1.
Reporting mark
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A reporting mark is an alphabetic code of one to four letters used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain railroad networks. In North America the mark, which consists of an code of one to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment. The Association of American Railroads assigns marks to all carriers, under authority granted by the U. S, surface Transportation Board, Transport Canada, and Mexican Government. Under current practice, the first letter must match the initial letter of the railroad name, as it also acts as a Standard Carrier Alpha Code, the reporting mark cannot conflict with codes in use by other nonrail carriers. In another example, the mark for state-funded Amtrak services in California is CDTX because the state transportation agency owns the equipment used in these services. This is why the reporting mark for CSX Transportation, which is a railroad, is CSXT instead of CSX. This often resulted in five-letter reporting marks, an option not otherwise allowed by the AAR, the standard ISO6346 covers identifiers for intermodal containers. When the owner of a mark is taken over by another company. For example, when the Union Pacific Railroad acquired the Chicago and North Western Railway in the 1990s, some companies own several marks that are used to identify different classes of cars, such as boxcars or gondolas. If the acquiring company discontinues the name or mark of the acquired company, occasionally, long-disused marks are suddenly revived by the companies which now own them. For example, in recent years, the Union Pacific Railroad has begun to use the mark CMO on newly built covered hoppers, gondolas, CMO originally belonged to a predecessor of the CNW, which passed it on to them, from which the UP inherited it. Some of these still retain their temporary NYC marks. Because of its size, this list has been split into subpages based on the first letter of the reporting mark, railinc, a subsidiary of the AAR, maintains the active reporting marks for the North American rail industry. Railinc offers a free online look-up of reporting marks and other industry reference files through the Railincs Freight Rail 411 website, a railway vehicle must be registered in a national vehicle register using a 12-digit number derived from the old UIC system of vehicle numbering. The number contains the country in the third and fourth digit. The VKM must not contain special signs or digits, the VKM is preceded by the code for the country, where the vehicle is registered and a hyphen. Some examples, When a vehicle is sold it does not normally be transferred to another register, the Czech railways bought large numbers of coaches from ÖBB. The number remained the same but the VKM changed from A-ÖBB to A-ČD, the UIC introduced a uniform numbering system for their members based on a 12-digit number, largely known as UIC number
2.
Maine
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Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade
3.
Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway
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The Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway was a Class II freight railroad that operated in the U. S. states of Maine and Vermont and the Canadian province of Quebec between 2002 and 2014. It was headquartered in Hermon, Maine and its Canadian subsidiary was named the Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Canada Company with offices in Farnham, Quebec. With the exception of an independently owned low-speed tourist train on one small segment between Magog and Sherbrooke, there was no service on the MMA system. MMAs assets were sold at auction to Railroad Acquisition Holdings, LLC, fifteen locomotives worth $1.6 million were excluded from the deal and will be sold separately. The sale was approved by judges on January 23, with the transfer of assets expected to occur on or before March 31,2014. Railroad Acquisition Holdings, LLC has established a new railroad named Central Maine,2003 Assets acquired MMA was formed in October 2002. The railway was 72. 8% owned by Rail World and 12. 8% by Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec with the minority stakes held by fifteen other private investors. MMA purchased the assets arising out of the 2002 bankruptcy of the holding company Iron Road Railways, an average of 25 trains were operating each day and the company employed roughly 350 people at that time. MMAs logo design was based on that of Bangor and Aroostook Railroad, MMA responded by reducing its workforce to 275 employees and cut salaries by 40 percent. Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québecs accountants wrote that investment in MMA down to a nominal $1000 from 2008 onward. MMA laid off workers in 2006 and in 2008 as the company struggled to become profitable. In the spring of 2010, MMA cut train crews from two workers to one, installing remote control and cutting the workforce to 175 people. These steps were estimated to save $4.5 million annually in wages, MMA was the only Maine railway to use a single-person crew and a remote-control device instead of the more common two-person crews. From 2003 to 2013 MMA recorded an accident rate than other North American railroads. In 2012 the railway had 36.1 accidents per million miles travelled, MMA was charging more to haul rail cars 24 miles from Madawaska, ME to the interchange point with CN at St. Leonard, NB than CN demanded to carry this freight onward to Montreal. Many portions of track were in such poor condition that freight could only safely run at 10 miles per hour. Affected lines were located in Penobscot County and Aroostook County, Maine, MMA lines between Millinocket and Montreal, Brownville and Searsport, and Madawaska to Van Buren were not included in this application. According to MMA, losses from operating the lines had reached the point where they were threatening the health of the entire railroad
4.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
5.
Bangor, Maine
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Bangor is a city along the Penobscot River in the U. S. state of Maine. The city proper has a population of 33,039, while the Bangor metropolitan area has a population of 153,746, Bangor is known as the Queen City of Maine. Modern Bangor was established by European Americans in the mid-1800s, based on the lumber, with their wealth, the lumber barons built elaborate Greek Revival and Victorian mansions and the 31 feet high statue of Paul Bunyan. Today, Bangors economy is based on services and retail, healthcare, founded as Condeskeag Plantation, Bangor was incorporated as a New England town in 1791, after the end of the American Revolutionary War. There are more than 20 communities worldwide named Bangor, of which 15 are in the United States and named after Bangor, the final syllable is pronounced gor, not ger. Bangor has a port of entry at Bangor International Airport, also home to the Bangor Air National Guard Base, Historically Bangor was an important stopover on the great circle air route between the East Coast of the United States and Europe. Bangors Police Department also has a popular Facebook page, which uses humor and advice in an attempt to better public police relations, Bangor has a humid continental climate, with cold, snowy winters, and warm summers. The Penobscot have inhabited the area around present-day Bangor for at least 11,000 years and they practiced some agriculture, but less than peoples in southern New England where the climate is milder, and subsisted on what they could hunt and gather. Contact with Europeans was not uncommon during the 1500s because the fur trade was lucrative, the site was visited by Portuguese explorer Estêvão Gomes in 1524 and by Samuel de Champlain in 1605. In 1769 Jacob Buswell founded a settlement at the site, by 1772, there were 12 families, along with a sawmill, store, and school, and in 1787 the population was 567. In September 1787 a petition, signed by 19 residents, was sent to the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts requesting that this area be named Sunbury. On the back of it was written, To the care of Dr. Cony and this petition was rejected before 6 October 1788, as the town referred to itself as Penobscot River, west side. In 1779, the rebel Penobscot Expedition fled up the Penobscot River, the ships remained there until the late 1950s, when construction of the Joshua Chamberlain Bridge disturbed the site. Six cannons were removed from the riverbed, five of which are on display throughout the region and he left the name for the town blank so he could obtain tentative approval. He chose the name of a popular hymn known to be a favorite of Governor John Hancock, the incorporation was received on 25 February 1791 and was signed by John Hancock. During the War of 1812, Bangor and Hampden were looted by the British, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from the state and was admitted to the Union under the Missouri Compromise as the 23rd state. Bangor was near the lands disputed during the Aroostook War, a dispute with Britain in 1838–39. The passion of the Aroostook War signaled the increasing role lumbering and logging were playing in the Maine economy, particularly in the central, Bangor arose as a lumbering boom-town in the 1830s, and a potential demographic and political rival to Portland, Maine
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
8.
Aroostook County, Maine
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Aroostook County is a county located in the U. S. state of Maine along the Canada–US border. As of the 2010 census, the population was 71,870, known locally in Maine simply as The County, it is the largest American county by land area east of the Rocky Mountains and the largest county by total area in Maine. As Maines northernmost county, its northernmost village, Estcourt Station, is also the northernmost community in New England. Aroostook County is known for its crops, as well as its Acadian culture. In the Saint John Valley in the part of the county. Elsewhere in Maine, New England French is the predominant form of French spoken, the county is also an emerging hub for wind power. Aroostook County was formed in 1839 from parts of Penobscot and Washington counties, in 1843, Aroostook gained land from Penobscot County, in 1844, Aroostook again gained land from Penobscot, plus it exchanged land with Piscataquis County. In 1889, Aroostook gained slightly from Penobscot, but gave back the land in 1903 when Aroostook County gained its final form. Some of the territory in this county was part of the dispute that led to the Aroostook War that would eventually be settled by the Webster–Ashburton Treaty. The county was part of a route on the Underground Railroad. Slaves would meet and hide just outside Aroostook or in deserted areas, friends Quaker Church near Fort Fairfield was often a final stop. During the post World War II era, much of Aroostook Countys economy was dominated by military spending, in 1947, the Limestone Army Air Field was built in Limestone, Maine. It began use in 1953 and was renamed the Loring Air Force Base, Aroostook County was chosen due to its strategic location as the closest point in the Continental United States to Europe. The 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended closure of Loring, the 2014 Acadian World Congress was held along the Canada–United States border, co-hosted by Aroostook County and a number of neighboring counties in Canada. Organizers planned a Tintamarre that was held in the town of Madawaska, Maine, as well as a giant tug of war across the Saint John River. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 6,828 square miles. Aroostook County is the largest county in Maine by area, about the size of Connecticut, in the Maine Legislature, the countys delegation in 2013 included three Democrats and seven Republicans. In 2009 it voted 73% in favor of a referendum rejecting same-sex marriage, in 2012, it voted 67% against a measure to legalize same-sex marriage in Maine, the highest opposition percentage of any county in the state
9.
