to the Greek Bronze Age, it is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence, several intact arched stone bridges from the Hellenistic era can be found in the Peloponnese. The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans, the Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. An example is the Alcántara Bridge, built over the river Tagus, the Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone. One type of cement, called pozzolana, consisted of water, lime, sand, brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost. In India, the Arthashastra treatise by Kautilya mentions the construction of dams, a Mauryan bridge near Girnar was surveyed by James Princep. The bridge was swept away during a flood, and later repaired by Puspagupta, the use of stronger bridges using plaited bamboo and iron chain was visible in India by about the 4th century. A number of bridges, both for military and commercial purposes, were constructed by the Mughal administration in India and this bridge is also historically significant as it is the worlds oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the Alconétar Bridge, rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 16th century. During the 18th century there were innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich Grubenmann, Johannes Grubenmann. The first book on bridge engineering was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716, a major breakthrough in bridge technology came with the erection of the Iron Bridge in Shropshire, England in 1779. It used cast iron for the first time as arches to cross the river Severn, with the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron does not have the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a tensile strength, much larger bridges were built. In 1927 welding pioneer Stefan Bryła designed the first welded bridge in the world
7.
Bangabandhu Bridge
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Bangabandhu Bridge, commonly called the Jamuna Multi-purpose Bridge is a bridge opened in Bangladesh in June 1998. It connects Bhuapur on the Jamuna Rivers east bank to Sirajganj on its west bank and it was the 11th longest bridge in the world when constructed in 1998 and currently the 6th longest bridge in South Asia. It was constructed over the Jamuna River, one of the three rivers of Bangladesh, and fifth largest in the world in discharge volume. The bridge established a link between the eastern and western parts of Bangladesh. It generates multifarious benefits for the people and, especially, promotes inter-regional trade in the country, apart from quick movement of goods and passenger traffic by road and rail, it facilitated transmission of electricity and natural gas, and integration of telecommunication links. The river Jamuna, along with the stretch of the Padma divides Bangladesh into nearly two equal halves. Until now all road and rail communication between the two parts of the country has had to rely on time-consuming ferry services that were disrupted because of navigability problems. The need for a bridge over the Jamuna River was felt, especially by the living in northwestern Bangladesh. This perceived need did not go unnoticed by the policy makers, the people and successive governments longed to bridge the mighty Jamuna and thereby integrate the communication systems of the region. Popular leader Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani first raised the demand for construction of the Bangabandhu Bridge at a level in 1949. In the 1954 provincial elections of East Pakistan, the 21-point manifesto of the United Front contained a demand for the bridge. On January 6,1964, Mohammad Saifur Rahman, a member from Rangpur in the Provincial Assembly inquired about governments intentions with regard to the construction of a bridge over the Jamuna. On July 11,1966, Shamsul Haque, another member from Rangpur in the same Assembly, moved a resolution for the construction of the bridge, accordingly, a preliminary feasibility study was carried out in 1969 by Freeman Fox and Partners of UK. They recommended a bridge near Sirajganj with an estimated cost of $175 million. The estimates were preliminary and a detailed study was recommended. But all efforts were interrupted due to political unrest and liberation war, the JICA study, completed in 1976, concluded that the Jamuna project would cost $683 million with an economic rate of return of only 2. 6%. Considering that the project was not technically and economically viable, the government abandoned it, the government revived it in 1982 and commissioned a new study to determine the feasibility of transferring natural gas to western parts of the country across the Jamuna. The study concluded that an independent gas connector was not economically viable, however, the consultants made an assessment of the engineering feasibility and cost of a combined road-cum-gas transmission bridge, which introduced the concept of a multipurpose bridge
8.
Hardinge Bridge
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Hardinge Bridge is a steel railway bridge over the river Padma located at Paksey in western Bangladesh. It is named after Lord Hardinge, who was the Viceroy of India from 1910 to 1916, the bridge is 1.8 kilometres long. Construction of the truss bridge began in 1910, though it was proposed at least 20 years earlier. It was completed in 1912, and trains started moving on it in 1915, the construction of a railway bridge over the Padma was proposed in 1889 by the Eastern Bengal Railway for easier communication between Calcutta and the then Eastern Bengal and Assam. In 1902, Sir FJE Spring prepared a report on the bridge, the construction of the bridge started in 1910 and finished two years later. The bridge comprises 15 steel trusses, the main girders are modified Petit type. The most difficult task of the operation was to prevent bank erosion, for this, two guide banks of the Bell-bund type named after J. R. Bell were built on either side, each extending 910 metres upstream and 300 metres downstream from the bridge. The ends of the banks were curved inward and heavily pitched with stone. Hardinge Bridge was severely damaged during the Liberation War of Bangladesh of 1971 and it happened on 13 December 1971, when the Indian Air Force plane bombed on the 4th guarder from the Paksey side. As the Pakistani army was on retreat towards Jessore Hardinge Bridge was strategically very important, the allied force damaged the bridge. The Japanese Government helped to reconstruct the bridge and it is the second largest railway bridge in Bangladesh. Another bridge named Lalon Shah Bridge for road transport beside the Hardinge Bridge has recently been constructed
9.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
10.
Eastern Nagari script
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The Assamese script is a writing system of the Assamese language. It used to be the script of choice in the Brahmaputra valley for Sanskrit as well as languages such as Bodo, Khasi. By the 17th century three styles of Assamese script could be identified that converged to the script following typesetting required for printing. The present standard is identical to the Bengali alphabet except for three letters, the Buranjis were written during the Ahom dynasty in the Assamese language using the Assamese alphabet. Later, Sankardev used it in the 15th and 16th centuries to compose his oeuvre in Assamese and Brajavali dialect, the Ahom king Supangmung, was the first ruler who started issuing Assamese coins for his kingdom. A similar script with minor differences is used to write Maithili, Bengali, Meithei, the Umachal rock inscription of the 5th century evidences the first use of a script in the region. The script was similar to the one used in Samudraguptas Allahabad Pillar inscription. Rock and copper plate inscriptions from then onwards, and Xaansi bark manuscripts right up to the 18th–19th centuries show a development of the Assamese script. The script could be said to develop proto-Assamese shapes by the 13th century, the script presently has a total of 11 vowel letters, used to represent the eight main vowel sounds of Assamese, along with a number of vowel diphthongs. All of these are used in both Assamese and Bengali, the two main languages using the script, for example, the Assamese script has two symbols for the vowel sound and two symbols for the vowel sound. This redundancy stems from the time when this script was used to write Sanskrit, a language that had a short and a long, and a short and a long. These letters are preserved in the Assamese script with their traditional names of hôrswô i and dirghô i, vowel signs can be used in conjunction with consonants to modify the pronunciation of the consonant. When no vowel is written, the vowel অ is often assumed, to specifically denote the absence of a vowel, may be written underneath the consonant. The names of the consonant letters in Assamese are typically just the consonants main pronunciation plus the inherent vowel ô, since the inherent vowel is assumed and not written, most letters names look identical to the letter itself. Some letters that have lost their distinctive pronunciation in Modern Assamese are called by a more elaborate name. For example, since the consonant phoneme /n/ can be written ন, ণ, or ঞ, these letters are not simply called nô, instead, they are called ন dôntiya nô, ণ murdhôinnya nô, and ঞ niô. Goswami the number of clusters is 143 symbolised by 174 conjunct letters. Three phoneme clusters are 21 in number, which are written by 27 conjunct clusters, a few of them are given hereafter as examples, Though ক্ষ is used in Bengali, it has a different pronunciation
11.
