1.
Provinces of the Philippines
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The provinces of the Philippines are the primary political and administrative divisions of the Philippines. There are 81 provinces at present, further subdivided into component cities and municipalities, the National Capital Region, as well as independent cities, are independent of any provincial government. Each province is governed by a legislature called the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The provinces are grouped into 18 regions based on geographical, cultural, fifteen of these regions are designated with numbers corresponding to their geographic location in order from north to south. The Cordillera Administrative Region, National Capital Region, Negros Island Region, each province is a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, an organization which aims to address issues affecting provincial and metropolitan government administrations. A provincial government is autonomous of other provinces within the Republic, each province is governed by two main elected branches of the government, executive and legislative. Judicial affairs are separated from provincial governance and are administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines, the provincial governor is chief executive and head of each province. The vice governor acts as the president for each Sangguniáng Panlalawigan, every SP is composed of regularly elected members from provincial districts, as well as ex officio members. The number of regularly elected SP members allotted to each province is determined by its income class, first- and second-class provinces are provided ten regular SP members, third- and fourth-class provinces have eight, while fifth- and sixth-class provinces have six. Exceptions are provinces with more than five congressional districts, such as Cavite with 14 regularly elected SP members, every SP has designated seats for ex officio members, given to the respective local presidents of the Association of Barangay Captains, Philippine Councilors League, and Sangguniáng Kabataan. The vice governor and regular members of an SP are elected by the voters within the province, ex officio members are elected by members of their respective organisations. National intrusion into the affairs of each provincial government is limited by the Philippine Constitution, the President of the Philippines however coordinates with provincial administrators through the Department of the Interior and Local Government. For purposes of representation, each province is guaranteed its own congressional district. One congressional representative represents each district in the House of Representatives, senatorial representation is elected at an at-large basis and not apportioned through territory-based districts. Those classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities are independent from the province. Local government units classified as component cities and municipalities are under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, the provincial government does not have direct relations with individual barangays. Supervision over a government is the mandate of the mayor. Provinces are classified according to annual income based on the previous 4 calendar years
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
4.
Regions of the Philippines
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In the Philippines, regions, ISO 3166-2, PH) are administrative divisions that serve primarily to organize the provinces of the country for administrative convenience. Currently, the republic of the Philippines is divided into 18 regions. Most government offices are established by region instead of individual provincial offices, the regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which has an elected regional assembly and governor. The Cordillera Administrative Region was originally intended to be autonomous, since that time, other regions have been created and some provinces have been transferred from one region to another. June 22,1973, Pangasinan was transferred from Region III to Region I, july 7,1975, Region XII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. July 25,1975, Regions IX and XII declared as Autonomous Regions in Western, august 21,1975, Region IX divided into Sub-Region IX-A and Sub-Region IX-B. Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions, november 7,1975, Metropolitan Manila created. June 2,1978, Metropolitan Manila declared as the National Capital Region, july 15,1987, Cordillera Administrative Region created. August 1,1989, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao created, Region XII reverted to an administrative region. October 23,1989, First creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. October 12,1990, Executive Order 429 issued by President Corazon Aquino to reorganize the Mindanao regions, february 23,1995, Region XIII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. Sultan Kudarat transferred to Region XI,1997, Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. December 22,1997, Second creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. December 18,1998, Sultan Kudarat returned to Region XII, september 19,2001, Most Mindanao regions reorganized and some renamed. May 17,2002, Region IV-A and Region IV-B created from the former Region IV region, may 23,2005, Palawan transferred from Region IV-B to Region VI, Mimaropa renamed to Mimaro. August 19,2005, Transfer of Palawan to Region VI held in abeyance, may 29,2015, Negros Island Region created. Negros Occidental and Bacolod from Region VI and Negros Oriental from Region VII transferred to form new region, july 17,2016, Republic Act No.10879 established the Southwestern Tagalog Region from the former Region IV-B. As of May 2015, the Philippines comprises 18 administrative regions and these regions are geographically organized into the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
5.
Central Luzon
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The region contains the largest plain in the country and produces most of the countrys rice supply, earning itself the nickname Rice Granary of the Philippines. Its provinces are, Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, Central Luzon Region is located north of Manila, the nations capital. Central Luzon produces the most rice in the whole country, excess rice is delivered and imported to other provinces of the Philippines. The City of San Fernando, in Pampanga, is designated as the regional center, Aurora was transferred from Region IV through Executive Order No.103 on May 2002. Eighty percent of the population of Central Luzon is Roman Catholic, other religions represented are Protestants, Islam, and Iglesia Ni Cristo. The Members Church of God International headquarters is located in Apalit, there are also other denominations such as Jesus Is Lord, Pentecostal Missionary Church of Christ, Jesus Miracle Crusade, United Methodist Church and others. Central Luzon comprises 7 provinces,2 highly urbanized cities,12 component cities,116 municipalities,3,102 barangays The Central Luzon Region has fourteen cities. San Jose del Monte is the city with the most population while Angeles is the most densely populated city in the region, Tarlac City is the largest based on land area. 2007 Central Luzon hog cholera outbreak Super regions of the Philippines Central Luzon Local Search North Luzon Super Region, Potentials North Luzon Super Region, Projects Executive Order No.103
6.
Balanga, Bataan
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Balanga, officially the City of Balanga or Balanga City, abbreviated as COB, is a fourth class component city and capital of the province of Bataan in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 96,061 people, Balanga City is primarily a residential-agricultural city, with a rapidly growing commercial sector. It has a land area of 11,163 hectares. The word Balanga originates from the Kapampangan word balañga, which the town used to produce, on December 30,2000, Balanga was inaugurated as a City by the Republic Act 8984 authored by Congressman Enrique Tet Garcia. The city has extended its urban fringe to west of Roman Superhighway, during the past years, the city saw a high record of residential growth. The population of Balanga in the 2015 census was 96,061 people, pursuant to the Local government in the Philippines, the political seat of the municipal government is located at the City Hall. In the History of the Philippines, the Gobernadorcillo is the Chief Executive who holds office in the Presidencia, during the American rule, the elected Mayor and local officials, including the appointed ones hold office at the Municipal Town or City Hall. Mayor, Francis S. Garcia Vice Mayor, ViancaLita V. Balanga listed a Record-Breaking P6B Investments In 2012, Balanga City won the 1st Robredo ICT Awards. Balanga City is politically subdivided into 25 barangays, Joseph Hospital Balanga City is the educational center of the province of Bataan. Bataan Peninsula State University is the state university in the city. It operates two campuses in the city, the campus which is located in the capitol compound. Tomas del Rosario College is one of the oldest private institutions in the city. It is located at the Capitol Drive in Barangay San Jose, the city is also a host to the biggest public secondary school in the province, the Bataan National High School. The other notable public schools in the city are the laboratory high school of Bataan Peninsula State University. Notable Private secondary schools in the city include the high school departments of Asia Pacific College of Advanced Studies, Bataan Infant Jesus School, Bataan Montessori School, tomas del Rosario College and St. Joseph Colleges of Balanga
7.
Sangguniang Panlalawigan
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The Sangguniang Panlalawigan, commonly known as the Provincial Board, is the Filipino language name given to the legislatures in Philippine provinces. They are the branch of the province and their powers. Along with the governor, the executive branch of the province. Encomiendas were organized only for the purposes of collecting tribute that went in part to the Roman Catholic Church, the Spanish army, later on areas which were organized and given the designation of province were led by an appointed alcalde who performed judicial, fiscal and executive functions. American rule brought radical changes to the system of government in the country. In 1901 the Philippine Commission enacted Act No,83, known as the Provincial Government Act, which outlined the powers, responsibilities and composition of the provincial government. As civil government took hold, the governorship was made elective, the composition of provincial boards were also later modified, with the treasurer and third member taken out and replaced by two members elected by popular vote. Not all provinces had the type of government. The passage of Republic Act No, however, the Board still had limited real legislative powers, as the provincial government was merely serving as an extension of national government. Republic Act No.5185 was enacted in 1967 with the intention of decentralizing authority,51, enacted in 1979, standardized the composition of all provincial legislatures by reducing the membership of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. All provinces were entitled to 6 elective SP members, unless they had more than one million residents or less than 100,000 residents, the powers and duties of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan was codified under Batas Pambansa Blg. 337, also known as the Local Government Code of 1983, the governor served as an ex officio member, who did not vote except only to break a tie, but had the power to veto items within, or entire, Sanggunian ordinances and resolutions. However the veto can be overridden by a vote of all voting SP members. The Sangguniang Panlalawigan was retained as the branch of all provincial governments under the 1987 Constitution. Since 1992 SP members are elected from districts to ensure geographical representation, the powers, duties and functions of the Sanggunian are outlined in Section 468 of the Local Government Code of 1991. The legislative body is tasked in general to enact ordinances, approve resolutions and appropriate funds for the welfare of the province. In the proper exercise of the powers of the province. The provincial vice-governor serves as its officer, who do not vote except in cases to break a tie
8.
Governor
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A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, governor may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and these companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, there are governors, school governors. The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernyare, the historical female form is governess, though female officials are referred to by the gender-neutral form governor of the noun to avoid confusion with other meanings of the term. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman standardized provincial governments after their conquest by Rome, in Pharaonic times, the governors of each of the various provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt are usually known by the Greek word. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation, under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies in Rome in the previous year, a special case was Egypt, a rich private domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a sui generis styled praefectus augustalis. Otherwise, the governors of provinces had various titles, some known as consularis, apart from Egypt and the East, each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio and this system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East, the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage, a new kind of governor emerged, the Strategos, today, crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Because of the different constitutional histories of the colonies of the United Kingdom. Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers to Governors, frequently the name Government House is given to Governors residences. The term can also be used in a generic sense, especially for compound titles which include it, Governor-general. In the United Kingdoms remaining overseas territories, the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government, the Governors chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony. In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, in Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen, as head of the state government. It is not an office but a ceremonial one. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier, State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used
9.