Boxcar
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A boxcar is a North American railroad car that is enclosed and generally used to carry freight. The boxcar, while not the simplest freight car design, is probably the most versatile, boxcars have side doors of varying size and operation, and some include end doors and adjustable bulkheads to load very large items. Similar covered freight cars outside North America are covered wagons and, depending on the region, are called goods van, louvre van. Boxcars can carry most kinds of freight, originally they were hand-loaded, but in more recent years mechanical assistance such as forklifts have been used to load and empty them faster. Their generalized design is still slower to load and unload than specialized designs of car, the other cause for this decline is the dramatic shift of waterborne cargo transport to container shipping. Even loose loads such as coal, grain and ore can be carried in a boxcar with boards over the door openings. Later grain transport would use metal reinforced cardboard which was nailed over the door and this was more common in earlier days, it was susceptible to losing much loading during the journey, and damaged the boxcar. It was also impossible to load and unload. Grain can also be transported in boxcars designed specifically for purpose, specialized equipment. However grain is transported in covered hopper cars. Livestock can be transported in a boxcar, but there is insufficient ventilation in warm weather, specially-built stock cars or converted boxcars are preferable. Insulated boxcars are used for types of perishable loads that do not require the precise temperature control provided by a refrigerator car. Circuses used boxcars to transport their workers, supplies, and animals to get from town to town, box cars were used for bulk commodities such as coal, particularly in the Midwestern United States in the early 20th century. This use was widespread that several companies developed competing box-car loaders to automate coal loading. By 1905,350 to 400 such machines were in use, historically automobiles were carried in boxcars, but during the 1960s specially built autoracks took over, these carried more cars in the same space and were easier to load and unload. The automotive parts business, however, has always been a big user of the boxcar, special boxcars carry newsprint paper and other damage-sensitive cargo. While not holding the dominant position in the world of rail borne freight that they had before World War II, the most common boxcars are 50-6 to 60-9 in length, 9-4 to 9-6 wide, and 10-10 to 11 high. A hi-roof boxcar is 13 in height, corresponding exterior dimensions would be 55-5 to 67-11 in length, and 10-6 to 10-8 in width
10.
Locomotive
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A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. A locomotive has no payload capacity of its own, and its purpose is to move the train along the tracks. In contrast, some trains have self-propelled payload-carrying vehicles and these are not normally considered locomotives, and may be referred to as multiple units, motor coaches or railcars. The use of these vehicles is increasingly common for passenger trains. Traditionally, locomotives pulled trains from the front, however, push-pull operation has become common, where the train may have a locomotive at the front, at the rear, or at each end. Prior to locomotives, the force for railroads had been generated by various lower-technology methods such as human power, horse power. The first successful locomotives were built by Cornish inventor Richard Trevithick, in 1804 his unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil in Wales. Although the locomotive hauled a train of 10 long tons of iron and 70 passengers in five wagons over nine miles, the locomotive only ran three trips before it was abandoned. Trevithick built a series of locomotives after the Penydarren experiment, including one which ran at a colliery in Tyneside in northern England, the first commercially successful steam locomotive was Matthew Murrays rack locomotive, Salamanca, built for the narrow gauge Middleton Railway in 1812. This was followed in 1813 by the Puffing Billy built by Christopher Blackett and William Hedley for the Wylam Colliery Railway, Puffing Billy is now on display in the Science Museum in London, the oldest locomotive in existence. In 1814 George Stephenson, inspired by the locomotives of Trevithick. He built the Blücher, one of the first successful flanged-wheel adhesion locomotives, Stephenson played a pivotal role in the development and widespread adoption of steam locomotives. His designs improved on the work of the pioneers, in 1825 he built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway, north east England, which became the first public steam railway. In 1829 he built The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials and this success led to Stephenson establishing his company as the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives used on railways in the United Kingdom, the United States and much of Europe. The first inter city passenger railway, Liverpool and Manchester Railway, opened in 1830, there are a few basic reasons to isolate locomotive train power, as compared to self-propelled vehicles. Maximum utilization of power cars Separate locomotives facilitate movement of costly motive power assets as needed, flexibility Large locomotives can substitute for small locomotives when more power is required, for example, where grades are steeper. As needed, a locomotive can be used for freight duties. Obsolescence cycles Separating motive power from payload-hauling cars enables replacement without affecting the other, to illustrate, locomotives might become obsolete when their associated cars did not, and vice versa
11.
Potato
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The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum. The word potato may refer either to the plant itself or to the edible tuber, in the Andes, where the species is indigenous, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species. Potatoes were introduced to Europe in the half of the 16th century by the Spanish. It is the worlds fourth-largest food crop, following maize, wheat, the green leaves and green skins of tubers exposed to the light are toxic. Wild potato species can be throughout the Americas from the United States to southern Chile. Following centuries of breeding, there are now over a thousand different types of potatoes. However, the importance of the potato is variable and changing rapidly. As of 2007 China led the world in production, and nearly a third of the worlds potatoes were harvested in China. The English word potato comes from Spanish patata, the Spanish Royal Academy says the Spanish word is a compound of the Taíno batata and the Quechua papa. The 16th-century English herbalist John Gerard used the terms bastard potatoes and Virginia potatoes for this species, potatoes are occasionally referred to as Irish potatoes or white potatoes in the United States, to distinguish them from sweet potatoes. The name spud for a small potato comes from the digging of soil prior to the planting of potatoes, the word spud traces back to the 16th century. It subsequently transferred over to a variety of digging tools, around 1845, the name transferred to the tuber itself. It was Mario Peis 1949 The Story of Language that can be blamed for the false origin. Pei writes, the potato, for its part, was in disrepute some centuries ago, some Englishmen who did not fancy potatoes formed a Society for the Prevention of Unwholesome Diet. The initials of the words in this title gave rise to spud. Like most other pre-20th century acronymic origins, this is false, Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about 60 cm high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. They bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with yellow stamens, in general, the tubers of varieties with white flowers have white skins, while those of varieties with colored flowers tend to have pinkish skins. Potatoes are mostly cross-pollinated by insects such as bumblebees, which carry pollen from other potato plants, tubers form in response to decreasing day length, although this tendency has been minimized in commercial varieties
12.
Bangor and Aroostook Railroad
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The Bangor and Aroostook Railroad was a United States railroad company that brought rail service to Aroostook County in northern Maine. Brightly painted BAR box cars attracted attention in the 1950s. First-generation diesel locomotives operated on BAR until they were museum pieces, the economic downturn of the 1980s coupled with the departure of heavy industry from northern Maine forced the railroad to seek a buyer and end operations in 2003. The company was incorporated in 1891 to combine the lines of the former Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad and it was based in Bangor and lines extended from there to Oakfield and Houlton in 1894. The line was extended from Houlton to Fort Fairfield and Caribou in 1895, a parallel branch line was extended from Oakfield to Ashland in 1896. A branch was built from Caribou to Limestone in 1897, the Ashland Branch was extended to Fort Kent in 1902. A southern extension was completed in 1905 through Northern Maine Junction to Searsport on Penobscot Bay, the Medford Cutoff from Packard to South Lagrange was completed in 1907, and a branch was built from Millinocket to a new paper mill in East Millinocket. An international bridge was constructed over the Saint John River between Van Buren and St. Leonard, NB in 1915 to connect with the Canadian Pacific Railway, BAR began hauling potatoes in heated box cars in 1895. Potatoes provided an income source through the great depression. BAR had the 2nd largest United States railroad-owned reefer fleet during the 1950s, BAR made an arrangement with Pacific Fruit Express whereby PFE reefers shipped Maine potatoes during winter months and BAR reefers carried California produce during the summer and autumn. The claims process against PC was not resolved prior to PCs bankruptcy declaration the following June, as a result, several potato farms went out of business, and those that survived distrusted rail service and never returned to using the railroad. Inbound chemicals and outbound paper from mills on the Penobscot River at Millinocket, another paper mill was built in Madawaska in 1925. Pulpwood and wood chips to the mills became increasingly important as potato loadings declined. BAR painted 2,500 box cars in the red, white, a less expensive oxide red paint scheme with large white reporting marks was adopted during the Vietnam War. The line from Brownville Junction to Katahdin Iron Works was abandoned in 1922, BAR passenger train service ended in 1961. The Greenville branch was dismantled from 1962 to 1964, several Aroostook County segments were abandoned when potato traffic disappeared in the 1970s. In 1995, the BAR was acquired by Iron Road Railways, in 2002, the company was declared bankrupt, and in 2003 its lines were sold to Rail World, Inc. which initially incorporated them into the newly formed Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway. In 2010, the 233 miles of track from Millinocket north to the Canada–US border were sold to the state of Maine for $20 million to be operated by Irvings Maine Northern Railway, the Bangor and Aroostook rostered some 150 different steam locomotives over its history
13.
Katahdin Iron Works
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The Katahdin Iron Works is a Maine state historic site located in the unorganized township of the same name. It is the site of an ironworks which operated from 1845 to 1890, in addition to the kilns of the ironworks, the community was served by a railroad and had a 100-room hotel. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969, the states property contains Gulf Hagas, a canyon on the West Branch of the Pleasant River that is a National Natural Landmark. About a mile and a half downriver is another landmark, The Hermitage. In 2003, the Appalachian Mountain Club acquired a 37, 000-acre property upriver from Gulf Hagas that it named Katahdin Iron Works, early European surveyor Moses Greenleaf translated the Abnaki name Munnalammonungan for the west branch of the Pleasant River as very fine paint. About 1820 he found Ore Mountain of orange, yellow, and it was identified as a limonite gossan in 1843. Samuel Smith built a road from Brownville, Maine in 1841, the town included the American Lumber Company sawmill, boarding house, cooperative store, town hall, school, post office, stables, and homes for 200 families. Stonemasons then built a 55-foot high rock blast furnace with water-powered blowers and they also built eighteen stone beehive kilns to convert wood to charcoal for producing about 2,000 tons of pig iron annually. The gossan became the source of mined ore in 1845. The ore was roasted to drive off sulfur dioxide, Smith sold the operation to David Pingree who organized the Katahdin Iron Works. When pig iron sold slowly, Pingree built a refinery to produce wrought iron. The Boston market for wrought iron remained poor, and the works ceased operation from 1857 until the American Civil War increased iron demand in 1863. When Pingree died, a group of Bangor, Maine businessmen formed the Piscataquis Iron Works Company to take over the operation in 1876. They refurbished the house as the Silver Lake Hotel for the tourist trade. The 19-mile Bangor and Katahdin Iron Works Railway was built in 1881 to connect the town with what would become the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad at Milo, Maine. The railway began operating in 1882, but a hurricane fanned sparks from the kilns into a fire caused major damage to the plant. By 1885 a rebuilt plant was selling high quality iron for railroad car wheels, production ceased in 1890 when the costs of diminishing supplies of charcoal became uncompetitive with large supplies of coke available to Pennsylvania producers. The gossan deposit overlies a pyrrhotite deposit of sulfide ore
14.
