1.
Relief Society
–
The Relief Society is a philanthropic and educational womens organization and an official auxiliary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It was founded in 1842 in Nauvoo, Illinois, United States, the Relief Society is often referred to by the church and others as one of the oldest and largest womens organizations in the world. The motto of the Relief Society, taken from 1 Corinthians 13,8, is Charity never faileth, Relief Society accomplishes these purposes through Sunday gospel instruction, other Relief Society meetings, visiting teaching, and welfare and compassionate service. In the spring of 1842 Sarah Granger Kimball and her seamstress, Margaret A. Cook and they determined to invite their neighbors to assist by creating a Ladies Society. Kimball asked Eliza R. Snow to write a constitution and by-laws for the organization for submission to President of the Church Joseph Smith for review, after reviewing the documents, Smith called them the best he had ever seen but said, this is not what you want. Tell the sisters their offering is accepted of the Lord, I will organize the women under the priesthood after a pattern of the priesthood. Twenty women gathered on Thursday, March 17,1842 in the meeting room over Smiths Red Brick Store in Nauvoo. Smith, John Taylor, and Willard Richards sat on the platform at the end of the room with the women facing them. The Spirit of God Like a Fire Is Burning was sung, Smith also proposed that the women elect a presiding officer who would choose two counselors to assist her. Emma Hale Smith was elected unanimously as president and she chose Sarah M. Cleveland and Elizabeth Ann Whitney as her two counselors. John Taylor was appointed to ordain the women and he did so and it was proposed that the organization go by the name Benevolent Society and with no opposition the vote carried. However, Emma Smith made a point of objection, after discussion, it was unanimously agreed that the fledgling organization be named The Female Relief Society of Nauvoo. Joseph Smith then offered five dollars in gold to commence the funds of the Society, Eliza R. Snow was unanimously elected as secretary of the Society with Phebe M. Wheeler as Assistant Secretary and Elvira A. Coles as Treasurer. Emma Smith remarked that each member should be ambitious to do good and seek out, several female members then made donations to the Society. The men returned, and Taylor and Richards also made donations, after singing Come Let Us Rejoice, the meeting was adjourned to meet on the following Thursday at 10 oclock. Taylor then gave a closing prayer, E feel convinced that with their concentrated efforts, the condition of the suffering poor, of the stranger and the fatherless will be ameliorated. The new organization was popular and grew so rapidly that finding a place for such a large group proved difficult. Under Emma Smiths direction, the Society was divided for the purpose of meeting according to each of the four municipal wards
2.
Lorenzo Snow
–
Lorenzo Snow was an American religious leader who served as the fifth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1898 to his death. Snow was the last president of the LDS Church in the nineteenth century, Lorenzo had siblings Leonora Abigail Snow, Eliza R. Snow, Percy Amanda Snow, Melissa Snow, Lucius Augustus Snow, and Samuel Pearce Snow. Despite the labor required on the farm, the Snow family valued learning, Snow received his final year of education at Oberlin College, which was founded by two Presbyterian ministers. Snow later made his living as a teacher when not engaged in church service. In 1831, Joseph Smith, the Latter Day Saint prophet, took up residence in Hiram, Ohio, the Snow family was Baptist, but soon took a strong interest in the new religious movement. Snow recorded that he heard the Book of Mormon being read aloud in his home in Mantua, by 1835, Snows mother and his older sister Eliza, had joined the Latter Day Saint church. Eliza soon moved to the headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio. She, in her biography of Snow, claims to have fostered his interest in Mormonism while he was at Oberlin, Eliza invited Snow to visit her and attend a school of Hebrew newly established by the church. During his visit there, in June 1836, Snow was baptized by John F. Boynton, while living in Kirtland in 1837, Snow was called to serve a short mission in Ohio, traveling without purse or scrip. He recorded that relying on the kindness of others for his meals and lodging was difficult for him, when he returned to Kirtland in 1838, Snow found Smiths followers in turmoil over the failure of the Kirtland Safety Society. Snow and the members of his family chose to move to Missouri in the summer of 1838. Snow became seriously ill with a fever, and was nursed for several weeks by his sister Eliza, on his recovery, Snow left for a second mission to Illinois and Kentucky in the fall of 1838. He served there through February 1839, when he learned that the Latter Day Saints had been expelled from their settlements in Missouri and he traveled home by way of his former mission area in Ohio. He was again ill and was cared for by members of the church. He remained in Ohio, preaching and working with church members until the fall of 1839, during the school year of 1839–40, Snow taught in Shalersville, Ohio. He sent money to his family, which had by then settled in Nauvoo, Illinois, shortly after he arrived in Nauvoo, Snow was asked to serve a mission in England. After an unpleasant sea voyage from New York City, Snow met with some of the members of the Quorum of the Twelve who had opened the British Mission in 1839, including Brigham Young, Heber C. Snow worked briefly in the Manchester area, and had success in Birmingham, Snow was assigned to preside over church members in London
3.
Zina D. H. Young
–
She practiced polyandry as the wife of Joseph Smith, and later Brigham Young, each of whom she married while she was still married to her first husband, Henry Jacobs. Zina Huntington was born in Watertown, New York, the child of William. Her fathers family was descended from Puritan Simon Huntington, who died at sea in 1633 on the voyage to America. Her father was a veteran of the War of 1812, her grandfather a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and his brother, Samuel Huntington and she was taught household skills, such as spinning, soap making, and weaving, and received a basic education. She developed musical talent by learning to play the cello, in 1835, when Zina was fourteen, her family was contacted by Hyrum Smith and David Whitmer, missionaries of the Church of the Latter Day Saints. With the exception of her oldest brother, the family joined the church. Zina was baptized by Smith on August 1,1835, after receiving advice from Joseph Smith, Sr. Zinas father sold their property and relocated to the churchs headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio. Zina was a member of the Kirtland Temple Choir, nineteen months later, the family moved again to Far West, Missouri. They arrived in Far West at a time of violence between Missouri residents and the newly arrived Mormons, after Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs issued the Extermination Order, Zinas father helped coordinate the evacuation of church members to Illinois. In 1839, when Zina was only eighteen years old, there was an epidemic in Nauvoo, Illinois, Zina. Her mother died, but Zina recovered after receiving care in the home of Joseph, Zina was noted among the new converts of the church for her somewhat remarkable spiritual gifts. Not long after the arrived in Kirtland she exhibited the gift of tongues and of the interpretation of tongues. She also later exhibited the gifts of prophesy and healing, wells later wrote of her, in all spiritual labors and manifestations, she was greatly gifted, and no woman in Israel was more inspirational in prayer. Her whole life was one of untiring devotion to her Heavenly Father, Zina recorded in her autobiography that when she was eighteen she was courted by Henry Bailey Jacobs. During this time, Joseph Smith, also taught her about marriage in private conversations. Zina declined the proposals out of her respect for Emma Smith and for traditional Christian monogamy, on March 7,1841, she married Jacobs, believing she had thus avoided future proposals from Smith. Nauvoo mayor John C. Bennett conducted the ceremony and her journal from the day of the wedding reads, I was Married to Mr. Henry Bailey Jacobs. He had been a missionary preaching the Gospel for some time and his Father Henry Jacobs was one of the first elders in the Church, faithful and true until the last
4.