Specials (Unicode block)
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Specials is a short Unicode block allocated at the very end of the Basic Multilingual Plane, at U+FFF0–FFFF. Of these 16 codepoints, five are assigned as of Unicode 9, U+FFFD � REPLACEMENT CHARACTER used to replace an unknown, unrecognized or unrepresentable character U+FFFE <noncharacter-FFFE> not a character. FFFE and FFFF are not unassigned in the sense. They can be used to guess a texts encoding scheme, since any text containing these is by not a correctly encoded Unicode text. The replacement character � is a found in the Unicode standard at codepoint U+FFFD in the Specials table. It is used to indicate problems when a system is unable to render a stream of data to a correct symbol and it is usually seen when the data is invalid and does not match any character, Consider a text file containing the German word für in the ISO-8859-1 encoding. This file is now opened with an editor that assumes the input is UTF-8. The first and last byte are valid UTF-8 encodings of ASCII, therefore, a text editor could replace this byte with the replacement character symbol to produce a valid string of Unicode code points. The whole string now displays like this, f�r, a poorly implemented text editor might save the replacement in UTF-8 form, the text file data will then look like this, 0x66 0xEF 0xBF 0xBD 0x72, which will be displayed in ISO-8859-1 as f�r. Since the replacement is the same for all errors this makes it impossible to recover the original character, a better design is to preserve the original bytes, including the error, and only convert to the replacement when displaying the text. This will allow the text editor to save the original byte sequence and it has become increasingly common for software to interpret invalid UTF-8 by guessing the bytes are in another byte-based encoding such as ISO-8859-1. This allows correct display of both valid and invalid UTF-8 pasted together, Unicode control characters UTF-8 Mojibake Unicodes Specials table Decodeunicodes entry for the replacement character
12.
Bengali language
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Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia. With over 210 million speakers, Bengali is the seventh most spoken language in the world. Dominant in the last group was Persian, which was also the source of some grammatical forms, more recent studies suggest that the use of native and foreign words has been increasing, mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style. Today, Bengali is the language spoken in Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India. Both the national anthems of Bangladesh and India were composed in Bengali, in 1952, the Bengali Language Movement successfully pushed for the languages official status in the Dominion of Pakistan. In 1999, UNESCO recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the movement in East Pakistan. Language is an important element of Bengali identity and binds together a diverse region. Sanskrit was spoken in Bengal since the first millennium BCE, during the Gupta Empire, Bengal was a hub of Sanskrit literature. The Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were spoken in Bengal in the first millennium when the region was a part of the Magadha Realm and these dialects were called Magadhi Prakrit. They eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi, Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what are called Apabhraṃśa languages at the end of the first millennium. Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali evolved circa 1000–1200 AD from Sanskrit, for example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. Proto-Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty, during the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterized by the elision of word-final অ ô, the spread of compound verbs and Arabic and Persian influences. Bengali was a court language of the Sultanate of Bengal. Muslim rulers promoted the development of Bengali as part of efforts to Islamize. Bengali became the most spoken language in the Sultanate. This period saw borrowing of Perso-Arabic terms into Bengali vocabulary, major texts of Middle Bengali include Chandidas Shreekrishna Kirtana. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the dialect spoken in the Nadia region, a west-central Bengali dialect. Bengali presents a case of diglossia, with the literary
13.
Bangladesh
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Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
14.
Reporting mark
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A reporting mark is an alphabetic code of one to four letters used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain railroad networks. In North America the mark, which consists of an code of one to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment. The Association of American Railroads assigns marks to all carriers, under authority granted by the U. S, surface Transportation Board, Transport Canada, and Mexican Government. Under current practice, the first letter must match the initial letter of the railroad name, as it also acts as a Standard Carrier Alpha Code, the reporting mark cannot conflict with codes in use by other nonrail carriers. In another example, the mark for state-funded Amtrak services in California is CDTX because the state transportation agency owns the equipment used in these services. This is why the reporting mark for CSX Transportation, which is a railroad, is CSXT instead of CSX. This often resulted in five-letter reporting marks, an option not otherwise allowed by the AAR, the standard ISO6346 covers identifiers for intermodal containers. When the owner of a mark is taken over by another company. For example, when the Union Pacific Railroad acquired the Chicago and North Western Railway in the 1990s, some companies own several marks that are used to identify different classes of cars, such as boxcars or gondolas. If the acquiring company discontinues the name or mark of the acquired company, occasionally, long-disused marks are suddenly revived by the companies which now own them. For example, in recent years, the Union Pacific Railroad has begun to use the mark CMO on newly built covered hoppers, gondolas, CMO originally belonged to a predecessor of the CNW, which passed it on to them, from which the UP inherited it. Some of these still retain their temporary NYC marks. Because of its size, this list has been split into subpages based on the first letter of the reporting mark, railinc, a subsidiary of the AAR, maintains the active reporting marks for the North American rail industry. Railinc offers a free online look-up of reporting marks and other industry reference files through the Railincs Freight Rail 411 website, a railway vehicle must be registered in a national vehicle register using a 12-digit number derived from the old UIC system of vehicle numbering. The number contains the country in the third and fourth digit. The VKM must not contain special signs or digits, the VKM is preceded by the code for the country, where the vehicle is registered and a hyphen. Some examples, When a vehicle is sold it does not normally be transferred to another register, the Czech railways bought large numbers of coaches from ÖBB. The number remained the same but the VKM changed from A-ÖBB to A-ČD, the UIC introduced a uniform numbering system for their members based on a 12-digit number, largely known as UIC number
15.
5 ft 6 in gauge railway
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5 ft 6 in/1,676 mm gauge is a broad track gauge commonly used in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Argentina and Chile, but is also used on BART, in the San Francisco Bay Area, United States. It is historically known as Broad gauge in South Asia or Provincial gauge and it is the widest gauge in regular use anywhere in the world. See 5 ft 6 in gauge in Scotland This gauge was first used in Scotland for two short, isolated lines, the Dundee and Arbroath Railway and the Arbroath and Forfar Railway. However, soon there were disagreements with Lord Dalhousie favoring a 6 ft gauge and Mr. Simms, the consulting engineer favoring five feet and six inches gauge. The debate was settled in favor of the five and half feet gauge, called the broad gauge in 1850s. In the late 20th century, India adopted Project Unigauge, Gauge conversion towards Indian gauge is underway, replacing several narrow gauges and metre gauges. Pakistan uses primarily broad gauge, but also has a mix of metre gauge, the Bangladesh Railways uses a mix of broad gauge and metre gauge. The broad gauge network is located to the west of the Jamuna River. The Jamuna Bridge is a mixed use bridge that contains a gauge connection across the river linking both networks. Sri Lanka previously had a mix of broad gauge and other narrow gauges, however, all services currently operate on broad gauge as the other lines have either been closed or converted. In the 1850s it was first used in Canada, and was used in other British colonies. It was known as the Provincial gauge in Canada, the earliest railways in Canada, including the 1836 Champlain and St. Lawrence,1839 Albion Colliery tramway and 1847 Montreal and Lachine Railway were all built to standard gauge. The Grand Trunk Railway which operated in several Canadian provinces and American states used it, the Grand Trunk Railway was operated from headquarters in Montreal, Quebec, but corporate headquarters were in London, England. The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad which operated in Quebec, Vermont, New Hampshire, there is a longstanding rumour that the Provincial gauge was selected specifically to create a break-of-gauge with US railways, the War of 1812 still being a fresh memory. However, there is supporting evidence for this, and this story appears to be traced to a single claim from the late 1800s. The Bay Area Rapid Transit system is the operating railroad in the United State to use Indian gauge. The original engineers for the system had background in aerospace and intended to make a system for other municipalities to emulate. The use of Indian gauge rails was one of many design elements included in its design
16.
