1.
Electric harpsichord
–
The clavecin électrique was a musical instrument invented in 1759 by Jean-Baptiste Thillaie Delaborde, a French Jesuit priest. It is the earliest surviving electric-powered musical instrument, pre-dated only by the Denis dor, Delaborde described the instrument in his 1761 publication, Le clavessin électrique. The mechanism was based on a contemporary warning-bell device, and the instrument is essentially an electric carillon, a number of bells, two for each pitch, hang from iron bars along with their clappers. A globe generator charges the prime conductor and the iron bars, the musician presses a key and one of the bells of the corresponding pair is grounded, cut off from the charge source. The clapper then oscillates between the grounded and the bells, producing the desired tone. The somewhat inappropriate choice of the name was defended by Delaborde. He also mentioned that during a performance in a room the listeners eyes are agreeably surprised by the brilliant sparks that were produced by the instrument. The press and the public admired the innovative machine, but it wasnt developed further, the model Delaborde himself built survives and is kept at the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris. Schiffer, Michael, Hollenback, Kasy, and Bell, Carrie, draw the Lightning Down, Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology In the Age of Enlightenment. ISBN 978-0-520-23802-2 Audio demo and photographs of a reconstruction of the clavecin électrique Clavecin électrique at 120 Years of Electronic Music
Electric harpsichord
–
Diagram of the clavecin électrique.
2.
Rock music
–
It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock music
–
Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist).
Rock music
–
Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
Rock music
–
Chubby Checker in 2005
Rock music
–
The Beach Boys performing in 1964
3.
Classical music
–
Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical and secular music. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common-practice period, Western staff notation is used by composers to indicate to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This can leave less room for such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation. The term classical music did not appear until the early 19th century, the earliest reference to classical music recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, the written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them, J. S. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works, Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music being reproduced. That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work, even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction, we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations, during the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto, during the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century and they consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments. The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass and it generally has a larger variety and number of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many bands use a double bass. Many of the used to perform medieval music still exist. Medieval instruments included the flute, the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle, Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut, during the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th
Classical music
Classical music
–
Nineteenth-century composer and pianist
Clara Schumann is one of only a few female composers mentioned in the Concise Oxford History of Music.
Classical music
–
The Dublin Philharmonic Orchestra performs
Tchaikovsky 's
Fourth Symphony.
Classical music
–
A youth
concert band in performance.
4.
Pop music
–
Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
Pop music
–
The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that the term "pop" refers to music performed by such artists as
the Rolling Stones (pictured here in a 2006 performance)
Pop music
–
According to several sources,
MTV helped give rise to
pop stars such as
Michael Jackson and
Madonna; and Jackson and Madonna helped make MTV.
Pop music
5.
Baroque music
–
Baroque music is a style of Western art music composed from approximately 1600 to 1750. This era followed the Renaissance music era, and was followed in turn by the Classical era, Baroque music forms a major portion of the classical music canon, being widely studied, performed, and listened to. The Baroque period saw the creation of tonality, an approach to writing music in which a song or piece is written in a particular key, during the Baroque era, professional musicians were expected to be accomplished improvisers of both solo melodic lines and accompaniment parts. A characteristic Baroque form was the dance suite, while the pieces in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance music, dance suites were designed for listening, not for accompanying dancers. During the period, composers and performers used more elaborate ornamentation, made changes in musical notation. Many musical terms and concepts from this era, such as toccata, fugue, dense, complex polyphonic music, in which multiple independent melody lines were performed simultaneously, was an important part of many Baroque choral and instrumental works. The word baroque comes from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning misshapen pearl, the term Baroque is generally used by music historians to describe a broad range of styles from a wide geographic region, mostly in Europe, composed over a period of approximately 150 years. The systematic application by historians of the baroque to music of this period is a relatively recent development. In 1919, Curt Sachs became the first to apply the five characteristics of Heinrich Wölfflins theory of the Baroque systematically to music, all of these efforts resulted in appreciable disagreement about time boundaries of the period, especially concerning when it began. In English the term acquired currency only in the 1940s, in the writings of Bukofzer, nevertheless, the term has become widely used and accepted for this broad range of music. It may be helpful to distinguish the Baroque from both the preceding and following periods of musical history, the Baroque period is divided into three major phases, early, middle, and late. Although they overlap in time, they are dated from 1580 to 1630, from 1630 to 1680. In reference to music, they based their ideals on a perception of Classical musical drama that valued discourse, the early realizations of these ideas, including Jacopo Peris Dafne and LEuridice, marked the beginning of opera, which were a catalyst for Baroque music. Concerning music theory, the widespread use of figured bass represents the developing importance of harmony as the linear underpinnings of polyphony. Harmony is the end result of counterpoint, and figured bass is a representation of those harmonies commonly employed in musical performance. With figured bass, numbers, accidentals or symbols were placed above the bassline that was read by keyboard instrument players such as players or pipe organists. The numbers, accidentals or symbols indicated to the player what intervals she should play above each bass note. The keyboard player would improvise a chord voicing for each bass note and this led to the idea that certain sequences of chords, rather than just notes, could provide a sense of closure at the end of a piece—one of the fundamental ideas that became known as tonality
Baroque music
–
Baroque theatre in
Český Krumlov
Baroque music
–
Claudio Monteverdi in 1640
Baroque music
–
Jean-Baptiste Lully
Baroque music
–
Arcangelo Corelli
6.
Harpsichord
–
A harpsichord is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. It produces sound by plucking a string when a key is pressed, Harpsichord designates the whole family of similar plucked keyboard instruments, including the smaller virginals, muselar, and spinet. The harpsichord was used in Renaissance and Baroque music. During the late 18th century, it disappeared from the musical scene with the rise of the piano. In the 20th century, it made a resurgence, being used in historically informed performances of music, in compositions. Harpsichords vary in size and shape, but all have the basic functional arrangement. The player depresses a key that rocks over a pivot in the middle of its length, the other end of the key lifts a jack that holds a small plectrum, which plucks the string. When the player releases the key, the far end returns to its rest position, the plectrum, mounted on a tongue that can swivel backwards away from the string, passes the string without plucking it again. As the key reaches its rest position, a felt damper atop the jack stops the strings vibrations and these basic principles are explained in detail below. The keylever is a pivot, which rocks on a balance pin that passes through a hole drilled through the keylever. The jack is a thin, rectangular piece of wood that sits upright on the end of the keylever, the jacks are held in place by the registers. These are two strips of wood, which run in the gap between pinblock and bellyrail. The registers have rectangular mortises through which the pass as they can move up. The registers hold the jacks in the location needed to pluck the string. In the jack, a plectrum juts out almost horizontally and passes just under the string, historically, plectra were made of bird quill or leather, many modern harpsichords have plastic plectra. When the front of the key is pressed, the back of the key rises, the jack is lifted, the vertical motion of the jack is then stopped by the jackrail, which is covered with soft felt to muffle the impact. When the key is released, the falls back down under its own weight. This is made possible by having the plectrum held in a tongue attached with a pivot and a spring to the body of the jack
Harpsichord
–
This harpsichord is the work of two celebrated makers: originally constructed by
Andreas Ruckers in Antwerp (1646), it was later remodeled and expanded by
Pascal Taskin in Paris (1780).
Harpsichord
–
Detail of the mechanism of the Harpsichord by Christian Zell, at
Museu de la Música de Barcelona
Harpsichord
–
Sound board of a harpsichord with
Chladni patterns
Harpsichord
–
Detail of the harpsichord by Karl Conrad Fleisher; Hamburg, 1720 in
Museu de la Música de Barcelona. A decorative rose descends below the soundboard in which is it mounted; the soundboard itself is adorned with floral painting around the rose. The bridge is at lower right.
7.
String section
–
The string section is the largest body of a single instrument category in the standard Classical orchestra. It normally consists of the first violins, the violins, the violas, the cellos. The first and second play the same types of instruments. The first violins are generally given the melody or higher-pitch musical lines, the second violins may play a harmony part, a countermelody or an accompaniment passage. In discussions of the instrumentation of a work, the phrase the strings or. An orchestra consisting solely of a section is called a string orchestra. Smaller string sections are used in jazz, pop and rock music arrangements, the most common seating arrangement in the 2000s is with first violins, second violins, violas and cello sections arrayed clockwise around the conductor, with basses behind the cellos on the right. The principal string players sit at the front of their section, closest to the conductor and on the row of performers which is closest to the audience. If space or numbers are limited, cellos and basses can be put in the middle, violins and violas on the left and winds to the right, this is the usual arrangement in orchestra pits. The seating may also be specified by the composer, as in Béla Bartóks Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, in some cases, due to space constraints or other issues, a different layout may be used. The inside player typically turns the pages of the part, while the player continues playing. In cases where a turn occurs during an essential musical part. There are more variations of set-up with the bass section, depending on the size of the section. There are not usually as many basses as cellos, so they are either in one row, or for a larger section, in some orchestras, some or all of the string sections may be placed on wooden risers, which are platforms that elevate the performers. The size of a section may be expressed with a formula of the type 10-10-8-10-6, designating the number of first violins, second violins, violas, cellos. The numbers can vary widely, Wagner in Die Walküre specifies 16-16-12-12-8, in general, music from the Baroque music era and the Classical music period used smaller string sections. During the contemporary era, some composers requested smaller string sections. In some regional orchestras, amateur orchestras and youth orchestras, the sections may be relatively small
String section
–
The
Chicago Symphony Orchestra performing with a jazz group. The string sections are at the front of the orchestra, arrayed in a semicircle around the
conductor's podium.
8.
French horn
–
The French horn is a brass instrument made of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell. The double horn in F/B♭ is the horn most often used by players in professional orchestras, a musician who plays any kind of horn is generally referred to as a horn player. Most horns have lever-operated rotary valves, but some, especially older horns, use piston valves, the backward-facing orientation of the bell relates to the perceived desirability to create a subdued sound, in concert situations, in contrast to the more piercing quality of the trumpet. A horn without valves is known as a horn, changing pitch along the natural harmonics of the instrument. Pitch may also be controlled by the position of the hand in the bell, the pitch of any note can easily be raised or lowered by adjusting the hand position in the bell. Three valves control the flow of air in the single horn, the more common double horn has a fourth valve, usually operated by the thumb, which routes the air to one set of tubing tuned to F or another tuned to B♭. Triple horns with five valves are made, tuned in F, B♭. Also common are descant doubles, which typically provide B♭ and alto F branches and this configuration provides a high-range horn while avoiding the additional complexity and weight of a triple. A crucial element in playing the horn deals with the mouthpiece, when playing higher notes, the majority of players exert a small degree of additional pressure on the lips using the mouthpiece. It is the goal of all serious brass musicians to develop their technique such that additional mouthpiece pressure is avoided altogether, or at the very least, the name French horn is found only in English, first coming into use in the late 17th century. At that time, French makers were preeminent in the manufacture of hunting horns, as a result, these instruments were often called, even in English, by their French names, trompe de chasse or cor de chasse. The International Horn Society has recommended since 1971 that the instrument be simply called the horn, there is also a more specific use of French horn to describe a particular horn type, differentiated from the German horn and Vienna horn. In this sense, French horn refers to an instrument with three Périnet valves. It retains the narrow bell-throat and mouthpipe crooks of the orchestral hand horn of the late 18th century, and most often has an ascending third valve. This is a whole-tone valve arranged so that with the valve in the up position the valve loop is engaged, the horn is the third-highest-sounding instrument in the brass family, below the trumpet and the cornet. Horns are mostly tuned in B♭ or F, or a combination of both, in some traditions, novice players use a single horn in F, while others prefer the B♭ horn. The F horn is used more commonly than the B♭ horn, sound is produced by vibrating the players lips into the mouthpiece of the instrument. Different partials in the series can be played by adjusting the air pressure and lip tension
French horn
–
A hunting horn on the insignia of the Danish "Huntsmen Corps" (Jægerkorpset)
French horn
–
Vienna horn
French horn
–
The
valves of a
Conn 6D double horn. The 3 lever keys (above the large valves) can be depressed toward the large outer tube. The thumb key (near the left-most valve) moves inward toward the 3 finger keys.
French horn
–
A natural horn has no valves, but can be tuned to a different key by inserting different tubing, as during a rest period.
9.