Houlton, Maine
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Houlton is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, on the Canada–US border, located at 46. 1256°N67. 8398°W /46.1256, -67.8398. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,123. It is perhaps best known as being at the terminus of Interstate 95 and for being the birthplace of Samantha Smith. The town hosts the annual Houlton Agricultural Fair, Houlton is the county seat for Aroostook County, and as such its nickname is the Shire Town. The Houlton High School sports teams are named The Shiretowners, the Meduxnekeag River flows through the heart of the town, and the border with the Canadian province of New Brunswick is 3 mi east of the towns center. Houlton was the home of Ricker College which closed in 1978, the primary settlement and center of the town is designated as CDP with the same name, Houlton. The headquarters of the federally recognized Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians is based here, the area was occupied for thousands of years by varying cultures of indigenous peoples. In historic times, these were the Algonquian-speaking Maliseet people, decades after the American Revolutionary War, Anglo-American pioneers Aaron Putnam and Joseph Houlton started a village. They named it for Houlton, who had moved to Maine in 1807 from the populated part of Massachusetts. Maine separated from Massachusetts in 1820 and became an independent state, in 1828 the United States government established Hancock Barracks, a military post, in the area. Houlton officially incorporated as a town in 1831, when the Aroostook War flared in 1839 over the border with Canada, three companies of the 1st Artillery Regiment manned Hancock Barracks under Major R. M. Kirby. Major Kirby helped to restrain the twelve companies of militia that Maine sent there from starting a shooting war, the Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled the boundary dispute in 1842, and the Army abandoned Hancock Barracks in 1847. The U. S. Army installed its first transatlantic Radio Intelligence Station in Houlton, Maine, the Houlton Radio Intelligence Station intercepted German diplomatic communications, primarily from its Nauen Transmitter Station. MI-8 created the Radio Intelligence Service, using selected Signal Corps personnel for the purpose of supporting strategic intelligence through radio intercepts during World War I. The United States intelligence services built Houlton as the first unit of its type, on 7 January 1927, AT&T initiated the first transatlantic commercial telephone service, linking New York and London. The AT&T Transoceanic Receiver Station was located at the end of Hand Lane,46. 1270°N67. 8841°W /46.1270, -67.8841, two miles west of the town center. The massive receiving antenna, over three long and two miles wide, straddled what is now Interstate 95 in Maine four miles west of the center of Houlton. The receiver station worked with the large long-wave transmitting facility of AT&T located at RCA in Rocky Point, the receiver station received the longwave telephone signal from the British General Post Office Rugby transmitting station near Rugby, England
15.
Fort Fairfield, Maine
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Fort Fairfield is a town in Aroostook County, eastern Maine, United States, located along the Canada–US border. The population was 3,496 at the 2010 census, Fort Fairfield is named for John Fairfield, 13th and 16th governor of Maine. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 78.36 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,496 people,1,494 households, the population density was 45.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,674 housing units at a density of 21.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 5% White,0. 9% African American,0. 5% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 3% of the population. 31. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.88. The median age in the town was 43.8 years. 22. 5% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 8% were from 25 to 44,30. 7% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48. 4% male and 51. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,579 people,1,523 households, and 1,015 families residing in the town. The population density was 46.7 people per square mile, there were 1,654 housing units at an average density of 21.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 35% White,0. 20% Black or African American,0. 45% Native American,0. 03% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 20% from other races, and 0. 75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 75% of the population,29. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the family size was 2.86. In the town, the population was out with 23. 4% under the age of 18,6. 8% from 18 to 24,25. 5% from 25 to 44,27. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males, the median annual income for a household in the town was $28,563, and the median income for a family was $33,446. Males had an income of $28,448 versus $25,000 for females
16.
Caribou, Maine
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Caribou is the second largest city in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. Its population was 8,189 at the 2010 census, lumbermen and trappers first set up camps in the area in the 1810s. The first settlers came to what is now Caribou in the 1820s, between 1838 and 1840, the undeclared Aroostook War flared between the United States and Canada, and the Battle of Caribou occurred in December 1838. The dispute over the international boundary delayed settlement of the area until after the signing of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842, with peace restored, European settlers arrived in gradually-increasing numbers beginning in 1843. From Eaton Plantation and part of half-township H, Caribou was incorporated in 1859 as the town of Lyndon on April 5, in 1869, it annexed Eaton, Sheridan and Forestville plantations. On February 26 of that year its name was changed to Caribou, on February 8,1877, Caribou was finally confirmed as the towns permanent name. Two enduring mysteries are the reason for the name of Lyndon. Caribou was the jumping off point for an influx of settlers who immigrated directly from Sweden in 1870-1871. The small town throughout the late 19th century, and with the coming of the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad in the 1890s. This began a period which lasted well into the 1960s. Caribou became the largest potato shipping hub in the world, and had many related industries, nearby to the northeast, Loring Air Force Base opened in the early 1950s near Limestone, with bomber and tanker aircraft of the Strategic Air Command. It provided an economic boost to the area, with construction starting in 1947 on Limestone Army Air Field. Caribou was incorporated as a city in 1967 on February 23 and that, along with closure of the base in 1994, contributed to a decline in population in the 1980s and 1990s. In September 1984, Caribou was the location of the first successful solo balloon crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by Colonel Joseph Kittinger. This flight is memorialized at the Rosie OGrady Balloon of Peace Park one mile south of the city on Main Street and this site includes a large replica of Kittingers balloon. The Caribou Public Library is a Carnegie library, designed in the Romanesque Revival style by local architect Schuyler C. Page, it was built in 1911-1912 with a $10,000 grant from industrialist Andrew Carnegie. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 80.10 square miles
17.
Ashland, Maine
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Ashland is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 1309 at the 2010 census and it is the location of Maines Great North Woods. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 81.54 square miles. Around Ashland are the towns and townships of Masardis, Oxbow Plantation, Portage, Nashville Plantation. For thousands of years, Native American tribes inhabited this region, in the 1830s William Dalton became the first Euro-American to establish residency at the site of the future town. The community was organized as a plantation in 1840, at which there were 40 heads of household listed. It was incorporated as a town in 1862, under the name of Ashland, from 1869 to 1876 the town was renamed Dalton, but then reverted to its historic and current name. The town grew geographically in size when Sheridan Plantation, which had organized in 1878 to the north of Ashland, was annexed by Ashland in 1901 to form its present boundaries. The town of Ashland was located on the stage route from Patten to Fort Kent. In the nineteenth-century logging was the main industry, the lumber industry was at a peak about 1915, although some continues to the present. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,302 people,603 households, the population density was 16.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 733 housing units at a density of 9.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 6% White,0. 7% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 3% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 6% of the population. 34. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.74. The median age in the town was 45.2 years. 19. 7% of residents were under the age of 18, 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 2% were from 25 to 44,29. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 20. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50. 8% male and 49. 2% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,474 people,629 households, and 398 families residing in the town. The population density was 18.3 people per square mile, there were 760 housing units at an average density of 9.4 per square mile
18.
Limestone, Maine
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Limestone is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 2,314 at the 2010 census, the town is best known for being the home of the Loring Commerce Centre. The population center of the town is in Limestone, in the part of the town. Limestone was incorporated as a town on March 17,1869, general Mark Trafton is known as one of the founders of the town of Limestone. Trafton was born July 4,1785, in York County and he was educated in public schools and became a leading citizen in Bangor, prominent in civil and military affairs. When a young man, he was commissioned captain of cavalry and he was afterward brigadier-general of the state militia. He was an agent for the eastern and northern sections of Maine before the office was opened in Bangor. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 40.79 square miles. This climatic region is typified by large temperature differences, with warm to hot summers. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Limestone has a continental climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,314 people,809 households, the population density was 57.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,011 housing units at a density of 25.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 89. 2% White,7. 0% African American,1. 3% Native American,0. 7% Asian,0. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 8% of the population. 32. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.74. The median age in the town was 34.7 years. 22% of residents were under the age of 18,20. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,18. 3% were from 25 to 44,24. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 15. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 53. 5% male and 46. 5% female, at the 2000 census, there were 2,361 people,801 households and 527 families residing in the town. The population density was 58.4 per square mile, there were 1,169 housing units at an average density of 28.9 per square mile
19.
Van Buren, Maine
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Van Buren is a town on the Saint John River in Aroostook County, Maine, United States, located across from Saint-Leonard, New Brunswick, Canada. The population was 2,171 at the 2010 census and it is named after U. S. President Martin Van Buren. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 34.86 square miles. Van Buren is connected to Saint Leonard, New Brunswick via the Saint Leonard-Van Buren Bridge and this climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot summers and cold winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Van Buren has a continental climate. Van Buren is part of the Maine School Administrative District No.24 school system, Van Buren is part of Francophone North America,76.6 per cent of residents are habitual speakers of French. Links with Québec and New Brunswick are consequently strong, as of the census of 2010, there were 2,171 people,1,027 households, and 601 families residing in the town. The population density was 64.3 inhabitants per square mile, there were 1,184 housing units at an average density of 35.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 9% White,0. 3% African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 1% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 6% of the population. 36. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.55. The median age in the town was 51.5 years. 15. 9% of residents were under the age of 18, 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,18. 2% were from 25 to 44,35. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 24. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48. 5% male and 51. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,631 people,1,095 households, and 704 families residing in the town. The population density was 77.5 people per square mile, there were 1,232 housing units at an average density of 36.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 59% White,0. 11% Black or African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 15% Asian,0. 04% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 72% of the population. 31. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.73. In the town, the population was out with 19. 8% under the age of 18,5. 3% from 18 to 24,24. 5% from 25 to 44,28. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 87.9 males
20.