Emmeline B. Wells
–
Emmeline Blanche Woodward Harris Whitney Wells was an American journalist, editor, poet, womens rights advocate and diarist. She served as the fifth Relief Society General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1910 until her death, Emmeline Blanche Woodward was born in on February 29,1828 in Petersham, Massachusetts. She was the child of David and Deiadama Hare Woodward. Her father died when Emmeline was four years old and she would later claim that her widowed mother inspired her to be womans rights advocate. As a child, she wrote poems and stories which she shared with her friends and she often enjoyed being in nature. Woodward was very intelligent and began studying in school until she enrolled in the New Salem Academy. She graduated from the Academy at the age of fourteen and she taught school briefly before her first marriage at the age of fifteen. Woodward joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on March 1,1842 and she married 16-year-old James Harris, also a new member of the church, on July 19,1843. In 1844, the couple, his parents, and other Latter Day Saints from their region migrated to the headquarters of the church, Nauvoo. After the death of their infant son, Eugene Henri, Harris left Nauvoo looking for work, the young Emmeline Harris returned to teaching. Through his children attending her school, Harris met and later married Newel K. Whitney, Emmeline Whitney left Nauvoo in 1846, and traveled to Utah Territory with the extended Whitney family in 1848. At this time, she began maintaining a personal journal, Wells would continue writing in her diaries until 1920, shortly before her death. On the first page of volume 1, dated Friday, February 27,1846, she recorded and she remained primarily responsible for supporting herself and her children for the rest of her life. Emmeline Whitney approached Daniel H. Wells, a friend of her late husband, in 1852, she became his seventh wife, bearing him three daughters. Their early marriage was distant, as Daniel Wells was heavily involved in civic, however, later in their lives, the couple became fond and loving companions. Wells was the editor of Utahs Womans Exponent, a periodical established in 1872 for Mormon women. Wells was a contributor to the magazine from its inception, Wells became the associate editor in 1875 when Cornelia H. Horne ended her term as business manager. Wells was the editor from 1877 until the publication ceased in 1914, as editor she wrote all the editorials, many of the articles and most biographical sketches contained in the publication
5.
Elizabeth Ann Whitney
–
Elizabeth Ann Smith Whitney was an early Latter Day Saint leader, and wife to Newel K. Whitney, another early Latter Day Saint leader. She went by her name, Ann. Elizabeth Ann Smith was born in Derby, Connecticut to Gibson Smith and she was the couples oldest child. Her parents werent members of any church, although they were Christian, as a child, she was taught dancing. She left her parents at about age 18 and moved to Kirtland, Ohio with her aunt Sarah Smith, when she was 20 she met her future husband, Newel K. Whitney. The couple was married on October 20,1822 and they quickly accumulated wealth and status in their community. They had eleven children together and adopted several homeless children, in Kirtland, Ann and her husband joined the Disciples of Christ, called the Campbellites at the time, led in the area by Sidney Rigdon. This group denied it had power to give the gift of the Holy Spirit and this, along with vague answers to Whitneys questions, caused her and her husband couple to pray for direction. In response to prayer, the couple claimed to have seen a vision. Sidney Rigdon converted to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in 1830, Whitney heard of his conversion and of the missionaries who were in the area. She went home after hearing them speak to share with her husband that she felt it was the right church and she and her husband chose to be baptized in November 1830. Joseph and Emma Smith arrived at Newel K. Whitneys store in Kirtland in December 1830, Joseph said, I am Joseph the Prophet, you have prayed me here, now what do you want of me. Joseph then stayed in their home, while there, he received revelations that are recorded in Doctrine and Covenants. Whitney and her husband hosted a three-day feast for the poor in January 1836 and they lost some of their wealth when the Kirtland Safety Society Banking Company collapsed and people began persecuting members of the church. Whitney and her family traveled with the members of the church and they left Kirtland to move to Far West, Missouri in the fall of 1838 due to persecution. However, when they reached St. Louis, they were informed that Latter-day Saints were being kicked out of Missouri and they settled in Carrollton, Illinois during the winter of 1839–1839. They then moved to Quincy, Illinois during the next winter, by the spring of 1840, they had reached Nauvoo, Illinois, then called Commerce. When the family reached Nauvoo, most of them were sick, the couple received their endowments were sealed in the Nauvoo Temple by Joseph Smith
6.
Ida Smoot Dusenberry
–
Ida Maline Smoot Dusenberry was a Utah educator and a leader in the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Ida Smoot was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Abraham O. Smoot and she was the sister of Reed Smoot and Brigham Smoot. Dusenberry attended Brigham Young Academy in Provo beginning at age five, while in school she married George A. Dusenberry and became the mother of two children. She lost her mother, father, and husband during the three years. Dusenberry was trained as a teacher at Chauncy Hall School in Boston from 1898-1899. Upon her return to Provo, she became the principal of the Kindergarten Normal Training school, in 1910 she spent three years in graduate school at Columbia University and during that time continued to speak at many national conferences. She also received a bachelor of degree from Brigham Young University in 1906. In 1921, Dusenberry became an assistant professor of psychology at BYU and she worked as a faculty member at BYU until retiring in 1943. In 1901, Dusenberry became a member of the presidency of the Relief Society. Dusenberry served in capacity until Smiths death in 1910, when the presidency was dissolved. Dusenberry remained a member of the Relief Society general board until 1921 and she died in Provo, Utah and was then buried there as well. Latter-day Saints Biographical Encyclopedia 2,169,4, 183–84, ida Smoot Dusenberry Papers, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. Ida Smoot Dusenberry at Find a Grave
7.
Shinnston, West Virginia
–
Shinnston is a city and former coal town in Harrison County, West Virginia, United States, along the West Fork River. In 1778 Levi Shinn constructed his log home along what is now Route 19, the roots of Shinnston date back to 1778, when Levi Shinn constructed his log home. The log house, located along Route 19, is the oldest standing structure in North Central West Virginia and it is maintained by the Shinnston Historical Association, which opens the home for tours by the general public. In 1815, the town was out with three streets, running parallel with the river, and with four crossing streets running at right angles to them. The town was incorporated in 1852 as Shinns Town by an act of the Virginia legislature, Solomon S. Fleming was elected as the first mayor. A new charter was secured in 1877 and the name was changed to Shinnston. In 1915, Shinnstons charter provided for a Mayor-Council form of government and this model remained in place for over 70 years and in 1998, the citizens voted to revise the charter to adopt a City Manager-Council form of local government. That model was implemented on July 1,1998 and remains in place today, Shinnston has enjoyed a history of active commerce, with its beginnings built around both grain mills and saw mills. In its early years, the saw the development of a tannery, wagon makers, an undertaker, mercantile interests, a pottery. The railroad came to the area in 1890, and the first bank opened in 1899, from 1906 to 1947 a trolley operated in the area, offering another form of transportation. As is true for much of West Virginia, energy has been a component in our citys history. By the early 1900s oil wells and gas wells joined coal as major economic forces, energy generation continues to be a major source of jobs and economic activity today, as evidenced by the existing mines as well as the nearby Harrison Power Station. Shinnston has also enjoyed a diverse culture of many faiths and denominations, the first church was organized in 1786 and held meetings and services in several homes until the construction of the first church building in 1835. Today, the churches work together, having formed a Council of Churches offering shared services with members of several faiths. By 1813, the first school was organized with classes taught in a log cabin. In 1860 a larger building was constructed for use as a town hall and this turned into the first public school in 1865. The first grade school was established in 1895 and Shinnston High School was added in 1907, in 1978, Shinnston and Lumberport High Schools were combined to form Lincoln High School. Over the years these schools have produced many distinguished alumni who have gone on the fame in the fields of athletics, business, literature, art
8.
Virginia
–
Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
9.
Salt Lake City
–
Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
10.
Salt Lake City Cemetery
–
The Salt Lake City Cemetery is in The Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah. Approximately 120,000 persons are buried in the cemetery, many religious leaders and politicians, particularly many leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints lie in the cemetery. It encompasses over 250 acres and contains 9 1⁄2 miles of roads and it is the largest city-operated cemetery in the United States. The first burial occurred on September 27,1847, when George Wallace buried his child, the burial was two months after the Mormon pioneers had settled the Salt Lake Valley. In 1849, George Wallace, Daniel H. Wells, in 1851, Salt Lake City was incorporated and the 20 acres officially became the Salt Lake City Cemetery with George Wallace as its first sexton. The cemetery contains one British Commonwealth war grave, of a Canadian Army soldier of World War I, vandals have repeatedly damaged a controversial headstone in the cemetery whose claims are contrary to those of the LDS Church. List of people buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery Arave, Lynn, S. L
11.