Oboe
–
Oboes /ˈoʊboʊ/ OH-boh are a family of double reed woodwind musical instruments. The most common oboe plays in the treble or soprano range, oboes are usually made of wood, but there are also oboes made of synthetic materials. A soprano oboe measures roughly 65 cm long, with keys, a conical bore. Sound is produced by blowing into the reed and vibrating a column of air, the distinctive oboe tone is versatile, and has been described as bright. When the term oboe is used alone, it is taken to mean the standard treble instrument rather than other instruments of the family. In English, prior to 1770, the instrument was called a hautbois, hoboy. The spelling of oboe was adopted into English c.1770 from the Italian oboè, a musician who plays the oboe is called an oboist or simply an oboe player. In comparison to other woodwind instruments, the treble oboe is sometimes referred to as having a clear. The Sprightly Companion, a book published by Henry Playford in 1695, describes the oboe as Majestical and Stately. Humorously, the sound of the oboe is described in the play Angels in America as like that of a if the duck were a songbird. The rich timbre of the oboe is derived from its conical bore, as a result, oboes are readily audible over other instruments in large ensembles. The highest note of the oboe is a lower than the nominally highest note of the B♭ clarinet. Since the clarinet has a range of notes, the lowest note of the B♭ clarinet is significantly deeper than the lowest note of the oboe. Music for the oboe is written in concert pitch. Orchestras normally tune to a concert A played by the oboe, according to the League of American Orchestras, this is done because the pitch of the oboe is secure and its penetrating sound makes it ideal for tuning purposes. The pitch of the oboe is affected by the way in which the reed is made. The reed has a significant effect on the sound of the instrument, Variations in cane and other construction materials, the age of the reed, and differences in scrape and length all affect the pitch of the instrument. German and French reeds, for instance, differ in many ways, weather conditions such as temperature and humidity also affect the pitch
Oboe
–
A modern oboe with a reed
Oboe
–
Classical oboe, copy by Sand Dalton of an original by Johann Friedrich Floth, c. 1805
Oboe
–
The members of the oboe family from top:
heckelphone,
bass oboe,
cor anglais,
oboe d'amore, regular oboe, and
piccolo oboe
Oboe
–
Oboist
Albrecht Mayer preparing reeds for use. Most oboists scrape their own reeds to achieve the desired tone and response
10.
Philadelphia soul
–
The Philadelphia Soul are a professional arena football team based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They compete in the Arena Football League, the Soul have made four ArenaBowl appearances, winning their first appearance and losing their next two appearances. The Soul won their fourth appearance, against the Arizona Rattlers in 2016, the club was established in 2004 when a group, led by Jon Bon Jovi, secured the rights to an AFL franchise in Philadelphia. The AFL folded before the proposed 2009 season was to begin, after two seasons of inactivity in 2009 and 2010, the Soul returned in 2011 headed by Ron Jaworski. The team was owned by co-majority owners Jon Bon Jovi and Craig Spencer along with minority owners Richie Sambora, Ron Jaws Jaworski and Leo Carlin, Jr. The Soul began play in February 2004, and played its games at the Wells Fargo Center, home of the Philadelphia Flyers of the NHL. The Soul played in the Eastern Division of the National Conference of the AFL, the name Soul referred to the Philadelphia soul music genre, a play on Bon Jovis career as a musician. The official mascot of the Soul was the Blues Brother-like Soul Man, in 2005, the Soul began the season by beating the Austin Wranglers 66–35. However, after five games, the Soul had two wins and three losses, which led to the firing of head coach Michael Trigg, critics say that the Soul erred that off-season when they made Tony Graziani the highest-paid player in Arena League history. The move left them with little money under the cap to improve their defense. The elimination came even after NBC scheduled 14 games of the Soul to be shown on national or regional television, in 2006, the Soul began 2–0. They went 2–0 against division rival Dallas Desperados, and finished the season at 9–7, in their wild card playoff game, the Soul defeated the Austin Wranglers in Austin, 52–35. The score was 21–21 at halftime, but the #5 seed Soul outscored the #4 Wranglers 21–7 in the third quarter, the Soul started 4–0 in 2007 before losing to the Georgia Force, 57–49. Afterwards, they lost on a Monday night contest to their division rival, in the game, Tony Graziani left the game early with a separated left shoulder from a sack by OL/DL Rickie Simpkins. He would miss the four weeks, all losses, dropping the team to 4–6. Graziani returned in week 12 against the New Orleans VooDoo and led the team to its highest scoring output in its franchise history. In the playoffs, they defeated the Orlando Predators 41–26, then traveled to Atlanta to take on the Georgia Force in the Divisional Round, in 2008, the Soul signed WR Chris Jackson in the off-season. He was united with a teammate in Tony Graziani
Philadelphia soul
–
One of the Philadelphia Soul's endzones.
Philadelphia soul
Philadelphia soul
–
Baseball
Philadelphia soul
11.
Chamber pop
–
Chamber pop is a subgenre of indie rock or indie pop which grew in the mid 1990s as a reaction against the fuzz distortion and lo-fi aesthetic prominent in alternative music. The Beach Boys Brian Wilson informed much of the genre, as did composer Burt Bacharach, specific works that helped define the style include the Beach Boys albums Pet Sounds and Smile, as well as the majority of Louis Phillipes productions for él Records. The combination of string sections and rock music has been called symphonic pop, chamber pop, and ork-pop. Ork-pop refers to a branch of underground rock musicians who shared an affinity with the Beach Boys 1966 studio album Pet Sounds, such as the High Llamas and bands from the Elephant 6 collective. According to CMJs David Jerman, the name was the creation of rock critics, encompassing everyone from fans of the Beach Boys to fans of Bacharach and Mancini. Strongly influenced by the rich orchestrations of Burt Bacharach, Brian Wilson, allMusic states that the genre carries on the spirit of the baroque pop of the 1960s, while cultural writers Joseph Fisher and Brian Flota call it the heir to baroque pop. Another major source of influence was the singer Scott Walker, new York Daily News Jim Farber summarizes the genre, think Donovan meets Burt Bacharach. Just as ork-pop acts shared a love for Wilson, they held an admiration for one anothers work. Newsmakers believes that the Beach Boys Pet Sounds helped define chamber pop as intimate, precisely arranged songs with rocks sweep, following the album was the groups unfinished 1966–67 work Smile, a collaboration between Brian Wilson and lyricist Van Dyke Parks that also heavily influenced the genre. According to the High Llamas Sean OHagan, Pet Sounds had been the beginning of the great pop experiment, but it wasnt allowed to continue, because rock and roll got hold of the whole thing and stopped it. Pop didnt take off again until this decade, author Carl Wilson says that Brians pained vulnerability, uses of offbeat instruments, intricate harmonies, and the Smile saga itself became a common reference point for chamber pop bands. In the late 1980s, the majority of Louis Phillipes productions for él Records also made sophisticated use of orchestras and voices that embodied and defined the chamber pop style. Chamber pop was part of a trend which involved musicians who rejected traditional rock conventions, such as Tortoise and Stereolab. The genres orchestration is more complex than rock music, making extensive use of brass. Although modern rock groups like Smashing Pumpkins, Oasis, and R. E. M, occasionally used strings, their approach was considerably less intricate. The High Llamas were one of the first to anticipate the easy-listening fad with their 1993 debut album Gideon Gaye. OHagan felt that There is this misconception that American college rock with twisted baseball hats and checked shirts is adventurous. All these bands sound like Nirvana and Pearl Jam and its a shame that it couldnt be discovered from the get-go for what it is
Chamber pop
–
The Beatles (with help from
George Martin) consciously chose their orchestral arrangements to reflect an
English Baroque feel, as per their contemporaries.
12.
Progressive rock
–
Progressive rock is a broad subgenre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States throughout the mid to late 1960s. Prog is based on fusions of styles, approaches and genres, Prog saw a high level of popularity in the early-to-mid 1970s, but faded soon after. Conventional wisdom holds that the rise of rock caused this. Music critics, who labelled the concepts as pretentious and the sounds as pompous and overblown. Early groups who exhibited progressive features are described as proto-prog. In 1967, progressive rock constituted a diversity of loosely associated style codes, the Canterbury scene, originating in the late 1960s, denoted a subset of prog bands who emphasised the use of wind instruments, complex chord changes and long improvisations. Rock in Opposition, from the late 1970s, was more avant-garde, in the 1980s, a new subgenre, neo-progressive rock, enjoyed some commercial success, although it was also accused of being derivative and lacking in innovation. Post-progressive draws upon newer developments in music and the avant-garde since the mid 1970s. The term progressive rock is synonymous with art rock, classical rock, historically, art rock has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music. Similarities between the two terms are that they describe a mostly British attempt to elevate rock music to new levels of artistic credibility. However, art rock is likely to have experimental or avant-garde influences. Prog was devised in the 1990s as a term, but later became a transferable adjective. Although a unidirectional English progressive style emerged in the late 1960s, by 1967, critics of the genre often limit its scope to a stereotype of long solos, overlong albums, fantasy lyrics, grandiose stage sets and costumes, and an obsessive dedication to technical skill. Author Kevin Holm-Hudson believes that rock is a style far more diverse than what is heard from its mainstream groups. They each do so largely unconsciously, academic John S. Cotner contests Macans view that progressive rock cannot exist without the continuous and overt assimilation of classical music into rock. Debate about the criteria and scope of the genre continues in the 2010s. In early references to the music, progressive was partly related to progressive politics, Cotner also says that progressive rock incorporates both formal and eclectic elements, It consists of a combination of factors – some of them intramusical, others extramusical or social. One way of conceptualising rock and roll in relation to music is that progressive music pushed the genre into greater complexity while retracing the roots of romantic
Progressive rock
–
King Crimson, one of the most important and influential progressive rock bands
Progressive rock
–
The synthesizer became a viable instrument when modular synthesizers, such as this one played by Keith Emerson, were replaced by smaller, simpler versions
Progressive rock
–
Modern synthesizer technology has reduced the need for huge setups of bulky equipment. Here
Rick Wakeman plays a digital synthesizer with one hand and programs a Minimoog with the other
Progressive rock
–
Canadian band Rush perform in 2004. (left to right
Alex Lifeson,
Geddy Lee and
Neil Peart)
13.
Contrapuntal
–
In music, counterpoint is the relationship between voices that are harmonically interdependent yet independent in rhythm and contour. It has been most commonly identified in the European classical tradition, strongly developing during the Renaissance and in much of the common practice period, the term originates from the Latin punctus contra punctum meaning point against point. Counterpoint generally involves musical lines with strongly independent identities, Counterpoint has been used to designate a voice or even an entire composition. In each era, contrapuntally organized music writing has been subject to rules—sometimes strict ones, chords are the simultaneous soundings of notes, whereas harmonic, vertical features are considered secondary and almost incidental when counterpoint is the predominant textural element. Counterpoint focuses on melodic interaction—only secondarily on the produced by that interaction. In the words of John Rahn, It is hard to write a beautiful song and it is harder to write several individually beautiful songs that, when sung simultaneously, sound as a more beautiful polyphonic whole. The way that is accomplished in detail is, some examples of related compositional techniques include, the round, the canon, and perhaps the most complex contrapuntal convention, the fugue. All of these are examples of imitative counterpoint, Species counterpoint generally offers less freedom to the composer than other types of counterpoint and therefore is called a strict counterpoint. The student gradually attains the ability to free counterpoint according to the given rules at the time. The idea is at least as old as 1532, when Giovanni Maria Lanfranco described a concept in his Scintille di musica. Zacconi, unlike later theorists, included a few extra contrapuntal techniques, a succession of later theorists quite closely imitated Fuxs seminal work, often with some small and idiosyncratic modifications in the rules. The following rules apply to melodic writing in each species, for each part, if the final is approached from below, then the leading tone must be raised in a minor key, but not in Phrygian or Hypophrygian mode. Thus, in the Dorian mode on D, a C♯ is necessary at the cadence, permitted melodic intervals are the perfect fourth, fifth, and octave, as well as the major and minor second, major and minor third, and ascending minor sixth. The ascending minor sixth must be followed by motion downwards. The three notes should be from the triad, if this is impossible, they should not outline more than one octave. In general, do not write more than two skips in the same direction, if writing a skip in one direction, it is best to proceed after the skip with motion in the other direction. The interval of a tritone in three notes should be avoided as is the interval of a seventh in three notes, there must be a climax or high point in the line countering the cantus firmus. This usually occurs somewhere in the middle of exercise and must occur on a strong beat, an outlining of a seventh is avoided within a single line moving in the same direction
Contrapuntal
–
This is an example of a double passing tone in which the two middle notes are a dissonant interval from the cantus firmus. A fourth and a diminished fifth.
Contrapuntal
–
Extract from
Fugue no. 17 in A-flat major,
BWV 862, from book 1 of
The Well-Tempered Clavier by
Bach Play (
help ·
info)
Contrapuntal
–
This is an example of a descending double neighbor figure against a cantus firmus.
Contrapuntal
–
This is an example of an ascending double neighbor figure against a cantus firmus.
14.