National Unity Party (Philippines)
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National Unity Party is a political party in the Philippines. The party was formed by members of the Lakas Kampi CMD who broke away after internal discontent within the party. The party is part of the Liberal-led coalition in the House of Representatives, the party was accredited by the Commission of Elections as a national party in a resolution dated October 5,2011. Fongwan - Benguet Albert Raymond S. Garcia - Bataan Roger G. Mercado - Southern Leyte Jose L. Ong, - Northern Samar Adolf Edward G. Plaza - Agusan del Sur Herminia M. Ramiro - Misamis Occidental David C. Maria, Bulacan Jennifer Austria-Barzaga – Dasmariñas City, Cavite Canuto Tito Oreta – Malabon City Lorna Silverio – San Rafael, Bulacan Dr. Feliciano Legaspi, M. D. – Norzagaray, Bulacan Engr. – Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental Joselito Litoy Alega – San Francisco, Quezon Michael Gutierrez – Lopez Jaena, Misamis Occidental Jose G. Ardales – Victoria, Northern Samar Ret. Col. Celso G. Regencia – Iligan City, Lanao del Norte Kim Lope Bobong A. Asis – Bayugan City, Agusan del Sur Engr. Ronnie Vicente Lagnada - Butuan Stephen Alayon- Sigma, Capiz Monico Puentevella - Bacolod City, Negros Occidental Official website National Unity Party on Facebook National Unity Party on Twitter
10.
Mount Mariveles
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Mount Mariveles is a dormant volcano located in the province of Bataan in the Philippines. Mt. Mariveles and the adjacent Mount Natib comprise 80.9 percent of the land area of the province. The mountain and adjacent cones lie opposite the city of Manila across Manila Bay, Mount Mariveles lies at the southern end of the Zambales Mountains in the Bataan Peninsula, west of Manila Bay. Bataan province belongs to the Central Luzon or Region III of the Philippines, Mariveles is a massive stratovolcano topped with a 4-kilometre summit caldera which drains to the north. The highest peak, called Mariveles, has an elevation of 1,388 metres asl, mounts Pantingan, Bataan, Tarak, and Vintana are the other peaks of the volcano-caldera complex, which has a base diameter of 22 kilometres. Mount Samat on the slope and Mount Limay on the eastern slope, are major. Mariveles is still active with the following hot springs located within the complex, Tiis Spring, Saysain Spring. There are no recorded eruptions from Mariveles caldera. But archeologists report the last active eruption indicated by Radiocarbon dating occurring around mid-Holocene or about 2050 BCE, rock type is predominantly biotite, hornblende, and andesite, with dacite flows and dacitic tuffs similar to nearby Mount Natib. Mount Mariveles is on the Western Bataan Lineament volcanic belt of Luzon, there are already three peaks familiar to the local mountaineering community namely, Tarak Ridge, Pantingan or Banayan Peak, and Mariveles Ridge. The rest of the peaks in the caldera are still waiting to be explored, Tarak Ridge is the more well-known destination on Mount Mariveles with its jump-off point situated at Barangay Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan. Pantingan Peak can be accessed through Sitio Duhat, Saysain, Bagac, Mariveles Ridge can be accessed through Sitio Parca, Mariveles, Bataan
11.
Cities of the Philippines
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A city is one of the units of local government in the Philippines. As of December 12,2015, there are 145 cities, Cities are entitled to at least one representative in the Philippine House of Representatives if its population reaches 250,000. They are allowed to use a common seal, only an Act of Congress can create or amend a city charter, and with this city charter Congress confers on a city certain powers that regular municipalities or even other cities may not have. A citys local government is headed by an elected by popular vote. The vice mayor serves as the officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod. Upon receiving their charters, cities also receive a full complement of executive departments to serve their constituents. Some departments are established on a basis, depending on the needs of the city. Source, Local Government Code of 1991, Cities, like municipalities, are composed of barangays, which can range from urban neighborhoods, to rural communities. Barangays are sometimes grouped into officially defined administrative districts, examples of such are the cities of Manila, Davao, Iloilo, and Samal. Some cities such as Caloocan, Manila and Pasay even have a level between the district and barangay levels, called a zone. However, geographic districts and zones are not political units, there are no elected city government officials in these city-specific administrative levels, rather they only serve to make city planning, statistics-gathering other administrative tasks easier and more convenient. Cities are classified according to annual income based on the previous four calendar years. There are currently 33 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines,16 of which are located in Metro Manila, Component Cities, Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which it used to be a municipality, majority of the remaining cities are considered component cities. The five exceptions are listed below, independent Component Cities, Cities of this type have charters that explicitly prohibit their residents to vote for provincial officials. These cities are considered independent from the province in which they are geographically located, there are five such cities, Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. There are 38 independent cities in the Philippines, all of which are classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities. Some independent cities are still grouped with their provinces for the purposes of representation in the Congress of the Philippines
12.
Municipalities of the Philippines
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A municipality is a local government unit in the Philippines. Municipalities are also usually called towns and they are distinct from cities, which are a different category of local government unit. Provinces of the Philippines are divided into cities and municipalities, which in turn, are divided into barangays, as of June 2015, there are 1,490 municipalities across the country. A municipal district is a local government unit, previously certain areas were created first as municipal districts before they were converted into municipalities. Municipalities have some autonomy from the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines under the Local Government Code of 1991 and they have been granted corporate personality enabling them to enact local policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their jurisdictions. They can enter into contracts and other transactions through their elected and appointed officials and they are tasked with enforcing all laws, whether local or national. The National Government assists and supervises the local government to make sure that they do not violate national law, the Judicial Branch of the Republic of the Philippines also caters to the needs of local government units. Local governments, such as a municipalities, do not have their own judicial branch and these responsibilities shall be under approval of the Sangguniang Bayan. The vice mayor shall sign all warrants drawn on the municipal treasury, in circumstances where the mayor permanently or temporarily vacates the position, he shall assume executive duties and functions. While vice mayor presides over the legislature, he cannot vote unless the necessity of tie-breaking arises, laws or ordinances proposed by the Sangguniang Bayan, however, may be approved or vetoed by the mayor. If approved, they become local ordinances, if the mayor neither vetoes nor approves the proposal of the Sangguniang Bayan for ten days from the time of receipt, the proposal becomes law as if it had been signed. If vetoed, the draft is sent back to the Sangguniang Bayan, the latter may override the mayor by a vote of at least two-thirds of all its members, in which case, the proposal becomes law. A municipality, upon reaching a certain requirements – minimum population size, first, a bill must be passed in Congress, then signed into law by the President and then the residents would vote in the succeeding plebiscite to accept or reject cityhood. One benefit in being a city is that the city government gets more budget, but taxes are much higher than in municipalities
13.
Abucay, Bataan
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Abucay, officially the Municipality of Abucay, is a municipality in the province of Bataan in the Central Luzon of the Philippines. The population was 39,880 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 25,318 registered voters. The mainly agricultural and fishing town is situated on the portion of the Bataan Peninsula, along Manila Bay. It is 116 kilometres from Manila, accessible via the Bataan Provincial Expressway, off Exit 25 and its westernmost elevated section is located within the Bataan National Park. Abucay originated from abu-kinaykay meaning digging the ashes or fire debris, a Spaniard arrived in the town amid a big fire that destroyed properties. The natives were busy digging the debris with shovel, the first printing press in the Archipelago was found in this town. Tomas Pinpin, the first Filipino printer, learned the art from Fray Francisco Blanca de San Jose and Juan de Vera, on June 23,1647, a fierce battle was fought between the Dutch invaders and the Pampango defenders in the near the Abucay church area. Abucay is located at 14°44′N 120°32′E, in the section of the Bataan peninsula. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has an area of 79.72 square kilometres constituting 5. 81% of the 1,372. 98-square-kilometre- total area of Bataan. Topography of Abucay varies from the terrain of Mount Natib caldera in the west to the coastal areas of the province along the shore of Manila Bay. Six rivers with a length of 37 kilometres originate from the mountain flowing in the west-to-east direction. Secondary forests cover the western portion which is nearly 38% of Abucays land area. Abucay is politically subdivided into 9 barangays, in the 2015 census, Abucay had a population of 39,880. The population density was 500 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 25,318 registered voters. Most of the people of Abucay speak the Tagalog language, there are also residents who speak Kapampangang Hilaw, a dialect variation of the Kapampangan language, in Barangay Mabatang. Abucay is basically an agricultural and fishing town, besides Manila Bay, existing fishponds cover an area of 1,521 hectares of which 319 hectares are under intensive use while the rest are non-functioning but available for utilization. These fishponds are rich with species like milkfish, tilapia, pla-pla. Agricultural lands in Abucay produces rice, corn, root crops, legumes, vegetable and various kinds of fruits as well as forest-grown bamboo, most of the walis tambo sold in Baguio City come from Abucay
14.
Bagac, Bataan
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Bagac, officially the Municipality of Bagac, is a municipality in the province of Bataan in the Central Luzon of the Philippines. The population was 26,936 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 22,230 registered voters. With an area of 231.20 square kilometres, Bagac is the largest municipality in Bataan, Bagac is located at 14°36′N 120°24′E. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has an area of 231.20 square kilometres constituting 16. 84% of the 1,372. 98-square-kilometre- total area of Bataan. Bagac is politically subdivided into 14 barangays, in the 2015 census, Bagac had a population of 26,936. The population density was 120 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 22,230 registered voters. — The monument, symbolizing the friendship between Japan and the Philippines after the events of World War II, was erected by Risshō Kōsei Kai. The tower was inaugurated on April 8,1975 and is located about 200 m from where the Bataan Death March started, the 27-metre-high tower is composed of three pillars interconnected by several multi-layer rings. It located at the junction of the Gov. Linao National Road, — a heritage park built by José Gerry Acuzar, owner of the New San Jose Builders and history art collector. Inside this heritage park is a collection of Spanish Colonial buildings and stone houses and these houses were carefully transplanted from different parts of the Philippines and rehabilitated to their former splendor. The Ciudad Real de Acuzar Heritage Park was the location of the TV Show Zorro of GMA Network, Bagac Bataan General Information on MyBataan
15.