George A. Smith
–
Smith played a prominent role in the chain of events preceding the Mountain Meadows Massacre on September 11,1857. The city of St. George, Utah, is named after him, Smith was born in Potsdam, St. Lawrence County, New York, the son of John Smith and Clarissa Lyman, and a nephew of Joseph Smith, Sr. In September 1832, at the age of 15, George A. Smith was baptized into the Church of Christ founded by his cousin Joseph Smith, the following year, John Smith and his family moved to Kirtland, Ohio, the churchs headquarters. There Smith met his cousin, Joseph, for the first time, in 1838, he moved with his parents and a large body of church members to the state of Missouri. In the spring of 1834, the 16-year-old Smith accompanied a group Latter Day Saints on a 2000-mile march to Missouri and this trip, known as Zions Camp, was intended to bring aid to suffering members of the church in Missouri. Smith served as a missionary to the eastern United States, traveling and preaching during the summers of 1835,1836, Smith was ordained a seventy in the priesthood on March 1,1835, by Joseph Smith. On April 26,1839, at the age of 21, George A. Smith was ordained an apostle, future church president Wilford Woodruff was ordained as an apostle on the same day. The two men replaced former apostles Thomas B, marsh, who had left the church, and Orson Hyde, who had been disfellowshipped and removed from his position. After Joseph Smiths death and the assumption of leadership by Brigham Young. After arriving in Utah, Smith led a company of 118 volunteers and they arrived at Centre Creek,265 miles from Salt Lake City, on January 13,1851. Under direction from the General Assembly of the State of Deseret, during the winter of 1850–51, the settlers constructed a fort enclosing homes, a meeting house, a school, and a watch tower. Smith taught school during the first winter, and later served as a member of Utahs territorial legislature, in 1868, Smith was called to replace Heber C. Kimball as First Counselor in the First Presidency under church president Brigham Young, Smith served in this position until his death. Smiths first wife, Bathsheba W. Smith, served as president of the churchs Relief Society from 1901 to 1910. A son, John Henry Smith, also served as an apostle, George A. Smiths grandson and namesake, George Albert Smith, also became an apostle and later was the churchs eighth president. Smith was the eighth official Church Historian of the LDS Church between 1854 and 1871, Smith instructed church members to stockpile grain, and not to sell it to emigrants or use it for animal feed. In addition to Parowan, Smiths tour included visits to Cedar City, the group stopped at Mountain Meadows to eat dinner on August 20 with a group of resident missionaries. Smith addressed a group of Indians in Santa Clara, counseling them that the Americans were approaching with a large army, riding in a wagon afterwards, John D
12.
Latter Day Saint movement
–
The Latter Day Saint movement is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian primitivist movement founded by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s. Collectively, these churches have over 15 million members, the vast majority of adherents belong to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, with their predominant theology being Mormonism. The LDS Church self-identifies as Christian, based on the teachings of this book and other revelations, Smith founded a Christian primitivist church, called the Church of Christ. The Book of Mormon attracted hundreds of followers, who later became known as Mormons, Latter Day Saints. In 1831, Smith moved the headquarters to Kirtland, Ohio. After the church in Ohio collapsed due to dissensions, in 1838, Smith and the body of the moved to Missouri. After Smiths death in 1844, a crisis led to the organization splitting into several groups. The largest of these, the LDS Church, migrated under the leadership of Brigham Young to the Great Basin, the LDS Church officially renounced this practice in 1890, and gradually discontinued it, resulting in the Utah Territory becoming a U. S. state. This change resulted in the formation of a number of small sects who sought to maintain polygamy and other 19th-century Mormon doctrines and practices, other groups originating within the Latter Day Saint movement followed different paths in Missouri, Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. For the most part these groups rejected plural marriage and some of Smiths later teachings, the largest of these, the Community of Christ, was formed in Illinois in 1860 by several groups uniting around Smiths son, Joseph Smith III. Most existing denominations that adhere to the teachings of Smith have some relationship with the movement. The driving force behind and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement was Joseph Smith, Smith and Cowdery also explained that the angels John the Baptist, Peter, James, and John visited them in 1829 and gave them priesthood authority to reestablish the Church of Christ. The first Latter Day Saint church was formed on April 6,1830, consisting of a community of believers in the western New York towns of Fayette, Manchester, the church was formally organized under the name of the Church of Christ. In 1844, William Law and several other Latter Day Saints in church leadership positions publicly denounced Smiths secret practice of polygamy in the Nauvoo Expositor, the city council of Nauvoo, Illinois, led by Smith, subsequently had the printing press of the Expositor destroyed. In spite of Smiths later offer to pay damages for destroyed property, critics of Smith, some called for the Latter Day Saints to be either expelled or destroyed. These various claims resulted in a succession crisis, many supported Brigham Young, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, others Sidney Rigdon, the senior surviving member of the First Presidency. These various groups are referred to under two geographical headings, Prairie Saints and Rocky Mountain Saints. Today, the vast majority of Latter Day Saints belong to the Utah-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the second-largest denomination is the Missouri-based Community of Christ which reports over 250,000 members
13.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
–
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
14.
Salt Lake Temple
–
The Salt Lake Temple is a temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints located on Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. At 253,015 square feet, it is the largest LDS temple by floor area. Dedicated in 1893, it is the temple completed by the church, requiring 40 years to complete. The Salt Lake Temple is the centerpiece of the 10-acre Temple Square in Salt Lake City, in 1912, the first public photographs of the interior were published in the book The House of the Lord, by James E. Talmage. Since then, various photographs have been published, including by Life magazine in 1938, the temple grounds are open to the public and are a popular tourist attraction. Due to its location at LDS Church headquarters and its historical significance, the Salt Lake Temple is also the location of the weekly meetings of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. As such, there are meeting rooms in the building for these purposes, including the Holy of Holies. The official name of the Salt Lake Temple is also unique, in 1999, as the building of LDS temples accelerated, the church announced a formal naming convention for all existing and future temples. For temples located in the United States and Canada, the name of the temple is generally the city or town in which the temple is located, followed by the name of the state or province. For temples outside of the U. S. and Canada, however, for reasons on which the church did not elaborate, the Salt Lake Temple was made an exception to the new guidelines and was not renamed the Salt Lake City Utah Temple. The temple also includes some elements thought to evoke Solomons Temple at Jerusalem and it is oriented towards Jerusalem and the large basin used as a baptismal font is mounted on the backs of twelve oxen, as was the Molten Sea in Solomons Temple. At the east end of the building, the height of the pinnacle to the base of the angel Moroni is 210 feet, or 120 cubits. The temple is located in downtown Salt Lake City, with mountain peaks close by. Nearby, a stream, City Creek, splits and flows both to the west and to the south, flowing into the Jordan River. There is a wall around the 10-acre temple site, the surrounding wall became the first permanent structure on what has become known as Temple Square. The wall is a uniform 15 feet high but varies in appearance because of the southwest slope of the site. The location for the temple was first marked by Mormon prophet Brigham Young, in 1901 the apostle Anthon H. Lund recorded in his journal that it is said that Oliver Cowderys divining rod was used to located the temple site. The temple site was dedicated on February 14,1853 by Heber C, groundbreaking ceremonies were presided over by Young, who laid the cornerstone on April 6 of that year
15.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
16.