Functional harmony
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In tonal music theory, a function is a term denoting the relationship of a chord to the tonal center. The concept of function has never been clearly defined. It rests on the recognition of essential hierarchies between the degrees of the scale and the harmonies that they support, and of possible equivalences between some of these hierarchic values. This theory remains much in use for the pedagogy of harmony and analysis in German speaking countries and in other North- and this theory in origin was not explicitly about tonal functions. It considers the relation of the chords to their tonic in the context of harmonic progressions, both theories find part of their inspiration in the theories of Jean-Philippe Rameau, starting with his Traité dharmonie of 1722. Even if the concept of function was not so named before 1893, it could be shown to exist, explicitly or implicitly. Early usages of the term in music include those by Fétis, Durutte, Loquin, the concept of harmonic function originates in theories about just intonation. These three triads were soon considered the most important chords of the tonality, with the tonic in the center, the dominant above. This symmetric construction may have one of the reasons why the fourth degree of the scale. It also is one of the origins of the dualist theories which described not only the scale in just intonation as a symmetric construction, dualist theories are documented from the 16th century onwards. The term functional harmony derives from Hugo Riemann and, more particularly, Riemanns direct inspiration was Moriz Hauptmann dialectic description of tonality. Riemann described three abstract functions, the tonic, the dominant and the subdominant, despite the complexity of his theory, Riemanns ideas had huge impact, especially where German influence was strong. A good example in this regard are the textbooks by Hermann Grabner, the three tonal functions are denoted by the letters T, D and S, for Tonic, Dominant and Subdominant respectively, the letters are uppercase for functions in major, lowercase for functions in minor. Each of these functions can be fulfilled by three chords, the chord corresponding to the function, the chord a third lower. The relation between triads a third apart resides in the fact that they differ from each other by one note only, in addition, within the diatonic scale, triads a third apart necessarily are of opposite mode. Two cases must be considered, – either the triads are relative to other, the minor triad in this case is a third lower than its major relative. It will be noted that several chords could fulfill different functions depending on the context, each degree of a diatonic scale, as well as each of many chromatically-altered notes, has a different diatonic function as does each chord built upon those notes. A pitch or pitch class and its enharmonic equivalents have different meanings, in music theory, as it is commonly taught in the US, there are seven different functions
Functional harmony
–
Scale degree names (C major scale Play (
help ·
info)).
15.
String quartet
–
A string quartet is a musical ensemble of four string players – two violin players, a viola player and a cellist – or a piece written to be performed by such a group. The string quartet is one of the most prominent chamber ensembles in classical music, with most major composers, from the mid to late 18th century onwards, writing string quartets. The string quartet was developed into its current form by the Austrian composer Joseph Haydn, ever since Haydns day the string quartet has been considered a prestigious form and represents one of the true tests of the composers art. With four parts to play with, a composer working in anything like the key system has enough lines to fashion a full argument. The closely related characters of the four instruments, moreover, while they cover in combination an ample compass of pitch, do not lend themselves to indulgence in purely colouristic effects. Thus, in ways the string quartet is pre-eminently the dialectical form of instrumental music. Quartet composition flourished in the Classical era, with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, in the 21st century it remains an important and refined musical form. Some quartets play together for years in ensembles which may be named after the first violinist. Well-known string quartets can be found in the list of string quartet ensembles, the early history of the string quartet is in many ways the history of Haydns journey with the genre. However, these composers showed no interest in exploring the development of the quartet as a medium. The origins of the quartet can be further traced back to the Baroque trio sonata. A very early example is a sonata for string ensemble by Gregorio Allegri that might be considered an important prototype string quartet. By the early 18th century, composers were often adding a third soloist, thus when Alessandro Scarlatti wrote a set of six works entitled Sonata à Quattro per due Violini, Violetta, e Violoncello senza Cembalo, this was a natural evolution from the existing tradition. The string quartet in its now accepted form came about with Haydn, even the composition of Haydns earliest string quartets owed more to chance than artistic imperative. Haydns early biographer Georg August Griesinger tells the story thus, The following purely chance circumstance had led him to try his luck at the composition of quartets. A Baron Fürnberg had a place in Weinzierl, several stages from Vienna, and he invited from time to time his pastor, his manager, Haydn, Fürnberg requested Haydn to compose something that could be performed by these four amateurs. Haydn went on to nine other quartets around this time. These works were published as his Op.1 and Op.2, one quartet went unpublished and they have five movements and take the form, fast movement, minuet and trio I, slow movement, minuet and trio II, and fast finale
String quartet
–
A string quartet in performance. From left to right - violin 1, violin 2, viola, cello
String quartet
–
A string quartet in performance. From left to right - violin 1, violin 2, cello, viola
16.
Phil Spector
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He is acknowledged as one of the most influential figures in pop music history. Spectors other chart-topping singles include Youve Lost That Lovin Feelin, The Long and Winding Road, from 2007 to 2009, Spector was the subject of a trial and retrial for the 2003 murder of actress Lana Clarkson, of which he was convicted in the second degree. He is serving a sentence of 19 years to life. In 2008, The Washington Times named Spector the second greatest record producer in music history, in 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him #63 on their list of the Greatest Artists of All Time. In their 2003 list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, they included the Spector-produced Presenting the Fabulous Ronettes, A Christmas Gift for You, according to BMI, Youve Lost That Lovin Feelin is the song that received the most US airplay in the 20th century. For co-producing Harrisons Concert for Bangladesh, Spector earned the Grammy Award for Album of the Year, in 1989, Spector was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a nonperformer. In 1997, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, harvey Phillip Spector was born on December 26,1939 to a first-generation immigrant Jewish family in the Bronx, New York City. His father, Ben, was an ironworker from Russia with the surname Spekter, Spectors father committed suicide on April 20,1949. In 1953, his mother moved the family to Los Angeles where she found work as a seamstress, having learned to play guitar, Spector performed Rock Island Line in a talent show at Fairfax High School, where he was a student. With three friends from school, Marshall Leib, Sandy Nelson, and Annette Kleinbard, Spector formed a group. During this period, record producer Stan Ross — co-owner of Gold Star Studios in Hollywood — began to tutor Spector in record production, in 1958, the Teddy Bears recorded the Spector-penned Dont You Worry My Little Pet, which helped them secure a deal with Era Records. At their next session, they recorded another song Spector had written—this one inspired by the epitaph on Spectors fathers tombstone. Released on Eras subsidiary label, Dore Records, To Know Him Is to Love Him reached number one on Billboard Hot 100 singles chart on December 1,1958 and it was the seventh number-one single on the newly formed chart. Following the success of their debut, the signed with Imperial Records. Their next single, I Dont Need You Anymore, reached number 91 and they released several more recordings, including an album, The Teddy Bears Sing. But failed to reach the top 100 in US sales, after the split, Spectors career quickly moved from performing and songwriting to production. While recording the Teddy Bears album, Spector had met Lester Sill and his next project, the Spectors Three, was undertaken under the aegis of Sill and his partner, Lee Hazlewood. In 1960, Sill arranged for Spector to work as an apprentice to Leiber and Stoller in New York, Ronnie Crawford would become Spector’s first true recording artist and project as producer
Phil Spector
–
Phil Spector in 1965
Phil Spector
–
Although predominantly a singles label, Philles released a few albums, one of which is the perennial seller
A Christmas Gift for You from Philles Records from 1963.
Phil Spector
–
2009
mug shot
17.
Brian Wilson
–
Brian Douglas Wilson is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer best known for being the multi-tasking leader and co-founder of the rock band the Beach Boys. After signing with Capitol Records in 1962, Wilson wrote or co-wrote more than two dozen Top 40 hits for the group, in the mid-1960s, Wilson composed, arranged and produced Pet Sounds, considered one of the greatest albums ever made. The intended follow-up to Pet Sounds, Smile, was canceled for various reasons, as he suffered repeated nervous breakdowns, Wilsons contributions to the Beach Boys diminished, and his erratic behavior led to tensions with the band. He remains a member of the Beach Boys corporation, Brother Records Incorporated, Wilsons work with the Beach Boys helped raise pop music to the level of high art. Wilson effectively set a precedent that allowed bands and artists to enter a recording studio and his songs became inextricably tied with the zeitgeist of the early 1960s, and he helped develop the sound of the wistful Flower Power era that proceeded. In later years, Wilson was regarded as a godfather to an era of musicians who were inspired by his melodic sensibilities, chamber pop orchestrations. His honors include being inducted into the 1988 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and winning Grammy Awards for Brian Wilson Presents Smile and The Smile Sessions. In lists published by Rolling Stone, Wilson ranked 52 for the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time in 2008 and 12 for the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time in 2015. In 2012, music publication NME ranked Wilson number 8 in its 50 Greatest Producers Ever list and he is an occasional actor and voice actor, having appeared in television shows, films, and other artists music videos. His life was portrayed in the 2014 biopic Love & Mercy, Brian Douglas Wilson was born on June 20,1942, at Centinela Hospital in Inglewood, California, the son of Audree Neva and Murry Wilson. He was the eldest of three boys, his brothers were Dennis and Carl. He has English, Swedish, Dutch, German, and Irish ancestry, when Brian was two, the family moved from Inglewood to 3701 West 119th Street in nearby Hawthorne, California. Murry Wilson said, He was very clever and quick, I just fell in love with him. At about age two, Brian heard George Gershwins Rhapsody in Blue, which had an emotional impact on him. A few years later, he was discovered to have diminished hearing in his right ear. The exact cause of hearing loss is unclear, though theories range from him simply being born partially deaf to a blow to the head from his father, or a neighborhood bully. While Brians father Murry was ostensibly a reasonable provider, he was often abusive, a minor musician and songwriter, he also encouraged his children in this field in numerous ways. At an early age, Brian was given six weeks of lessons on a toy accordion and, at seven and eight, at Hawthorne High School, Brian was on the football team as a quarterback, played baseball and was a cross-country runner in his senior year
Brian Wilson
–
Brian Wilson (center) performing with the Beach Boys circa 1964.
Brian Wilson
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Wilson performing in England in 2009
Brian Wilson
–
Brian Wilson at a
15 Big Ones session, circa 1976
Brian Wilson
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The Brian Wilson Band performing in 2005.
18.
The Beatles
–
The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
The Beatles
–
The "Fab Four" Beatles lineup in 1964 Top: Lennon, McCartney Bottom: Harrison, Starr
The Beatles
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Abbey Road Studios main entrance
The Beatles
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McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer
Lill-Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963
The Beatles
–
The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964
19.
In My Life
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In My Life is a song by the Beatles released on the 1965 album Rubber Soul, written mainly by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song originated with Lennon, and while Paul McCartney contributed to the version, he. George Martin contributed the instrumental bridge and it is ranked 23rd on Rolling Stones The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time as well as fifth on their list of the Beatles 100 Greatest Songs. The song placed second on CBCs 50 Tracks, mojo magazine named it the best song of all time in 2000. According to Lennon, the songs origins can be traced to when the English journalist Kenneth Allsop made a remark that Lennon should write songs about his childhood, afterwards, Lennon wrote a song in the form of a long poem reminiscing on his childhood years. The original version of the lyrics was based on a bus route he used to take in Liverpool, naming various sites seen along the way, including Penny Lane and those original lyrics are on display at The British Library. Very few lines of the original remained in the finished song. According to Lennons friend and biographer Peter Shotton, the lines Some are dead and some are living/In my life Ive loved them all referred to Stuart Sutcliffe and to Shotton. In a 1980 interview, Lennon referred to this song as his first real piece of work because it was the first time he penned personal lyrics about his own life. Regarding authorship of the melody, Lennons and McCartneys recollections differ, referring to McCartney, Lennon said his contribution melodically was the harmony and the middle-eight itself. McCartney claimed he set Lennons lyrics to music from beginning to end and those were words that John wrote, and I wrote the tune to it. The song was recorded on 18 October 1965, and was complete except for the instrumental bridge, at that time, Lennon had not decided what instrument to use, but he subsequently asked George Martin to play a piano solo, suggesting something Baroque-sounding. Martin wrote a Bach-influenced piece that he found he could not play at the songs tempo, George Harrison did a soul-arranged version during his Dark Horse US Tour. Billy Preston did a Hammond organ solo, bette Midler recorded one of the more noteworthy cover versions in 1992, released from the soundtrack of her 1991 movie For the Boys. It peaked at #20 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in the U. S and this version also appeared as background music for a tribute to NASCAR on ABC at the end of the 2000 Brickyard 400 which was the final broadcast of NASCAR on ABC until 2007. Kids Incorporated covered the song in 1993 in the Season 9 episode Taking A Stand, the Seekers recorded the song for their 2012 Golden Jubilee LP. Judy Collins recorded the song as the cut of a 1966 hit LP. John Denver recorded it on his 1966 debut album, John Denver Sings, josé Feliciano recorded a cover version of the song in 1968 for Feliciano
In My Life
–
Original lyrics to John Lennon's "In My Life"
20.