Dinalupihan, Bataan
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Dinalupihan, officially the Municipality of Dinalupihan, is a municipality in the province of Bataan in the Central Luzon of the Philippines. The population was 106,371 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 62,848 registered voters. It is the only landlocked town of the province, Dinalupihan is accessible via the Bataan Provincial Expressway, off Exit 5. Dinalupijan came from the rights of Aeta pygmies. To commemorate their idol Indianalo, the goddess of hunting and bountiful harvest. Indianalo was paired with the Sanskrit word jann, Indianalopijann was the name given to the land that the Aetas received from their goddess which translates to Indianalos paradise. As time progresses, the name Indianalopijann turned into Dinalupihan, the name Dinalupihan also means empty lands, coming from the Spanish terms din, a, and lupia. It referred to the fact that it failed to produce little revenue while it was an estate of the Archdiocese of Manila during the half of the 18th century. Dinalupihan is located at 14°53′N 120°28′E, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 92.52 square kilometres constituting 6. 74% of the 1,372. 98-square-kilometre- total area of Bataan. Dinalupihan is politically subdivided into 46 barangays, in the 2015 census, Dinalupihan had a population of 106,371. The population density was 1,100 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 62,848 registered voters. Pursuant to the Local government in the Philippines, the seat of the municipal government is located at the Municipal Town Hall. In the History of the Philippines, the Gobernadorcillo was the Chief Executive who held office in the Presidencia, during the American rule, the elected Mayor and local officials, including the appointed ones hold office at the Municipal Town Hall. The legislative and executive departments perform their functions in the Sangguniang Bayan and Municipal Trial Court, respectively, Dinalupihan, Bataans incumbent Mayor is Gila Garcia and the Vice Mayor is Renato Matawaran. Comprises the whole province of Bataan. Titular, St. Joseph, Husband of Mary, April 28, bishop Most Reverend Ruperto Cruz Santos, DD). Its Feast day is June 24 and it is under the Vicariate of Saint Peter of Verona I - Vicariate of Our Lady, Mirror of Justice. The Catholic population is about 25,438, gary David — PBA multi-awarded player Chito Jaime — PBA player Jackie Rice — Filipina actress who won the title of Ultimate Female Survivor on the third season of Startstruck. Felicito Payumo — Chairman of the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority from 1998-2004, Dinalupihan Bataan General Information on MyBataan
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Hermosa, Bataan
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Hermosa, officially the Municipality of Hermosa, is a municipality in the province of Bataan in the Central Luzon of the Philippines. The population was 65,862 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 40,935 registered voters. It has a land area of 157.00 square kilometres. Hermosa is home to the Roosevelt Protected Landscape and it is accessible via the Bataan Provincial Expressway, off Exit 10. According to legend, a group of Spaniards first came to place, surprised and amazed they exclaimed. When they saw some pretty maidens with long, black hair washing clothes, the boys who accompanied their sisters repeated what they heard from the Spaniards and upon returning home they repeated again and again what the Spaniards exclaimed. When the next group of Spaniards visited the place, they asked for its name, the folks didnt understand Spanish but answered Hermosa, Hermosa. And that was how Hermosa got its name, another version was that Llana Hermosa, meaning beautiful plain of white flowers was the original name of this town. Historically, the town was established in 1756 by Dominican priests, at that time, it was known as Llana Hermosa and composed of Mabuco and Mabuyan. It was then part of Pampanga, like the rest of Bataan. It became an independent missionary center in 1756 with Saint Peter de Verona as its patron saint, the town of Hermosa was very peaceful and progressive before World War II. When the war broke out, their routine was disturbed. During the Bataan Death March, civilians of Hermosa risked the ire of the Japanese by secretly passing food to Filipino, Hermosa is located at 14°50′N 120°30′E. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has an area of 157.00 square kilometres constituting 11. 43% of the 1,372. 98-square-kilometre- total area of Bataan. Hermosa is politically subdivided into 23 barangays, in the 2015 census, Hermosa had a population of 65,862. The population density was 420 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 40,935 registered voters. Pursuant to the Local government in the Philippines, the seat of the municipal government is located at the Municipal Hall. In the History of the Philippines, the Gobernadorcillo was the Chief Executive who held office in the Presidencia, during the American rule, the elected Mayor and local officials, including the appointed ones held office at the Municipal Hall
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Limay, Bataan
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Limay, officially the Municipality of Limay, is a municipality in the province of Bataan in the Central Luzon of the Philippines. The population was 68,071 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 49,527 registered voters. Limay is accessible via the Bataan Provincial Expressway, off Exit 45, located at the south-eastern section of Bataan Peninsula, it is 136 kilometres from Manila and 15 kilometres south from the provincial capital Balanga. The Dominican and Franciscan friars settled in Limay by the late 1600s, using its rich deposits to build churches in Orion. The town was a barangay of Orion, in the Philippine revolution of 1898, Limay inhabitants fought for their independence. American Governor-General Francis Burton Harrisons Executive Order of January 1,1917 created Limay as the last Bataan municipality, in 1913, the Cadwallader-Gibson Lumber Company employed Limayans and Visayan immigrants. During the World War II, Limay became the host to the first medical hospital of American and Filipino forces, run by the Angels of Bataan. In Lamao, Limay, Major General Edward P. King capitulated to the Japanese forces, after the last stand of the American, Limay is located at 14°34′N 120°36′E. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has an area of 103.60 square kilometres constituting 7. 55% of the 1,372. 98-square-kilometre- total area of Bataan. Limay is politically subdivided into 12 barangays, in the 2015 census, Limay had a population of 68,071. The population density was 660 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 49,527 registered voters. Pursuant to the Local government in the Philippines, the seat of the municipal government is located at the Municipal Hall. In the History of the Philippines, the Gobernadorcillo was the Chief Executive who held office in the Presidencia, during the American rule, the elected Mayor and local officials, including the appointed ones held office at the Municipal Hall. The legislative and executive departments perform their functions in the Sangguniang Bayan and Municipal Trial Court, respectively, Limay, Bataans incumbent elected officials are headed by - Mayor Lilvir B. Limays attractions, events and historical include, The 1935 Saint Francis of Assisi Parish Church ) is under the Vicariate of Saint Michael Archangel. Roman Catholic Diocese of Balanga It belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Balanga - The Vicariate of St. Peter)
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Mariveles, Bataan
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Mariveles, officially the Municipality of Mariveles, is a municipality in the province of Bataan in the Central Luzon of the Philippines. The population was 127,536 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 75,890 registered voters. Founded as a pueblo by a Franciscan Friar in 1578, Mariveles, the Superior Decree of July 1754 declared Mariveles independence from Pampanga. In the 19th century, the Americans established the first quarantine station in the old Spanish Leprosarium Hospital, Mariveles is located at 14°26′N 120°29′E in a cove at the southern tip of the Bataan Peninsula. It is 164 kilometres from Manila via the North Luzon Expressway, Gapan-Olongapo Road, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 153.90 square kilometres constituting 11. 21% of the 1,372. 98-square-kilometre- total area of Bataan. Of this, about 69% consist of the pastureland, 19% of forestland, 6% agricultural lands, Mariveles is politically subdivided into 18 barangays. In the 2015 census, Mariveles had a population of 127,536, the population density was 830 inhabitants per square kilometre. In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 75,890 registered voters, Mariveles is home to an Aeta community speaking a Sambalic language called Mariveleño. Pursuant to the Local government in the Philippines, the seat of the municipal government is located at the Municipal Hall. In the History of the Philippines, the Gobernadorcillo is the Chief Executive who held office in the Presidencia, during the American rule, the elected Mayor and local officials, including the appointed ones held office at the Municipal Hall. The Municipal Mayor as of the 2016 national and provincial elections, the Sangguniang Bayan Members are, + Chairman and Vice Mayor, Angelito S. Rubia Councilors, Jaja P. Castañeda, Harry F. Golocan, Tito Pancho S. Catipon, Victoriano C. Isip, Angelito M. Sunga, Emerson Reyes, Joey Carandang, Susan Murillo, Mariveles can be reached through jet ferry plying the Mariveles to Manila route that has an approximate travel time of 40 minutes. The Bataan Provincial Expressway, also called Roman Super-Highway, is a toll expressway that connects Bataan to the provinces of the Central Luzon region in the Philippines. Tertiary educational institutions include, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, a university that offers baccalaureate degrees where students are scholars of the government. Opened in 1976, the campus is located within the Freeport Area of Bataan, maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific located at Kamaya Point, Barangay Alas-asin, offering courses in the maritime industry. Students are accepted after passing stringent academic and physical examinations, TESDA Mariveles Bataan Branch, located at Brgy. Camaya and near the Public Market, Mariveles Municipal Hall, and Freeport Area of Bataan, softnet Information Technology Center located at 2nd floor SFB #8, FAB, offering associate degrees in computer studies. Mariveles attractions, events and historical include, Freeport Area of Bataan, Freeport Area of Bataan Admin Building -1
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Morong, Bataan
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Morong, officially the Municipality of Morong, is a municipality in the province of Bataan in the Central Luzon of the Philippines. The population was 29,901 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 18,795 registered voters. The municipality is home to the Subic Bay International Airport, the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, Morong was formerly known as Moron. It is accessible via the Bataan Provincial Expressway, off Exit 65, Morong, originally called Bayandati, was a small settlement located in Barrio Nagbalayong. Due to the scarcity of available for cultivation, the early inhabitants migrated to adjacent areas where wider lands can be discovered. They found Poblacion, the present site where the Spaniards met the natives of Moron, the name Moron was given during the 16th century. A group of Spaniards arrived and inquired from the natives the name of their place, the natives thought that the Spaniards were asking about the Moros who retreated after a severe fighting, so they replied, Mga Moro umuurong hence the place was called Moron. Moros was a reference to the first inhabitants who bartered their products in the 16th century, in 1578, it became part of Corrigimento de Mariveles together with Bagac and Maragondon, Cavite. But it was only in 1607 that Moron was officially founded as an ecclesiastical parish, rodrigo de San Miguel who placed it under the protection of the Our Lady of the Pillar. The Our Lady of the Pillar Parish of Morong, erected in 1607 originally orchestrated from the elements of the Gothic, Renaissance and it culminated its 400th Year foundation anniversary on October 12,2007. On 16 January 1942, Imperial Japanese Army and an Allied coalition of Filipino-American forces both raced to capture Morong and they reached the town around the same time, but the Allies had detected the Japanese first. It was the last charge of American cavalry, Morong is located at 14°41′N 120°16′E. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has an area of 219.20 square kilometres constituting 15. 97% of the 1,372. 98-square-kilometre- total area of Bataan. Morong is politically subdivided into 5 barangays, in the 2015 census, Morong had a population of 29,901. The population density was 140 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 18,795 registered voters