Women's suffrage
–
Womens suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Limited voting rights were gained by women in Finland, Iceland, Sweden and some Australian colonies, National and international organizations formed to coordinate efforts to gain voting rights, especially the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, and also worked for equal civil rights for women. In 1881, the Isle of Man gave women who owned property the right to vote, in 1893, the British colony of New Zealand, granted women the right to vote. The colony of South Australia, did the same in 1894 and women were able to vote in the next election, South Australia also permitted women to stand for election alongside men. In 1899 Western Australia enacted full womens suffrage, enabling women to vote in the referendum of 31 July 1900. In 1902 women in the four colonies also acquired the right to vote. Discriminatory restrictions against Aboriginal people, including women, voting in elections, were not completely removed until 1962. Norway followed, granting full womens suffrage in 1913, most independent countries enacted womens suffrage in the interwar era, including Canada in 1917, Britain in 1918 and the United States in 1920. If women could work in factories, it seemed both ungrateful and illogical to deny them a place in the polling booth. But the vote was more than simply a reward for war work. Late adopters in Europe included Spain in 1931, France in 1944, Italy in 1946, Greece in 1952, Switzerland in 1971, the United States gave women equal voting rights in all states with the Nineteenth Amendment ratified in 1920. Canada and a few Latin American nations passed womens suffrage before World War II while the vast majority of Latin American nations established womens suffrage in the 1940s, the last Latin American country to give women the right to vote was Paraguay in 1961. In December 2015, women were first allowed to vote in Saudi Arabia, extended political campaigns by women and their supporters have generally been necessary to gain legislation or constitutional amendments for womens suffrage. In many countries, limited suffrage for women was granted before universal suffrage for men, for instance, in ancient Athens, often cited as the birthplace of democracy, only adult, male citizens who owned land were permitted to vote. Through subsequent centuries, Europe was generally ruled by monarchs, though forms of parliament arose at different times. Their Protestant successors enjoyed the same privilege almost into modern times and they make decisions there like the men, and it is they who even delegated the first ambassadors to discuss peace. The Iroquois, like many First Nations peoples in North America, had a kinship system. Property and descent were passed through the female line, Women elders voted on hereditary male chiefs and could depose them
17.
Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
–
The Church of Christ was the original name of the Latter Day Saint church founded by Joseph Smith. Each of the churches that resulted from this schism considers itself to be the continuation of Smiths original Church of Christ. This church is unrelated to other bodies bearing the name, including the United Church of Christ, a Reformed church body, and the Churches of Christ. Today, there are several Latter Day Saint churches called Church of Christ, the first Latter Day Saint references to the church of Christ are found in passages of the Book of Mormon that Smith dictated from April to June 1829. During the course of this dictation, the outlines for a community of believers or church structure became apparent. Such a structure would have authority from God, ordinances such as baptism, the book described the clergy in Almas church as consisting of priests, who were unpaid and were to preach nothing save it were repentance and faith in the Lord. Alma later established churches, which were considered one church because there was nothing preached in all the churches except it were repentance. In addition to priests, the book mentions that the clergy of these also included teachers. Smiths further dictation of the Book of Mormon also stated there were two churches only, the one is the church of the Lamb of God, and the other is the church of the devil. As a result of the references to baptism and the organization of churches. Smith and Cowdery then baptized each other by immersion and they also baptized dozens of people, as early as June 1829. These converts, however, did not belong to a church organization. Nevertheless, this community of believers referred to themselves as the Church of Christ, in June 1829, Smith dictated a revelation stating that in are all things written, concerning my church, my gospel, and my rock. Wherefore if you build up my church, and my gospel, and my rock. Some time between June and December 1829, Cowdery said he received a revelation about how he should build up his church & the manner thereof. This revelation was called the Articles of the Church of Christ, the church was to meet regularly to partake of bread and wine. Cowdery was described as an Apostle of Jesus Christ, according to David Whitmer, by April 1830, this informal Church of Christ had about six elders and 70 members. On April 6,1830, Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and a group of approximately 30 believers met with the intention of formally organizing the Church of Christ into a legal institution
18.
Joseph Smith
–
Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, in 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and established an outpost in Independence, Missouri, during the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published revelations, and supervised construction of the expensive Kirtland Temple. In 1844, Smith and the Nauvoo city council angered non-Mormons by destroying a newspaper that had criticized Smiths power, after Smith was imprisoned in Carthage, Illinois, he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse. Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers regard as scripture and his teachings include unique views about the nature of God, cosmology, family structures, political organization, and religious collectivism. Joseph Smith Jr. was born on December 23,1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr. a merchant, after suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the younger Smith used crutches for three years. During the Second Great Awakening, the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm, although Smiths parents disagreed about religion, the family was caught up in this excitement. Smith later said he became interested in religion at about the age of twelve, he participated in church classes, as a teenager, he may have been sympathetic to Methodism. With other family members, Smith also engaged in folk magic. Both his parents and his grandfather reportedly had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God. Smith said that although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, years later Smith said that in 1820 he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion. While praying in an area near his home, he said that God, in a vision, had told him his sins were forgiven. Smith said he told the experience to a preacher, who dismissed the story with contempt, but the experience was largely unknown, even to most Mormons, until the 1840s. Although Smith may have understood the event as a conversion, this First Vision later grew in importance among Mormons. Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him, Smith reported that during the next four years, he made annual visits to the hill but each time returned without the plates. Meanwhile, the Smith family faced financial hardship due in part to the November 1823 death of Smiths oldest brother Alvin, Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers, a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period
19.
Eliza R. Snow
–
Eliza Roxcy Snow was one of the most celebrated Mormon women of the nineteenth century. A renowned poet, she chronicled history, celebrated nature and relationships, Snow was married to Joseph Smith as a plural wife and was openly a plural wife of Brigham Young after Smiths death. Snow was the general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. She was also the sister of Lorenzo Snow, the fifth president. Born in Becket, Massachusetts, Snow was the daughter of Oliver. When she was two old, her family left New England to settle on a new and fertile farm in the Western Reserve valley, in Mantua. The Snow family valued learning and saw that each child had educational opportunities, Snow worked as secretary for her father in his office as justice of the peace. Snows Baptist parents welcomed a variety of religious believers into their home, in 1828, Snow and her parents joined Alexander Campbells Christian restorationist movement, the Disciples of Christ. Snows mother and sister joined Smiths Church of Christ early on, several years later, in 1835, Snow was baptized and moved to Kirtland, Ohio, the headquarters of the church. Upon her arrival, Snow donated her inheritance, a sum of money. Here, Snow taught school for Smiths family and was influential in interesting her younger brother, Lorenzo, Lorenzo Snow later became an apostle and the churchs fifth president. Snow moved west with her family and the body of the church, first to Adam-ondi-Ahman, a settlement in Missouri. In Nauvoo, Snow again made her living as a school teacher, after Smiths death, Snow claimed to have secretly wed him on June 29,1842, as a plural wife. Snow wrote fondly of Smith, my husband, the choice of my heart. However, Snow had organized a petition in that summer of 1842, with a thousand female signatures, denying that Smith was connected with polygamy. As Secretary of the Ladies Relief Society, she organized the publishing of a certificate in October 1842 denouncing polygamy, was really testimony she died with a libel on her lips. After Smiths death, Snow married Brigham Young as a plural wife and she traveled west across the plains and arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on October 2,1847. There, childless Eliza became a prominent member of Youngs family, moving into a bedroom in Youngs Salt Lake City residence
20.
Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)
–
The succession crisis in the Latter Day Saint movement occurred after the death of Joseph Smith, the movements founder, on June 27,1844. For roughly six months after Joseph Smiths death, several people competed to take over his role, the leading contenders were Sidney Rigdon, Brigham Young, and James Strang. The majority of Latter Day Saints elected to follow Youngs leadership and this significant event in the history of the Latter Day Saint movement precipitated several permanent schisms. The new Church of Christ was organized by Joseph Smith and a group of men on April 6,1830. This change over time was driven by both the growth in population and the evolution of Smiths role as leader of the church. Prior to the establishment of the church, Smith held the title of Prophet, Seer, and Revelator. However, as the church was organized rather than legally incorporated, its property needed to be held in trust by a trustee, initially, the highest leadership position in the church was that of elder, and church elders were sometimes called apostles. Smiths initial title in the church was First Elder, while his friend and associate, in March 1832, Smith created a quorum of three presidents known as the First Presidency. On December 18,1833, Smith created the office of Patriarch over the Church and ordained his father, Joseph, Sr. to fill the role. The Presiding Patriarch, as the office came to be called, on February 17,1834, Smith created a High Council in Kirtland, Ohio. This body consisted of men, headed by the First Presidency. The Kirtland High Council took on the role of judicial and legislative body of the local church and handled such things as excommunication trials. Several months later on July 3,1834, the High Council of Zion was organized in Far West, Jackson County, Missouri. Cases tried in the standing High Councils of outlying stakes were regularly appealed to the High Council of Zion, the Presiding High Council also provided clearance for ordinations in the standing High Councils at the Stakes of Zion. Marsh was set apart as their president, when the High Council in Zion was dissolved after the church was expelled from Missouri, the headquarters of the church were moved to Nauvoo, Illinois. There, Joseph Smith formed a new Presiding High Council, led by William Marks, which supervised the High Councils of outlying stakes, under the direction of the First Presidency. At the time of his death, Smith thus held several roles, Prophet, Seer, Revelator, and Translator, President of the Church, President of the First Presidency, and Trustee-in-Trust of the Church. It was unclear if all of these offices should be together by any one successor
21.
Brigham Young
–
Brigham Young was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. He was the second President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death in 1877 and he founded Salt Lake City and he served as the first governor of the Utah Territory. Young also led the foundings of the precursors to the University of Utah, Young was dubbed by his followers the Lion of the Lord for his bold personality and was also commonly called Brother Brigham by Latter-day Saints. Young was a polygamist and was involved in controversies regarding black people and the Priesthood, the Utah War, and the Mountain Meadows massacre. Young was born to John Young and Abigail Nabby Howe, a family in Whitingham, Vermont. Young was first married in 1824 to Miriam Angeline Works, though he had converted to the Methodist faith in 1823, Young was drawn to Mormonism after reading the Book of Mormon shortly after its publication in 1830. He officially joined the new church in 1832 and traveled to Upper Canada as a missionary, after his wife died in 1832, Young joined many Mormons in establishing a community in Kirtland, Ohio. In 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young opposed this reasoning and motion, the majority in attendance were persuaded that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was to lead the church with Young as the Quorums president. Many of Youngs followers would later reminisce that while Young spoke to the congregation, he looked or sounded exactly like Smith, Young was ordained President of the Church in December 1847, three and a half years after Smiths death. Rigdon became the president of a church organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Repeated conflict led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, Young organized the journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, then to the Salt Lake Valley. By the time Young arrived at the destination, it had come under American control as a result of war with Mexico. Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24,1847, Youngs expedition was one of the largest and one of the best organized westward treks. On August 22,29 days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, after three years of leading the church as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Young reorganized a new First Presidency and was declared president of the church on December 27,1847. As colonizer and founder of Salt Lake City, Young was appointed the territorys first governor, during his time as prophet, Young directed the establishment of settlements throughout present-day Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, California and parts of southern Colorado and northern Mexico. Young was also one of the first to subscribe to Union Pacific stock, Young organized the first legislature and established Fillmore as the territorys first capital. Young organized a Board of Regents to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley and it was established on February 28,1850, as the University of Deseret, its name was eventually changed to the University of Utah
22.
Jacob Hamblin
–
Jacob Vernon Hamblin was a Western pioneer, Mormon missionary, and diplomat to various Native American tribes of the Southwest and Great Basin. He aided European-American settlement of areas of southern Utah and northern Arizona. He is sometimes referred to as the Buckskin Apostle, or the Apostle to the Lamanites, Hamblin was born in Salem, Ashtabula County, Ohio, to a family of farmers. He was baptized a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints on March 3,1842, Hamblin and his first wife Lucinda had four children. When Hamblin proposed moving west with the Latter Day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, in February 1849, Hamblin and Lucinda decided to end their marriage, and he continued west without her, taking the four children with him. In September, Hamblin met and married Rachel Judd, a widow, in Council Bluffs, with Rachel he had five children. Hamblin lived the Mormon doctrine of plural marriage, and he married Sarah Priscilla Leavitt on September 11,1857, with Leavitt he had 10 children, and with Bonelli he had 6 children. Leavitt and Bonelli were sealed to him in the Endowment House in Salt Lake City, as an adult, Hamblin and his family lived in Wisconsin. Hamblin was injured and thought he would die of his wound, Hamblin prayed that if he survived, he would serve God the rest of his life. Soon after, a woman knocked on his door who said she had called to go to his house. A nurse, she had the medicines and poultices needed, and helped heal Hamblins wound, from then on Hamblin turned to God. In 1842, he and his children converted to Mormonism and they moved from Wisconsin to Nauvoo, Illinois, where the Latter Day Saints had gathered. After Joseph Smiths death, Hamblin witnessed the succession crisis among the Mormons, in his memoir, Hamblin wrote of the moment he decided to support Young, On the 8th of August,1844, I attended a general meeting of the Saints. Elder Rigdon was there, urging his claims to the presidency of the Church and his voice did not sound like the voice of the true shepherd. When he was about to call a vote of the congregation to him as President of the Church, Elders Brigham Young, Parley P. Pratt. Brigham Young remarked to the congregation, I will manage this voting for Elder Rigdon and this child will manage this flock for a season. The voice and gestures of the man were those of the Prophet Joseph, the people, with few exceptions, visibly saw that the mantle of the Prophet Joseph Smith had fallen upon Brigham Young. To some it seemed as though Joseph again stood before them, I arose to my feet and said to a man sitting by me, That is the voice of the true shepherd—the chief of the Apostles
23.
Winter Quarters (North Omaha, Nebraska)
–
It followed a preliminary tent settlement some 3½ miles west at Cutlers Park. The Mormons built more than 800 cabins at the Winter Quarters settlement, located in present-day North Omaha overlooking the Missouri River, the settlement remained populated until 1848. Wintering Saints had left their homes in Nauvoo, Illinois on relatively short notice, conditions at the settlement remained primitive the first month, with pioneers living in tents while the men put up hay, found water and managed the cattle. Due to arguments among the Oto and Omaha tribes over use of the land, there they built cabins and sod houses for the winter. One group of cabins became known as Kimball Row and it consisted of thirteen adjacent cabins, with the homes of church leaders Heber C. Kimball and Newel K. Whitney at either end, Young Mormon men also produced handcrafted items such as willow baskets and washboards for sale. Church funds also allowed the community to build a much needed water-powered gristmill, even with trade, diet in the camp was mainly corn bread, salt bacon and a little milk, with occasional fresh game or domestic meat. Scurvy, known as blackleg during this period, became a major problem, Missouri potatoes and horseradish found at old Fort Atkinson helped ease the level of disease, but all residents lacked fresh vegetables in their diet. Tuberculosis, malaria, and unidentified fevers and chills also plagued the temporary settlement, church member Louisa Barnes Pratt recalled in her memoirs, I hired a man to build me a sod cave. He took turf from the earth, laid it up, covered it with willow brush, built a chimney of the same. I paid a five dollar gold piece for building my sod house,10 x 12, a long cold rain storm brought more severely again the chills and fever. These with scurvy made me helpless indeed, neither could I go to see their remains carried to their final resting place where it was thought I would shortly have to be conveyed. Brigham Young supervised construction of the Florence Mill, today it is reportedly the only surviving building in the area to have been built by Mormons. The settlers needed a mill to grind corn, wheat, and rye to create cornmeal, constructed next to Turkey Creek, later called Mill Creek, which flowed into the Missouri River, the original structure was started in the fall of 1846. It was completed by spring of 1847 at the cost of $3000, brigham Young sold this mill to John Neff, who left it when he also moved to Salt Lake City. Later settlers renovated and used the mill for years, evidence of the original construction techniques has been found in the surviving Florence Mill. Today, the area that was once Winter Quarters is part of the community of Florence, the pioneer community is remembered with several attractions, including the Mormon Pioneer Cemetery, Cutlers Park, Mormon Trail Center and the Mormon Pioneer Memorial Bridge. The Winter Quarters Nebraska Temple was dedicated there in April 2001, the Story of the Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah, Deseret Book Co
24.