The Left Banke
–
The Left Banke is an American baroque pop band, formed in New York City in 1965. They are best remembered for their two US hit singles, Walk Away Renée and Pretty Ballerina, the band often used what the music press referred to as baroque string arrangements, which led to their music being variously termed as Bach-rock or baroque rock. The bands vocal harmonies borrowed from such as The Beatles, The Zombies. In 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine placed Walk Away Renée at #220 in its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Browns father, Harry Lookofsky, a well-known session violinist, ran a studio in New York and took an interest in the bands music, after some initial recording sessions, David-Schierhorst was ousted, with Cameron switching to drums and Jeff Winfield on guitar. Browns song, Walk Away Renee, was sold to Smash Records, a subsidiary of Mercury Records, radio and Smash Records ultimately removed their support from the single, which subsequently failed to make the Billboard Hot 100. And Suddenly was eventually recorded by a group called The Cherry People, in late 1967, the group reunited and recorded more material, including the single Desiree. Brown left the group shortly thereafter and was replaced for touring purposes by Emmett Lake. Cameron, Finn and Martin continued to record and tour, with Tom Feher replacing Lake on keyboards, the songs recorded by various incarnations of the group in 1967 and 1968 were assembled into a second LP, The Left Banke Too, which was released in November 1968. This album featured backing vocals by a young Steven Tyler on Nice To See You, My Friend Today, the band continued playing live in 1969, without Martin, but soon disbanded due to lack of success and financial problems. Later that same year, Brown and Martin reunited in the studio to another single as The Left Banke. In 1971, Brown, Cameron, Finn and Martin reunited briefly to two songs for the movie Hot Parts. The songs, Love Songs in the Night and Two by Two, were released as a Steve Martin solo single on Buddah Records, in 1972, producer Les Fradkin offered to produce the group for a project on Bell Records. Although these sessions were not released at the time, one of the songs, I Could Make It Last Forever, composed by Fradkin and it was a rare recording since it featured Caro, Finn, Cameron and Brown, along with Browns father, violinist Harry Lookofsky. Fradkin sang and played 12-string guitar on the sessions, in 1978, Martin, Cameron and Finn reunited as The Left Banke to record an albums worth of material which unfortunately was not released at the time. However, a single from these 1978 sessions, Queen of Paradise, was released in late 1978 with modest success, the album was eventually issued by Relix Records in 1986 under the title Strangers on a Train. However, the album did little to restore the popularity of the group, after leaving The Left Banke in 1967, Michael Brown helped form the band, Montage. Although Brown was never a member of Montage, his presence is unmistakable in its music
The Left Banke
–
The Left Banke in 1966
The Left Banke
–
George Cameron (3rd from left) and Tom Finn (Center, 4th from left) with band during their 2012 reunion tour.
21.
Punk rock
–
Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
Punk rock
–
The
Ramones ' 1976
debut album laid down the musical "blueprint for punk", while its cover image had a similarly formative influence on punk visual style.
Punk rock
–
Johnny Rotten and Steve Jones of the Sex Pistols
Punk rock
–
The Clash, performing in 1980
Punk rock
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British punks, circa 1986
22.
Disco
–
Disco is a genre of dance music containing elements of funk, soul, pop, and salsa. It achieved popularity during the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, Disco can be seen as a reaction against both the domination of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music by the counterculture during this period. It was popular with men and women, from many different backgrounds. The disco sound often has several components, a beat, an eighth note or 16th note hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat. In most disco tracks, string sections, horns, electric piano, Orchestral instruments such as the flute are often used for solo melodies, and lead guitar is less frequently used in disco than in rock. Many disco songs use electronic synthesizers, particularly in the late 1970s, well-known 1970s disco performers included Donna Summer, the Bee Gees, Boney M. KC and the Sunshine Band, The Trammps, Sylvester, Village People, Gloria Gaynor and Chic. While performers and singers garnered much attention, record producers working behind the scenes played an important role in developing the disco sound. Many non-disco artists recorded songs at the height of discos popularity. Disco was the last mass popular movement that was driven by the baby boom generation. Disco was a phenomenon, but its popularity drastically declined in the United States in 1980. Disco Demolition Night, an anti-disco protest held in Chicago on 12 July 1979, is thought of as a factor in discos fast. By the late 1970s most major U. S. cities had thriving disco club scenes, Studio 54, a venue popular amongst celebrities, is a well-known example of a disco club. Popular dances included the Hustle, a suggestive dance. Discotheque-goers often wore expensive, extravagant and sexy fashions, Disco clubs were also associated with promiscuity. Disco was a key influence on the 1980s electronic dance style called house. The term is derived from discothèque, by the early 1940s, the terms disc jockey and DJ were in use to describe radio presenters. During WWII, because of restrictions set in place by the Nazi occupiers, eventually more than one of these jazz venues had the proper name discothèque. By 1959, the term was used in Paris to describe any of these type of nightclubs and that year a young reporter named Klaus Quirini started to select and introduce records at the Scotch-Club in Aachen, West Germany
Disco
–
A
disco ball
Disco
–
Major disco clubs had lighted dance floors, with the light flashing according to the beat.
Disco
–
Man wearing Disco Sucks T-shirt.
Disco
–
Students from
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City performing disco during a cultural event on campus
23.
Hard rock
–
Hard rock is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music that began in the mid-1960s, with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. It is typified by a use of aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, drums. Hard rock developed into a form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as The Who, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC. During the 1980s, some rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock. Hard rock began losing popularity with the success of R&B, hip-hop, urban pop, grunge. Out of this movement came garage rock bands like The White Stripes, The Strokes, Interpol and, later on, in the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music, the electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong drum and a backbeat on snare. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice. In the late 1960s, the heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock. Heavy metal took on darker characteristics after Black Sabbaths breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s, in the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, other antecedents include Link Wrays instrumental Rumble in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as Lets Go Trippin and Misirlou. In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming. From the late 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music that emerged from psychedelia into soft. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from rock and was played louder. Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Cream, in songs like I Feel Free combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock, from 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group
Hard rock
–
Cream, whose blues rock improvisation was a major factor in the development of the genre.
Hard rock
–
Led Zeppelin live at
Chicago Stadium, January 1975.
Hard rock
–
The Who on stage in 1975.
Hard rock
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Kiss onstage in Boston in 2004.
24.
Baroque
–
The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy, and spread to most of Europe. The aristocracy viewed the dramatic style of Baroque art and architecture as a means of impressing visitors by projecting triumph, power, Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases, and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. However, baroque has a resonance and application that extend beyond a reduction to either a style or period. It is also yields the Italian barocco and modern Spanish barroco, German Barock, Dutch Barok, others derive it from the mnemonic term Baroco, a supposedly laboured form of syllogism in logical Scholastica. The Latin root can be found in bis-roca, in informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something is elaborate, with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the 17th and 18th centuries. The word Baroque, like most periodic or stylistic designations, was invented by later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th, the term Baroque was initially used in a derogatory sense, to underline the excesses of its emphasis. In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music. Another hypothesis says that the word comes from precursors of the style, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and he did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Long despised, Baroque art and architecture became fashionable between the two World Wars, and has remained in critical favour. In painting the gradual rise in popular esteem of Caravaggio has been the best barometer of modern taste, William Watson describes a late phase of Shang-dynasty Chinese ritual bronzes of the 11th century BC as baroque. The term Baroque may still be used, usually pejoratively, describing works of art, craft, the appeal of Baroque style turned consciously from the witty, intellectual qualities of 16th-century Mannerist art to a visceral appeal aimed at the senses. It employed an iconography that was direct, simple, obvious, germinal ideas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of Michelangelo. Even more generalised parallels perceived by some experts in philosophy, prose style, see the Neapolitan palace of Caserta, a Baroque palace whose construction began in 1752. In paintings Baroque gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures, less ambiguous, less arcane and mysterious, more like the stage gestures of opera, Baroque poses depend on contrapposto, the tension within the figures that move the planes of shoulders and hips in counterdirections. Baroque is a style of unity imposed upon rich, heavy detail, Baroque style featured exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism. There were highly diverse strands of Italian baroque painting, from Caravaggio to Cortona, the most prominent Spanish painter of the Baroque was Diego Velázquez. The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more decorative Rococo, while the Baroque nature of Rembrandts art is clear, the label is less often used for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while continuing to produce the traditional categories
Baroque
–
The Triumph of the Immaculate by
Paolo de Matteis
Baroque
–
The Church of
Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, designed by
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Baroque
–
Brooch of an African,
Walters Art Museum
Baroque
–
Aeneas Flees Burning Troy,
Federico Barocci, 1598
25.
Art music
–
Art music is an umbrella term that refers to musical traditions, implying advanced structural and theoretical considerations and a written musical tradition. Serious or cultivated music are frequently used as a contrast for ordinary. After the 20th century, art music was divided into two extensions, serious music and light music and this term is mostly used to refer to music descending from the tradition of Western classical music. He explains that each of three is distinguishable from the others according to certain criteria. Musician Catherine Schmidt-Jones defines art music differently, as a music which requires more work by the listener to fully appreciate than is typical of popular music. In her view, his can include the more challenging types of jazz and rock music, the term may also refer to, The classical/art music traditions of several different cultures around the world, Some forms of jazz, excluding most forms generally considered popular music. Jazz is generally considered popular music, the term refers primarily to classical traditions that focus on formal styles, invite technical and detailed deconstruction and criticism, and demand focused attention from the listener. In strict western practice, art music is considered primarily a musical tradition, preserved in some form of music notation, as opposed to being transmitted orally, by rote. According to the academic Tim Wall, the most significant example of the struggle between Tin Pan Alley, African American, vernacular and art discourses was in jazz. As early as the 1930s, artists attempted to cultivate ideas of jazz, taking it away from its perceived vernacular. In the second half of the 20th century, there was a trend in American culture in which the boundaries between art and pop music became increasingly blurred. Beginning in 1966, the degree of social and artistic dialogue among rock musicians dramatically accelerated for bands who fused elements of composed music with the musical traditions of rock. During the late 1960s and 1970s, progressive rock bands represented a form of music that combined rock with high art musical forms either through quotation, illusion. Progressive music may be equated with explicit references to aspects of art music, Music genre Progressive music Traditional music Rockwell, John. Popular Music Takes a Serious Turn
Art music
–
Ludwig van Beethoven 's manuscript sketch for
Piano Sonata No. 28, Movement IV, Geschwind, doch nicht zu sehr und mit Entschlossenheit (
Allegro), in his own handwriting. The piece was completed in 1816.
26.
Johann Sebastian Bach
–
Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and musician of the Baroque period. Bachs compositions include the Brandenburg Concertos, the Goldberg Variations, the Mass in B minor and his music is revered for its technical command, artistic beauty, and intellectual depth. He is now regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time. Bach was born in Eisenach, in the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach and his father Johann Ambrosius Bach was the director of the town musicians, and all of his uncles were professional musicians. His father probably taught him to play the violin and harpsichord, apparently at his own initiative, Bach attended St. Michaels School in Lüneburg for two years. He received the title of Royal Court Composer from Augustus III in 1736, Bachs health and vision declined in 1749, and he died on 28 July 1750. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach, in present-day Germany and he was the son of Johann Ambrosius Bach, the director of the town musicians, and Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt. He was the eighth and youngest child of Johann Ambrosius, who taught him violin. His uncles were all musicians, whose posts included church organists, court chamber musicians. One uncle, Johann Christoph Bach, introduced him to the organ, Bachs mother died in 1694, and his father died eight months later. The 10-year-old Bach moved in with his eldest brother, Johann Christoph Bach, there he studied, performed, and copied music, including his own brothers, despite being forbidden to do so because scores were so valuable and private and blank ledger paper of that type was costly. He received valuable teaching from his brother, who instructed him on the clavichord, also during this time he was taught theology, Latin, Greek, French and Italian at the local gymnasium. By 3 April 1700 Bach and his schoolfriend Georg Erdmann–who was two years Bachs elder–were enrolled in the prestigious St. Michaels School in Lüneburg, some two weeks travel north of Ohrdruf and their journey was probably undertaken mostly on foot. His two years there were critical in exposing Bach to a range of European culture. In addition to singing in the choir, he played the Schools three-manual organ and he came into contact with sons of aristocrats from northern Germany, sent to the highly selective school to prepare for careers in other disciplines. While in Lüneburg, Bach had access to St. Johns Church and possibly used the famous organ from 1553. His role there is unclear, but it probably included menial, non-musical duties, despite strong family connections and a musically enthusiastic employer, tension built up between Bach and the authorities after several years in the post. Bach was dissatisfied with the standard of singers in the choir and he called one of them a Zippel Fagottist
Johann Sebastian Bach
–
Portrait of Bach, aged 61, by
E. G. Haussmann, 1748
Johann Sebastian Bach
–
Johann Ambrosius Bach, Bach's father
Johann Sebastian Bach
–
St. George's Church in Eisenach, where Bach was baptised. Portal inscription: "
Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott ".
Johann Sebastian Bach
–
Organs Bach played in Arnstadt
27.