Chuadanga District
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Chuadanga, Chuadanga district or Chuadanga Zilla is the name of a Western district of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Khulna administrative division that covers most districts in the south-west of the country, according to Greek historians, as well as from geographical formations, this region formed a part of the kingdom of Gangaridhi. A city by the name of Gangey is also thought to be located in this region, under British rule, Chuadanga was a sub-division within Nadia District. During partition, in 1947, excepting Krishnanagar thana, history of Chuadanga can be found in Nadia District Gazetteer during British rule. During Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, Chuadanga was the location of more than 100 battles between the Pakistan Army and the Mukti Bahini pro-independence forces. On 26 March 1971, the first war command, the South Western Command of Bangladesh, was set up in area, under the leadership of Major Abu Osman Chowdhury. This region was also the place where Bangladesh Red Cross Society was founded, during the liberation war the government in exile declared Chuadanga to be the provisional capital of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. During the Bangladesh Liberation War more than one hundred documented direct encounters took place between the Pakistan Army and the fighters in Chuadanga district. According to records Chuadanga was liberated from the hands of occupying Pakistan army on 7 December 1971, marks of the Liberation War genocide in the district include a spot behind the Chuadanga Central Hospital. The Bir Protik award for gallantry was awarded to Harunur Rashed of Chuadanga District and he was killed on November 27 at Jadupur, under Chuadanga Sadar Upazila. He is buried at Jadupur in the tomb on the day after the elimination of Johor and he fought heroically in many parts of Chuadanga. Every 16 December and 26 March Chuadanga honours his family and he has a son who was born six months after his fathers death. The district has an area of 1,157.42 km² and it shares domestic borders with the Kushtia District on the northeast, Meherpur on the northwest and Jhenaidaha on the south and southeast. On its southwest lies the Nadia District, the annual average maximum temperature is 40.1 °C and the average for the minimum is 8.2 °C, while 1,467 mm is received on average each year. The entire Chuadanga district lies within the Ganges Delta, with rivers Mathabhanga, Bhairab, Kumar, Chitra, until the Partition of India in 1947 Chuadanga sub-division was within Nadia district. Administrator of Zila Porishod, Major Alimuzzaman Zoarder Deputy Commissioner, Begum Sayma Younus Chuadanga district is divided into four Upazilas, the district of Chuadanga consists 3554 mosques,218 temples,13 churches and three Buddhist temples. The different kinds of institutions are as follows, Colleges -12 M. S. Zoha Agricultural College, Hardi. According to the SSC result some schools are really doing better, among these Carews High School, Victoria Jubilee High School, Government Girls School and Nilmonigônj High School are mentionworthy
17.
Kushtia District
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Kushtia is a district in the Khulna administrative division of western Bangladesh. Kushtia has existed as a district since the partition of India. Prior to that, Kushtia was a part of Nadia District under Bengal Province of British India, Kushtia was home of many famous people, especially authors and poets. Present day Kushtia is known for the Islamic University, Shilaidaha Kuthibari, the Shahi Mosque in Kushtia bears the sign of rich cultural heritage of the region from the Mughal period. Kushtia is the birthplace of many figures including Mir Mosharraf Hossain, Bagha Jatin and Lalon Fakir, Alif Zahan Prachurja. He was an knight of film industry, nobel laureate poet Rabindranath Tagore lived a part of his life at Shelaidaha in this district and created some of his memorable poems while living there. Moulovi Afser Uddin, Kamrul Islam Siddik, National Leader and Freedom Fighter Kazi Aref Ahmed, Shah Mohammad Azizur Rahman, Mahbubul Alam Hanif, abu Taher also red son of kushtia. However, during the British rule Kushtia was not a separate district – it was a part of the Nadia district, a municipality was established in Kushtia in 1869. The renowned and very popular Music composer and Singer S I Tutul has born in Kushtia and he had passed his childhood and boyhood at the place call in this district. S I Tutul created a song call Ronger Manush based on Kushtia, Kushtia, however, is not an ancient township. A river port was developed in the district during the reign of Emperor Shahjahan, although the British East India Company made extensive use of the port, it was not until indigo planters and traders settled there that the township began to grow. In 1860, the Indigo revolt spread throughout the Bengal province, shalghar Madhua in Kushtia district was one of the forerunners in this movement. It inspired all indigo farmers in Kushtia to refrain from paying government taxes, subsequently, with the publication of the Indigo Commission Report, an act was passed prohibiting coercion of cultivators for indigo cultivation and the measure led to the end of the movement. During the Partition of India in 1947, Kushtia was made a district, consisting of Kushtia Sôdor, Chuadanga. The town once again attractive for development in 1954 with the establishment of the Ganges-Kobadak Project headquarters. The GK Project is a large system, with the first crop under this project grown in 1962–63. The district of Kushtia had significant contribution to the Bangladesh Liberation War, a 147-member company of the 27th Baluch Regiment of the Pakistan army reached Kushtia on 25 March 1971 from its base at Jessore cantonment. They initially captured the police station and settled an outpost there
18.
Assam Bengal Railway
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The Assam Bengal Railway was one of the pioneering railway companies in British India. Headquartered in Chittagong, it functioned from 1892 to 1942, Assam Bengal Railway was incorporated in 1892 to serve British-owned tea plantations in Assam. Later, with the effect from 1 February 1961, Eastern Bengal Railway was renamed as Pakistan Railway. with the emergence of Bangladesh, it became Bangladesh Railway with its headquarters at Pandu. On 14 April 1952, the 2857 km long Assam Railway and the Oudh and Tirhut Railway were amalgamated to form one of the six newly carved zones of the Indian Railways, the North Eastern Railway. On the same day, the reorganized Sealdah division of the erstwhile Bengal Assam Railway was amalgamated with the Eastern Railway, Assam Bengal Railway started construction of a railway track on the eastern side of Bengal in 1891. A150 kilometres track between Chittagong and Comilla was opened to traffic in 1895, the Comilla-Akhaura-Kalaura-Badarpur section was opened in 1896–1898 and finally extended to Lumding in 1903. The Assam Bengal Railway constructed a line to Guwahati, connecting the city to the eastern line in 1900. The line was extended to Tinsukia in 1902 and it was connected to Dibru-Sadiya Railway in 1903
19.