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Orani, Bataan
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Orani, officially the Municipality of Orani, is a municipality in the province of Bataan in the Central Luzon of the Philippines. The population was 66,909 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 45,655 registered voters. Orani is located 107 kilometres north-west of Manila and accessible via the Bataan Provincial Expressway and it is bounded on the north by Hermosa, south by Samal, west by Dinalupihan and east by the Manila Bay. It has a land area of 64.90 square kilometres covering 29 barangays. About 1,231 hectares are used for agriculture,1,943.86 hectares are forestland,971.93 hectares are forest reservation and 1,295.9 hectares are reserved for the National Park, the rest are classified as wetland. Palay, coffee, vegetables, peanut, citrus trees and fruit trees are the major produce, cutflowers like aster, chrysanthemum and gerbera are locally cultivated while bamboo and jungle vines can be gathered from Oranis forestlands. Aquamarine resources like milkfish, tilapia, prawn, crabs, mussels, Orani is located at 14°48′N 120°32′E. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has an area of 64.90 square kilometres constituting 4. 73% of the 1,372. 98-square-kilometre- total area of Bataan. Orani is politically subdivided into 20 barangays, in the 2015 census, Orani had a population of 66,909. The population density was 1,000 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 45,655 registered voters. Pursuant to the Local government in the Philippines, the seat of the municipal government is located at the Municipal Hall. In the History of the Philippines, the Gobernadorcillo was the Chief Executive who held office in the Presidencia, during the American rule, the elected Mayor and local officials, including the appointed ones held office at the Municipal Hall. The legislative and executive departments perform their functions in the Sangguniang Bayan and Municipal Trial Court, respectively, Orani, Bataans incumbent elected officials are - Mayor Benjamin Benjie C. Serrano, Jr. and Vice Mayor Godofredo Bongco Galicia, Jr. including 8 Councilors or Sanguniang Bayan Members, Rome Serrano Sicat. Renato Rodriguez Bugay, Rodolfo Fabian Duran, Francis Sevilla Dela Torre, Efren, Jr. Luna Monday, Voltaire Dionisio Medina, Lilian Flores Tongco and Rolando Bernaldo Mina. They hold office at the floor of the Town Hall, particularly the Office of the Mayor and Sangguniang Bayan Session Hall. The 2nd Municipal Circuit Trial Court of Orani-Samal, MCTC Judge Ma, cristina J. Mendoza-Pizzaro holds office in her sala located at the second floor of the MTC building at the back of the Town hall. Orani ₱42.7 million new building, located at the center of the old Poblacion
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Orion, Bataan
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Orion, officially the Municipality of Orion, is a municipality in the province of Bataan in the Central Luzon of the Philippines. The population was 56,002 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 36,335 registered voters. Orion is accessible via the Bataan Provincial Expressway, off Exit 40, Orion is located at 14°37′N 120°35′E. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has an area of 65.41 square kilometres constituting 4. 76% of the 1,372. 98-square-kilometre- total area of Bataan. Orion is politically subdivided into 23 barangays, in the 2015 census, Orion had a population of 56,002. The population density was 860 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 36,335 registered voters. The Saint Michael parish church is a 19th-century church located at Brgy, Orion celebrates the feast of Saint Michael every 8th day of May, when balikbayans come to join in the festivities. Majority of its residents are OFWs in the United States, Japan, Europe, Australia, Canada, cayetano Arellano — was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines under the American Civil Government. He was Chief Justice from 1901 until his retirement on April 12,1920, Francisco Baltazar — known much more widely through his nom-de-plume and birth name Francisco Balagtas, was a prominent Filipino poet. The famous epic, Florante at Laura, is regarded as his defining work, kerby Raymundo — is a retired Filipino professional basketball player who last played for Meralco Bolts in the Philippine Basketball Association. Known as The Kid, he was a star player with the Letran Knights during his NCAA years. Eric Rodriguez — PBA player, played for the teams Burger King Titans, Air21, Meralco, tough defense and role player and lead the team Letran Knights under coach Louie Alas at the NCAA 2002-2005. Janine Tugonon — is a Filipina beauty titleholder who placed first runner-up in the Miss Universe 2012 pageant, raymond Almazan — is a Filipino professional basketball player who currently plays for Rain or Shine Elasto Painters in the Philippine Basketball Association. He is given a moniker The Rock N Roll by sportscaster Mico Halili because of his resemblance to Pinoy rock legend Joey Pepe Smith
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Pilar, Bataan
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Pilar, officially the Municipality of Pilar, is a municipality in the province of Bataan in the Central Luzon of the Philippines. The population was 41,823 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 26,876 registered voters. The Bataan Government Center and the historic Mount Samat are both situated within the municipality in Barangays Diwa and Ala-uli, respectively, one of the oldest towns of Bataan, Pilar was previously part of Pampanga. Spaniards in the galleon landed in a sitio of Balanga and were greeted by the natives, the place was named in the honor of the image of the Our Lady of the Pillar, hence the town was called Pilar. Pilar is located at 14°40′N 120°34′E, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 37.60 square kilometres constituting 2. 74% of the 1,372. 98-square-kilometre- total area of Bataan. Pilar is politically subdivided into 19 barangays, in the 2015 census, Pilar had a population of 41,823. The population density was 1,100 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 26,876 registered voters. Pursuant to the Local government in the Philippines, the seat of the municipal government is located at the Municipal Hall. In the History of the Philippines, the Gobernadorcillo was the Chief Executive who held office in the Presidencia, during the American rule, the elected Mayor and local officials, including the appointed ones held office at the Municipal Hall. The legislative and executive departments perform their functions in the Sangguniang Bayan and Municipal Trial Court, respectively, Pilar, Bataans elected officials are Mayor Alice D. Pizarro and Vice Mayor Marino Caguimbal. The eight Sangguniang Bayan Members led by the Vice Mayor hold office at the Pilar Sangguniang Bayan Session Hall, the ESPADA was inaugurated on April 8,1967. Santa Rosa - news Anchor of GMA7 Manuel C, herrera — lawyer, an instructor in the University of the Philippines Pilar on MyBataan
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Samal, Bataan
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Samal, officially the Municipality of Samal, is a municipality in the province of Bataan in the Central Luzon of the Philippines. The population was 35,298 at the 2015 census, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 24,317 registered voters. Samal is situated in the portion of Bataan,111 kilometres away from Manila. It has a land area of 56.30 square kilometres. Samal originated from samel, an attached to a banca to protect the passengers from the sun and rain, made of nipa leaves. Saint Catherine of Sienna became the patron of Samal, which was founded as a municipality on April 20,1941, sea gypsies of Mindanao settlers migrated to Luzon in the early 14th century and settled in Bataan. In Samal, they propagated the pearl and capiz culture, Samal was the second town founded by the Dominican friars in Bataan and is composed of four barrios, Calaguiman, Santa Lucia, Poblacion and Lalawigan. Samal is located at 14°46′N 120°33′E, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 56.30 square kilometres constituting 4. 10% of the 1,372. 98-square-kilometre- total area of Bataan. Samal is politically subdivided into 14 barangays, in the 2015 census, Samal had a population of 35,298. The population density was 630 inhabitants per square kilometre, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 24,317 registered voters. Pursuant to the Local government in the Philippines, the seat of the municipal government is located at the Municipal Hall. In the History of the Philippines, the Gobernadorcillo was the Chief Executive who held office in the Presidencia, during the American rule, the elected Mayor and local officials, including the appointed ones held office at the Municipal Hall. The legislative and executive departments perform their functions in the Sangguniang Bayan and Municipal Trial Court, respectively, samals incumbent elected officials are - Mayor Mayor Generosa Gene Malibiran Dela Fuente and Vice Mayor Emmanuel R. Cortez. They hold office at the floor of the Town Hall, particularly the Office of the Mayor and Sangguniang Bayan Session Hall. The 2nd Municipal Circuit Trial Court of Orani-Samal MCTC Judge Ma, cristina J. Mendoza-Pizzaro holds office in her sala located at the second floor of the MTC building at the back of the Orani Town hall. Joson of Bataan established the first ice plant, wooden shoe making, and pulp mills are some of the industries of the natives. It also manufactures banana chips and arrow root flour through native processes, Samal is also rich is marine aquatic resources and highly productive farmlands. Garments manufacturing in Samal is engaged in by five firms already engaged in exports, in the Town Hall of Samal and along the streets, Capiz shells are displayed to show that the town residents manufacture this commodity
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Barangay
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A barangay, formerly referred to as barrio, is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. In colloquial usage, the term refers to an inner city neighbourhood. The word barangay originated from balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines, as of June 2015, there were 42,029 barangays throughout the Philippines. When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, the name barangay originated from balangay, a Malay word meaning sailboat. The first barangays started as small communities of around 50 to 100 families. By the time of contact with Spaniards, many barangays have developed into large communities, some of these barangays had large populations. In Panay, some barangays had 20,000 inhabitants, in Leyte,15,000 inhabitants, in Cebu,3,500 residents, in Vitis,7,000 inhabitants, there were smaller barangays with less number of people. But these were generally inland communities, or if they were coastal and these smaller barangays had around thirty to one hundred houses only, and the population varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. According to Legazpi, he found communities with twenty to thirty people only, traditionally, the original “barangays” were coastal settlements of the migration of these Malayo-Polynesian people from other places in Southeast Asia. Most of the ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature and this is because most of the people were relying on fishing for supply of protein and for their livelihood. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. The coastal barangays were more accessible to trade with foreigners and these were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other countries also meant contact with cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan, Han Chinese, Indian people. These coastal communities acquired more cosmopolitan cultures, with developed social structures, during the Spanish rule, through a resettlement policy called the Reducción, smaller scattered barangays were consolidated to form compact towns. Each barangay was headed by the cabeza de barangay, who formed part of the Principalía - the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines and this position was inherited from the first datus, and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish Monarch ruled each barangay through the Cabeza, who collected taxes from the residents for the Spanish Crown. When the Americans arrived, slight changes in the structure of government was effected. Later, Rural Councils with four councilors were created to assist, now renamed Barrio Lieutenant, it was later renamed Barrio Council, the Spanish term barrio was used for much of the 20th century until 1974, when President Ferdinand Marcos ordered their renaming to barangays