Antonio Vivaldi
–
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was an Italian Baroque composer, virtuoso violinist, teacher and cleric. Born in Venice, he is recognized as one of the greatest Baroque composers and he composed many instrumental concertos, for the violin and a variety of other instruments, as well as sacred choral works and more than forty operas. His best-known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons, many of his compositions were written for the female music ensemble of the Ospedale della Pietà, a home for abandoned children where Vivaldi was employed from 1703 to 1715 and from 1723 to 1740. Vivaldi also had success with expensive stagings of his operas in Venice, Mantua. After meeting the Emperor Charles VI, Vivaldi moved to Vienna, however, the Emperor died soon after Vivaldis arrival, and Vivaldi himself died less than a year later in poverty. Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was born in 1678 in Venice, then the capital of the Republic of Venice and he was baptized immediately after his birth at his home by the midwife, which led to a belief that his life was somehow in danger. Though not known for certain, the childs immediate baptism was most likely due either to his health or to an earthquake that shook the city that day. In the trauma of the earthquake, Vivaldis mother may have dedicated him to the priesthood, Vivaldis official church baptism took place two months later. Vivaldis parents were Giovanni Battista Vivaldi and Camilla Calicchio, as recorded in the register of San Giovanni in Bragora, Giovanni Battista, who was a barber before becoming a professional violinist, taught Antonio to play the violin and then toured Venice playing the violin with his young son. Antonio was probably taught at an age, judging by the extensive musical knowledge he had acquired by the age of 24. Giovanni Battista was one of the founders of the Sovvegno dei musicisti di Santa Cecilia, the president of the Sovvegno was Giovanni Legrenzi, an early Baroque composer and the maestro di cappella at St Marks Basilica. It is possible that Legrenzi gave the young Antonio his first lessons in composition, the Luxembourg scholar Walter Kolneder has discerned the influence of Legrenzis style in Vivaldis early liturgical work Laetatus sum, written in 1691 at the age of thirteen. His symptoms, strettezza di petto, have interpreted as a form of asthma. This did not prevent him from learning to play the violin, composing or taking part in musical activities, in 1693, at the age of fifteen, he began studying to become a priest. He was ordained in 1703, aged 25, and was nicknamed il Prete Rosso. Not long after his ordination, in 1704, he was given a dispensation from celebrating Mass because of his ill health, Vivaldi only said Mass as a priest a few times and appeared to have withdrawn from priestly duties, though he remained a priest. In September 1703, Vivaldi became maestro di violino at a called the Pio Ospedale della Pietà in Venice. While Vivaldi is most famous as a composer, he was regarded as an exceptional technical violinist as well, Vivaldi was only 25 when he started working at the Ospedale della Pietà
Antonio Vivaldi
–
Antonio Vivaldi
Antonio Vivaldi
Antonio Vivaldi
–
Church where Vivaldi was baptised: San Giovanni Battista in Bragora,
Sestiere di Castello, Venice
Antonio Vivaldi
–
Commemorative plaque beside the Ospedale della Pietà.
28.
Baroque period
–
The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy, and spread to most of Europe. The aristocracy viewed the dramatic style of Baroque art and architecture as a means of impressing visitors by projecting triumph, power, Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases, and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. However, baroque has a resonance and application that extend beyond a reduction to either a style or period. It is also yields the Italian barocco and modern Spanish barroco, German Barock, Dutch Barok, others derive it from the mnemonic term Baroco, a supposedly laboured form of syllogism in logical Scholastica. The Latin root can be found in bis-roca, in informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something is elaborate, with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the 17th and 18th centuries. The word Baroque, like most periodic or stylistic designations, was invented by later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th, the term Baroque was initially used in a derogatory sense, to underline the excesses of its emphasis. In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music. Another hypothesis says that the word comes from precursors of the style, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and he did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Long despised, Baroque art and architecture became fashionable between the two World Wars, and has remained in critical favour. In painting the gradual rise in popular esteem of Caravaggio has been the best barometer of modern taste, William Watson describes a late phase of Shang-dynasty Chinese ritual bronzes of the 11th century BC as baroque. The term Baroque may still be used, usually pejoratively, describing works of art, craft, the appeal of Baroque style turned consciously from the witty, intellectual qualities of 16th-century Mannerist art to a visceral appeal aimed at the senses. It employed an iconography that was direct, simple, obvious, germinal ideas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of Michelangelo. Even more generalised parallels perceived by some experts in philosophy, prose style, see the Neapolitan palace of Caserta, a Baroque palace whose construction began in 1752. In paintings Baroque gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures, less ambiguous, less arcane and mysterious, more like the stage gestures of opera, Baroque poses depend on contrapposto, the tension within the figures that move the planes of shoulders and hips in counterdirections. Baroque is a style of unity imposed upon rich, heavy detail, Baroque style featured exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism. There were highly diverse strands of Italian baroque painting, from Caravaggio to Cortona, the most prominent Spanish painter of the Baroque was Diego Velázquez. The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more decorative Rococo, while the Baroque nature of Rembrandts art is clear, the label is less often used for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while continuing to produce the traditional categories
Baroque period
–
The Triumph of the Immaculate by
Paolo de Matteis
Baroque period
–
The Church of
Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, designed by
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Baroque period
–
Brooch of an African,
Walters Art Museum
Baroque period
–
Aeneas Flees Burning Troy,
Federico Barocci, 1598
29.
Classical period (music)
–
The dates of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as being between about the year 1730 and the year 1820. This article is about the period in most of the 18th century to the early 19th century, though overlapping with the Baroque. The Classical period falls between the Baroque and the Romantic periods, Classical music has a lighter, clearer texture than Baroque music and is less complex. It is mainly homophonic, using a melody line over a subordinate chordal accompaniment. It also makes use of style galant which emphasized light elegance in place of the Baroques dignified seriousness, variety and contrast within a piece became more pronounced than before and the orchestra increased in size, range, and power. The harpsichord was replaced as the keyboard instrument by the piano. Instrumental music was considered important by Classical period composers, vocal music, such as songs for a singer and piano, choral works, and opera were also important during this period. Ludwig van Beethoven is regarded either as a Romantic composer or a Classical period composer who was part of the transition to the Romantic era, Franz Schubert is also a transitional figure, as were Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Luigi Cherubini, and Carl Maria von Weber. The period is referred to as the era of Viennese Classic or Classicism, since Gluck, Mozart, Haydn, Salieri. In the middle of the 18th century, Europe began to move toward a new style in architecture, literature, and this style sought to emulate the ideals of Classical antiquity, especially those of Classical Greece. Classical music was still linked to aristocratic Court culture and supported by absolute monarchies. Classical music used formality and emphasis on order and hierarchy, in contrast with the richly layered music of the Baroque era, Classical music moved towards simplicity rather than complexity. In addition, the size of orchestras began to increase. The remarkable development of ideas in natural philosophy had already established itself in the public consciousness, in particular, Newtons physics was taken as a paradigm, structures should be well-founded in axioms and be both well-articulated and orderly. This move meant that chords became a more prevalent feature of music. As a result, the structure of a piece of music became more audible. The new style was encouraged by changes in the economic order. As the 18th century progressed, the nobility became the patrons of instrumental music, while public taste increasingly preferred lighter
Classical period (music)
–
Classicist door in
Olomouc, The
Czech Republic. An example of Classicist architecture.
Classical period (music)
–
A string quartet. From left to right: violin 1, violin 2, cello, viola
Classical period (music)
–
Gluck, detail of a portrait by
Joseph Duplessis, dated 1775 (
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna)
Classical period (music)
–
Haydn portrait by
Thomas Hardy, 1792
30.
Bob Stanley (musician)
–
Bob Stanley is a British musician, journalist, author, and film producer. He is best known as a member of the indie pop/dance group Saint Etienne. He has had a parallel career as a music journalist, writing for, amongst others, NME, Melody Maker, Mojo, The Guardian and The Times. He also has a career as a DJ and as a producer of record labels, the Story of Pop Music from Bill Haley to Beyonce was published with W. W. Norton and Company in fall of 2015, Stanley is best known as a member of the pop/dance group Saint Etienne for which he co-writes songs and produces. Live on stage, he plays keyboards. After leaving school, Stanley worked in record shops. While working at Virgin Records in Peterborough he met Andrew Midgley, the two produced a fanzine called Pop Avalanche in 1986. Stanley also wrote four issues of Caff, a fanzine created with childhood friend Pete Wiggs, in 1987, Stanley sent an issue of Caff to James Brown, then live reviews editor for NME. This led to Stanleys first commissioned work, a review of a Johnny Cash show in Peterborough, after two years he moved to Melody Maker, where he wrote regularly until Saint Etienne became a full-time occupation in 1991. Even as Saint Etienne dominated his career, Stanley continued to write occasionally for The Face, in the 2000s he has returned to journalism and contributes regularly to The Times and The Guardian. He has also written liner notes for reissues, including box sets by Joe Meek, Sandie Shaw. In 2007, with Paul Kelly Stanley edited Match Day, a book of football programme artwork. In 2015, Turner translated into Spanish, Yeah Yeah Yeah, La historia del pop moderno, Spain, ISBN 978-84-16142-22-4 Stanley is working on his book, Too Darn Hot. This book looks at the history of music from the start of recorded music until the advent of rock nroll in the early 1950s. The book is supported by a £20,000 research grant from the British Library and it premiered at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London and was screened around the world by one dot zero. In 2007 their third London film, This Is Tomorrow, a history of the Southbank Centre, premiered with a performance, including a 60-piece orchestra. Kelly and Saint Etienne collaborated again on How We Used to Live, Stanley has curated several film seasons for the Barbican, including Gonna Make You A Star and Britain Learns to Rock
Bob Stanley (musician)
–
Bob Stanley
31.
The Beach Boys
–
The Beach Boys are an American rock band formed in Hawthorne, California in 1961. The groups original lineup consisted of brothers Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, distinguished by their vocal harmonies and early surf songs, they are one of the most influential acts of the rock era. The Beach Boys began as a band managed by the Wilsons father Murry. Emerging at the vanguard of the California Sound, they performed material that reflected a southern California youth culture of surfing, cars. After 1964, they abandoned the surfing aesthetic for more personal lyrics, in 1966, the Pet Sounds album and Good Vibrations single vaulted the group to the top level of rock innovators and established the band as symbols of the nascent counterculture era. Following Smiles dissolution, Brian gradually ceded production and songwriting duties to the rest of the band, reducing his input because of mental health and substance abuse issues. The continued success of their greatest hits albums during the mid 1970s precipitated the transition into an oldies act. Since the 1980s, much-publicized legal wrangling over royalties, songwriting credits, Dennis drowned in 1983 and Carl died of lung cancer in 1998. After Carls death, many live configurations of the band fronted by Mike Love, Even though Wilson and Jardine have not performed with Love and Johnstons band since their one-off 2012 reunion tour, they remain a part of the Beach Boys corporation, Brother Records Inc. The Beach Boys are one of the most critically acclaimed, commercially successful, the group had over eighty songs chart worldwide, thirty-six of them US Top 40 hits, four reaching number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. They received their only Grammy Award for The Smile Sessions, the core quintet of the three Wilsons, Love and Jardine were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988. At the time of his birthday on June 20,1958, Brian Wilson shared a bedroom with his brothers, Dennis and Carl – aged thirteen and eleven. He had watched his father, Murry Wilson, play piano, after dissecting songs such as Ivory Tower and Good News, Brian would teach family members how to sing the background harmonies. For his birthday that year, Brian received a tape recorder. He learned how to overdub, using his vocals and those of Carl, Brian played piano with Carl and David Marks, an eleven-year-old longtime neighbor, playing guitars they had each received as Christmas presents. Soon Brian and Carl were avidly listening to Johnny Otis KFOX radio show, inspired by the simple structure and vocals of the rhythm and blues songs he heard, Brian changed his piano-playing style and started writing songs. His enthusiasm interfered with his studies at school. Family gatherings brought the Wilsons in contact with cousin Mike Love, Brian taught Loves sister Maureen and a friend harmonies
The Beach Boys
–
The Beach Boys during their 2012 reunion (left to right)
Brian Wilson,
David Marks,
Mike Love,
Bruce Johnston,
Al Jardine
The Beach Boys
–
The historical landmark in Hawthorne, California marking where the Wilson family home once stood
The Beach Boys
–
The Beach Boys, in
Pendleton outfits, performing at a local high school
The Beach Boys
–
The Beach Boys performing "I Get Around" on
The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964
32.
Recording studio
–
A recording studio is a facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and monitoring spaces are designed by an acoustician or audio engineer to achieve optimum acoustic properties. The engineers and producers listen to the music and the recorded tracks on monitor speakers and/or headphones. Major recording studios typically have a range of large, heavy, Isolation booths are small sound-insulated rooms with doors, designed for instrumentalists. This equipment may interfere with the recording process, Recording studios are carefully designed around the principles of room acoustics to create a set of spaces with the acoustical properties required for recording sound with precision and accuracy. This will consist of both room treatment and soundproofing to prevent sound from leaving the property. Even though sound isolation is a key goal, the musicians, singers, audio engineers and record producers still need to be able to see other, to see cue gestures. As such, the room, isolation booths, vocal booths. Some smaller studios do not have instruments, and bands and artists are expected to bring their own instruments, having musical instruments and equipment in the studio creates additional costs for a studio, as pianos have to be tuned and instruments need to be maintained. However, it makes it convenient for recording artists, as they do not have to bring in large. As well, less costly studio time is spent moving in gear, drummers bring their own snare drum, cymbals and sticks/brushes. The types and brands of equipment owned by a studio depends on the styles of music for the bands. A studio that mainly records heavy metal music will be likely to have large, powerful guitar amp heads, in contrast, a studio which mainly records country bands will likely have a selection of small, vintage combo amps. A studio that records a lot of 1970s-style funk may have an electric piano. General purpose computers have rapidly assumed a role in the recording process. A computer thus outfitted is called a Digital Audio Workstation, or DAW, other software applications include Ableton Live, Mixcraft, Cakewalk Sonar, ACID Pro, FL Studio, Adobe Audition, Auto-Tune, Audacity, and Ardour. While Apple Macintosh is used for most studio work, there is a breadth of available for Microsoft Windows. If no mixing console is used and all mixing is done using only a keyboard and mouse, the OTB is used when mixing with other hardware and not just the PC software
Recording studio
–
The control room of a recording studio
Recording studio
–
An audio production facility at
An-Najah National University
Recording studio
–
Neve VR60, a multitrack mixing console.