Fort Kent, Maine
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Fort Kent is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 4,097 in the 2010 census, principal industries include agriculture and textiles. Fort Kent is the terminus of U. S.1. Fort Kent signed a agreement with the Fish River Flying Club on July 8,2011 to repair, maintain, and operate the local municipal airport. Fort Kent was erected in the summer of 1839 as an American border outpost during the undeclared Aroostook War, the blockhouse, the first structure built in what is present-day city of Fort Kent, was named after then-governor of Maine Edward Kent. The Saint John River was a log driving route from upstream forests to sawmills and paper mills until the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad. After receiving nearly 200 inches of snow during the 2007–2008 winter season, nearly two days of nonstop rain also contributed to the flooding. As the river rose, it poured into the downtown area, more than 600 of Fort Kents 4,233 residents were evacuated. The rivers water level rose to nearly 31 feet, which was 6 feet above flood stage, governor John Baldacci declared a state of emergency for the region, flying from Augusta to see the damage first-hand. The Fish River did most of the damage, flooding St. Louis Catholic church, the town is economically and culturally linked to the Canadian towns of Clair and Saint-François-de-Madawaska, both in Madawaska County, New Brunswick, directly across the Saint John River. Most children on the Canadian side attend French-speaking school while their American counterparts are taught mainly in English, sixty-two percent of the residents of Fort Kent are habitual speakers of French. The variety of French spoken in Fort Kent and most of the Saint John River Valley closely resembles the French spoken in Quebec and it is referred to as Valley French or Brayon. Many residents also have American-Canadian dual citizenship, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 55.15 square miles, of which 54.17 square miles is land and 0.98 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,097 people,1,747 households, the population density was 75.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,922 housing units at a density of 35.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 9% White,0. 8% African American,0. 8% Native American,0. 7% Asian,0. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 7% of the population. 31. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.83. The median age in the town was 42.7 years
21.
Searsport, Maine
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The population was 2,615 at the 2010 census. Searsport includes the village of North Searsport, the town is known as the home of the famous sea captains and the Antique Capital of Maine. Searsport was settled in the 1760s and incorporated on February 13,1845 from portions of Prospect and it was named after David Sears of Boston after he agreed to grant a large sum of money towards the towns founding. Searsport is noted for its maritime history. During the 19th-century the port had 17 shipyards and built 200 ships, the Penobscot Marine Museum faithfully recalls this heritage. Searsport is Maines second largest deep water port and is located from the point of view of railroad, wood products. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 42.53 square miles. Situated on Penobscot Bay, Searport is drained by Long Cove Brook and it includes Sears Island, which is 940 acres in area. The town is crossed by U. S. Route 1 and it borders the towns of Prospect and Stockton Springs to the northeast, Belfast to the southwest, Swanville to the northwest, and Frankfort to the north. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,615 people,1,186 households, the population density was 91.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,510 housing units at a density of 52.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 2% White,0. 5% African American,0. 8% Native American,0. 1% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 9% of the population. 32. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.73. The median age in the town was 46.9 years. 19% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 2% were from 25 to 44,33. 5% were from 45 to 64, and 19% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47. 7% male and 52. 3% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,641 people,1,130 households, and 732 families residing in the town. The population density was 92.4 people per square mile, there were 1,370 housing units at an average density of 47.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 07% White,0. 27% Black or African American,0. 72% Native American,0. 08% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 19% of the population
22.
Penobscot Bay
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Penobscot Bay is an inlet of the Gulf of Maine and Atlantic Ocean in south central Maine. The bay originates from the mouth of Maines Penobscot River, downriver from Belfast, Penobscot Bay has many working waterfronts including Rockland, Rockport, and Stonington, and Belfast upriver. Penobscot Bay is between Muscongus Bay and Blue Hill Bay, just west of Acadia National Park,11,000 years ago, at the beginning of the Holocene epoch, the Gulf of Maines sea level fell as low as 180 feet below its present height. Penobscot Bay was then a continuation of Penobscot River that meandered through a broad lowland extending past present day Matinicus Island. A part of the Wabanaki Confederacy, the Penobscot Indian Nations present reservation includes Indian Island, north of Orono, Maine, Ancient remains of their campsites dating back millennia have been found on the bays shores and islands. There are many islands in this bay, and on them, Penobscot Bay has been the receiving waters for sewage waste and industrial waste discharges from bay and river towns since the 19th century. Discharge treatment was primarily dilution until the mid 20th century when the government began requiring communities and businesses of all states to meet water pollution control standards. In February 1967, the Water Pollution Control Administration published its findings as Report on Pollution - Navigable Waters of the Penobscot River and Upper Penobscot Bay. The investigation found that the sewage from towns, and effluents of thirteen businesses. Early Commercial Lobstering, 1840s to 1870s, Penobscot Bay was one of the first Maine lobster grounds exploited on a significant commercial scale. A United States Fish Commission report The Lobster Fishery of Maine in the 1899 Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, the quantity of lobsters carried by him that year was 40,000. Lobsters were so abundant at the Muscle Ridges, at this period, in the course of ten days each man would obtain between 1,200 and 1,500 marketable lobsters. In Captain Oakes opinion, the Muscle Ridges have furnished the most extensive lobster fishery of the Maine coast and he ran to this locality until 1874. He could load 5,000 lobsters at a time, and this traffic continued for six or seven years. In 1879, Captain Davis bought from 15 men In the same locality, at Matinicus Island the fishing began in 1868. In 1852 the people on Deer Island began the fishery, the establishment of a cannery at Oceanville, about 1860, also caused a considerable development of the fishery. The fishery was started at Isle an Haute about 1855, groups with chief focus on Penobscot Bay or parts thereof. *The Ancient Penobscot, or Panawanskek. as transcribed from The HISTORICAL MAGAZINE and Notes and Queries concerning The Antiquities, History, pp. 85–92 Joshua Treat, The Pioneer Settler on Penobscot River
23.
Millinocket, Maine
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Millinocket is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. The population was 4,506 at the 2010 census, millinockets economy has historically been centered on forest products and recreation, but many area paper mills have closed in recent years. Millinocket was first settled in 1829 by Thomas Fowler and his family, when the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad extended service to Houlton in 1894, the line ran through the area, opening it to development. Charles W. Mullen, a graduate from the University of Maine. He recognized the falls as a water power source to operate a large pulp. Mullen contacted Garret Schenck, vice-president of the International Paper mill at Rumford Falls, mr. Schenck agreed, and set about obtaining the necessary financial backing. After securing land rights, the site was at the junction of the West Branch of the Penobscot River and Millinocket Stream. Things moved quickly, and on May 15,1899, construction began on the new Great Northern Paper Company paper mill, as the location was not near existing towns, it became necessary to build one. Millinocket, meaning the land of many islands after all the islands in the Penobscot River, was incorporated on March 16,1901, Garret Schenck contracted bonded labor, especially stonemasons from Italy. The term bonded in this case referred to the fact that the Italians owed for the passage to America and were in debt the minute they set foot in this country, italian masons were largely responsible for the construction of the Millinocket mill. Throughout the 20th century, the community prospered, in early 2003, however, Great Northern Paper announced it had filed for bankruptcy protection for its Millinocket and East Millinocket mills. Since then, the town has struggled to reshape its economy, while receiving significant help from the state government. Shortly after closing the mills, a Canadian corporation purchased the paper mills in both Millinocket and East Millinocket. Currently, the paper mill employs over 200 workers in East Millinocket Mill only, in addition to the traditional forest products industry, Millinocket has been growing a service economy, and has grown into a major four-season tourist attraction. The region is served by the Millinocket Municipal Airport, which sells both 100LL avgas and jet fuel. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 18.22 square miles. The town is crossed by State Route 11 and 157, the town of East Millinocket is located 8 miles to the east. Millinocket is the closest town to Mount Katahdin, located in Baxter State Park 20 miles to the northwest, at an elevation 5,270 feet, its summit is the highest point in Maine
24.
Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)
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It forms part of the Canada–United States border in two different places along its length. The river drains an area of approximately 55,000 square kilometres and it has been nicknamed the Rhine of North America for its scenery. The river is regulated by hydro power dams located at Mactaquac, Beechwood, the Baker Branch of the Saint John River rises in the Saint John Ponds of Somerset County in northwestern Maine. The branches combine to form the river flowing northeastward through western Aroostook County. The Lacroix road built in 1923 from Lac-Frontière crosses the river at Ninemile Bridge, near Seven Islands the river was crossed by an 18th century trail from the St. Lawrence River. There is an Abenaki burial site containing a number of graves where the Big Black River joins the Saint John in township 18, range 13. Local legend maintains the confluence is haunted by the spirits of Abenaki killed by an epidemic of European disease, near Allagash, the Saint John is joined by the Allagash River. Below St. Francis, the Saint John begins to part of the international boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. At Perth-Andover, the river is joined by the Aroostook and the Tobique rivers, at Hartland, it is crossed by the longest covered bridge in the world. Further south at Woodstock, the leaves the Upper Valley and turns east. It is joined by Nackawic Stream at Nackawic and passes small communities such as Bear Island, the Maliseet capital of Meductic was located along the Saint John River in the 17th and into the mid-18th century. This site was flooded in 1965 after completion of the Mactaquac Dam with the waterline level 133 feet above sea level, the river continues eastward until it reaches New Brunswicks capital city Fredericton and then the military town of Oromocto. Turning south from Oromocto, the river is joined by the short Jemseg River which empties New Brunswicks largest lake and this part of the river valley becomes broad and shallow. The river is dotted by many low islands used for pastureland during dry periods in the summer, south of the Jemseg, the Saint John River is surrounded by the low hills of the St. Croix Highlands. It is joined by several bays, including Belleisle Bay, the Nerepis River. The Saint John River finally discharges into the Bay of Fundy at the city of Saint John. Near the rivers mouth is the site of the Reversing Falls and these tides are the highest in the world and cause the river to reverse its flow twice a day in a narrow gorge in the citys centre. The Saint John River has a depth of 50 metres above the Mactaquac Dam
25.