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House of Representatives of the Philippines
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The House of Representatives of the Philippines, is the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines. It is often informally called Congress, Members of the House are officially styled as Representative and sometimes informally called Congressmen/Congresswomen and are elected to a three-year term. They can be re-elected, but cannot serve more than three consecutive terms, around eighty percent of congressmen are district representatives, representing a particular geographical area. There are 234 legislative districts in the country, each composed of about 250,000 people, there are also party-list representatives elected through the party-list system who constitute not more than twenty percent of the total number of representatives. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker, currently Pantaleon Alvarez of Davao del Norte, the official headquarters of the House of Representatives is at the Batasang Pambansa located in the Batasan Hills in Quezon City in Metro Manila. The building is simply called Batasan and the word has also become a metonym to refer to the House of Representatives. At the beginning of American colonial rule, from March 16,1900, william Howard Taft was chosen to be the first American civilian Governor-General and the first leader of this Philippine Commission, which subsequently became known as the Taft Commission. This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in October 1907, under the leadership of Speaker Sergio Osmeña and Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon, the Rules of the 59th United States Congress was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. It is this body, founded as the Philippine Assembly, that would continue in one form or another, in 1916, the Jones Act, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished and a new fully elected, bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives, the legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution established a unicameral National Assembly, but in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was adopted. The Liberal bloc of the Nacionalistas permanently split from their ranks and these two will contest all of the elections in what appeared to be a two-party system. This set up continued until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, the 1987 Constitution restored the presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. Corazon Aquino who nominally had no party, supported the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, with the victory of Fidel V. This also meant the restoration of Lakas-NUCD as the top party in the chamber, the same would happen when Benigno Aquino won in 2010, which returned the Liberals into power. The presiding officer is the Speaker, the members of the House of Representatives who are also its officers are also ex officio members of all of the committees and has a vote. The Speaker is the head of the House of Representatives, the speaker is elected by majority of all the members of the house, including vacant seats. The speaker is elected at the convening of each Congress
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Ethnic group
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An ethnic group or ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities, such as common ancestral, language, social, cultural or national experiences. Unlike other social groups, ethnicity is often an inherited status based on the society in which one lives, in some cases, it can be adopted if a person moves into another society. Ethnic groups, derived from the historical founder population, often continue to speak related languages. By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, it is possible for individuals or groups to leave one ethnic group. Ethnicity is often used synonymously with terms such as nation or people. In English, it can also have the connotation of something exotic, generally related to cultures of more recent immigrants, the largest ethnic groups in modern times comprise hundreds of millions of individuals, while the smallest are limited to a few dozen individuals. Conversely, formerly separate ethnicities can merge to form a pan-ethnicity, whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis. The term ethnic is derived from the Greek word ἔθνος ethnos, the inherited English language term for this concept is folk, used alongside the latinate people since the late Middle English period. In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century, ethnic was used to mean heathen or pagan, as the Septuagint used ta ethne to translate the Hebrew goyim the nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews. The Greek term in antiquity could refer to any large group, a host of men. In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of peculiar to a race, people or nation, the abstract ethnicity had been used for paganism in the 18th century, but now came to express the meaning of an ethnic character. The term ethnic group was first recorded in 1935 and entered the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972, depending on the context that is used, the term nationality may either be used synonymously with ethnicity, or synonymously with citizenship. The process that results in the emergence of an ethnicity is called ethnogenesis, the Greeks at this time did not describe foreign nations but had also developed a concept of their own ethnicity, which they grouped under the name of Hellenes. Herodotus gave an account of what defined Greek ethnic identity in his day, enumerating shared descent. Whether ethnicity qualifies as a universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. Many social scientists, such as anthropologists Fredrik Barth and Eric Wolf and they regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups. According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently, one is between primordialism and instrumentalism. In the primordialist view, the participant perceives ethnic ties collectively, as a given, even coercive
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Tagalog people
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The Tagalog people is a major ethnolingustic group in the Philippines. They have a developed society due to the cultural heartland, Manila. The commonly accepted origin for the endonym Tagalog is the term tagá-ilog, an alternative theory states that the name is derived from tagá-alog, which means people from the ford. In 1821, American diplomat Edmund Roberts called the Tagalog Tagalor in his memoirs about his trips to the Philippines. The earliest written record of the Tagalog is a 9th-century document known as the Laguna Copperplate Inscription which is about a remission of debt on behalf of the ruler of Tondo. Inscribed on it is year 822 of the Saka Era, the month of Waisaka, and the day of the waning moon. Some contend it is between Old Tagalog and Old Javanese, the document states that it releases its bearers, the children of Namwaran, from a debt in gold amounting to 1 kati and 8 suwarnas. Pires exploration led him to discover that in their own country, the Luções had foodstuffs, wax, honey, inferior grade gold, had no king, and were governed instead by a group of elders. Contact with the rest of Southeast Asia led to the creation Baybayin later used in the book Doctrina Cristiana which is written by the 16th century Spanish colonizers, on May 19,1571, Miguel López de Legazpi gave the title city to the colony of Manila. The title was certified on June 19,1572, under Spain, Manila became the colonial entrepot in the Far East. The Philippines was a Spanish colony administered under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the first substantial dictionary of Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. The indigenous poet Francisco Baltazar is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer, the ship set sail from Macau and landed in Morro Bay in what is now the California coast on October 17 of 1587, as part of the Galleon Trade between the Spanish East Indies and New Spain. More Filipino sailors arrived along the California coast when both places were part of the Spanish Empire, by 1763, Manila men or Tagalas had established a settlement called St. Malo on the outskirts of New Orleans, Louisiana. The Tagalog played a role during the 1896 Philippine Revolution. The Katipunan once intended to name the Philippines as Katagalugan or the Tagalog Republic, Miguel de Unamuno described revolutionary leader José Rizal as the Tagalog Hamlet and said of him “a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair. ”In 1902, Macario Sakay formed his own Republika ng Katagalugan in the mountains of Morong, Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ, in 1959, the language was further renamed as Pilipino. The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine
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Kapampangan people
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The Kapampangan people, also known as Pampangueños or Pampangos, are the seventh largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines, numbering about 2.89 million. They live mainly in the provinces of Pampanga, Bataan and Tarlac, as well as Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, as a result, Kapampangans now populate a region that extends beyond the political boundaries of the small province of Pampanga. In Bataan, Kapampangans populate the municipalities of Dinalupihan and Hermosa, Kapampangans can be found scattered all across the southern barrios of Cabiao in the province of Nueva Ecija and in the western section of the province of Bulacan. Kapampangan enclaves still exist in Tondo and other parts of the National Capital Region, Kapampangans have also migrated to Mindoro, Palawan and Mindanao and have formed strong Kapampangan organizations called aguman in Davao City and General Santos City. Agumans based in the United States and Canada are active in the revival of the Kapampangan language, california-based organizations promoted Kapampangan language and culture and raised funds for charitable and cultural projects in California and in Pampanga. The oldest artifact found in the Province of Pampanga is a 5000-year-old stone adze found in Candaba. It is said to be a used in building boats. Earthenware and tradeware dating back to 1500 BC have also found in Candaba. Farming and fishing were the industries of the Kapampangan people. Kapampangans have played a dynamic yet conflicting role in Philippine history and it was the Kapampangans of Macabebe who were the first to defend the Luzon Empire from Spanish domination in 1571. Yet it was the Kapampangans that the Spaniards relied on to defend their new colony from the Dutch and it was at this time that one Castillan plus three Kapampangans were considered as four Castillans as long they gallantly served in the colonial armed forces. Such behaviour earned them the stereotype of being quislings in exchange for personal wealth, in 1896, Kapampangans were one of the principal ethnic groups to push and fuel the Philippine revolution against Spain. Yet it was also the Kapampangans of Macabebe that fiercely defended the last Spanish garrison against the revolutionaries. With the outbreak of World War II, Japanese planes invaded the province of Pampanga and attacked the United States Air Base at Clark Field in Angeles. Later Japanese soldiers entered the province of Pampanga on 1942 and the Japanese Occupation formally began, many Kapampangans joined a group of stronghold soldiers that survived the invasion and officially trained under the 31st Infantry Division, Philippine Commonwealth Army. USAFFE was stationed in Pampanga on July 26,1941 before the Japanese Occupation to June 30,1946, after the Battle of Bataan in 1942, some Kapampangan soldiers of the USAFFE 31st Infantry Division fought four years of battles against Japanese troops. Many Kapampangans joined the resistance fighters of the Hukbalahap Communist resistance. Many Kapampangan festivals display an indigenous flavor unique only to the Kapampangan people and they start the battle in Ugtung-aldo or afternoon and they end it in Sisilim or sunset with the tune of what Macabebeanons and Masantuleñios called BATTALA Masantol, Macabebe and Lubao