Recording studio
–
Allen & Heath GS3000 analogue mixing console in a home studio
33.
I Get Around
–
I Get Around is a song written by Brian Wilson and Mike Love for American rock band the Beach Boys. It was released as a single in May 1964 with Don’t Worry Baby as its B-side, in the United Kingdom, it charted at number seven and was the bands first top ten single there. It was included as the track on their studio album All Summer Long in July 1964. During its recording session, Wilsons father Murry was relieved of his duties as the groups manager, in 2016, I Get Around was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. The song was credited to Brian Wilson alone until Love v. Wilson. In an interview with Goldmine, published September 18,1992, Love insisted that he, the instrumental track for I Get Around was recorded on April 2,1964 at United Western Recorders in Hollywood, along with Little Honda. According to biographer Steven Gaines, manager Murry Wilson was in the control room criticizing the song, rambl on about what a loser Brian was, how poor the music was, and how only Murry had the real talent in the family. At one point he insisted that Brian end the session because something was wrong with the bass line, the confrontation ended with a physical altercation, and Brian dismissed him as manager. Brian would later say, We love the family thing – yknow, three brothers, a cousin and a friend is a beautiful way to have a group –. The vocals were recorded during an eight days later on April 10. Track details courtesy of session archivist Craig Slowinski, the single entered the Billboard chart on May 23 at #76. The song reached the #1 spot on the Billboard charts on July 4, replacing A World Without Love by Peter and Gordon, the song remained at #1 for two weeks before being replaced by Rag Doll by The Four Seasons. Billboard ranked the record as the No.5 song of 1964, the single also reached #1 on the United States Variety charts on July 1. Released in June 1964 in the United Kingdom the single peaked at #7 on the Record Retailer chart, according to some sources, Mick Jagger, when appearing on the UK television show Ready Steady Go. Stated that he thought the song was a great record and this most likely played a part in boosting the singles success, while also helping the band become more popular in the United Kingdom. In Germany the single peaked at #38 on the Hit Bilanz chart, the single was the bands first charting single in the Netherlands, charting at #38 on the Netherlands singles charts. The single reached the top 10 in both the Canadian and Swedish singles charts, peaking at #10 in both countries, weekly charts The song was first released on an album in 1964 on the bands All Summer Long album. In the following year, the band re-recorded the song as a medley along with Little Deuce Coupe for their 1965 Beach Boys Party, the medley was a send-up of the original recording
I Get Around
–
"I Get Around"
34.
When I Grow Up (To Be a Man)
–
When I Grow Up is a song written and composed by Brian Wilson with additional lyrics by Mike Love for the American rock band The Beach Boys. It was released on their 1965 album The Beach Boys Today, and as a single the previous year hit number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, number seven in Cash Box, number five in Variety and number three in the Associated Press/Gilbert Youth chart. It spent two weeks at one in Canadas national RPM chart. The B-side of the single was She Knows Me Too Well, the song was written by Beach Boys Brian Wilson and Mike Love. The songs lyric raises questions about adulthood, something Brian would further explore in later compositions such as Child Is Father of the Man. According to future collaborator Van Dyke Parks, Brian at the time displayed a fervent desire to reinvent himself as an individual, the song, produced and arranged by Brian, was recorded over two sessions in 1964 at United Western Recorders. The instrumental track was most likely recorded on August 5 with the vocals being overdubbed five days later on August 10, the lead vocal is shared by Brian and Mike Love. Brian expressed disappointment with his vocal, saying that the group were trying to sound like the Four Freshmen, the song was first released in monaural in 1965 on the bands Today. The first stereophonic mix of the song was released on the 1993 compilation The Beach Boys. Summer Dreams, during the bands first British tour in 1964, they performed this song as well as I Get Around on their first television appearance in Britain on Ready Steady Go. Surviving sessions audio and AFM musician contracts sheets, documented by Craig Slowinski have enabled this personnel list to be compiled and it was also utilised in the 1989 romantic comedy film Look Whos Talking during a montage. When I Grow Up was used in Gordos Bar Mitzvah which was the final Season 1 episode of Lizzie McGuire, when I Grow Up at AllMusic Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
When I Grow Up (To Be a Man)
–
"When I Grow Up (To Be a Man)"
35.
The Righteous Brothers
–
The Righteous Brothers is a musical duo of Bill Medley and Bobby Hatfield. Their emotive vocal style is sometimes dubbed blue-eyed soul, Hatfield and Medley have contrasting vocal range that helped them create a distinctive sound as a duet, but also strong vocal talent individually that allowed them to perform as soloists. Medley sang the low parts with his voice, with Hatfield taking the higher register vocals with his countertenor voice. They had their first hit with the 1964 song Youve Lost That Lovin Feelin, produced by Phil Spector, other notable hits include Ebb Tide, Soul and Inspiration, Rock and Roll Heaven, and in particular, Unchained Melody. Both Hatfield and Medley also had for a time their own solo careers, in 2016, Medley reformed The Righteous Brothers with Bucky Heard and they continue to perform as a duo. Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley were in different groups before they met - Hatfield was in a group from Anaheim called the Variations, a member of Medleys band who was also in Hatfields group suggested that they go see each others show. Later a mutual friend Johnny Wimber brought Hatfield and Medley together to form a new Paramours in 1962 and they started performing at a club called Johns Black Derby in Santa Ana, and were signed to a small record label Moonglow in 1962. They released a single There She Goes in December 1962, however, the Paramours did not have much success and soon broke up, leaving Hatfield and Medley to perform as a duo in 1963. According to Medley, they adopted the name The Righteous Brothers for the duo because black Marines from the El Toro Marine base started calling them righteous brothers. At the end of a performance, a black U. S. Marine in the audience would shout, That was righteous, and would greet them with Hey righteous brothers, how you doin. on meeting them. The Righteous Brothers released three albums under the Moonglow label, one of these and a compilation album were released after they had joined Phil Spector. They released 12 singles with Moonglow, but only two were moderate hits - Little Latin Lupe Lu and My Babe from their first album Right Now, in August and September 1964, they also opened for The Beatles in their first U. S. They returned to Los Angeles to tape the pilot for the show, in October and November 1964, they opened for The Rolling Stones in their American tour. In 1964, music producer Phil Spector came across the Righteous Brothers when they performed in a show at the Cow Palace in Daly City where one of Spectors acts The Ronettes was also appearing. Spector commissioned Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil to write a song for them, the song, released in late 1964, became their first major hit single and reached No.1 in February 1965. Produced by Phil Spector, the record is often cited as one of the expressions of Spectors Wall of Sound production techniques. It is one of the most successful pop singles of its time, indeed, according to BMI, Youve Lost That Lovin Feelin is the most played song on American radio and television of the 20th century, with more than eight million airplays by the end of 1999. The Righteous Brothers had several hit singles with Philles Records in 1965, including Just Once in My Life and Unchained Melody
The Righteous Brothers
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The Righteous Brothers performing at
Knott's Berry Farm Bobby Hatfield (left) and Bill Medley (right)
36.
Monday, Monday
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It was the groups only number-one hit on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100. Phillips said that he wrote the song quickly, in about 20 minutes, the song includes a false ending, when there is a pause before the coda of the song, and goes up a half note for the bridges and refrains of the song. On March 2,1967, The Mamas & the Papas won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for this song, arguably the best live or studio version of the song was performed at the Monterey Rock Festival in 1967. The performance was recorded for film at the time but not in a solo album, the song appears on the soundtrack of Michael Apteds film Stardust. and Other Songs of our Time The Cowsills on The Johnny Cash Show The 5th Dimension on their album The 5th Dimension/Live. 1 ESPN announcer Chris Berman referred to Rick Monday as Monday, Monday, the Mamas and the Papas version of Monday, Monday is heard in a chase scene in the 2010 movie The Other Guys. The song is used in one of the Discovery Channels promos for the reality TV series Dirty Jobs, the Daredevil villain, Typhoid Mary, sings this song while fighting Yakuza. Monday, Monday at Myspace Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Monday, Monday
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"Monday, Monday"
37.
The Boston Globe
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The Boston Globe is an American daily newspaper based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1872 by Charles H. Taylor, it was held until 1973. The company was acquired in 1993 by The New York Times Company, in 2011, a BostonGlobe. com subscription site was launched. In 2013, the newspaper and websites were purchased by John W. Henry, the Boston Globe has been awarded 26 Pulitzer Prizes since 1966, and its chief print rival is the Boston Herald. The Boston Globe was founded in 1872 by six Boston businessmen, including Charles H. Taylor and Eben Jordan, the first issue was published on March 4,1872, and cost four cents. Originally a morning daily, it began a Sunday edition in 1877, in 1878, The Boston Globe started an afternoon edition called The Boston Evening Globe, which ceased publication in 1979. By the 1890s, The Boston Globe had become a stronghold, in 1964, Tom Winship succeeded his father, Larry Winship, as editor. The younger Winship transformed The Globe from a local paper into a regional paper of national distinction. He served as editor until 1984, during which time the paper won a dozen Pulitzer Prizes, the Boston Globe was a private company until 1973 when it went public under the name Affiliated Publications. It continued to be managed by the descendants of Charles H. Taylor, in 1993, The New York Times Company purchased Affiliated Publications for US$1.1 billion, making The Boston Globe a wholly owned subsidiary of The New York Times parent. The Jordan and Taylor families received substantial New York Times Company stock, Boston. com, the online edition of The Boston Globe, was launched on the World Wide Web in 1995. Consistently ranked among the top ten websites in America, it has won numerous national awards. Under the helm of editor Martin Baron and then Brian McGrory, the Boston Globe is credited with allowing Peter Gammons to start his Notes section on baseball, which has become a mainstay in all major newspapers nationwide. In 2004, Gammons was selected as the 56th recipient of the J. G. Taylor Spink Award for outstanding baseball writing, given by the BBWAA, and was honored at the Baseball Hall of Fame on July 31,2005. In 2007, Charlie Savage, whose reports on President Bushs use of signing statements made national news, the Boston Globe has consistently been ranked in the forefront of American journalism. The Boston Globe hosts 28 blogs covering a variety of topics including Boston sports, local politics, on April 2,2009, The New York Times Company threatened to close the paper if its unions did not agree to $20,000,000 of cost savings. Some of the cost savings include reducing union employees pay by 5%, ending pension contributions, the Boston Globe eliminated the equivalent of fifty full-time jobs, among buy-outs and layoffs, it swept out most of the part-time employees in the editorial sections. The papers other three major unions had agreed to concessions on May 3,2009, after The New York Times Company threatened to give the government 60-days notice that it intended to close the paper
The Boston Globe
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The April 18, 2011 front page of The Boston Globe
The Boston Globe
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Boston Globe headquarters in September 2009
38.
Timbre
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The physical characteristics of sound that determine the perception of timbre include spectrum and envelope. Singers and instrumental musicians can change the timbre of the music they are singing/playing by using different singing or playing techniques, for example, a violinist can use different bowing styles or play on different parts of the string to obtain different timbres. On electric guitar and electric piano, performers can change the timbre using effects units, in simple terms, timbre is what makes a particular musical sound have a different sound from another, even when they have the same pitch and loudness. For instance, it is the difference in sound between a guitar and a playing the same note at the same volume. Experienced musicians are able to distinguish between different instruments of the type based on their varied timbres, even if those instruments are playing notes at the same pitch. Tone quality and tone color are synonyms for timbre, as well as the attributed to a single instrument. However, the texture can also refer to the type of music, such as multiple. The sound of an instrument may be described with words such as bright, dark, warm, harsh. There are also colors of noise, such as pink and white, in visual representations of sound, timbre corresponds to the shape of the image. The Acoustical Society of America Acoustical Terminology definition 12, Timbre has been called. the psychoacousticians multidimensional waste-basket category for everything that cannot be labeled pitch or loudness. Many commentators have attempted to decompose timbre into component attributes, the richness of a sound or note a musical instrument produces is sometimes described in terms of a sum of a number of distinct frequencies. The lowest frequency is called the frequency, and the pitch it produces is used to name the note. The dominant frequency is the frequency that is most heard, for example, the dominant frequency for the transverse flute is double the fundamental frequency. Other significant frequencies are called overtones of the frequency, which may include harmonics. Harmonics are whole number multiples of the frequency, such as ×2, ×3, ×4. There are also sometimes subharmonics at whole number divisions of the fundamental frequency, most instruments produce harmonic sounds, but many instruments produce partials and inharmonic tones, such as cymbals and other indefinite-pitched instruments. When the tuning note in an orchestra or concert band is played, each instrument in the orchestra or concert band produces a different combination of these frequencies, as well as harmonics and overtones. The sound waves of the different frequencies overlap and combine, the timbre of a sound is also greatly affected by the following aspects of its envelope, attack time and characteristics, decay, sustain, release and transients
Timbre
–
Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player. You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser.
