Baruch Spinoza, also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin who was born and lived in the Dutch Republic. A forerunner of the Enlighten
The Moses and Aaron Church now stands at the site of Spinoza's childhood home.
Samuel Hirszenberg's imagined scene of Uriel da Costa instructing Spinoza (1901)
Excommunicated Spinoza by Samuel Hirszenberg (1907), the second of his two modern paintings imagining scenes of Spinoza's life
Western philosophy refers to the philosophical thought, traditions, and works of the Western world. Historically, the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western culture, beginning with the a
Bust of Socrates, Roman copy after a Greek original from the 4th century BC
Aristotle in The School of Athens, by Raphael