Chittagong
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Chittagong /tʃɪtəɡɒŋ/ is a major coastal seaport city and financial centre in southeastern Bangladesh. The city has a population of more than 2.5 million while the area has a population of 4,009,423 at the 2011 Census. It is the capital of a district and division. The city is located on the banks of the Karnaphuli River between the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Bay of Bengal, much of Chittagong Division is located within the ecological Indo-Burma zone on the boundary of the India Plate and Burma Plate. This makes Chittagong the crossroads of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, the port city has been known by various names in history, including Chatigaon, Chatigam, Chattagrama, Islamabad, Chattala, Chaityabhumi and Porto Grande De Bengala. The natural harbour of Chittagong is an ancient gateway to the region of Bengal and it was noted as one of the largest Eastern ports by the Roman geographer Ptolemy in the 1st century. As part of the seafaring tradition of the Bengali people, coastal Chittagong was settled and ruled by Indian. Arab traders saw well-developed currency, banking and shipping in Chittagong during the 9th century, early cosmopolitan Muslims established dominance over the port as an entrepot of maritime trade, while Arakan, Bengal and Tripura competed for control of the wider hinterland. Muslim conquest took place in the 14th century, Chittagong became the principal port of the Bengal Sultanate. It was used by several leading medieval global explorers, including Ibn Battuta, later, Mrauk U, with assistance from Portuguese trading posts, gained control of the area. The Mughal conquest of Chittagong reestablished Bengali control and ushered an era of stability, the city was renamed as Islamabad. This diverse history is reflected in the rural Chittagonian dialect of Bengali, ceded to the British East India Company in 1760, Chittagong became the chief port of Eastern Bengal and Assam under the British Raj, as well as a hub of railways. A notable anti-colonial uprising took place in 1930 and it was an important base for Allied Forces during the Burma Campaign in World War II. Rapid industrialization followed the war, as Chittagong became part of East Pakistan, during Bangladesh’s liberation war in 1971, Chittagong was site of the country’s declaration of independence. Modern Chittagong is an important economic hub in South Asia and it is home to the Chittagong Stock Exchange and many of Bangladeshs oldest and largest companies. The Port of Chittagong is the largest international seaport on the Bay of Bengal and it is the largest base of the Bangladesh Navy. However, despite having a high and growing urban per capita GDP in South Asia and being one of the fastest growing cities in the world, it has a poverty rate of 11. 3%, as of 2010. Chittagong is reputed as a clean city, but still confronts substantial logistical
20.
Comilla
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Comilla is a city in eastern Bangladesh, located along the Dhaka-Chittagong Highway. It is the centre of the Comilla District, part of the Chittagong Division. Comilla is the second-largest city of eastern Bangladesh after Chittagong and is one of the three oldest cities in Bangladesh, the Comilla region was once under ancient Samatata and was joined with Tripura State. This district came under the reign of the kings of the Harikela in the ninth century AD, lalmai Mainamati was ruled by Deva dynasty, and. In 1732, it became the centre of the Bengal-backed domain of Jagat Manikya, the Peasants Movement against the king of Tripura in 1764, which originally formed under the leadership of Shamsher Gazi is a notable historical event in Comilla. It came under the rule of East India Company in 1765 and this district was established as Tripura district in 1790. It was renamed Comilla in 1960, Chandpur and Brahmanbaria subdivisions of this district were transformed into districts in 1984. Communal tension spread over Comilla when a Muslim was shot in the town during the partition of Bengal in 1905, on 21 November 1921, Kazi Nazrul Islam composed patriotic songs and tried to awaken the town people by protesting the Prince of Waless visit to India. During this time, Avay Ashram, as a revolutionary institution, poet Rabindranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi visited Comilla at that time. In 1931, approximately 4000 peasants in Mohini village in Chauddagram Upazila revolted against a land revenue tax, the British Gurkha soldiers fired indiscriminately on the crowd, killing four people. In a major peasant gathering, the police fired at Hasnabad of Laksam Upazila in 1932, two people were killed and many were wounded. Queen Victoria visited Comilla several times, Comilla Victoria Government College was named for her memories in the city. Comilla Cantonment is one of the most important military bases and is the oldest in East Bengal and it was widely used by the British Indian Army during World War II. It was the headquarters of the British 14th Army, there are a number of Japanese soldiers were buried there as well, from the second world war. People of Comilla served as fighter in 1952. Students of Comilla Victoria College protested against Pakistan Government, Shaheed Dhirendranath Datta was one of important leaders of the language movement who was from comilla. Shib Narayan Das was one of designer of the first flag of Bangladesh, Comilla was part of sector 2 during the Liberation war of Bangladesh. Jehangir Khan Tareen was a Pakistani politician of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf and he was also born in Comilla
21.
Partition of India
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The Partition of India was the division of British India in 1947 which accompanied the creation of two independent dominions, India and Pakistan. The Dominion of India is today the Republic of India and Dominion of Pakistan, the partition involved the division of two provinces, Bengal and the Punjab, based on district-wise Hindu or Muslim majorities. It also involved the division of the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury, between the two new dominions. The partition was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj, the two self-governing countries of India and Pakistan legally came into existence at midnight on 14–15 August 1947. The violent nature of the created an atmosphere of hostility. The term partition of India does not cover the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971, nor the earlier separations of Burma and Ceylon from the administration of British India. It does not cover the incorporation of the enclaves of French India into India during the period 1947–1954, nor the annexation of Goa, other contemporaneous political entities in the region in 1947, Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal, and The Maldives were unaffected by the partition. The Hindu elite of Bengal, among many who owned land in East Bengal that was leased out to Muslim peasants. The pervasive protests against Curzons decision took the form predominantly of the Swadeshi campaign led by two-time Congress president, Surendranath Banerjee, sporadically—but flagrantly—the protesters also took to political violence that involved attacks on civilians. The violence, however, was not effective, as most planned attacks were either preempted by the British or failed, the unrest spread from Calcutta to the surrounding regions of Bengal when Calcuttas English-educated students returned home to their villages and towns. Since Calcutta was the capital, both the outrage and the slogan soon became nationally known. In conjunction, they demanded proportional legislative representation reflecting both their status as rulers and their record of cooperating with the British. This led, in December 1906, to the founding of the All-India Muslim League in Dacca, although Curzon, by now, had resigned his position over a dispute with his military chief Lord Kitchener and returned to England, the League was in favour of his partition plan. In the three decades since that census, Muslim leaders across northern India, had intermittently experienced public animosity from some of the new Hindu political and social groups. In 1905, when Tilak and Lajpat Rai attempted to rise to positions in the Congress. It was not lost on many Muslims, for example, that the rallying cry, World War I would prove to be a watershed in the imperial relationship between Britain and India. Indias international profile would thereby rise and would continue to rise during the 1920s, back in India, especially among the leaders of the Indian National Congress, it would lead to calls for greater self-government for Indians. Secretary of State for India, Montagu and Viceroy Lord Chelmsford presented a report in July 1918 after a long fact-finding trip through India the previous winter
22.