39.
George Martin
–
Sir George Henry Martin CBE was an English record producer, arranger, composer, conductor, audio engineer and musician. He was referred to as the Fifth Beatle, including by Paul McCartney, Martin produced 30 number-one hit singles in the United Kingdom and 23 number-one hits in the United States. Martin produced comedy and novelty records in the early 1950s, working with Peter Sellers, Spike Milligan and Bernard Cribbins and his career spanned more than six decades of work in music, film, television and live performance. He held a number of executive roles at media companies and contributed to a wide range of charitable causes, including his work for The Princes Trust. In recognition of his services to the industry and popular culture. Martin was born in Highbury, London, when he was six, Martins family acquired a piano that sparked his interest in music. As a child, he attended schools, including a convent school in Holloway, St Josephs School, and at St Ignatius College. When WWII broke out, and St. Ignatius College students were evacuated to Welwyn Garden City, his family left London, I remember well the very first time I heard a symphony orchestra. I was just in my teens when Sir Adrian Boult brought the BBC Symphony Orchestra to my school for a public concert. Hearing such glorious sounds I found it difficult to them with ninety men and women blowing into brass. Despite Martins continued interest in music, and fantasies about being the next Rachmaninov and he worked briefly as a quantity surveyor, and later for the War Office as a Temporary Clerk, which meant filing paperwork and making tea. In 1943, when he was 17, he joined the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy and became an aerial observer, the war ended before Martin was involved in any combat, and he left the service in 1947. Martins oboe teacher was Margaret Eliot, after that, Martin explained that he had just picked it up by himself. On 3 January 1948 – while still at the Academy – Martin married Sheena Chisholm and he later married Judy Lockhart-Smith on 24 June 1966, and they also had two children, Lucie and Giles Martin. Following his graduation, he worked for the BBCs classical music department, then joined EMI in 1950 as an assistant to Oscar Preuss, the head of EMIs Parlophone Records from 1950 to 1955. Although having been regarded by EMI as a vital German imprint in the past, after taking over Parlophone when Preuss retired in 1955, Martin recorded classical and Baroque music, original cast recordings, and regional music from around Britain and Ireland. Martin also produced numerous comedy and novelty records, later that decade Martin worked with Peter Sellers on two very popular comedy LPs. One was released on 10 format and called The Best Of Sellers, the album was Bridge on the River Wye
George Martin
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Martin backstage at the Beatles' Love show, Las Vegas, c. 2006
George Martin
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The Beatles' first LP—produced by Martin
George Martin
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Martin working with the Beatles in Studio during Beatles for Sale sessions, 1964
George Martin
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Abbey Road Studios, where Martin recorded Parlophone's artists
40.
Slate magazine
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Slate is an online liberal / progressive magazine that covers current affairs, politics and culture in the United States. It was created in 1996 by former New Republic editor Michael Kinsley, on 21 December 2004, it was purchased by The Washington Post Company, later renamed the Graham Holdings Company. Since 4 June 2008, Slate has been managed by The Slate Group, Slate is based in New York City, with an additional office in Washington, DC. A French version was launched in February 2009 by a group of four journalists, including Jean-Marie Colombani, Eric Leser, among them, the founders hold 50% in the publishing company, while The Slate Group holds 15%. In 2011, slate. fr started a separate site covering African news, Slate Afrique, in July 2014, Julia Turner replaced David Plotz, who had been editor of Slate since 2008. Plotz had been the deputy editor to Jacob Weisberg, Slates editor from 2002 until his designation as the Chairman, the Washington Post Companys John Alderman is Slates publisher. Slate, which is updated throughout the day, covers politics, arts and culture, sports, as of mid-2015, it publishes about 1500 stories per month. Slate is also known for adopting contrarian views, giving rise to the term Slate Pitches and it is ad-supported and has been available to read free of charge since 1999, but restricted access for non-US readers via a metered paywall in 2015. Slate features regular and semi-regular columns such as Explainer, Moneybox, Spectator, Transport, many of the articles are short and argument-driven. Around 2010, the magazine began running long-form journalism. Many of the stories are an outgrowth of the Fresca Fellowships. In the context of a 2014 reader discussion, it was stated that the magazine is perceived to have left-liberal leanings, in 1998, Slate introduced a paywall-based business model that attracted up 20,000 subscribers but was abandoned afterwards. A similar subscription model would later be implemented by Slates independently owned competitor, Salon. com, on November 30,2005, Slate started a daily feature ”Todays Pictures”, featuring fifteen to twenty photographs from the archive at Magnum Photos that share a common theme. The column also features two flash animated ”Interactive Essays” a month, in June 2006, on its tenth anniversary, Slate unveiled a redesigned website. In 2007, it introduced Slate V, a video magazine with content that relates to or expands upon their written articles. In 2013, the magazine was redesigned under the guidance of Design Director Vivian Selbo, in 2011, Slate was nominated for four digital National Magazine Awards and won the NMA for General Excellence. In the same year, the laid off several high-profile journalists, including co-founder Jack Shafer. At the time, it had around 40 full-time editorial staff, the following year, a dedicated ad sales team was created
Slate magazine
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Slate
41.
Burt Bacharach
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Burt Freeman Bacharach is an American composer, songwriter, record producer, pianist, and singer. As of 2014, Bacharach had written 73 US and 52 UK Top 40 hits, in 1997 he was the subject of a PBS Great Performances biography. And in recent years a number of albums and concerts have helped introduce his music to younger audiences. Among them was a 2009 concert by Dutch singer Trijntje Oosterhuis, in 2012 Bacharach and David received the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song, the first time the honor has been given to a songwriting team. The ceremony was hosted by President Obama, and included a concert performed with various stars, Bacharach was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and grew up in the Forest Hills section of New York City, graduating from Forest Hills High School in 1946. His family was Jewish, but he says that they didnt practice or give attention to their religion. But the kids I knew were Catholic, he adds, I was Jewish but I didnt want anybody to know about it. Bacharach showed a keen interest in jazz as a teenager, disliking his classical piano lessons and he got to hear bebop musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie and Count Basie, whose style would later influence his songwriting. Bacharach studied music at Montreals McGill University, under Helmut Blume, at the Mannes School of Music, during this period he studied a range of music, including jazz harmony, which has since been important to songs which are generally considered pop music. His composition teachers included Darius Milhaud, Henry Cowell, and Bohuslav Martinů, Bacharach cites Milhaud as his biggest influence, under whose guidance he wrote a Sonatina for Violin, Oboe and Piano. Following his tour of duty in the United States Army, Bacharach spent the three years as a pianist and conductor for popular singer Vic Damone. Damone recalls, Burt was clearly bound to go out on his own and he was an exceptionally talented, classically trained pianist, with very clear ideas on the musicality of songs, how they should be played, and what they should sound like. He later worked in similar capacity for other singers, including Polly Bergen, Steve Lawrence. When he was unable to better jobs, Bacharach worked at resorts in the Catskill Mountains of New York. In 1956, at age 28, Bacharachs productivity increased when composer Peter Matz recommended him to Marlene Dietrich and he then became part-time music director for Dietrich, a German actress and singer who had been an international screen star in the 1930s. They toured worldwide off and on until the early 1960s, when they werent touring, as a result of his collaboration with Dietrich, he gained his first major recognition as a conductor and arranger. In her autobiography, she remembered that Bacharach loved touring in Russia and Poland because the violinists were extraordinary and he liked Edinburgh and Paris, along with the Scandinavian countries, and he also felt at home in Israel, she says, where music was similarly much revered. By the early 1960s, after five years with Dietrich
Burt Bacharach
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During 1972 ABC-TV special
Burt Bacharach
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Bacharach with
Stevie Wonder in the 1970s
Burt Bacharach
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With actress-wife
Angie Dickinson shortly after they married in 1965
42.
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985. Jones left the less than a month prior to his death in 1969, having already been replaced by Mick Taylor. After Taylor left the band, Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since, following Wymans departure in 1993, Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist. Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, the band was first led by Jones, but after teaming as the bands songwriters, Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles. The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964, and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s. Rooted in blues and early rock and roll, the group began a period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request. During this period, they were first introduced on stage as The Worlds Greatest Rock, the band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums, including Some Girls and Tattoo You, which were their most popular albums worldwide. From 1983 to 1987, tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split, however, they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987. They separated temporarily to work on projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels. Since the 1990s, new recorded material from the group has been increasingly less well-received, despite this, the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit, with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s. By 2007, the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time, Voodoo Lounge Tour, Bridges to Babylon Tour, Licks Tour and A Bigger Bang Tour. The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million. They have released 30 studio albums,18 live albums and numerous compilations, Let It Bleed was their first of five consecutive number one studio and live albums in the UK. Sticky Fingers was the first of eight number one studio albums in the US. In 2008, the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart, in 2012, the band celebrated its 50th anniversary. Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were childhood friends and classmates in Dartford, Kent, Jagger had formed a garage band with Dick Taylor, mainly playing Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin Wolf and Bo Diddley material. Jagger met Richards again in 1960 on platform two of Dartford railway station, the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger carried revealed a common interest that prompted their musical partnership
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones performing at
Summerfest festival in June 2015 Left to right:
Charlie Watts (drums),
Ronnie Wood (rhythm guitar),
Mick Jagger (vocals),
Keith Richards (lead guitar)
The Rolling Stones
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The back room of what was the
Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, London where the Rolling Stones had their first residency in 1963
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones performing at Georgia Southern College in Statesboro, Georgia, May 1965
The Rolling Stones
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A trade ad for the 1965 Rolling Stones' North American tour.
43.
Play with Fire (The Rolling Stones song)
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Play with Fire is a song by English rock and roll band the Rolling Stones, originally released as B-side to the song The Last Time. It was later included on the American release of their 1965 album Out of Our Heads, the song was recorded late one night in January 1965 while the Stones were in Los Angeles recording with Phil Spector at the RCA Studios. Richards performed the acoustic guitar opening while Jagger handled vocals. Spector played bass, and Jack Nitzsche provided the songs distinctive harpsichord arrangement, the Stones left for a tour of Australia the following day. The songs lyrics talk of the relationship with a high society girl. The title refers to the idiom If you play with fire, in a 1995 interview with Jann Wenner for Rolling Stone, entitled Jagger Remembers, Jagger said, Play with Fire sounds amazing—when I heard it last. I mean, its a very kind of sound and very clearly done. You can hear all the stuff on it. And Im playing the tambourines, the vocal line, according to Richie Unterberger, a friend of the Stones wrote that an unreleased version of the song, entitled Mess with Fire, was also recorded, featuring a much more upbeat, soul-oriented feel. However, the story is considered dubious by Unterberger Play with Fire went to No.96 on the U. S. chart and it was also featured on the U. S. version of Big Hits, Hot Rocks and Singles Collection, The London Years. The song was performed in concert during the Rolling Stones tours of 1965 and 1966, an extended live version can be found on the 1974 release Live n Kickin by West, Bruce and Laing. Play with Fire was featured in the 2007 film The Darjeeling Limited, directed by Wes Anderson, in May 2011, Play with Fire was featured prominently in the season 6 finale of the show Supernatural. The song is playable in the video game Rocksmith. English progressive rock group Manfred Manns Earth Band recorded a version for their 1996 album Soft Vengeance. In 2016, The Doors guitarist Robby Krieger told that the song Play With Fire was the inspiration for the song Light my fire
Play with Fire (The Rolling Stones song)
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Single cover
44.
The Beach Boys Today!