Madawaska, Maine
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Madawaska is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 4,035 at the 2010 census, Madawaska is opposite Edmundston, Madawaska County in New Brunswick, Canada, to which it is connected by the Edmundston-Madawaska Bridge over the Saint John River. Many of its residents speak French,83. 4% of the population speak French at home, home of a large annual Acadian festival, Madawaska is the northernmost town in New England. During the early period, Madawaska was a meeting place. Later, it was at the center of the bloodless Aroostook War, unfortunately, many families were left divided after the settlement. Madawaska is a town whose economy centers on the Saint John River paper industry. The river historically provided power for the mills and was the route of log drives bringing pulpwood from upstream forests. The river still provides the supply for paper manufacture, but environmental concerns encourage pulpwood delivery by highway. Canadian corporation Twin Rivers has a facility located in Madawaska which processes the pulp produced by the mills main plant in Edmundston. The pulp is shipped across the border through a high pressure pipeline running between both facilities, and is made into paper in Madawaska. The Madawaska mill specializes in fine-grade papers, Madawaska is also home to the St. John Valley Times, a popular weekly newspaper circulated across Aroostook County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 56.24 square miles. Madawaska is located beside the Saint John River, the Canada–United States border, the town is served by U. S. Route 1. This climatic region is typified by large temperature differences, with warm to hot summers. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Madawaska has a continental climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,035 people,1,983 households, the population density was 72.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,398 housing units at a density of 43.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 4% White,0. 2% African American,0. 5% Native American,0. 2% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 5% of the population
26.
Mapleton, Maine
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Mapleton is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,948 at the 2010 census, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 34.34 square miles, of which 33.97 square miles is land and 0.37 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,948 people,816 households, the population density was 57.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 864 housing units at a density of 25.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 0% White,0. 2% African American,0. 9% Native American,0. 3% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 3% of the population. 22. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age in the town was 43.5 years. 20. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 8% were from 25 to 44,33. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50. 3% male and 49. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,889 people,749 households, and 548 families residing in the town. The population density was 55.5 people per square mile, there were 787 housing units at an average density of 23.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 31% White,1. 01% Native American,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 32% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 48% of the population. 20. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.91. In the town, the population was out with 24. 2% under the age of 18,6. 6% from 18 to 24,31. 4% from 25 to 44,25. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 104.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males, the median income for a household in the town was $36,188, and the median income for a family was $41,719. Males had an income of $30,143 versus $22,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,276, about 3. 7% of families and 6. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 2% of those under age 18 and 6. 2% of those age 65 or over. Alexander Willette, state legislator Varney, George J. Gazetteer of the state of Maine
27.
Presque Isle, Maine
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Presque Isle /prɛsk aɪl/ is the commercial center and largest city in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 9,171 in 2015 as estimated by the US Census, Presque Isle is the headquarters of the Aroostook Band of Micmac, a federally recognized tribe. The first European settlers were British Loyalists who reached the area in 1819 hoping to land for lumber. Border disputes between the United States and Great Britain over the area, however, made it impossible for pioneers to gain title to the land. In response, the government of the neighboring British colony of New Brunswick gave out patents for pioneers to live on the land but not claim ownership or sell it. The first American to settle in the area was Dennis Fairbanks in 1828 who gained ownership over the land under the set up by Massachusetts and later Maine. Originally known as Fairbanks for its founder Dennis Fairbanks, Presque Isle was settled in 1828 on land that was unknown to be part of British North America or the United States. The Aroostook War broke out in 1838 because of disputes between the two countries, which were resolved in 1842 by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty. In 1864, Fairmount Cemetery was established in the south of Presque Isle to accommodate Union soldiers returning from the Civil War, in 1883, the town of Maysville was annexed. On January 1,1940, Presque Isle was incorporated as a city, the first industry to form in Presque Isle was the lumber industry. By the 1880s, industry included two lumbermills, a gristmill, a carding mill, a furniture factory, a carriage factory. During the last 30 years of the 19th century, agriculture became important, on October 9,1851, the first Northern Maine Fair exhibition opened. A starch factory was opened in 1874, providing a market for local potatoes. In 1914 the Aroostook Farm was purchased as a Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, in 1881 the New Brunswick Railway created the first rail connection in Presque Isle. The Bangor and Aroostook Railroad arrived in 1895, a small airport was established in 1931. It was expanded within the decade and later assumed major military importance. The Presque Isle Air Force Base, in operation between 1941 and 1961, was a departure point for U. S. fighter planes during World War II. The former base is now the Northern Maine Regional Airport at Presque Isle, the Northern Maine Community College, in 1903, the Aroostook State Normal School began offering a two-year teacher preparation program
28.
Canadian Pacific Railway
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The Canadian Pacific Railway, also known formerly as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a historic Canadian Class I railroad incorporated in 1881. The railroad is owned by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, which began operations as legal owner in a restructuring in 2001. Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, it owns approximately 20,000 kilometres of track all across Canada and into the United States, stretching from Montreal to Vancouver, and as far north as Edmonton. Its rail network also serves Minneapolis-St. Paul, Milwaukee, Detroit, Chicago, the railway was originally built between Eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885, fulfilling a promise extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871. It was Canadas first transcontinental railway, but no longer reaches the Atlantic coast, the CPR became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada, a position it held as late as 1975. Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986, after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978, a beaver was chosen as the railways logo because it is the national symbol of Canada and was seen as representing the hardworking character of the company. The company acquired two American lines in 2009, the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad and the Iowa, Chicago, the trackage of the ICE was at one time part of CP subsidiary Soo Line and predecessor line The Milwaukee Road. It is publicly traded on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker CP and its U. S. headquarters are in Minneapolis. The creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a task undertaken for a combination of reasons by the Conservative government of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. He was helped by Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, who was the owner of the North Western Coal and his company went through several name changes during the process of the construction of the railway. British Columbia, a sea voyage away from the East Coast, had insisted upon a land transport link to the East as a condition for joining Confederation. The government however proposed to build a railway linking the Pacific province to the Eastern provinces within 10 years of 20 July 1871, Macdonald saw it as essential to the creation of a unified Canadian nation that would stretch across the continent. Moreover, manufacturing interests in Quebec and Ontario wanted access to raw materials, the first obstacle to its construction was political. The logical route went through the American Midwest and the city of Chicago, to ensure this routing, the government offered huge incentives including vast grants of land in the West. Because of this scandal, the Conservative Party was removed from office in 1873, surveying was carried out during the first years of a number of alternative routes in this virgin territory followed by construction of a telegraph along the lines that had been agreed upon. The Thunder Bay section linking Lake Superior to Winnipeg was commenced in 1875, by 1880, around 1,000 kilometres was nearly complete, mainly across the troublesome Canadian Shield terrain, with trains running on only 500 kilometres of track. With Macdonalds return to power on 16 October 1878, an aggressive construction policy was adopted. Macdonald confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, in 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the 206 km section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savonas Ferry, on Kamloops Lake
29.
National Transcontinental Railway
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The National Transcontinental Railway was a historic railway between Winnipeg and Moncton in Canada. Much of the line is now operated by the Canadian National Railway, but the monopolistic policies of the CPR, coupled with its southerly routing, led to increasing western discontent with the railway and federal transportation policies. The federal government had encouraged the Grand Trunk Railway system in the 1870s to consider building the rail line. During the same time, a government survey party under the direction of Sandford Fleming set out across Canada to survey routes for the proposed railway, the Canadian Pacific Survey, as it was called, surveyed routes to a number of Pacific Coast destinations. When Grand Trunk balked at building a railway using the survey, CPR, one of whose directors was James J. Hill, from Minnesota, favoured a route further south, as Hill hoped to tap into freight flows from the northern U. S. states. This left Canada with a single transcontinental route close to the U. S. border, since CPR chose to use Rogers and Kicking Horse passes rather than the surveyed route over the Yellowhead. By the early 1900s, the GTR was willing to consider building a second system for the country – provided it received government assistance. However, while the government and GTR were considering whether to proceed and negotiating terms, the CNoR started the process of building Canadas second transcontinental system between 1903 and 1912. The system was built from Winnipeg west to Vancouver and east to Toronto, in addition to an extensive network of branch lines in the prairie provinces, CNoR had many branch lines in Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces. Lawrence River and continue on to its terminus at Moncton, New Brunswick. The GTPR/NTR deal came in the final days of Canadas railway boom. Canada has supported two transcontinental railway systems for years, but even in 1914 it was not clear that there was enough traffic for three. The GTPR/NTR system was surveyed and construction began in 1905 and the system was finished in 1913. The task was monumental and no expense was spared in building a system of minimal grades. In crossing the Appalachian Mountains of eastern Quebec and northern New Brunswick, the Quebec Bridge over the St. Lawrence River – the largest cantilever span in the world – took $40 million of the $170 million total project cost alone. The territory across northern Quebec and Ontario to Winnipeg, through the heart of the Canadian Shield and it also generated very little traffic. The Grand Trunk Pacific/National Transcontinental route remained intact for only a few years during World War I, GTP had built through the Yellowhead Pass on a route paralleled later by Canadian Northern, but near Mount Robson, GTP headed toward Prince Rupert. Prince Rupert was one of several possible Pacific termini for the line, selection of this northern terminal potentially saved a day of steaming for ships to or from Asia
30.
