Bark (botany)
Videos
Bark is the outermost layer of stems and roots of woody plants. Plants with bark include trees, woody vines, and shrubs. Bark refers to all the tissues outside the vascular cambium and is a nontechnic
The bark of Pinus thunbergii is made up of multiple shiny layers.
Damaged bark of a cherry tree
Living tree bark enveloping barbed wire
Bark of mature mango (Mangifera indica) showing lichen growth
Girdling
Videos
Girdling, also called ring-barking, is the circumferential removal or injury of the bark of a branch or trunk of a woody plant. Girdling prevents the tree from sending nutrients from its foliage to it
Girdling in Lille, Northern France
Yellowing of alder leaves due to girdling.
Grape vines and their canopies
Holes drilled by red-naped sapsucker in Platanus wrightii - an Arizona sycamore