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Sambal people
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The Sambal people are a Filipino ethnolinguistic group living primarily in the province of Zambales and the Pangasinense municipalities of Bolinao and Anda. The term may refer to the general inhabitants of Zambales. In 1950s, hundreds of Sambal from the municipalities of Zambales, migrated to and established a settlement in Quezon, Palawan. The residents call themselves Palawenyong Sambal or simply Sambal, the Sambal are the original Austronesian inhabitants of the province of Zambales in the Philippines. They speak mainly Sambal and Botolan, as well as Ilocano, Bolinao, the Sambalic languages are most closely related to the Kapampangan language and to an archaic form of Tagalog still spoken in Tanay in the province of Rizal. The Spanish, in their first encounters with the Sambal, supposedly found them to be highly superstitious, to this day, most Sambal still believe in superstitions and mysteries. This is said to be the origin of the name Sambal—the Spanish who first encountered them called them the sambali, coined from the Malay word sembah, the term was later castilianized as zambal. Like the Moros, the culture and customs of the Sambal are different from that of neighboring groups and this is evident in their traditional dress, which consists of a single-shoulder short-sleeved shirt, paired with short trousers. Usually worn at the chest and shoulder areas of the shirt are badges that resemble multicolored crosses, the Sambals were known to be militant and fierce fighters, notorious for their bloody raids on Christian settlements. They have been recruited by Indio commanders in campaigns against the Spanish. The Sambal were also known to have captured and enslaved Diego Silang as a child. It was recorded as customary for the Sambal to perform an execution as punishment for those who have taken another person’s life and their manner of execution was to bore a hole at the top of the skull and then scrape out the brains. During the 1950s, hundreds of Sambals coming from Candelaria, Santa Cruz and they established a settlement which was later on named Panitian. Like in Masinloc, many residents of Panitian have their last names start with the letter E and those who came from Santa Cruz have their last names usually begin with the letter M, foremost of which are Misa, Mora, Moraña Moralde and Meredor. Other common last names of Sambali people are Ángeles, Atrero, Agagas, Hebron, Hitchon, Hermoso, Hermosa, Hermana, there are now approximately 6,000 Sambals residing in Palawan. Many of the Palawan Sambals have since moved to the capital, Puerto Princesa, settling in Mandaragat and New Buncag, in particular. The Sambali speakers are the residents of the municipalities of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Palauig, the Bolinao subgroup is located in Anda and Bolinao municipalities of Pangasinan, while the Botolan subgroup is found in Botolan and Cabangan municipalities of Zambales. An estimated 6,000 Sambali speakers can also be found in Panitian in Quezon, Palawan, the Sambalic languages are also spoken by many Filipino immigrants in the United States and Canada
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Languages
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Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics, questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought, 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky, estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. However, any precise estimate depends on an arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects. Natural languages are spoken or signed, but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli – for example, in whistling, signed and this is because human language is modality-independent. All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings, human language has the properties of productivity and displacement, and relies entirely on social convention and learning. Its complex structure affords a wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication. Language is processed in different locations in the human brain. Humans acquire language through interaction in early childhood, and children generally speak fluently when they are approximately three years old. The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture, a group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family. The languages of the Dravidian family that are mostly in Southern India include Tamil. Academic consensus holds that between 50% and 90% of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100. The English word language derives ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s tongue, speech, language through Latin lingua, language, tongue, and Old French language. The word is used to refer to codes, ciphers. Unlike conventional human languages, a language in this sense is a system of signs for encoding and decoding information. This article specifically concerns the properties of human language as it is studied in the discipline of linguistics. As an object of study, language has two primary meanings, an abstract concept, and a specific linguistic system, e. g. French
31.
Filipino language
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Filipino /ˌfɪlɪˈpiːnoʊ/, in this usage, refers to the national language of the Philippines. Filipino is also designated, along with English, as a language of the country. It is the register of the Tagalog language, an Austronesian. As of 2007, Tagalog is the first language of 28 million people, or about one-third of the Philippine population, Filipino is among the 185 languages of the Philippines identified in the Ethnologue. Filipino is ideally a pluricentric language, in reality, however, Filipino has been variously described as simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with no grammatical element or lexicon coming from. Other major Philippine languages, and as essentially a version of Tagalog. In most contexts, Filipino is understood to be a name for Tagalog. There was no language in the Philippine archipelago when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. The four major trade languages were Visayan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, as the Philippine languages are all closely related and therefore easy for Filipinos to learn, most speakers of smaller languages spoke two or more of such regional languages. The first dictionary of Tagalog was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, a latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. On November 13,1936, Commonwealth act No, on November 12,1937, the First National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved the law for the establishment of the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ. This institute would be responsible for surveying and researching existing native languages in order to determine among them the basis for a national language of the Philippines. Then-president Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form NLI, sales Rodriguez, Hadji Butu, and Cecilio Lopez. On December 13,1937, Presisis of the new national language, Spanish was the language of the 1896 Revolution and the Katipunan, but the revolution was led by people who also spoke Tagalog. In 1959, the became known as Pilipino in an effort to dissociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group. However, neither the nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino. Instead they tasked the National Assembly to, take steps toward the development and this move has drawn much criticism from the nations other ethnic groups
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Kapampangan language
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The Pampangan language or Kapampangan is one of the major languages of the Philippines. Kapampangan is also understood in some municipalities of Bulacan and Nueva Ecija, the language is also called as Pampango and honorifically in the Kapampangan language, as Amánung Sísuan, meaning breastfed/nurtured language. In 2012, Kapampangan is one of the languages of the Philippines that is being taught and studied formally in schools. The word Kapampangan is derived from the rootword pampáng which means riverbank, historically, this language was used in what was before the Kingdom of Tondo, ruled by the Lakans. In the 18th century, two books were written by Fr and he authored Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga and Arte de la lengua Pampanga. Kapampangan produced two literary giants in the 19th century, Father Anselmo Fajardo was noted for his works Gonzalo de Córdova, another writer, Juan Crisóstomo Soto, was noted for writing many plays. He authored Alang Dios in 1901, the Augustinian missionaries studied the Kapampangan language together with its indigenous writing system. This contains the letters ‘Q and C’ and includes F, Ñ, by the end of the Spanish era, the ABAKADA, also known as Súlat Wáwâ or Guagua script, this replaced C and Q with the letter K. The Kapampangan nationalist writers from Wáwâ wanted to create an identity different from the Bacúlud literary tradition. Two Kapampangan writers from Wáwâ, Aurelio Tolentino and Monico Mercado with his translation of Rizals Mi Último Adiós have adapted Rizals proposal into Kapampangan writing, on 31 December 1937, Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon proclaimed the language based on Tagalog as the Philippine National Language. Zoilo Hilario propose to standardize Kapampangan orthography, being a member of the Institute of National Language, Hilario sought to adopt the ABAKADA used in Tagalog and impose it as the Kapampangan languages standard orthographic system. This legal imposition of Tagalog as the Philippine National Language whereby all other Philippine languages, the senseless conflict between the so-called purists and antipurists that plagued the Tagalog literary scene also found its way among Kapampangan writers. Samson submitted a proposal aimed at reconciling the OLD and the NEW spelling in Kapampangan writing and this is called Ámugng Samsons Hybrid Orthography. Samsons synthesis was at first readily accepted by the Catholic Archdiocese of Pampanga, in 1997, Batiáuan Foundation stated that the major obstacle to popularizing Kapampangan was the intense squabble over orthography. The prediction that the Kapampangan ethnic group would be absorbed by the Tagalogs was seen by various Kapampangan groups as a real threat. They are quite conscious of the fact that Tagalog words were replacing more and more terms in the spoken Kapampangan language. They simply revised the use of the ABAKADA in Kapampangan writing by removing the letter W, however Akademyang Kapampangan believes that, the Batiáuan revision serves complicate Kapampangan writing as well as confuse adherents to their proposed orthography. Batiáuan refutes that the marks are very essential in Kapampangan writing because there are many words in the Kapampangan language that are spelled the same
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Philippine Standard Time