Julina Lambson Smith
–
Julina Lambson Smith was a leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. From 1910 to 1921 she was a member of the General Presidency of the Relief Society and she worked as a midwife in the Mormon community and delivered over 1,000 babies. Julina Lambson was born to Alfred Boaz Lambson and Melissa Jane Bigler in Salt Lake City and her parents were Mormon pioneers who arrived in Utah in 1847. Her familys home was the first house in Salt Lake City to be plastered, as a young girl Julina would often stay with her aunt Bathsheba W. Smith and it was in her home that Julina was first introduced to the idea of plural marriage. Ten years after arriving in Salt Lake Julinas family was forced to Nephi and her family and many other saints passed through great trials after being displaced from their homes. In 1866, Julina married Joseph F. Smith in the Endowment House and it was Joseph F. Smiths second marriage, Julina was his first plural wife. His first wife Levira, was unable to have children and was ill, so Julina would do all of the household chores. Joseph and Levira were divorced in 1867, on August 14 of that same year Julina had her first child, Mercy Josephine. In the next fifteen years Joseph married four more women, Julina was close friends with the two of her sister wives closer to her in age, Sarah Ellen and Julinas sister Edna. Joseph F. Smith would go on to be an apostle in the LDS Church and was the president from 1901 until his death in 1918. Joseph F. Smith and Julina Smith had 11 children, one of which was Joseph Fielding Smith, longtime historian and apostle of the church, another son was David Smith, who became a member of the churchs Presiding Bishopric. Her son E. Wesley Smith, who was born in Hawaii, the couple also adopted two children. Because of their polygamist lifestyle, their household was in constant need of a midwife, to find a solution, Julina went and got professional training in nursing and obstetrics. After being trained as a midwife Julina shared this new ability with many of the sisters in her community. She was one of the first trained midwives in Utah, when the U. S. Congress passed the Edmunds Anti-Polygamy Act of 1882 Julina and her husband went to Laie, Hawaii to go into hiding after President Taylor suggested doing so. Many other LDS church leaders went into hiding during this time. Julina and John stayed in Hawaii from January 1885 until the middle of 1887, during her time in Hawaii she gave birth to two children and continued using her midwifery skills to help deliver children on the island. She also ran the kitchen near their home
25.
Joseph F. Smith
–
Joseph Fielding Smith Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the sixth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was the last president of the LDS Church to have personally known Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Smith was the son of church patriarch Hyrum Smith and his wife, Mary Fielding. In addition to her two children, Mary also raised the six children born to Hyrum and Jerusha, Smith was born in Far West, Missouri, on November 13,1838. Just a few days before he was born, his father had taken prisoner under the auspices of the Missouri Executive Order 44. At point of bayonet, Hyrum was marched to his home in Far West and he was told that his doom was sealed and that he would never see her again. Hyrum was still in custody in Liberty Jail, Missouri, when Smith was born and he was named after his uncle, Joseph Smith, and his mothers brother, Joseph Fielding. Hyrum was later released from custody during a transfer from Liberty Jail and his mother was later able to exchange their property in Illinois for a wagon and team of oxen. Smith and his family, along many other Latter Day Saints. The seven-year-old Smith drove the team of oxen with his family to the Latter Day Saint encampment at Winter Quarters, while at Winter Quarters, Smith and another boy, Thomas Burdick, were out on horseback some distance from the settlement, watching the cattle graze. They saw a band of twenty or thirty American Indians ride into the valley on the side of the cattle. Burdick rode back to camp to get help while Smith rode toward the Indians, Smith was able to turn the herd back toward the settlement, and, coupled with the noise and arrival of the Indians, started a stampede which saved the herd from capture. He was still riding with the herd at full speed when two Indians picked him up off of his horse from either side and dropped him to the ground. A company of men from the encampment then arrived, chased away the fleeing Indians, and recovered the herd, Smith and his family remained at Winter Quarters until the spring of 1848 when Smith drove his mothers wagon across the plains to the Salt Lake Valley. After arriving in the Salt Lake Valley in 1848, Smiths mother worked to raise her own children as well as the children of her husbands first wife, Mary Fielding Smith died in 1852, apparently of pneumonia, leaving Smith an orphan at the age of 13. Smith reported that he was devastated by his mothers death, and relied upon the support and help of Brigham Young. Even with the support of his older half-brother John Smith, Smith assumed primary responsibility for his sister, Martha Ann. His leaving school was linked to his resistance of a teachers attempt to whip Martha
26.
First Presidency (LDS Church)
–
The First Presidency is the presiding or governing body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors, the First Presidency currently consists of Thomas S. Monson and his two counselors, Henry B. The First Presidency is composed of the President of the Church, historically, and as mandated by church scripture, the First Presidency has been composed of the president and two counselors, but circumstances have occasionally required additional counselors. Any high priest of the church is eligible to be called as a counselor in the First Presidency, there have been other cases where counselors have been ordained to the office of apostle but not set apart as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Other counselors in the First Presidency were never ordained to the office of apostle, whether or not a counselor is an apostle, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the church as prophets, seers, and revelators. Counselors are formally designated as First Counselor in the First Presidency, additional counselors have been designated in different ways, including Third Counselor in the First Presidency, Assistant Counselor to the President, and simply Counselor in the First Presidency. Counselors serve in the First Presidency until their own deaths, until the death of the president who called them. The death of a church president dissolves the First Presidency, the death or release of a counselor does not dissolve the First Presidency. On the death or release of a first counselor, the second counselor usually succeeds, although these are fairly common occurrences, there are no hard and fast rules about such practices and each president is free to choose the counselors he prefers. Like the church president and President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Presidency is the highest ranking priesthood quorum of the church. The counselors assist the president and work closely with him in guiding the entire church. In the case of a president, his counselors may be called upon to perform more of the duties of the First Presidency that would normally be performed by the president. If needed, any number of additional counselors may be called to assist them, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the membership of the church as prophets, seers, and revelators and given the keys of the kingdom when ordained as an apostle. All members of the First Presidency are also members of the churchs Council on the Disposition of the Tithes, there is no requirement that counselors in the First Presidency be apostles of the church. Brown, First Counselor to David O. McKay, not retained as a counselor by Joseph Fielding Smith Thorpe B, the position is paid employment position and the incumbent is not a member of the First Presidency or a general authority of the church. However, it is common for letters from the office of the First Presidency to private individuals to bear the signature of the secretary as opposed to members of the First Presidency, the First Presidency also employs assistant secretaries and press secretaries. When David O. D. Arthur Haycock also served as secretary to several church presidents in the 20th century. George W. Robinson George Reynolds George F. Gibbs Joseph Anderson Francis M. Gibbons F. Michael Watson Brook P. Hales Council of the Church
27.
Woman's Exponent
–
Womans Exponent was a periodical published from 1872 until 1914 in Salt Lake City. Its purposes were to uplift and strengthen women of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, although it was not an official publication of the LDS Church, it was closely tied to the church, especially to the Relief Society. Throughout the time of its publication, the newspaper covered many topics and it was a strong voice in support of womans suffrage. It also actively supported plural marriage, which was a practice of the LDS Church. Home and the role of women were also frequent topics. In addition to social and political topics, the Exponent included poems and stories, tidbits of humor or wisdom. Even though it was a publication, women of the Relief Society were actively encouraged to subscribe. The original editor of the newspaper was Louisa Lula Greene, who accepted the position with the approval of her great uncle — Brigham Young and she was succeeded as editor in 1877 by Emmeline B. Wells, who would become general president of the Relief Society. Wells served as the editor for 37 years until it folded in 1914. Facing increasing financial pressures in the early 1900s, Wells unsuccessfully lobbied the Relief Society General Board to adopt the newspaper as its official publication, with their rejection, the paper was forced to close. The Relief Society Magazine, a publication and an official publication of the LDS Church. Produced by an organization unrelated to the LDS Church, this newspaper focuses on the concerns. Exponent II is published quarterly and is in 2016 was edited by Margaret Olson Hemming, with the blessing of the Exponent II editorial board, Caroline Kline, Jana Remy and Deborah Farmer established a blog presence for Mormon feminism, called The Exponent in January 2005. More than two dozen permabloggers were soon added to the blog and it features a post nearly every day, list of Latter Day Saint periodicals Bennion, Sherilyn Cox, The Womans Exponent, Forty-two Years of Speaking for Women, Utah Historical Quarterly,44 Bennion, Sherilyn Cox. Sisters under the Skin, Utahs Mormon and Non-Mormon Women and Their Publications, BYU Studies,33, Exponent II scans via BYUs repository on archive. org. Susan Paxman Collection of Exponent II Records, provo, Utah, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
28.