East Pakistan
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Inter-religious violence during the partition drove Bengali Muslims and Hindus further apart, leading to political upheaval in Bengal. From 1947 until 1954, East Bengal was an independent administrative unit which was governed by the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin. In 1955, the Bengali Prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra devolved the province of East Bengal, in the 1954 elections the Pakistan Muslim League were completely defeated by the United Front coalition of the Awami League, the Krishak Praja Party, the Democratic Party and Nizam-e-Islam. The Awami League gained the control of East Pakistan after appointing Huseyn Suhrawardy for the office of prime minister and this authoritarian period that existed from 1958 until 1971, is often regarded as period of mass repression, resentment, and political neglect and ignorance. Allying with the population of West Pakistan, the Easts population unanimously voted for Fatima Jinnah during the 1965 presidential elections against Ayub Khan. The elections were widely believed to be rigged in the favour of Ayub Khan using state patronage. The economic disparity, impression that West Pakistan, despite being less populated than East Pakistan, was ruling and prospering at its cost further popularize the Bengali nationalism. As response to this operation, the Awami League announced the declaration of independence of East Pakistan on 26 March 1971, East Pakistan had an area of 147,610 km2. India bordered it on three sides with the Bay of Bengal to the South, East Pakistan was one of the largest provincial states of Pakistan, with the largest population, the largest political representation, and the largest economy. Finally, on 16 December 1971, East Pakistan was officially disestablished and was succeeded by the independent state of Bangladesh, many notable Muslim Bengali figures were among the Founding fathers of present date, State of Pakistan. The country came into existence on 14 August 1947 confronted by seemingly insurmountable problems, until 1947, the East Wing of Pakistan, separated from the West Wing by 1,600 km of Indian territory, had been heavily dependent on Hindu management. Bengal was divided into two provinces on the midnight of 14 August 1947 following the Radcliffe Line, the two provinces each had their own chief ministers and governors. In August 1947, the West Bengal became part of India, throughout this time, the tensions between East Bengal and the West Pakistan led to the One-Unit policy by Bengali Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra. In 1955, most of the wing was combined to form a new West Pakistan province while East Bengal became the new province of East Pakistan. In 1955, Bogra appointed communist leader Abu Hussain Sarkar as chief minister, the main objective of the new government was to end disruptive provincial politics and to provide the country with a new constitution. After a revision, the Supreme Court of Pakistan declared that the Pakistan Constituent Assembly must be called, governor-General Ghulam Mohammad was unable to circumvent the order, and the new Constituent Assembly, elected by the provincial assemblies, met for the first time in July 1955. Bogra, who had support in the new assembly, fell in August and was replaced by Choudhry. Ghulam Mohammad, plagued by health, was succeeded as governor-general in September 1955 by Mirza
23.
Government of Pakistan
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By constitutional powers, the President promulgates ordinances and passes bills. The President acts as the ceremonial figurehead while the people-elected Prime Minister acts as the executive and is responsible for running the federal government. There is a bicameral Parliament with the National Assembly as a lower house, the judicial branch systematically contains an apex Supreme Court, high courts of four provinces, district, anti-terrorism, Sharia, and the green courts, all inferior to the Supreme Court. The full name of the country is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases. The Pakistan Government or Government of Pakistan are often used in official documents representing the government collectively. Also, the terms Federal and National in government institutions or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government, because the seat of government is in Islamabad, Islamabad is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The Constitution of Pakistan established and constituted the government of four provinces of federation of nation-state. The Constitution reads as, The Federal Government is Subject to the Constitution, in the performance of his functions under the Constitution, the Prime Minister may act either directly or through the Ministers. By the Article 246th and Article 247th to the constitution, the Islamic Jirga system has become an institution for local governance, the 1950s reforms in the government administration, the constitutional law and jurisprudence in Pakistan have been greatly influenced by the United States Of America legal system. Since the 1970s, the traditional jirga-based law has also influenced the countrys judicial development, the legislative branch is known as the parliament, a term for legislature inherited from the United Kingdom. The parliament has two houses, The National Assembly is the house and has 342 members. 272 are elected directly by the people, while 70 seats are reserved for women, the Senate is the upper house and has ~104 senators elected indirectly by members of provincial assemblies for six-year terms. All the Cabinet ministers as well as the Prime Minister must be members of Parliament, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet Ministers are jointly accountable to the Parliament. If there is a failure or lapse on the part of the government. If a vote of no confidence is passed against the government, then the government collapses, by general definition, the executive branch of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the idea of the separation of powers. The separation of system is designed to distribute authority away from the executive branch – an attempt to preserve individual liberty in response to tyrannical leadership throughout history. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, is the head of government of Pakistan
24.
Dual gauge
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A dual-gauge railway is a line of track that provides for trains of two separate track gauges. A mixed-gauge railway provides for more than two gauges, but is also a term sometimes used to denote dual-gauge. A dual-gauge track configuration usually consists of three rails, two rails, one for each gauge, plus a common rail--although at times, commonality is not possible. In an ordinary three-rail dual-gauge configuration, the two adjacent outer rails give provide each of the gauges, while the outer rail is common to trains of both gauges operating over it. This configuration is not to be confused with the electric current traction rail or a check or guard rail, in railways, the most important specification is that of rail gauge, the distance between the inner surfaces of the heads of the travel rails. A problem arises when different gauges outside of this tolerance meet one another, in allowing railway tracks of different gauges to share the same alignment, costs can be reduced, and infrastructure shared, e. g. platforms, bridges and tunnels etc. Dual gauge can replace two separate tracks by sharing one common running rail and one of the two outer rails which determine the gauge. However, there are complications and costs involved that may offset the savings. One issue is that points are more complex, and therefore more expensive, arrangements are necessary to ensure trains of both gauges can be safely signalled, track circuits and mechanical interlocking where provided must be operated through the common rail. Also, the rail will have an increased wear and tear over the other separate gauge rails. The following pairs of gauges can be dual-gauged without problem, standard gauge and 1,676 mm,3 ft and 3 ft 6 in, and 5 ft and 6 ft. Standard gauge and 1,600 mm can also be dual-gauged, albeit with lighter, narrow-footed rails and this last combination is of particular historical interest, as it was of strategic significance during World War II. If three-rail dual gauge is impossible, four-rail gauntlet track dual-gauge has to be used, the complications and difficulties outlined illustrate the benefits of standardised railway gauges, where possible. Alternatively the rails may be too light for the loads imposed by broader-gauge railcars, such potential problems can rule out dual-gauge as a feasible option, unless heavier rails are installed. Dual-gauge lines in Java were regauged from 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in to 3 ft 6 in during the Japanese administration in 1942-1943, regauging occurred only on the relatively short Brumbung-Kedungjati-Gundih main line and the Kedungjati-Ambarawa branch line, as the rest of the line was already dual-gauge. In Los Angeles the 3 ft 6 in Los Angeles Railway, the Colorado and Southern Railway had both standard and narrow gauge trackage, and had dual-gauge track between Denver, Colorado and Golden, until 1941. Similarly, a section of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroads Alamosa-Durango Line from Alamosa, the East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company formerly had considerable dual-gauge trackage in its Mount Union, Pennsylvania yard. Alaska and British Columbia are proposing dual gauge,1,435 mm standard gauge and 914 mm, track so that a narrow gauge tourist train and standard gauge ore trains can share the right of way
25.
Titas River
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Titas River is a trans-boundary river of eastern Bangladesh. It originates in the state of Tripura in India where it is known as Haora River in Bengali, flowing near Agartala, it enters Bangladesh through Akhaura Upazila in the Brahmanbaria District of Bangladesh, then merges with the Meghna River to the south near Ashuganj Upazila. The length of the river is about 98 km, there is another river of the same name which starts as a distributary of the Meghna and flows back into it. Many legends about Titas and Meghna traverse from generation to generation in worlds largest deltaic country Bangladesh, one such legend says that Titas is the daughter of Meghna, who has been carrying her progeny to the Bay of Bengal since time immemorial. The two streams never commingle, and they keep a conspicuous demarcation line between them, while many hydrographers attribute this phenomenon to the difference in water properties of the two rivers, the people cherish to think of them as mother-daughter. Titas Gas, the biggest natural gas reserve of Bangladesh located in Brahmanbaria and it is depiction of the tragic lives of a fishing community dependent on this river. In 2010, a bridge over this river was proposed
26.