Canadian National Railway
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The Canadian National Railway Company is a Canadian Class I railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec that serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States. CNs slogan is North Americas Railroad, CN is a public company with 24,000 employees. It had a capitalization of 32 billion CAD in 2011. CN was government-owned, having been a Canadian Crown corporation from its founding to its privatization in 1995, bill Gates was, in 2011, the largest single shareholder of CN stock. Its range once reached across the island of Newfoundland until 1988, the railway was referred to as the Canadian National Railways between 1918 and 1960, and as Canadian National/Canadien National from 1960 to the present. On November 17,1995, the government privatized CN. Over the next decade, the company expanded significantly into the United States, purchasing Illinois Central Railroad and Wisconsin Central Transportation, now primarily a freight railway, CN also operated passenger services until 1978, when they were assumed by Via Rail. The Newfoundland mixed trains lasted until 1988, while the Montreal commuter trains are now operated by Montreals AMT, the absorption of the Intercolonial Railway would see CNR adopt that systems slogan The Peoples Railway. The federal governments Department of Railways and Canals took over operation of the GTPR until July 12,1920, the Canadian National Railway was organized on October 10,1922. After several years of arbitration, the GTR was absorbed into CNR on January 30,1923, Canadian National Railways was born out of both wartime and domestic urgency. Railways, until the rise of the automobile and creation of taxpayer-funded all-weather highways, were the only viable long-distance land transportation available in Canada for many years. As such, their operation consumed a great deal of public, in the early 20th century, many governments were taking a more interventionist role in the economy, foreshadowing the influence of economists like John Maynard Keynes. This political trend, combined with broader geo-political events, made nationalization an appealing choice for Canada, the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and allied involvement in the Russian Revolution seemed to validate the continuing process. The need for a rail system was paramount in a time of civil unrest. CN Telegraph originated as the Great North West Telegraph Company in 1880 to connect Ontario and Manitoba, in 1915, facing bankruptcy, GNWTC was acquired by the Canadian Northern Railways telegraph company. When Canadian Northern was nationalized in 1918 and amalgamated into Canadian National Railways in 1921, CN Telegraphs began co-operating with its Canadian Pacific owned rival CPR Telegraphs in the 1930s, sharing telegraph networks and co-founding a teleprinter system in 1957. In 1967 the two services were amalgamated into a joint venture CNCP Telecommunications which evolved into a telecoms company, CN sold its stake of the company to CP in 1984. This led to the creation of a network of CNR radio stations across the country, as anyone in the vicinity of a station could hear its broadcasts the networks audience extended far beyond train passengers to the public at large
31.
Box
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Box describes a variety of containers and receptacles for permanent use as storage, or for temporary use, often for transporting contents. Boxes may be made of materials such as wood or metal, or of corrugated fiberboard, paperboard. The size may vary from small to the size of a large appliance. A corrugated box is a common shipping container. A decorative or storage box may be opened by raising, pulling, sliding or removing the lid, several types of boxes are used in packaginlolg and storage. A corrugated box is a container made of corrugated fiberboard. These are most commonly used to transport and warehouse products during distribution, a folding carton is fabricated from paperboard. The paperboard is printed, die-cut and scored to form a blank and these are transported and stored flat, and erected at the point of filling. These are used to package a wide range of goods, intended either for use or as a storage box for the remaining goods. A set up box is made of paperboard, permanently glued together with paper skins that can be printed or colored. Unlike folding cartons, these are assembled at the point of manufacture, set-up boxes are more expensive than folding boxes and are typically used for protecting high value items such as cosmetics, watches or smaller consumer electronics. A crate is a heavy duty shipping container made of wood. Crates are distinct from wooden boxes, also used as heavy duty shipping containers, for a wooden container to be a crate, all six of its sides must be put in place to result in the rated strength of the container. The strength of a box, on the other hand, is rated based on the weight it can carry before the top or opening is installed. A bulk box is a large box often used in industrial environments and it is sized to fit well on a pallet. Depending on locale and specific usage, the carton and box are sometimes used interchangeably. The invention of large steel intermodal shipping containers has helped advance the globalization of commerce, boxes for storing various items in can often be very decorative, as they are intended for permanent use and sometimes are put on display in certain locations. A jewelry or jewellery box, is a box for trinkets or jewels and it can take a very modest form with paper covering and lining, covered in leather and lined with satin, or be larger and more highly decorated
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World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
33.
Refrigerator car
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A refrigerator car is a refrigerated boxcar, a piece of railroad rolling stock designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures. Refrigerator cars differ from simple insulated boxcars and ventilated boxcars, neither of which are fitted with cooling apparatus, reefers can be ice-cooled, come equipped with any one of a variety of mechanical refrigeration systems, or utilize carbon dioxide as a cooling agent. Milk cars may or may not include a system, but are equipped with high-speed trucks. After the end of the American Civil War, Chicago, Illinois emerged as a railway center for the distribution of livestock raised on the Great Plains to Eastern markets. Driving cattle across the plains also caused tremendous loss, with some animals dying in transit. Costly inefficiencies were inherent in transporting live animals by rail, particularly the fact that about sixty percent of the mass is inedible. The death of animals weakened by the long drive further increased the shipping cost. Meat sought a way to ship dressed meats from his Chicago packing plant to eastern markets, during the mid-19th century, attempts were made to ship agricultural products by rail. The first refrigerated boxcar entered service in June 1851, on the Northern Railroad and this icebox on wheels was a limited success since it was only functional in cold weather. That same year, the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad began shipping butter to Boston in purpose-built freight cars, the first consignment of dressed beef left the Chicago stock yards in 1857 in ordinary boxcars retrofitted with bins filled with ice. Placing meat directly against ice resulted in discoloration and affected the taste, the method proved too limited to be practical. Detroits William Davis patented a refrigerator car that employed metal racks to suspend the carcasses above a frozen mixture of ice and salt. In 1868, he sold the design to George H. Hammond, a Detroit meat packer, the load had the tendency of swinging to one side when the car entered a curve at high speed, and use of the units was discontinued after several derailments. The meat was packed tightly at the bottom of the car to keep the center of gravity low, in 1880 the Peninsular Car Company delivered the first of these units to Swift, and the Swift Refrigerator Line was created. Within a year, the Lines roster had risen to nearly 200 units, competing firms such as Armour and Company quickly followed suit. By 1920, the SRL owned and operated 7,000 of the rail cars. The General American Transportation Corporation would assume ownership of the line in 1930, in the 1870s, the lack of a practical means to refrigerate peaches limited the markets open to Samuel Rumph, a Georgia peach grower. In 1875, he invented a railcar and crates that allowed him to grow peaches on a very large scale
34.
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
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The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, often abbreviated as Santa Fe or AT&SF, was one of the larger railroads in the United States. Chartered in February 1859, the reached the Kansas-Colorado border in 1873 and Pueblo, Colorado. To create a demand for its services, the set up real estate offices. Despite the name, its main line never served Santa Fe, New Mexico, as the terrain was too difficult, the Santa Fe was a pioneer in intermodal freight transport, an enterprise that included a tugboat fleet and an airline. Its bus line extended passenger transportation to areas not accessible by rail, the AT&SF was the subject of a popular song, Harry Warren & Johnny Mercers On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe, written for the film, The Harvey Girls. The railroad officially ceased operations on December 31,1996, when it merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad to form the Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway was chartered on February 11,1859, to join Atchison and Topeka, Kansas, with Santa Fe, in its early years, the railroad opened Kansas to settlement. Much of its revenue came from wheat grown there and from cattle driven north from Texas to Wichita, rather than turn its survey southward at Dodge City, AT&SF headed southwest over Raton Pass because of coal deposits near Trinidad, Colorado and Raton, New Mexico. D&RG paid an estimated $1.4 million to Santa Fe for its work within the Gorge and agreed not to extend its line to Santa Fe, while Santa Fe agreed to forego its planned routes to Denver and Leadville. Building across Kansas and eastern Colorado was simple, with few natural obstacles and it set up real estate offices in the area and promoted settlement across Kansas on the land that was granted to it by Congress in 1863. It offered discounted fares to anyone who traveled west to land, if the land was purchased. AT&SF reached Albuquerque in 1880, Santa Fe, the destination of the railroad, found itself on a short branch from Lamy. In March 1881 AT&SF connected with the Southern Pacific at Deming, New Mexico, the railroad then built southwest from Benson, Arizona, to Nogales on the Mexican border where it connected with the Sonora Railway, which the AT&SF had built north from the Mexican port of Guaymas. The Atlantic & Pacific Railroad was chartered in 1866 to build west from Springfield, Missouri, the infant A&P had no rail connections. The line that was to become the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway would not reach Springfield for another four years, A&P started construction in 1868, built southwest into what would become Oklahoma, and promptly entered receivership. In 1879 A&P struck a deal with the Santa Fe and Frisco railroads to construct a line for each. The railroads would jointly build and own the A&P railroad west of Albuquerque, in 1883 A&P reached Needles, California, where it connected with an SP line. A&P also built a line between Tulsa, Oklahoma and St. Louis, Missouri for the Frisco, but the Tulsa-Albuquerque portion remained unbuilt, by January 1890, the entire system consisted of some 7,500 miles of track
35.
Pacific Fruit Express
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Pacific Fruit Express was an American railroad refrigerator car leasing company that at one point was the largest refrigerator car operator in the world. The company was founded on December 7,1906 as a joint venture between the Union Pacific and Southern Pacific railroads and it began operation on October 1,1907, with a fleet of 6,600 refrigerator cars built by the American Car and Foundry Company. In 1923, the Western Pacific Railroad joined the venture by leasing its own and they were painted in standard PFE colors with only WP heralds on the cars instead of the paired UP-SP markings. The WP cars were all retired by the late 1950s, among the last wooden reefers in PFEs fleet, WP ended its partnership with PFE in late 1967 and joined Fruit Growers Express instead. PFEs assets were divided between the UP and SP when the company was split on April 1,1978 and it is now a UP subsidiary. Pacific Fruit Express Roster, 1907–1970, Source, The Great Yellow Fleet, modern cars owned by PFE typically carried both UP and SP heralds and either Union Pacific Fruit Express or Southern Pacific Fruit Express. The reporting marks were UPFE for cars operated by Union Pacific or SPFE for cars operated by Southern Pacific, PFEs impact is still seen in Roseville, California, site of a major Union Pacific classification yard, where there is a road named PFE Road. There are a pair of PFE tracks in the Union Pacific Albina Yard in Portland, sacramento History Online, Timeline - Transportation, Agriculture. Retrieved May 18,2005 — company startup details, golden West Books, San Marino, CA. Pacific Fruit Express Company #11207 — photo and short history of one of the last ice-type refrigerator cars built, Pacific Fruit Express Company #300010 — photo and short history of one of the first mechanical-type refrigerator cars built. Pacific Fruit Express photo gallery at the Union Pacific Railroad official website
36.