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Also known simply as Today. is the eighth studio album by the American rock group the Beach Boys. It peaked at four on US record charts and was preceded by the top 10 singles When I Grow Up and Dance, Dance, Dance. Shortly before recording began, the completed their album All Summer Long. In December 1964, Brian Wilson suffered through a nervous breakdown while on a flight and he then became a regular user after he realized the profound effect it had on the way he perceived music, and resigned from touring with the group to focus solely on writing and producing. Produced, arranged, and largely written by Wilson with additional lyrics by Mike Love, signaled a departure from previous albums through Wilsons increasingly sophisticated, orchestral approach and the abandonment of themes related to surfing, cars, or teenage love. The tracks on side one feature a sound that contrasts side two, which consists mostly of ballads. Established the Beach Boys as album artists rather than just a singles band, author Scott Schinder referred to its suite-like structure as an early example of the rock album format being used to make a cohesive artistic statement. In 2012, the album was voted 271 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, in 2005, it was included in the musical reference book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Mid-1964 also saw the divorce of Mike Love from his first wife Frances St. Martin whom he had married in 1961. During the albums recording sessions, Love told Melody Maker that he, Brian Wilson had written his last surf song in April 1964, intending All Summer Long to be the groups final statement on beach-themed music. Wilson became physically and emotionally exhausted to a point that he suffered an anxiety attack on December 23,1964, during the recording sessions of Today. In January 1965, he informed the band that he intended to retire from touring and focus his attention solely on creating and producing music, marked a maturation in the Beach Boys lyric content by abandoning themes related to surfing, cars, or teenage love. Some love songs remained, but with an increase in depth, along with introspective tracks accompanied by adventurous. British rock critic Nick Kent explained, What was really happening was Brians approach to romance was becoming more and more personalized, according to author Scott Schinder, Today. It was thus the bands first flirtation with the album-as-art form, Brians recent introduction to marijuana, which he used as a stress reliever, greatly influenced the albums writing, as he later stated, Pot made the music grow in my head. PopMatters notes that even though Today. s A-side is filled with uptempo numbers, Wilson proves that he can be just as harmonically and structurally inventive with catchy dance songs as he can with emotional ballads. The journal explains that Dont Hurt My Little Sister is commonly suspected to be autobiographical, with Wilson alluding to his conflicted, according to Brians later collaborator Van Dyke Parks, Brian had a fervent desire to reinvent himself as an individual, not as a boy. This culminated in When I Grow Up, a song discussing his anxieties about becoming an adult, released as an A-sided single, it was one of the first rock songs to explore the subject of impending adulthood
The Beach Boys Today!
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The Beach Boys Today!
45.
The Baroque Beatles Book
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The Baroque Beatles Book is a record album created by the American keyboardist and conductor Joshua Rifkin. Released by Elektra/Nonesuch in 1965, it takes musical themes of The Beatles, the artwork on the cover, signed by illustrator Roger Hane, depicts classical composers reviewing the music to I Want to Hold Your Hand, one of whom sports a Beatles T-shirt. Created at the height of Beatlemania in the 1960s, the works on the album share many characteristics with the music of Peter Schickele and these characteristics include parodies of stereotypical classical music conventions, anachronistic touches, and musical in-jokes that are apparent primarily to other musicians. Rifkin also shares with Schickele a penchant for unusual names and catalog numbers for the pieces, with Schickele under contract to another label, Rifkin volunteered to undertake the task of creating the arrangements. The pieces on the album all call to mind similar works by Baroque composers,4 in D by Johann Sebastian Bach, right down to the format and instrumentation. In addition to Bach, the notes make connections to Händel, side one consists entirely of instrumental variations. The use of MBE to indicate the opus number naturally reminds Beatles fans of their having been made Members of the Order of the British Empire. On the second side, Rifkin connects the number 58,000 to a reference to the Beatles concert at Shea Stadium, of particular interest is the Help. Aria, which begins with a recitative taken from John Lennons two books, In His Own Write and A Spaniard in the Works, after three vocal selections, the album concludes with a sonata for oboe, thoroughbass, and violin. The orchestra on the album is credited as the Baroque Ensemble of the Merseyside Kammermusickgesellschaft, though it was likely, in reality. An article in the November 27,1965, issue of Billboard reported that station WMCA received hundreds of favorable calls after playing selections from the LP, a week later, the magazine reviewed it as good chamber music and good Beatles music. The record debuted at #126 on Billboards Top LPs chart on December 11,1965 and it slowly gained favor, staying on the charts into the new year. The album, Elektra EKL-306 and EKS-7306, was released in November 1965, on LP. The album sold enough to warrant the release of a single. It became available on other formats, including four-track tape. As an LP, the record remained in print through the 1970s, first on Elektra, the album was released on CD August 26,2006, and was released on iTunes on July 14,2009. Bach Richie Unterberger liner notes to the CD reissue
The Baroque Beatles Book
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The Baroque Beatles Book
46.
Rubber Soul
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Rubber Soul is the sixth studio album by the Beatles, and the tenth released in North America. Produced by George Martin, Rubber Soul incorporates a mix of 1960s pop, soul, the albums name comes from the term plastic soul, which popular African American soul musicians coined to describe Mick Jagger, a white musician singing soul music. It was the second Beatles album – after the British version of A Hard Days Night – to contain original material. The project marked the first time that the Beatles focused on creating an album as an artistic work, in 2012, Rubber Soul was ranked number five on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 2013, after the British Phonographic Industry changed their sales award rules, virtually all of the albums songs were composed immediately after the Beatles return to London following their North American tour. The Beatles expanded their sound on the album, with influences drawn from African-American soul music, the folk rock of Bob Dylan and the Byrds. Rubber Soul also saw the band expanding rock and rolls instrumental resources and he had been introduced to it via the instrumental score for their 1965 film Help. Harrisons interest was fuelled by fellow Indian music fans Roger McGuinn and David Crosby of the Byrds, Harrison would eventually be transfixed by all things Indian, taking sitar lessons from renowned Indian sitar player Ravi Shankar. Author Andrew Grant Jackson describes Rubber Soul as the Beatles synthesis of folk, rock, soul, baroque, proto-psychedelia, for the country-styled What Goes On, Starr received his first songwriting credit, as a co-composer with Lennon and McCartney. Lyrically, the album represents a progression in the Beatles music. Author James Decker considers it significant that Rubber Soul took its cues more from folk crossovers such as Bob Dylan. In particular, the relationships between the sexes moved from simpler boy-girl love songs to more nuanced and negative portrayals, songs such as Nowhere Man and Harrisons Think for Yourself explored subject matter that had nothing to do with romance at all. Recording for Rubber Soul began on 12 October 1965, at EMIs Abbey Road Studios, with final production, produced by George Martin, the album was one of the first projects he undertook after leaving EMIs staff and co-founding Associated Independent Recording. Martin later described Rubber Soul as the first album to present a new, growing Beatles to the world, adding, For the first time we began to think of albums as art on their own, as complete entities. This was the final Beatle album that recording engineer Norman Smith worked on before he was promoted by EMI to record producer. Lennon later said that Rubber Soul was the first album on which the Beatles were in complete control during recording, with enough studio time to develop. Before the recording sessions, McCartney was given a new guitar, a solid-body Rickenbacker 4001. Harrison used a Fender Stratocaster for the first time, most notably in his guitar part on Nowhere Man
Rubber Soul
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Rubber Soul
47.
Psychedelic music
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Psychedelic music may also aim to enhance the experience of using these drugs. Numerous spiritual successors followed in the decades, including progressive rock, krautrock. Since the 1970s, revivals have included psychedelic funk, neo-psychedelia, psychedelic as an adjective is often misused, with many so-called acts playing in a variety of styles. Dechronicization permits the user to move outside of conventional perceptions of time. Depersonalization allows the user to lose the self and gain an awareness of undifferentiated unity, dynamization, as Leary wrote, makes everything from floors to lamps seem to bends, as familiar forms dissolve into moving, dancing structures. Music that is truly psychedelic mimics these three effects, a number of features are quintessential to psychedelic music. Exotic instrumentation, with a fondness for the sitar and tabla are common. Songs often have disjunctive song structures, key and time signature changes, surreal, whimsical, esoterically or literary-inspired, lyrics are often used. There is often an emphasis on extended instrumental segments or jams. There is a strong presence, in the 1960s this especially using electronic organs, harpsichords, or the Mellotron. In the 1960s there was a use of electronic instruments such as early synthesizers. Later forms of electronic psychedelia also employed repetitive computer-generated beats, R. Veysey, they profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth. The psychedelic lifestyle had already developed in California, particularly in San Francisco, by the mid-1960s, with the first major underground LSD factory established by Owsley Stanley. There was already a culture of use among jazz and blues musicians. One of the first musical uses of the term psychedelic in the scene was by the New York-based folk group The Holy Modal Rounders on their version of Lead Bellys Hesitation Blues in 1964. His nineteen-minute The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party anticipated elements of psychedelia with its nervy improvisations, similarly, folk guitarist Sandy Bulls early work incorporated elements of folk, jazz, and Indian and Arabic-influenced dronish modes. His 1963 album Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo explores various styles, soon musicians began to refer to the drug and attempted to recreate or reflect the experience of taking LSD in their music, just as it was reflected in psychedelic art, literature and film. This trend ran in parallel in both America and Britain and as part of the folk, folk rock and rock scenes
Psychedelic music
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Timothy Leary, a major advocate of the use of
LSD in the 1960s, photographed in 1989.
Psychedelic music
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Donovan in 1965
Psychedelic music
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Steve Winwood of
Traffic.
48.
The Zombies
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The Zombies are an English rock band, formed in 1962 in St Albans and led by Rod Argent and Colin Blunstone. The group scored British and American hits in 1964 with Shes Not There, in the US two further singles, Tell Her No in 1965 and Time of the Season in 1968, were also successful. Their 1968 album Odessey and Oracle is ranked number 100 on Rolling Stone Magazines list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Three members of the band, Rod Argent, Paul Atkinson and Hugh Grundy, first came together to jam in late 1961 in St Albans, Hertfordshire, Argent wanted to form a band and initially asked his elder cousin Jim Rodford to join as a bassist. Rodford was in local band the Bluetones at the time so declined. Colin Blunstone and Paul Arnold joined the three to form the band in April 1961, while all five members were at school. Some sources state that Argent, Atkinson and Grundy were at St Albans School, while Blunstone, however, both Blunstone and Grundy came from Hatfield and both sang in the choir there at St. Etheldredas church. Argent was a boy chorister in St Albans Cathedral Choir and they held their original rehearsals at the Pioneer Club, then situated in Hatfield Road, using equipment lent to them by local band the Bluetones. They met outside the Blacksmiths Arms pub in St Albans before their first rehearsal and their original name was the Mustangs, but they quickly realised that there were other groups with that name. It was Arnold who came up with the Zombies, according to Blunstone, Argent explains, It was Paul that came up with the name. I dont know where he got it from and he very soon left the band after that. However, Arnold also left his mark with the name, I thought this was a name that no one else is going to have. And I just liked the idea of it. Colin was wary, Im sure, at the beginning, I know, Arnold lost interest in the band and chose to leave to become a physician, he was replaced by Chris White, completing the original lineup. After winning a competition sponsored by the London Evening News, they signed a recording contract with Decca and recorded their first hit. It was released in mid-1964 and peaked at number 12 in the UK, the tune began to catch on in the United States and eventually climbed to number 2 in early December. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA, like many other British Invasion groups, the Zombies were sent to the United States to tour behind their new hit single. Among their early US gigs were Murray the Ks Christmas shows at the Brooklyn Fox Theatre, on 12 January 1965, the band made its first in-person appearance on US television, on the first episode of NBCs Hullabaloo
The Zombies
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The 2008 touring version of the Zombies (L to R Airey, Blunstone, Rodford, Rodford and Argent)
The Zombies
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The Blacksmiths Arms public house in
St. Albans, Hertfordshire, where the Zombies first met
49.
You Really Got Me
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You Really Got Me is a song written by Ray Davies for English rock band the Kinks. The song, originally performed in a more blues-oriented style, was inspired by such as Lead Belly. Two versions of the song were recorded, with the performance being used for the final single. Although it was rumoured that future Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page had performed the guitar solo. You Really Got Me was built around power chords and heavily influenced later rock musicians, particularly in the genres of heavy metal, built around a guitar riff played by Dave Davies, the songs lyrics were described by Dave as a love song for street kids. You Really Got Me was released on 4 August 1964 as the third single. The song became the breakthrough hit, it established them as one of the top British Invasion acts in the United States. You Really Got Me was later included on the Kinks debut album, the song was covered by American rock band Van Halen in 1978, reaching the Billboard Top 40. You Really Got Me was written by Ray Davies, the Kinks vocalist and main songwriter, created on the piano in the front room of the Davies home, the song was stylistically very different from the finished product, being much lighter and somewhat jazz-oriented. Ray said of the writing, When I came up with I hadnt been writing songs very long at all. It was one of the first five I ever came up with, during the spring of 1964, Ray Davies played an early version of You Really Got Me on piano to rock photographer Allan Ballard during a photo shoot. Ballard later remembered, It was quite a small, pokey, Victorian Terrace, a bit scruffy, Ray sat down and plonked out, Der-der, der, Der-der. He said, What do you reckon to this and it meant nothing to me at the time, but it ended up as You Really Got Me. Ray, initially planning for the song to be a more laid-back number, later played the chords of the song to brother Dave Davies, however, upon hearing the track, Dave decided that the riff would be much more powerful on a guitar. Ray said of the change to a guitar-centred track, I wanted it to be a jazz-type tune. Its written originally around a sax line, Dave ended up playing the sax line in fuzz guitar and it took the song a step further. The band then began to perform the new track in some of their live shows, in 1998, Ray said, Id written You Really Got Me as tribute to all those great blues people I love, Lead Belly and Big Bill Broonzy. Dave has also said that song had been inspired by Jimmy Giuffres song The Train, according to the bands manager, Larry Page, the songs characteristic riff came about while working out the chords of the Kingsmens Louie Louie
You Really Got Me
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Dutch single sleeve
You Really Got Me
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"You Really Got Me"