Temple (LDS Church)
–
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a temple is a building dedicated to be a House of the Lord. Temples are considered by members to be the most sacred structures on earth. Upon completion, temples are open to the public for a short period of time. During the open house, the church conducts tours of the temple with missionaries and members from the area serving as tour guides. The temple is dedicated as a House of the Lord. They are not churches or meetinghouses designated for public worship services. There are 155 operating temples,14 under construction, and 13 announced, at present, there are temples in many U. S. states, as well as in many countries across the world. Several temples are at sites of the LDS Church, such as Nauvoo, Illinois and Palmyra. The importance of temples is often emphasized in weekly meetings, Ordinances are a vital part of the theology of the church, which teaches that they were practiced by the Lords covenant people in all dispensations. Additionally, members consider the temple a place to commune with God, seek Gods aid, understand the will of God, and receive personal revelation. Latter Day Saints cite various Old Testament references to temple ordinances such as found in Exodus 29, 4-9, Exodus 28, 2-43 and Leviticus 8. The words HOLINESS TO THE LORD can be found on LDS temples as referenced in Exodus 28,36, a place where the Lord may come, it is the most holy of any place of worship on the earth. Only the home can compare with the temple in sacredness, in cases of extreme poverty or emergency, these ordinances may sometimes be done on a mountaintop. This may be the case with Mount Sinai and the Mount of Transfiguration, the tabernacle erected by Moses was a type of portable temple, since the Israelites were traveling in the wilderness. From Adam to the time of Jesus, ordinances were performed in temples for the living only, building and properly using a temple is one of the marks of the true Church in any dispensation, and is especially so in the present day. The best known temple mentioned in the Bible is that which was built in Jerusalem in the days of Solomon and this was later partially destroyed in 600 B. C. and restored by Zerubbabel almost a hundred years later. This structure was burned in 37 B. C. and was subsequently partially rebuilt by Herod the Great. It was destroyed by the Romans in A. D.70, likewise the Tabernacle was considered a portable temple by the children of Israel in the Old Testament, Tabernacle
29.
Reed Smoot hearings
–
The Reed Smoot hearings were a series of Congressional hearings on whether the United States Senate should seat U. S. Senator Reed Smoot, who was elected by the Utah legislature in 1903, Smoot was an apostle in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, one of the top 15 leaders of the church. The hearings began in 1904 and continued until 1907, when the Senate voted, the vote fell short of a two-thirds majority needed to expel a member so he retained his seat. For example, the President of the LDS Church Joseph F. Smith cohabited with his many wives, new plural marriages did end by 1909, but the practice continued until the polygamists died off. Smoot himself only had one wife, earlier, when it was well known that Brigham Young was a polygamist, the U. S. President appointed him twice as territorial governor and the Senate ratified the appointment. Much of the American Protestant establishment viewed the LDS Church with distrust, prior to being called as an apostle of the LDS Church, Smoot had run for a Senate position, but withdrew before the election. After becoming an apostle in 1900, he received the approval of church president Joseph F. Smith to run again in 1902 as a Republican, in January 1903, the Utah legislature elected Smoot with 46 votes, compared to his Democratic competitor, who won 16. When Senator Smoot arrived in Washington, D. C. in late February 1903, he was met with protests and charges that he was a polygamist, charges he could easily disprove. Unlike B. H. Roberts, who upon election to the House of Representatives was not allowed to sit while hearings took place, among the public, old charges of Danites, the Mountain Meadows massacre, and Brigham Youngs plural wives were discussed. In January 1904, Senator Smoot prepared a rebuttal to these criticisms with the help of several non-Mormon lawyers, the actual hearings began in March. LDS Church President Joseph F. Smith took the stand and was interrogated for three days. Apostles Matthias F. Cowley and John W. Taylor did not show up after being subpoenaed, apostle Marriner W. Merrill ignored one subpoena and died soon after being subpoenaed a second time. The public participated actively in the proceedings, in the Capitol, spectators lined the halls, waiting for limited seats in the committee room, and filled the galleries to hear floor debates. For those who could not see for themselves, journalists and cartoonists depicted each days admission, at the height of the hearing, some senators were receiving a thousand letters a day from angry constituents. What remains of public petitions fills 11 feet of shelf space. After years of hearings, the charges of the opposition included. Apostles John W. Taylor and Matthias F. Cowley were still performing plural marriages in Mexico and Canada and that the church was exerting too much influence on Utah politics. That members were required to take oaths in the temples to seek revenge on the United States and that members believed revelation was higher than the laws of the land
30.
Annie Taylor Hyde
–
Anna Maria Ballantyne Annie Taylor Hyde was the founder and first president of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers and was a womens leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Anna Maria Ballantyne Taylor was born in a Mormon pioneer wagon shortly after her parents, LDS Church apostle John Taylor, taylors mother, Jane Ballantyne Taylor, was a sister of Richard Ballantyne, the founder of the LDS Sunday School. Taylor was educated at the University of Deseret, in December 1870, she married Alonzo Eugene Hyde, a son of Orson Hyde, in the Endowment House in Salt Lake City. Hyde was elected the first president of the organization, and she held this position until her death, later in 1901, Hyde was asked by Bathsheba W. Smith to become her first counselor in the general presidency of the Relief Society, the LDS Church organization of women. Hyde also served in capacity until her death. As a member of the Relief Society general presidency, Hyde represented the Relief Society at meetings of the National Council of Women, Annie Taylor Hyde and her husband were the parents of eight children. One of their daughters, Annie Laura Hyde, married Joseph F. Merrill, Annie Taylor Hyde died in Salt Lake City from stomach cancer, aged 59. Maria Young Dougall The Daughters of Utah Pioneers, in Kate B, heart Throbs of the West, vol. 11, pp. 329–428 Jill Mulvay Derr, Janath Russell Cannon, and Maureen Ursenbach Beecher
31.