Rolling stock
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The term rolling stock originally referred to any vehicles that move on a railway. It has since expanded to include the vehicles used by businesses on roadways. It usually includes both powered and unpowered vehicles, for locomotives, railroad cars, coaches, and wagons. Rolling stock is considered to be an asset, or close to it, since the value of the vehicle can be readily estimated. The term contrasts with fixed stock, which is a term for the track, signals, stations, other buildings, electric wires. In Great Britain, types of rolling stock were given code names and these codes were telegraphese, somewhat analogous to the SMS language of today. List of railway vehicles Great Western Railway telegraphic codes Great Western Railway wagons The dictionary definition of rolling stock at Wiktionary
27.
Sheikh Hasina
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Sheikh Hasina Wazed is the current Prime Minister of Bangladesh, in office since January 2009. Hasinas political career has spanned more than four decades and she previously served as opposition leader from 1986 to 1990 and 1991 to 1995, Prime Minister from 1996 to 2001, and has been leading the Bangladesh Awami League since 1981. In 2008, she returned as Prime Minister with a landslide victory, in January 2014, she became the prime minister for the third term. Hasina is one of the most powerful women in the world, Hasina is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an International network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers. For the better part of the last two decades, Hasinas chief rival has been BNP leader Khaleda Zia and their rivalry is known as Battle of Begums. The two women have alternated as non-interim Prime Ministers since 1991, Sheikh Hasina was born in Tungipara, East Pakistan on 28 September 1947. She is the daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, first president of Bangladesh, as she said in many interviews that she had grown up in fear due to her fathers political works. During the peak of violence of the 1970 Elections in Pakistan as well as her fathers arrest she had lived in refuge with her grandmother, saying I was not allowed to go to the school. Because I had to cross the canal by a wooden bridge and she was active in the student politics of Dhaka University. Hasina was not in Bangladesh when her father was assassinated on 15 August 1975 and she was not allowed to return to the country until after she was elected to lead the Awami League Party in 16 February 1981 and arrived on 17 May 1981. While living in self-exile in India after her father and familys assassination in 1975, the Awami League has been described as a left-of-center party. Hasina was in and out of detention throughout the 1980s, in 1984, Hasina was put under house arrest in February and again in November. In March 1985, she was put under house arrest for three months, Hasina and the Awami League participated in the 1986 parliamentary elections held under President Ershad. She served as the leader of the opposition in 1986–1987, however, her supporters maintained that she used the platform effectively to challenge Ershads rule. During November and December in 1987, mass uprising happened in Dhaka, several people were killed including Noor Hossain, after several years of autocratic rule, widespread protests and strikes created so much unrest that the economy was not functioning. A huge mass protest in December 1990 ousted General Ershad from the power, the caretaker government, headed by Shahabuddin Ahmed, the Chief Justice of the Bangladesh Supreme Court, administered a general election for the parliament. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party led by Khaleda Zia won a general majority, among 3 constituencies Hasina fought, she lost in two and won in one. Accepting election defeat, Hasina offered resignation as the party president, politics in Bangladesh took a decisive turn in 1994, after Magura by-elections
28.
Cox's Bazar
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Coxs Bazar is a town, a fishing port and district headquarters in Bangladesh. The beach in Coxs Bazar is an unbroken 120 km sandy sea beach with a gentle slope and it is located 150 km south of the industrial port Chittagong. Coxs Bazar is also known by the name Panowa, whose literal translation means yellow flower and its other old name was Palongkee. The modern Coxs Bazar derives its name from Captain Hiram Cox, Cox was appointed Superintendent of Palongkee outpost after Warren Hastings became Governor of Bengal. Captain Cox was specially mobilised to deal with a conflict between Arakan refugees and local Rakhains. He embarked upon the task of rehabilitating refugees in the area, Captain Cox died in 1799 before he could finish his work. To commemorate his role in work, a market was established and named Coxs Bazar after him. Today, Coxs Bazar is one of the most-visited tourist destinations in Bangladesh, in 2013, the Bangladesh Government formed the Tourist Police unit to better protect local and foreign tourists, as well as to look after the nature and wildlife in the tourist spots of Coxs Bazar. Coxs Bazar, Coxs Bazar municipality, was constituted in 1869, located along the Bay of Bengal in South Eastern Bangladesh, Coxs Bazar Town is a large port and health resort. But it is mostly for its long natural sandy beach. The municipality covers an area of 6.85 km2 with 27 mahallas and 9 wards and has a population of 51,918, Coxs Bazar is connected by road and air with Chittagong. The greater Chittagong area, including Coxs Bazar, was under the rule of Arakan kings from the early 9th century until its conquest by the Mughals in 1666 AD. When the Mughal Prince Shah Shuja was passing through the terrain of the present-day Coxs Bazar on his way to Arakan, he was attracted to its scenic. He commanded his forces to camp there and his retinue of one thousand palanquins stopped there for some time. A place named Dulahazara, meaning one thousand palanquins, still exists in the area, after the Mughals, the place came under the control of the Tipras and the Arakanese, followed by the Portuguese and then the British. The name Coxs Bazar/Bazaar originated from the name of a British East India Company officer, Captain Hiram Cox and he succeeded Warren Hastings, who became the Governor of Bengal following the British East India Company Act in 1773. Cox was mobilised to deal with a conflict between Arakan refugees and local Rakhine people at Palonki. The Captain had rehabilitated many refugees in the area, but had died before he could finish his work, to commemorate that, a market was established and named after him, called Coxs Bazar
29.