Interstate Highway System
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The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is a network of controlled-access highways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States. The system is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who championed its formation, construction was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, and the original portion was completed 35 years later, although some urban routes were cancelled and never built. The network has since been extended and, as of 2013, as of 2013, about one-quarter of all vehicle miles driven in the country use the Interstate system. In 2006, the cost of construction was estimated at about $425 billion, the nations revenue needs associated with World War I prevented any significant implementation of this policy, which expired in 1921. In the plan, Mehren proposed a 50, 000-mile system, the system would include two percent of all roads and would pass through every state at a cost of $25,000 per mile, providing commercial as well as military transport benefits. As the landmark 1916 law expired, new legislation was passed—the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 and this new road construction initiative once again provided for federal matching funds for road construction and improvement, $75 million allocated annually. The Bureau of Public Roads asked the Army to provide a list of roads that it considered necessary for national defense. A boom in construction followed throughout the decade of the 1920s. As automobile traffic increased, planners saw a need for such a national system to supplement the existing, largely non-freeway. By the late 1930s, planning had expanded to a system of new superhighways, in 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Thomas MacDonald, chief at the Bureau of Public Roads, a hand-drawn map of the United States marked with eight superhighway corridors for study. He recognized that the system would also provide key ground transport routes for military supplies. The publication in 1955 of the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways, informally known as the Yellow Book, assisting in the planning was Charles Erwin Wilson, who was still head of General Motors when President Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953. The Interstate Highway System was authorized on June 29,1956 by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate, three states have claimed the title of first Interstate Highway. Missouri claims that the first three contracts under the new program were signed in Missouri on August 2,1956, the first contract signed was for upgrading a section of US Route 66 to what is now designated Interstate 44. On August 13,1956, Missouri awarded the first contract based on new Interstate Highway funding, kansas claims that it was the first to start paving after the act was signed. Preliminary construction had taken place before the act was signed, the state marked its portion of I-70 as the first project in the United States completed under the provisions of the new Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The Pennsylvania Turnpike could also be considered one of the first Interstate Highways, on October 1,1940,162 miles of the highway now designated I‑70 and I‑76 opened between Irwin and Carlisle. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania refers to the turnpike as the Granddaddy of the Pikes, October 12,1979, The final section of the Canada to Mexico freeway Interstate 5 is dedicated near Stockton, California
37.
Penn Central Transportation Company
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The Penn Central Transportation Company, commonly abbreviated to Penn Central, was an American Class I railroad headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that operated from 1968 until 1976. It was created by the 1968 merger of the Pennsylvania and New York Central railroads. The New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad was added to the merger in 1969, by 1970, the company had filed for what was, at that time, the Penn Central was created as a response to challenges faced by all three railroads in the late 1960s. The northeastern quarter of the United States, these railroads service area, was the most densely populated region of the U. S, in 1956, Congress had passed, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower had signed, the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. This law authorized construction of the vast Interstate Highway System, which provided an economic boost to the trucking industry, another significant problem was the inability of the New York Central and Pennsylvania railroads to respond to market conditions. The railroad industry at the time was heavily regulated by the Interstate Commerce Commission and was unable to change the rates it charged shippers and passengers, therefore, reducing costs was the only way to become more profitable. Government regulation and agreements with labor unions tightly restricted what cost-cutting could take place, a merger seemed to be a promising way out of a difficult situation. The merged Penn Central was little better off than its constituent railroads were before, a merger implementation plan was drawn up, but not carried out. Attempts to integrate operations, personnel and equipment were not very successful, due to clashing corporate cultures, incompatible computer systems, Track conditions deteriorated and trains had to be run at reduced speeds, resulting in delayed shipments and personnel working extensive overtime. As a result, operating costs soared, derailments and wrecks became frequent, particularly in the Midwest. In addition, these new subsidiaries diverted management attention away from the problems in the core business, to make matters worse, management insisted on paying dividends to shareholders to create the illusion of success. The company had to more and more to keep operating. The interest on the loans became a financial burden. PCs poor shipment of Maine potatoes resulted in many rotting before they could get to market, in the winter of 1969, most of Maines potato production froze in PCs Selkirk Yard after being transferred from the Bangor & Aroostook Railroad. The American financial system was shocked when after two years of operations, the Penn Central Transportation Company was put into bankruptcy on June 21,1970. It was the largest corporate bankruptcy in American history at that time, although the Penn Central Transportation Company was put into bankruptcy, its parent Penn Central Company was able to survive. The Penn Centrals bankruptcy was the blow to long-haul private-sector passenger train service in the United States. The troubled company filed proposals with the ICC to abandon most of its passenger rail service
38.
Penobscot River
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The Penobscot River /pəˈnɒbskət/ is a 109-mile-long river in the U. S. state of Maine. Including the rivers West Branch and South Branch increases the Penobscots length to 264 miles, making it the second longest river system in Maine and its drainage basin contains 8,610 square miles. It arises from four branches in several lakes in north-central Maine, after the uniting of the West Branch with the East Branch at Medway, the Penobscot flows 109 miles south, past the city of Bangor, where it becomes navigable. Also at Bangor is the tributary Kenduskeag Stream and it empties into the Atlantic Ocean in Penobscot Bay. It is home to the Penobscot people that live on Indian Island, the United States government maintains three river flow gages on the Penobscot river. The first is on the East Branch in Grindstone where the rivershed is 1,086 square miles, flow here has ranged from 400 to 1,300 cubic feet per second. The second is in West Enfield where the rivershed is 6,671 square miles, flow here has ranged from 4,410 to 9,660 cubic feet per second. The third is in Eddington,0.4 miles downstream from the Veazie Dam where the rivershed is 7,764 square miles, the Penobscot River was an early trade corridor to interior Maine from the Atlantic coast. Ocean ships could navigate upstream to Bangor, the first European known to have explored the river was the Portuguese Estêvão Gomes in 1524, followed by the Frenchman Samuel de Champlain in 1605. A few years later French Jesuit priests came among the Penobscot people as missionaries, in 1669, the Mohawk tribe made raids from the west that were very destructive to the Penobscot people. During Father Rales War, the English settlers in Massachusetts also sent periodic raiding parties to the Penobscot and this signaled the beginning of English domination, and the incorporation of the Penobscot River valley into New England. The first permanent English settler on the river was Joshua Treat and his oldest son, Joshua Treat, Jr. During the War of 1812, the British again invaded Maine and defeated an American force at the Battle of Hampden, the fort never fired a shot in anger, but remains one of the Penobscots major man-made landmarks. A secondary economic use made of the late in the century was as a source of sawn ice for urban markets. Wood pulp and paper mills create dioxins as a byproduct of the bleaching process in making paper. This substance was discharged from seven mills located close to the Tribal community of Penobscot people, dioxins, which are highly potent toxic chemicals that may cause cancer and other health problems, were being poured daily into this adjacent river, the Penobscot. A Penobscot woman, Rebecca Sockbeson, a Penobscot, is quoted saying that her people have survived on fish from this river and she continued on to say that neither dioxin nor cancer is indigenous to the Penobscot people, however they are both pervasive in my tribal community. The health and survival of the Penobscot people is threatened by the impact that persistent organic pollutants have on reproduction
39.