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Philippine Standard Time, also known as Philippine Time and informally Juan Time, is the official name for the time in the Philippines. The country only uses one time zone, and for a short period, geographically, the Philippines lies within 116°40′ and 126°34′ east of the Prime Meridian, and is physically located within the UTC+08,00 time zone. Philippine Standard Time is maintained by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, the Philippines shares the same time zone with Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, most parts of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Brunei, central Indonesia, and Western Australia. Philippine Standard Time was instituted through Batas Pambansa Blg,8, approved on 2 December 1978 and implemented on 1 January 1983. The Philippines is one of the few countries to officially and almost exclusively use the 12-hour clock in non-military situations. From 1521 to 1844, the Philippines had the date as Mexico. Monday,30 December 1844 was immediately followed by Wednesday,1 January 1845 and this meant that International Date Line moved from going west of the Philippines to go on the east side of the country. At the time, local time was used to set clocks, meaning that every place used its own local time based on its longitude. Television and radio stations in the Philippines display the time, in September 2011, the Department of Science and Technology proposed to synchronise time nationwide in an effort to discourage tardiness. On May 15,2013, President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act No,10535, better known as the The Philippine Standard Time Act of 2013 as a last step to finally implement the Juan Time. Effective June 1,2013, all government offices and media networks will be required to use Philippine Standard Time as a basis to set their timepieces, in addition, the first week of January will be regularly observed as the National Time Consciousness Week. The IANA time zone database contains one zone for the Philippines in the file zone. tab, hapon starts at 1,00 PM and ends 5,59 PM. Gabí starts at 6,00 PM and ends 12,00 AM which is Hatinggabi, madalíng Araw starts at 12,01 AM and ends 4,59 AM. Except in very formal situations, Filipinos rarely use the numbers in telling time. - Alas otso kwarenta y uno ng gabí or Apatnapút-isá makalipas ng ikawaló ng gabí5,30 A. M, - Alas singko y medya ng umaga or Tatlumpûng minuto makalipas ng ikalimá ng umaga or ikalimá at kalaháti ng umaga 3,00 P. M. - Alas tres ng hapon o Ikatló ng hapon 12,00 P. M, - Alas dose ng tanghalì o Ikalabíndalawá ng tanghalì12,00 A. M. - Alas dose ng hatinggabi o Ikalabíndalawá ng hatinggabí2,00 A. M
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Telephone numbers in the Philippines
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Telephone numbers in the Philippines follow an open telephone numbering plan and an open dial plan. Both plans are regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission, an agency under the Department of Information. The Philippines is assigned an international dialling code of 63 by ITU-T, telephone numbers are fixed at seven digits, with area codes fixed at one, two, or three digits. Mobile phone numbers are always 10 digits, when making long-distance calls in the Philippines, the prefix 0 for domestic calls and 00 for international calls are used. Some smaller carriers concentrated within a geographic area may issue four- or five-digit area codes. Occasionally, an area may change area codes. For example, the City of Bacoor in Cavite has been included in the coverage area of area code 2 per the National Telecommunications Commissions Memorandum Order No. 08-09-2011, although almost all fixed-lines in the city use the old 46 area code due to the poor compliance of PLDT. Sometimes area codes are shared by a number of government entities to maximise their use. In extreme cases, area codes are shared across an island like in Leyte and Samar, or even entire regions, in order to identify the calls point of origin, the three-digit telephone exchange prefix is checked. Since the Philippines employs an open plan, telephone numbers dialled within a given area code do not require the area code. When dialling other area codes, the long distance access prefix 0 is added, but when dialling from overseas. However, the code indicates the service provider and not necessarily a geographic region. Unlike fixed-line telephones, the telephone dialling format is always observed when using a mobile phone. Therefore, mobile phone numbers always have the format +63 xxx-xxxx for international callers and 0 xxx-xxxx for domestic callers. Some of the first area codes to be assigned for mobile phones were 912 for Mobiline/Piltel,915 for Islacom,917 for Globe Telecom,918 for Smart Communications, and 973 for Express Telecom. As service began growing rapidly since the 1990s, new codes have been added to meet demand as existing codes have since been exhausted, newer codes often come immediately after the last code exhausted, but this might not be the case if the next code is already in use. 955/956 are the latest codes and are used for Globe & TM, areas codes are grouped by provider with no single contiguous block of codes for a single provider
35.
Bataan
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Bataan is a province situated in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. Its capital is the City of Balanga, occupying the entire Bataan Peninsula on Luzon, Bataan is bordered by the provinces of Zambales and Pampanga to the north. The peninsula faces the South China Sea to the west and Subic Bay to the north-west, the Battle of Bataan is famous in history as one of the last stands of American and Filipino soldiers before they were overwhelmed by the Japanese forces in World War II. The Bataan Death March was named after the province, where the march started. In 1647, Dutch naval forces landed in country in an attempt to seize the islands from Spain, the Dutch massacred the people of Abucay in Bataan. Bataan featured prominently during World War II, prior to the 1941 Japanese invasion, the US Army stored nearly 1,000,000 US gallons of gasoline there. Japanese forces started a siege of the peninsula on January 7,1942, and launched an assault on April 3. The majority of the American and Filipino forces surrendered on April 9 and were forced to more than a 100 kilometres from Bataan to Capas-Tarlac. The Administration of President Rodrigo Duterte is currently pushing for federalism in the country, scholars in the region have suggested naming the state the State of Luções, named after the historic collective name of the people of Luzon. During precolonial times, when the power of the kingdoms in present-day Metro Manila was declining, the people of Myanmar, Timor, Luções were known as skilled mercenaries, merchants, and even battle soldiers. They aided in the war campaigns of Myanmar, Malacca, when the Spanish came and stormed Luzon, the ties of the Luceos with their ally countries were cut and the Luções were turned into commoners and indios by the Spaniards. At the northern portion of the peninsula is Mount Natib and its mountains, separated from Mount Samat. A narrow coastline plain characterizes the eastern portion of the province, while the western coast features many ridges, cliffs, Bataan is politically subdivided into 11 municipalities and one component city. The population of Bataan in the 2015 census was 760,650 people, various religious groups are subscribed to by the people but Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion, comprising 85% of the Bataan population. Aglipayan as well as several Christian faiths are the minority, Nuestra Señora del Pilar Church — Morong Nuestra Señora del Pilar Church — Pilar Nuestra Señora, Virgen Milagrosa del Rosario Church — Orani, declared as a diocesan-shrine by the Diocese of Balanga. It is home to the image of the Our Lady of the Holy Rosary which was canonically crowned 18 April 1959. It plays a role in the Central Luzon “W” Growth Corridor. It is also a transport route and transshipment point linking SBMA area
36.
Luzon
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Luzon (/luːˈzɒn/, Tagalog pronunciation, is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. It is ranked 15th largest in the world, with a population of 52.99 million as of 2015, it is the fourth most populous island in the world, containing about 53% of the countrys total population. Luzon may also refer to one of the three island groups in the country. The name Luzon is thought to derive from the Tagalog word lusong, from just before the first millennium, the Tagalog and Kapampangan peoples of south and central Luzon had established several Indianized kingdoms, notably among them those of Tundok and Namayan. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the first Philippine document written in 900AD, names places in and these kingdoms were based on leases between village rulers and landlords or Rajahs, to whom tributes and taxes were levied. These kingdoms were coastal thalassocracies based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities at that time, some parts of Luzon were Islamized when the Sultanate of Brunei expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the Kingdom of Maynila as its puppet-state. In addition, other kingdoms like the Wangdom of Pangasinan had become tributary states to China and were largely Sinified kingdoms, certain kilns were renowned over others and prices depended on the reputation of the kiln. Of this flourishing trade, the Burnay jars of Ilocos are the large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time. The Yongle Emperor instituted a Chinese Governor on Luzon during Zheng Hes voyages, China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago. China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongles reign, in the 1500s, people from Luzon were called Lucoes and were actively employed in trading, seafaring and military campaigns across Southeast Asia. The Portuguese were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts as Luçonia or Luçon, edmund Roberts, who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was discovered in 1521. Many people from Luzon had active-employment in Portuguese Malacca and his father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon, the surname of de Raja or diraja could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja. Pinto noted that there were a number of Lucoes in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century, the Sultan of Aceh gave one of them the task of holding Aru in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511, pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521. However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims, pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538. On Mainland Southeast Asia, Lusung/Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD, at the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. Scholars have thus suggested that they could be valued by all sides
37.
Zambales
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Zambales is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region in the island of Luzon. Zambales borders Pangasinan to the north, Tarlac and Pampanga to the east, Bataan to the south, with a land area of 3,830.83 square kilometres, Zambales is the second largest among the seven provinces of Central Luzon. The province is noted for its mangoes, which are abundant from January to April, Zambales does not have a functional airport - the closest airport is Clark International airport. Subic Bay International Airport, which is located in Cubi Point in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone is no longer functional for international or domestic flights. The Freeport Zone is host to many tourist attractions include casinos, beach resorts, parks, beachside huts and cottages. The provinces name came from the word zambal, which is a Hispanized term for Sambali, zambal refers to the language spoken by the early Austronesian inhabitants of the place. It could also originated from the word Zambo a term used by the Spanish, the province is home to the Aetas, the aboriginal people of the Philippines who share afro-ethnic similarities. The area now occupied by Zambales was first explored by the Spanish in 1572, among the earliest towns founded were Subic, Botolan, Masinloc, Iba, and Santa Cruz. Masinloc became the provinces first capital, however, the capital was moved among the last three towns above during its history before settling in Iba, due to its strategic location. Seven of the original northern towns, which included Bolinao, Infanta. The first civil governor of Zambales during the American era was Potenciano Lesaca from 1901-1903, Zambales lies on the western shores of Luzon island along the South China Sea. Its shoreline is rugged and features many coves and inlets, the Zambales Mountains in the eastern part of the province occupies about 60% of the total land area of Zambales. Subic Bay, at the end of the province, provides a natural harbor. The summit and crater lake of Mount Pinatubo lies within Botolan municipality in Zambales, near the tripoint of Zambales, Pampanga and this volcano, once considered dormant, erupted violently in 1991. The former summit of the volcano was obliterated by the eruption and replaced by a 2.5 km wide caldera, with an average depth of 800 m, Lake Pinatubo is the deepest lake in the Philippines. The highest point of the rim is 1,485 m above sea level. A vast portion of the Zambales province acquired desert-like features in 1991, Zambales has two pronounced seasons, dry from October to June, and wet from July to September. Zambales comprises 13 municipalities and 1 highly urbanized city, which are divided into two legislative districts, Olongapo City is a highly urbanized city and administers itself autonomously from the province
38.