Agartala
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The city is the seat of the Government of Tripura. Agartala is one of the fastest developing cities of India, Agartala is a component of two words, namely Agar, a kind of oily valuable perfume tree, + suffix tala, a store house. The city is governed by the Agartala Municipal Corporation, Agartala lies on the bank of the Haora River and is located 2 km from the Bangladesh Border. Agartala is Indias third international internet gateway after the ones in Mumbai and Chennai, the overall area of the Agartala Municipal Corporation was 76.504 Square Km and the population was 438,408 after the completion of the restructuring of the Agartala Municipal Corporation in 2013. The percentage of literacy according to 2011 census was 93.88, as per Municipal Census of 2015, the population of Agartala is 522,613. Perched on the banks of River Haora, the city of Tripura-Agartala- entices sightseers with its past splendor. The name Agartala derives from the words Agar and tala, a reference to the density of Agarwood trees in the region. The Agar tree was historically referenced in the story of the great king Raghu who tied up his Elephants feet to an Agar tree on the banks of River Lauhitya. One of the earliest kings of Agartala was Patardan B. C.1900 it was the time long before the Manikya Dynasties, chitrarath, Drikpati, Dharmapha, Loknath Jivandharan were the important king during the time of B. C. in Agartala. From the mythological, epigraphic and archaeological evidences excavated by the historians, with early references in epic texts like the Mahabharata, the legacy and historical importance of this quaint city can be easily gauged. In the past, Tripura served as the capital to several noted Hindu kingdoms, apart from the great Hindu rule, Tripura also witnessed the glorious rule of the Mughals. However, with the rise of British power in India, the state came under the governance of English in 1808, much later the ancient capital of the then Princely State Swadhin Tripura was at Rangamati by the bank of the river Gomati. In 1760 it was shifted by the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya Bahadur of Manikya Dynasty to present old Agartala by the bank of the river Haora/Saidra and was named Haveli. During the British Raj, Agartala was the capital of the erstwhile Hill Tippera state, it became a municipality in 1874–75, with the waves of Indian Independence, the people of Tripura started Ganamukti Parishad movement to include the state as the kingdom of India. The then queen of Tripura Maharani Kanchanprava Devi signed the agreement on 15 October 1949 permitting the government to merge the province with independent India, on 1 July 1963, Tripura became a centrally administered Union Territory and attained the status of full-fledged state on 21 January 1972. Agartala was named as the capital of Tripura, power, the first British political agent for Tipperah was also appointed as the Chairman of the Agartala Municipality in 1872 who held office from 1872–73. The municipality located at the crossing of Latitude N23 –50, Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur is called the founder of the planned city of Agartala. The population of Agartala was 367,822 in 2004 after the municipal expansion.84 km2, Agartala had a different type of history from the earlier times of the epic days as it was a princely state and was connected with Bangladesh once upon a time
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Tripura
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Tripura /ˈtrɪpuːrɑː/ is a state in Northeast India. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers 10,491 km2 and is bordered by Bangladesh to the north, south, and west, in 2011 the state had 3,671,032 residents, constituting 0. 3% of the countrys population. The Bengali Hindu people form the majority in Tripura. Indigenous communities, known in India as scheduled tribes, form about 30 per cent of Tripuras population, the Kokborok speaking Tripuri people are the major group among 19 tribes and many subtribes. The area of modern Tripura was ruled for centuries by the Tripuri dynasty. The independent Tripuri Kingdom joined the newly independent India in 1949, Tripura lies in a geographically disadvantageous location in India, as only one major highway, the National Highway 8, connects it with the rest of the country. Five mountain ranges—Boromura, Atharamura, Longtharai, Shakhan and Jampui Hills—run north to south, with intervening valleys, Agartala, the state has a tropical savanna climate, and receives seasonal heavy rains from the south west monsoon. Forests cover more than half of the area, in which bamboo, Tripura has the highest number of primate species found in any Indian state. Due to its isolation, economic progress in the state is hindered. Poverty and unemployment continue to plague Tripura, which has a limited infrastructure, most residents are involved in agriculture and allied activities, although the service sector is the largest contributor to the states gross domestic product. The sculptures at the archaeological sites Unakoti, Pilak and Devtamura provide historical evidence of fusion between organised and tribal religions. The Ujjayanta Palace in Agartala was the royal abode of the Tripuri king. Tripur was the 39th descendant of Druhyu, who belonged to the lineage of Yayati, one of the Puranas, the text about the exploits of Shiva, tells the story of the sack of Tripura. Variants of the name include Tripra, Tuipura and Tippera, although there is no evidence of lower or middle Paleolithic settlements in Tripura, Upper Paleolithic tools made of fossil wood have been found in the Haora and Khowai valleys. An ancient name of Tripura is Kirat Desh, probably referring to the Kirata Kingdoms or the generic term Kirata. However, it is whether the extent of modern Tripura is coterminous with Kirat Desh. The region was under the rule of the Twipra Kingdom for centuries, the boundaries of the kingdom changed over the centuries. At various times, the borders reached south to the jungles of the Sundarbans on the Bay of Bengal, east to Burma, the Mughals had influence over the appointment of the Tripuri kings
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Northeast India
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Northeast India is the eastern-most region of India. It comprises of the contiguous Seven Sister States, and the Himalayan state of Sikkim, the Siliguri Corridor in West Bengal, with a width of 21 to 40 kilometres, connects the North Eastern region with East India. The region shares more than 4,500 kilometres of border with China in the north, Myanmar in the east, Bangladesh in the southwest. The northeast India states are officially recognised under the North Eastern Council, the North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd was incorporated on 9 August 1995 and the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region was set up in September 2001. The earliest settlers were Austro-Asiatic speakers, followed by Tibeto-Burmese and lastly by Indo-Aryans, due to the bio- and crop diversity of the region, archaeological researchers believe that early settlers of Northeast India had domesticated several important plants. Writers believe that the 100 BC writings of Chinese explorer, Zhang Qian indicate a trade route via Northeast India. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mention a people called Sêsatai in the region, in the early historical period, Kamarupa straddled most of present-day Northeast India, besides Bhutan and Sylhet in Bangladesh. Xuanzang, a travelling Chinese Buddhist monk, visited Kamarupa in the 7th century and he described the people as short in stature and black-looking, whose speech differed a little from mid-India and who were of simple but violent disposition. He wrote that the people in Kamarupa knew of Sichuan, which lay to the kingdoms east beyond a treacherous mountain, for many of the tribal peoples, their primary identification is with subtribes and villages, which have distinct dialects and cultures. Many of the peoples in present-day Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland converted to Christianity under the influence of British missionaries, in the early 19th century, both the Ahom and the Manipur kingdoms fell to a Burmese invasion. The ensuing First Anglo-Burmese War resulted in the region coming under British control. In the colonial period, North East India was made a part of Bengal Province from 1839 to 1873, after Indian Independence from British Rule in 1947, the Northeastern region of British India consisted of Assam and the princely states of Manipur and Tripura. Subsequently, Nagaland in 1963, Meghalaya in 1972, Arunachal Pradesh in 1975, Manipur and Tripura remained as Union Territories of India between 1956 until 1972, when they attained fully-fledged statehood. Sikkim was integrated as the eighth North Eastern Council state in 2002, the city of Shillong served as the capital of the Assam province created during the British Rule. It remained as the capital of undivided Assam until formation of the state of Meghalaya in 1972, the capital of Assam was shifted to Dispur, a part of Guwahati, and Shillong was designated as the capital of Meghalaya. In 1944, the Japanese planned an attack on India. Traveling through Burma, its forces were stopped at Kohima and Imphal by British and this marked the furthest western expansion of the Japanese Empire, its defeat in this area presaged Allied victory. Arunachal Pradesh, a state in the Northeastern tip of India, is claimed by China as South Tibet, Sino-Indian relations degraded, resulting in the Sino-Indian War of 1962
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Bangladesh Liberation War