Loring Air Force Base
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Loring Air Force Base was a United States Air Force installation in northeastern Maine, near Limestone and Caribou in Aroostook County. It was one of the largest bases of the U. S. Air Forces Strategic Air Command during its existence, the bases origins began in 1947 with an order for construction of an airfield by the New England Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The base was originally named Limestone Army Air Field, and was renamed Limestone Air Force Base following the establishment of the Air Force in 1947. It was named in 1954 for Major Charles J. Loring, Jr. USAF, from 1951 to 1962, it was co-located next to Caribou Air Force Station. Loring was home to a population, many of whom were employed alongside active duty service members. The base included many amenities, such as a hospital, school, and ski hill, the 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended that Loring be closed and its aircraft and mission be distributed to other bases in the nation. The base was closed in September 1994 after over forty years of service and it was redeveloped by the Loring Development Authority as the Loring Commerce Centre, an industrial and aviation park, the airfield is operated as Loring International Airport. Loring was planned in 1947 as Limestone Army Air Field and was designed with a capacity of over 100 B-36 Peacemaker strategic bombers and this plan was only partially completed due to budget constraints, but, over time, Loring became one of the largest air bases of SAC. After the B-36 was phased out, the B-52 Stratofortress was based at Loring, first with D models, the Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter was also based there for a number of years, until it was replaced by the better-known KC-135A Stratotanker. Loring was also home to facilities that were a part of the base. Caribou Air Force Station was the storage area that operated separately from Loring until it was absorbed in 1961. Caswell Air Force Station operated to the east, but had an associated with Loring before it became fully operational. On-base facilities included the Alert Area, which operated as a facility within Loring. The Double Cantilever Hangar was the largest hangar at the facility, with the capacity to hold six parked B-52s, One of Lorings major secondary missions included serving as the headquarters for the 45th Air Division from 8 October 1954 to 18 January 1958, and on 20 November 1958. The host wing at Loring was the 42d Bombardment Wing for all, Loring was primarily home to active duty units, although this changed in the 1980s, when the Massachusetts Air National Guards 101st Fighter Squadron sent a detachment to Loring. As the base was the closest in the U. S. to Europe, the 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended closure of Loring AFB and it was officially closed in September 1994. It was later reopened as the Loring Commerce Centre, the 42nd Bomb Wing was the host unit at Loring AFB from 1953 until 1994, supporting national security objectives with mission-ready B-52G Stratofortresses, and KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft. The wing had the ability to deploy at any time to support both SAC, and later, ACC missions and it was operational at Loring from 1953 to 1994
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Strategic Air Command
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At a lower echelon, headquarters divisions included Aircraft Engineering, Missile Concept, and Strategic Communications. In 1992, as part of an overall post-Cold War reorganization of the U. S. Planning to reorganize for a separate and independent postwar U. S. Air Force had begun by the fall of 1945, with the Simpson Board tasked to plan. the reorganization of the Army, SAC initially totaled 37,000 USAAF personnel. S. Air Force as an independent service, kenney, initial units reporting to the Strategic Air Command headquarters on 21 March 1946 included the Second Air Force, the IX Troop Carrier Command and the 73d Air Division. In addition to the bombing mission, SAC also devoted significant resources to aerial reconnaissance. An F-13 squadron, the F-13 later re-designated as the RB-29 Superfortress, was also established, SAC conducted routine aerial reconnaissance missions near the Soviet borders or near the 12-mile international waters limit, although some missions actually penetrated into Soviet airspace. The flight profiles of these missions—above 30,000 feet and in excess of 300 knots—made interception by Soviet air forces difficult until the Soviets 1948 introduction of the MiG-15 jet fighter. Project Nanook, the Cold War’s first Top Secret reconnaissance effort, used the first RB-29 missions for mapping and visual reconnaissance in the Arctic, later missions were Project LEOPARD along the Chukchi Peninsula, followed by Projects RICKRACK, STONEWORK, and COVERALLS. In 1946, the US possessed only nine atomic bombs and twenty-seven B-29s capable at any one time of delivering them, unfortunately, postwar budget and personnel cuts had had an insidious effect on SAC as its Deputy Commander, Major General Clements McMullen, implemented mandated force reductions. This continued to wear down SAC as a command and morale plummeted, as a result, by the end of 1947, only two of SACs eleven groups were combat ready. In terms of overall Air Force basing and infrastructure, SAC continued to acquire a share of USAF infrastructure. In 1947, before the USAF was established as an independent service, construction commenced on Limestone AAF, Maine, fort Dix AAF, New Jersey, Spokane AAF, Washington, and Wendover Field, Utah were also transferred to SAC between 30 April and 1 September 1947. Following establishment of the USAF as a service, SAC bases in the United States consisted of
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Bomber
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A bomber is a combat aircraft designed to attack ground and sea targets by dropping air-to-ground weaponry, firing torpedoes or deploying air-launched cruise missiles. In 1912, during the First Balkan War, Bulgarian Air Force pilot Christo Toprakchiev suggested the use of aircraft to drop bombs on Turkish positions, captain Simeon Petrov developed the idea and created several prototypes by adapting different types of grenades and increasing their payload. This is deemed to be the first use of an aircraft as a bomber, the first heavier-than-air aircraft purposely designed for bombing were the Italian Caproni Ca 30 and British Bristol T. B.8, both of 1913. The Bristol T. B.8 was an early British single engined biplane built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company, under the command of Charles Rumney Samson, a bombing attack on German gun batteries at Middelkerke, Belgium was executed on 25 November 1914. The dirigible, or airship, was developed in the early 20th century, early airships were prone to disaster, but slowly the airship became more dependable, with a more rigid structure and stronger skin. Prior to the outbreak of war, Zeppelins, a larger and these were the first long range, strategic bombers. Although the German air arm was strong, with a total of 123 airships by the end of the war, they were vulnerable to attack and engine failure, German airships inflicted little damage on all 51 raids, with 557 Britons killed and 1,358 injured. The German Navy lost 53 of its 73 airships, and the German Army lost 26 of its 50 ships, the Caproni Ca 30 was built by Gianni Caproni in Italy. It was a biplane with three 67 kW Gnome rotary engines and first flew in October 1914. Test flights revealed power to be insufficient and the engine layout unworkable, the improved design was bought by the Italian Army and it was delivered in quantity from August 1915. Bombing raids and interdiction operations were carried out by French. Sustained attacks with a view to interrupting the enemys railway communications, in conjunction with the main operations of the Allied Armies. The most important bombers used in World War I were the French Breguet 14, British de Havilland DH-4, German Albatros C. III, the Russian Sikorsky Ilya Muromets, was the first four-engine bomber to equip a dedicated strategic bombing unit during World War I. This heavy bomber was unrivaled in the stages of the war. With engine power as a limitation, combined with the desire for accuracy and other operational factors. By the start of the war included, dive bomber — specially strengthened for vertical diving attacks for greater accuracy. Light bomber, medium bomber and heavy bomber — subjective definitions based on size, torpedo bomber — specialized aircraft armed with torpedoes. Ground attack aircraft — aircraft used against targets on a such as troop or tank concentrations
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Cold War
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The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed. The term cold is used there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars, known as proxy wars, supported by the two sides. The Cold War split the temporary alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union. The USSR was a Marxist–Leninist state ruled by its Communist Party and secret police, the Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and all organizations. In opposition stood the West, dominantly democratic and capitalist with a free press, a small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement, it sought good relations with both sides. The two superpowers never engaged directly in full-scale armed combat, but they were armed in preparation for a possible all-out nuclear world war. The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Berlin Blockade was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War, the USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America, and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia. Meanwhile, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets, the expansion and escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia, détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the reforms of perestroika and glasnost. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland, Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. The United States remained as the only superpower. The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy and it is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage and the threat of nuclear warfare
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Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
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Train
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A train is a form of rail transport consisting of a series of vehicles that usually runs along a rail track to transport cargo or passengers. Motive power is provided by a locomotive or individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Although historically steam propulsion dominated, the most common forms are diesel and electric locomotives. Other energy sources include horses, engine or water-driven rope or wire winch, gravity, pneumatics, batteries, the word train comes from the Old French trahiner, from the Latin trahere pull, draw. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train may consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses, from the early 19th century almost all were powered by steam locomotives. A passenger train is one which includes passenger-carrying vehicles which can often be very long, one notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail. In order to much faster operation over 500 km/h, innovative Maglev technology has been researched for years. In most countries, such as the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and defined in law, a freight train uses freight cars to transport goods or materials. Freight and passengers may be carried in the train in a mixed consist. Rail cars and machinery used for maintenance and repair of tracks, etc. are termed maintenance of way equipment, similarly, dedicated trains may be used to provide support services to stations along a train line, such as garbage or revenue collection. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train can consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by a cable, special kinds of trains running on corresponding special railways are atmospheric railways, monorails, high-speed railways, maglev, rubber-tired underground, funicular and cog railways. A passenger train may consist of one or several locomotives and coaches, alternatively, a train may consist entirely of passenger carrying coaches, some or all of which are powered as a multiple unit. In many parts of the world, particularly the Far East and Europe, freight trains are composed of wagons or trucks rather than carriages, though some parcel and mail trains are outwardly more like passenger trains. Trains can also be mixed, comprising both passenger accommodation and freight vehicles, special trains are also used for track maintenance, in some places, this is called maintenance of way. A train with a locomotive attached at each end is described as top and tailed, where a second locomotive is attached temporarily to assist a train up steep banks or grades it is referred to as banking in the UK, or helper service in North America. Recently, many loaded trains in the United States have been made up one or more locomotives in the middle or at the rear of the train
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Greyhound Lines
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Greyhound Lines, Inc. usually shortened to Greyhound, is an intercity bus common carrier serving over 3,800 destinations across North America. The companys first route began in Hibbing, Minnesota in 1914, since October 2007, Greyhound has been a subsidiary of British transportation company FirstGroup, but continues to be based in Dallas, Texas, where it has been headquartered since 1987. Greyhound and sister companies in FirstGroup America are the largest motorcoach operators in the United States, carl Eric Wickman was born in Sweden in 1887. In 1905 he moved to the United States where he was working in a mine as an operator in Alice, Minnesota. In the same year, he became a Hupmobile salesman in Hibbing and he proved unable to sell the car. In 1914, using his vehicle, a 7-passenger car, he began a bus service with Andy Anderson. Heed, by transporting iron ore miners from Hibbing to Alice at 15 cents a ride, in 1915 Wickman joined forces with Ralph Bogan, who was running a similar service from Hibbing to Duluth, Minnesota. The name of the new organization was the Mesaba Transportation Company, by the end of World War I in 1918, Wickman owned 18 buses and was making an annual profit of $40,000. In 1922, Wickman joined forces with Orville Caesar, the owner of the Superior White Bus Lines, four years later, Wickman purchased two West Coast operations, the Pioneer Yelloway System and the Pickwick Lines, creating a national intercity bus company. The Greyhound name had its origins in the run of a route from Superior, Wisconsin to Wausau. While passing through a town, Ed Stone, the routes operator. The reflection reminded him of a dog, and he adopted that name for that segment of the Blue Goose Lines. The Greyhound name became popular and later applied to the bus network. Stone later became General Sales Manager of Yellow Truck and Coach, a division of General Motors, Wickman, as the president of the company, continued to expand it so that by 1927, his buses were making transcontinental trips from California to New York. In 1928, Greyhound had an annual income of $6 million. In 1929, Greyhound acquired additional interests in Southland Transportation Company, the Gray Line, Greyhound also acquired an interest in Northland Transportation Company, and renamed it Northland Greyhound Lines. By 1930 more than 100 bus lines had been consolidated into what was called the Motor Transit Company, recognizing that the company needed a more memorable name, the partners of the Motor Transit Company decided to rename it after the Greyhound marketing phrase used by earlier bus lines. Wickmans business suffered during the Great Depression, and by 1931 was over $1 million in debt, as the 1930s progressed and the economy improved, the Greyhound Corporation began to prosper again
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