Pampanga
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Pampanga or Pampaŋga is a province in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. Its capital is the City of San Fernando, Angeles City, while geographically within Pampanga, is classified as a first-class, highly urbanized city and is governed independently of the province. The name La Pampanga was given by the Spaniards, who encountered natives living along the banks of the Pampanga River and its creation in 1571 makes it the first Spanish province on Luzon Island. The town of Villa de Bacolor in the province served as the Spanish colonial capital when Great Britain invaded Manila as part of the Seven Years War. Pampanga is served by Clark International Airport, which is in Clark Freeport Zone, the province is home to two Philippine Air Force airbases, Basa Air Base in Floridablanca and the former United States Clark Air Base in Angeles City. By 2015, the province has 2,198,110 inhabitants, ancient Pampangas territorial area included portions of the modern provinces of Tarlac, Bataan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija and Bulacan. Pampanga was re-organized as a province by the Spaniards on December 11,1571, due to excessive abuses committed by some encomenderos, King Philip II of Spain in 1574 prohibited the further awarding of private estates, but this decree was not fully enforced until 1620. The encomiendas of La Pampanga at that time had eighteen thousand six hundred, Pampanga, which is about 850 square miles in area and inhabited by more than 1.5 million people, had its present borders drawn in 1873. During the Spanish regime it was one of the richest Philippine provinces, Manila and its surrounding region were then primarily dependent on Kapampangan agricultural, fishery and forestry products as well as on the supply of skilled workers. As other Luzon provinces were created due to increases in population, during the 17th century, The Dutch recruited men from Pampanga as mercenaries who served the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, known as Papangers part of the larger Mardijkers community. Their legacy can be found in North Jakarta, however, there are few traces of their descendants, except for a small community in Kampung Tugu. The old Pampanga towns of Aliaga, Cabiao, Gapan, San Antonio, the municipality of San Miguel de Mayumo of Pampanga was yielded to the province of Bulacan in the same provincial boundary configuration in 1848. However, in 1873, the four towns were returned to Pampanga. On December 8,1941, Japanese planes bombed Clark Air Base marking the beginning of the invasion of Pampanga, between 1941 and 1942, occupying Japanese forces began entering Pampanga. The establishment of the general headquarters and military camp bases of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was active from 1935 to 1946. The Philippine Constabulary was active from 1935 to 1942 and 1944 to 1946 in the province of Pampanga. S. military forces fight the Imperial Japanese armed forces. The June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo displaced a number of people with the submersion of whole towns. Pampanga covers a area of 2,002.20 square kilometres occupying the south-central section of the Central Luzon region
39.
South China Sea
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The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Karimata and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 square kilometres. The areas importance largely results from one-third of the worlds shipping sailing through its waters, the sea and its mostly uninhabited islands are subject to competing claims of sovereignty by several countries. These claims are reflected in the variety of names used for the islands. South China Sea is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and this name is a result of early European interest in the sea as a route from Europe and South Asia to the trading opportunities of China. In the sixteenth century Portuguese sailors called it the China Sea, the International Hydrographic Organization refers to the sea as South China Sea. The Classic of Poetry, Zuo Zhuan, and Guoyu classics of the Spring and Autumn period also referred to the sea, Nan Hai, the South Sea, was one of the Four Seas of Chinese literature. There are three other seas, one for each of the four cardinal directions, during the Eastern Han dynasty, Chinas rulers called the Sea Zhang Hai. Fei Hai became popular during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, usage of the current Chinese name, Nan Hai, became gradually widespread during the Qing Dynasty. In Southeast Asia it was called the Champa Sea or Sea of Cham. The majority of the sea came under Japanese naval control during World War II following the acquisition of many surrounding South East Asian territories in 1941. Japan calls the sea Minami Shina Kai South China Sea and this was written 南支那海 until 2004, when the Japanese Foreign Ministry and other departments switched the spelling 南シナ海, which has become the standard usage in Japan. In China, it is called the South Sea, 南海 Nánhǎi, in Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, it was long called the South China Sea, with the part within Philippine territorial waters often called the Luzon Sea, Dagat Luzon, by the Philippines. However, following an escalation of the Spratly Islands dispute in 2011, a PAGASA spokesperson said that the sea to the east of the Philippines will continue to be called the Philippine Sea. In September 2012, Philippine President Benigno Aquino III signed Administrative Order No, states and territories with borders on the sea include, the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore, and Vietnam. Major rivers that flow into the South China Sea include the Pearl, Min, Jiulong, Red, Mekong, Rajang, Pahang, Pampanga, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the South China Sea as follows, On the South. From Fuki Kaku the North point of Formosa to Kiushan Tao on to the South point of Haitan Tao, the Mainland, the Southern limit of the Gulf of Thailand and the East coast of the Malay Peninsula. The sea lies above a drowned continental shelf, during recent ice ages global sea level was hundreds of metres lower, the South China Sea opened around 45 million years ago when the Dangerous Ground rifted away from southern China. Extension culminated in seafloor spreading around 30 million years ago, a process that propagated to the SW resulting in the V-shaped basin we see today, extension ceased around 17 million years ago
40.
Subic Bay
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Subic Bay is a bay on the west coast of the island of Luzon in the Philippines, about 100 kilometres northwest of Manila Bay. Today, water as well as the towns and establishments surrounding the bay are referred to as Subic Bay. The bay was long recognized for its deep and protected waters, in 1542, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo sailed into Subic Bay but no port developed there because the main Spanish naval base would be established in the nearby Manila Bay. When the British captured this base in 1762, the Spanish were forced to find a location and Subic Bay was found to be a strategic. In 1884, King Alfonso XII of Spain decreed that Subic was to become a naval port, in 1899 during the Philippine–American War, the Americans captured the Spanish base and controlled the bay until 1991. In 1979, the area under American control was reduced from 24,000 hectares to 6,300 hectares when the Philippines claimed sovereign rule over the base. Following the destruction of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, the Americans closed the base, in 2012, controversy arose when a contracted shipping firm was accused of dumping toxic waste into Subic Bay. Since the Malaysian firm was contracted by the US Navy, albeit under Philippine approval, the Pamulaklakin Nature Park is a reserve area of Binictican. Part of the 11 thousand hectares of forest is found at Subic Bay, the park was created by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority to supplement the income of the indigenous people. The term Pamulaklakin was derived from the native Ambala language, which means a herbal vine. The majority of the wrecks in Subic Bay are a result of either the Spanish–American War in 1898 or of World War II, el Capitan was a freighter of nearly 3,000 tons just under 130 meters long. She sank in Subic Bay where she rests on a sloping bottom and she was less than half a kilometer off the Alava Pier when attacked. About 300 prisoners died during the voyage from Manila and during the attack. Seian Maru, During an air raid on Subic Bay, the 3,712 ton freighter Seian Maru was bombed and this was only four days after the sinking of the Oryoku Maru on 19 December 1944. LST This is one of the large LSTs that litter the floor of Subic Bay and she was scuttled in 1946 in the middle of Subic Bay between the southern tip of the runway and Grande Island. The old USS New York, which had renamed the USS Rochester in 1917. At the onset of the Japanese invasion of the Philippines, this ship was acting as a floating workshop and storehouse. Already decommissioned, the hull of the old cruiser was considered too valuable to allow Japanese forces to capture it
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Manila Bay
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Manila Bay is a natural harbour which serves the Port of Manila, in the Philippines. Manila Bay drains approximately 17,000 km2 of watershed area, with an average depth of 17 m, it is estimated to have a total volume of 28.9 billion cubic metres. Entrance to the bay is 19 km wide and expands to a width of 48 km, however, width of the bay varies from 22 km at its mouth and expanding to 60 km at its widest point. The islands of Corregidor and Caballo divides the entrance into two channels, about 2 mi towards the North and 6.5 mi wide on the South side. Mariveles, in the province of Bataan, is an anchorage just inside the northern entrance, on either side of the bay are volcanic peaks topped with tropical foliage,40 km to the north is the Bataan Peninsula and to the south is the province of Cavite. In the south channel is El Fraile Island and outside the entrance, to the immediate north and south are additional harbors, upon which both local and international ports are situated. Large number of ships at the North and South harbors facilitate maritime activities in the bay, being smaller of the two harbors, the North Harbor is used for inter-island shipping while the South Harbor is used for large ocean-going vessels. Manila Bay was connected to Laguna de Bay approximately 3,000 years ago, recurring episodic uplifts along the West Marikina Valley Fault caused the two to break up. Interaction between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay today occurs only through the Pasig River, the bay was the setting for the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898, in which American troops led by Commodore George Dewey seized the area. This battle showcased the United States naval strength, all major Spanish ships were destroyed and captured. With its proud historic past and abundant marine life, Manila Bay became the portal and Filipino epicenter for government, economy. During the Russo-Japanese War at the close of the Battle of Tsushima in 1905, three surviving Russian protected cruisers managed to make port in then-United States-controlled Manila for repairs. However, because the US was neutral in conflict, the trio of warships. In World War II, Corregidor Island was annexed by 1942 by Japanese forces based in Manila Bay, much earlier, various other battles were fought from this naval base, including the La Naval de Manila in 1646, which finally ended Dutch attempts to seize the Philippines. It also serves a focus for recreation for Metro Manila and is a destination for walks. Much of the land fronting the bay along Metro Manila is reclaimed land now includes important sites such as the Philippine Senate. On 27 September 2011, the sea walls of Manila Bay were destroyed by the surge caused by Typhoon Pedring. Even the United States Embassy, Museo Pambata and Sofitel Philippine Plaza were submerged by the flooding and it was estimated that the damage would cost P30 million to repair
Media related to Bataan at Wikimedia Commons
Geographic data related to Bataan at OpenStreetMap
Geographic data related to 
Bataan
Province of Bataan