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It resulted in the independence of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. The war began after the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight against the people of East Pakistan on the night of 25 March 1971 and it pursued the systematic elimination of nationalist Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, religious minorities and armed personnel. The junta annulled the results of the 1970 elections and arrested Prime Minister-elect Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, rural and urban areas across East Pakistan saw extensive military operations and air strikes to suppress the tide of civil disobedience that formed following the 1970 election stalemate. The Pakistan Army, which had the backing of Islamists, created radical religious militias – the Razakars, Al-Badr, members of the Pakistani military and supporting militias engaged in mass murder, deportation and genocidal rape. The capital Dhaka was the scene of massacres, including the Dhaka University killings. An estimated 10 million Bengali refugees fled to neighbouring India, while 30 million were internally displaced, sectarian violence broke out between Bengalis and Urdu-speaking immigrants. An academic consensus prevails that the committed by the Pakistani military were a genocide. The Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence was proclaimed from Chittagong by members of the Mukti Bahini – the national liberation army formed by Bengali military, paramilitary, the East Bengal Regiment and the East Pakistan Rifles played a crucial role in the resistance. Led by General M. A. G. Osmani and eleven sector commanders and they liberated numerous towns and cities in the initial months of the conflict. The Pakistan Army regained momentum in the monsoon, Bengali guerrillas carried out widespread sabotage, including Operation Jackpot against the Pakistan Navy. The nascent Bangladesh Air Force flew sorties against Pakistani military bases, by November, the Bangladesh forces restricted the Pakistani military to its barracks during the night. They secured control of most parts of the countryside, the Provisional Government of Bangladesh was formed on 17 April 1971 in Mujibnagar and moved to Calcutta as a government in exile. Bengali members of the Pakistani civil, military and diplomatic corps defected to the Bangladeshi provisional government, thousands of Bengali families were interned in West Pakistan, from where many escaped to Afghanistan. Bengali cultural activists operated the clandestine Free Bengal Radio Station, the plight of millions of war-ravaged Bengali civilians caused worldwide outrage and alarm. The Indian state led by Indira Gandhi provided substantial diplomatic, economic, British, Indian and American musicians organised the worlds first benefit concert in New York City to support the Bangladeshi people. India joined the war on 3 December 1971, after Pakistan launched preemptive air strikes on North India, the subsequent Indo-Pakistani War witnessed engagements on two war fronts. With air supremacy achieved in the theatre and the rapid advance of the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India. The war changed the landscape of South Asia, with the emergence of Bangladesh as the seventh-most populous country in the world
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Jamuna River (Bangladesh)
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The Jamuna River is one of the three main rivers of Bangladesh. It is the main channel of the Brahmaputra River as it flows from India to Bangladesh. The Jamuna flows south and joins the Padma River, near Goalundo Ghat and it then flows into the Bay of Bengal as the Meghna River. The Brahmaputra-Jamuna is an example of a braided river and is highly susceptible to channel migration and avulsion. It is characterised by a network of interlacing channels with numerous sandbars enclosed between them, the sandbars, known in Bengali as chars, do not occupy a permanent position. The river deposits them in one year, very often to be destroyed later, the breaking of a char or the emergence of a new one is also a cause of much violence and litigation. It is the National river of Bangladesh, in Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the Teesta River, one of its largest tributaries. The Teesta earlier ran due south from Jalpaiguri in three channels, namely, the Karatoya to the east, the Punarbhaba in the west, the three channels possibly gave the name to the river as Trisrota possessed of three streams which has been shortened and corrupted to Teesta. Of these three, the Punarbhaba joined the Mahananda, the Atrai passing through a vast marshy area known as Chalan Beel joined the Karatoya and the united stream joined the Padma near Jafarganj. In the destructive floods of 1787, the Teesta river forsook its old channel, james Rennell made a survey between 1764 and 1777 and his maps are one of the earliest authentic maps of Bengal in existence. In these maps Teesta is shown as flowing through North Bengal in several branches — Punarbhaba, Atrai, Karatoya, below the Teesta, the Brahmaputra splits into two distributary branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the flow, continues due south as the Jamuna to merge with the lower Ganges. The eastern branch, formerly the larger but now smaller, is called the lower or old Brahmaputra. It curves southeast to join the Meghna River near Dhaka, the Padma and Meghna converge near Chandpur and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna, in the past the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the Jamalpur and Mymensingh districts. The Jamuna is a wide river. During the rains it is about 5–8 miles from bank to bank, even during the dry season when the waters subside, the breadth is hardly less than 2–3 miles. The Jamuna was a barrier in establishing a road link between capital Dhaka and northern part of Bangladesh, better known as Rajshahi Division, until 1996
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Saidpur, Bangladesh
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Saidpur is a city of Nilphamari district in Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. The city becomes an important communication hub for adjoining major district headquarters. Saidpur Airport is one of the airports in Bangladesh. The Saidpur Railway Workshop, established in 1870, is the largest railway workshop in Bangladesh and was the railway workshop for Assam-Bengal railway. The city has historically been an Urdu-speaking community with ties to Bihar, from which many residents originate. Since Bangladeshi independence, Urdu has declined as the Bihari community either integrated into Bangladeshi society, adopting Bengali, the city of Saidpur was established around the Saidpur Railway Workshop established in 1870 by the British Colonial regime. Nothing is definitely known about the origin of the upazila name and it is learnt that in the long past there came a Sayed family from Koch Bihar of India and settled in this area and started preaching Islam. It is generally believed that the upazila might have derived its name Saidpur after the name as that Sayed family, the city of Saidpur was incorporated in 1958. The city is divided into 15 wards and 43 mahallas. A city mayor is elected every 5 years, the city is the commercial hub for the surrounding districts. The biggest Railway workshop of Bangladesh is here, the city never sleeps, it is also known as city of night. Business always runs here night and day, the city centre has a number of government and private banks, insurance companies, residential hotels, Chinese and Indian restaurants, fast food, sweet shops, gift shop and many more. It is an important economic zone in Bangladesh, recently local businessmen have invested in the ready-made garments sector, and they have succeeded in capturing a good market position in India, Nepal, Bhutan. By the help and initiative taken by SME foundation these garments are now exporting there goods in Europe, there are some medium and heavy industries growing here specially of Agricultural Industry, Crockery, Organic Fertilizer, Oil form recycled tire, light metal industry etc. There are also some good markets, shopping malls here, communication is so good here to run a business. The pottery is also very beautiful and unique. It has captured a good market nationally and internationally, there are 24 private and government banks in Saidpur - most of them have online banking facilities. There are huge number of ATM booths in the city and near it to facilitate online transaction 24/7, the city has officers club and two other clubs and institutes where cities various drama, musical takes place. Night life in city is very festive, the city markets hardly sleeps at night. The city is famous for its educational institutions, besides them there are 9 more colleges and more than 50 secondary and primary schools in the city
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Nilphamari
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Nilphamari is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division and it is 400 km from the capital Dhaka in north and west side. It has an area of 1,547 square kilometres, Nilphamari is recently marked as education district as it has highest education level in Bangladesh. Nilphamari is bounded by Rangpur and Lalmonirhat in east, Rangpur and Dinajpur in south, Dinajpur and Panchagarh in west, previously Nilphamari was under Rajshahi division. The Nilphamari subdivision was established in 1875, Nilphamari was a subdivision of Rangpur District and it was turned into a district in 1984. The district consists of 3 municipalities,33 wards,65 mahallas,62 union parishads,390 mouzas and 370 villages, the historical Tebhaga movement spread over Domar and Dimla of this district in the 1940s. Once indigo was cultivated extensively in this district, Syedpur is best known for its railway workshop. In 1870, the Assam-Bengal railway set up its largest workshop in Syedpur, during the British rule the telephone exchange for the whole Assam-Bengal District was also situated in Syedpur. Even it was the largest city of Bangladesh after Dhaka and Chittagong, Syedpur had the first airport in north Bengal. There was a cantonment in British period also, Nilsagar Nilphamari, Nilsagar a famous historical dighi which stands at Dhobadanga mauza of Gorgram union about 14 km southwest of Nilphamari district headquarters. During the reign of Raja Birat there were many cow farms at Gorgram, Raja Birat dug a large dighi named as Birat Dighi or Birna Dighi or Binna Dighi for the cows. After the independence of Bangladesh the dighi was renamed as Nilsagar, a Hindu mandir stands on the east bank and an abode of a Muslim darvesh on the west bank of the dighi. The area of the dighi is 21.449 ha and depth ranges from 7m to 12m, the entire dighi is surrounded by brick walls. The main decorated ghat of the dighi was made by Raja Birat, every year the banks of the dighi are used as a village fair site especially during the occasion of Baruni Snan festival in full moon of the month of Baisakh. Usually in the fair the Harikirtan singers play music with many kinds of kirtan songs, every year many tourists and various kinds of migratory birds come here. It is well known as a zone and a picnic spot
৳ - 8,015 million[2] (2014)