Encyclopedia of Mormonism
–
The Encyclopedia of Mormonism is a semiofficial encyclopedia for topics relevant to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The text is free online. Published in 1992, the Encyclopedia contains nearly 1500 articles, including several short unattributed entries in four volumes, the text is approximately one million words, and over 1,850 pages including pictures, maps, charts, index, and appendices. The title for the Encyclopedia of Mormonism was chosen by Macmillan, there were over 730 contributors from a wide variety of fields, most of whom had LDS and academic backgrounds. A large number were professors at Brigham Young University, the LDS Church-owned university, most individuals contributed only one article, and few submitted more than three or four. The editor of the Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Daniel H. Ludlow, most articles are written by Ph. D. s in their respective fields. For impartiality and perspective, several non-Mormons were asked to write important articles, the Encyclopedia of Mormonism includes lengthy articles on core LDS subjects like LDS Church history and doctrine, but the work also includes many topics that are less closely related to Mormonism. For example, articles on law, sports, science. Ludlow also sought to make the encyclopedia accessible to non-Mormons, a fifth volume was printed, containing the Standard Works. Although the LDS Church cooperated in the production of the book, particularly by setting aside BYU resources, – Encyclopedia of Mormonism, p. lxii. The LDS Church also noted the position in official publications, in spite of these comments and the non-Mormon publisher, the Encyclopedia is referred to as an official or at least semiofficial publication by many outsiders of the church. The view has credence because BYU was the author of the work. Furthermore, six general authorities, not credited editors, worked on the project, including Dallin H. Oaks, Neal A. Maxwell, and Holland. In addition to established scholars like Nibley, many other LDS scholars who were less known also contributed, including John Gee, William Hamblin. Reynolds, Stephen D. Ricks, John L. Sorenson, Melvin J. Thorne, at the same time, the encyclopedia, like an iceberg, presents only a portion of important background and issues concerning the Book of Mormon. It is a brief for orthodoxy that lacks the scope and diversity necessary to qualify it as truly encyclopedic, no article of so-called Mormon historical revisionism is found in the Encyclopedia. It has been noted that after the Encyclopedias publication, several LDS scholars were excommunicated, George D. Smith criticized the Encyclopedia because it is not the promised comprehensive treatment of Book of Mormon scholarship, it is a statement of LDS orthodoxy. Mormonism, A Historical Encyclopedia Ludlow, Daniel H, ed. Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York, Macmillan Publishing, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, mcMurrin, Sterling M, Toward Intellectual Anarchy, review of Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Dialogue, A Journal of Mormon Thought,26
32.
Macmillan Publishers
–
Macmillan Publishers Ltd is an international publishing company owned by Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. It has offices in 41 countries worldwide and operates in more than thirty others, Macmillan was founded in 1843 by Daniel and Alexander Macmillan, two brothers from the Isle of Arran, Scotland. Alfred Tennyson joined the list in 1884, Thomas Hardy in 1886, other major writers published by Macmillan included W. B. Chaudhuri, Seán OCasey, John Maynard Keynes, Charles Morgan, Hugh Walpole, Margaret Mitchell, C. P. Snow, Rumer Godden and Ram Sharan Sharma. Beyond literature, the company created such enduring titles as Nature, Macmillan established an office in New York City. It sold its American division in 1896, which published as the Macmillan Company, Macmillan Publishers re-entered the American market in 1954 under the name St. Martins Press. After retiring from politics in 1964, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan became chairman of the company and he had been with the family firm as a junior partner from 1920 to 1940, and from 1945 to 1951 while he was in the opposition in Parliament. The company was one of the oldest independent publishing houses until 1995, Holtzbrinck purchased the remaining shares in 1999, ending the Macmillan familys ownership of the company. Even with the split of the American company from its parent company in England, George Brett, Jr. and he came to the United States with his family in the service of Macmillans of England and built up a business of approximately $50,000 before he died. By my father, who eventually incorporated The Macmillan Company of New York, I succeeded my father, and we currently doing a business of approximately $12,000,000. So then, the name of Brett and the name of Macmillan have been and are synonymous in the United States, pearson acquired the Macmillan name in America in 1998, following its purchase of the Simon & Schuster educational and professional group. Holtzbrinck purchased it from them in 2001, mcGraw-Hill continues to market its pre-kindergarten through elementary school titles under its Macmillan/McGraw-Hill brand. The US operations of Georg von Holtzbrinck are now known as Macmillan, one of the leading companies is Macmillan, that started by selling British English dictionaries and textbooks that were adapted for Russian readers. Their site website provides Russian teachers and students with an access for tests, competitions, contests and information on scheduled online seminars. By some estimates, as of 2009 e-books account for three to five per cent of total sales, and are the fastest growing segment of the market. Following the announcement of the Apple iPad on 27 January 2010—a product that comes with access to the iBookstore—Macmillan gave Amazon, in the latter case, Amazon. com would receive a 30 per cent commission. Amazon responded by pulling all Macmillan books, both electronic and physical, from their website, on 31 January 2010, Amazon chose the agency model preferred by Macmillan. In April 2012, the United States Department of Justice filed United States v. Apple Inc. naming Apple, Macmillan, the suit alleged that they conspired to fix prices for e-books, and weaken Amazon. coms position in the market, in violation of antitrust law
33.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
34.
OCLC
–
The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
35.
Virginia in the American Civil War
–
The Commonwealth of Virginia was a prominent part of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. As a slave-holding state, it held a convention to deal with the secession crisis. Opinion shifted after 15 April, when U. S, in May, it was decided to move the Confederate capital from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, in part because the defense of Virginias capital was deemed vital to the Confederacys survival. On 24 May, the U. S. Army moved into northern Virginia, the successes of Robert E. Lee in defending Richmond is a central theme of the military history of the war. The White House of the Confederacy, located a few north of the State Capitol, was home to the family of Confederate leader Jefferson Davis. On October 16,1859, the radical abolitionist John Brown led a group of 22 men in a raid on the Federal Arsenal in Harpers Ferry, U. S. troops, led by Robert E. Lee, responded and quelled the raid. Subsequently, John Brown was tried and executed by hanging in Charles Town on December 2,1859, breckinridge as their party candidate for President. When Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected as U. S. president, while a majority of the state would look for compromises to the sectional differences, most people also opposed any restrictions on slaveholders rights. As the state watched to see what South Carolina would do, many Unionists felt that the greatest danger to the state came not from the North but from rash secession by the lower South. On November 15,1860 Virginia Governor John Letcher called for a session of the Virginia General Assembly to consider, among other issues. The legislature convened on January 7 and approved the convention on January 14, the election of convention delegates drew 145,700 voters who elected, by county,152 representatives. Thirty of these delegates were secessionists, thirty were unionists, nevertheless, advocates of immediate secession were clearly outnumbered. Simultaneous to this election, six slave states formed the Confederate States on February 4. According to one Virginian teacher, William M, one of the conventions first actions was to create a 21-member Federal Relations Committee charged with reaching a compromise to the sectional differences as they affected Virginia. The committee was made up of 4 secessionists,10 moderates and 7 unionists, at first there was no urgency to the conventions deliberations as all sides felt that time only aided their cause. With the failure of the Peace Conference at the end of February, Unionist support by many was further eroded for many Virginians by Lincolns March 4 First Inaugural address which they felt was argumentative, if not defiant. Throughout the state there was evidence that support for secession was growing, the fourteen proposals defended both slavery and states rights while calling for a meeting of the eight slave states still in the Union to present a united front for compromise. From March 15 through April 14 the convention debated these proposals one by one, during the debate on the resolutions, the sixth resolution calling for a peaceful solution and maintenance of the Union came up for discussion on April 4
36.
Deseret Book Company
–
Deseret Book is the largest Latter-day Saint book publisher and also owns a chain of LDS bookstores in the Western United States. Over 150 people work in its Salt Lake City headquarters, Deseret Book is a wholly owned subsidiary of Deseret Management Corporation, the holding company for business firms owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Deseret Book is a corporation registered in Utah. The Deseret Book Company was created in 1919 from a merger of the Deseret News Bookstore, both of these Utah bookstores trace their roots to George Q. Cannon, a Latter-day Saint General Authority, Deseret is a word from the Book of Mormon that is said to mean honeybee. Cannon published the first issue of Juvenile Instructor magazine in 1866, Cannon & Sons bookstore in 1867 to sell the magazine and other publications of an uplifting nature. Cannon believed that secular novels did not reflect Latter-day Saint values, in the 1880s, Cannon expanded with a branch in Ogden, Utah. It is not known how many books Cannon & Sons actually published itself, in this era, authors commonly self-published their books, which were then distributed by others. However, Cannon & Sons distributed several important books through their stores, the company had extensive ties to the LDS Church-owned newspaper, the Deseret News. Five of Cannons sons held important positions in the paper, Cannon & Sons book was printed on the Deseret News press. Cannon sold the bookstore to the LDS Church in 1900, near the end of his life, the church combined the two businesses, and the remaining Salt Lake City bookstore became Deseret News Bookstore. By 1906, Deseret News press had a Linotype machine and dedicated book press, many significant volumes were published and distributed through the Deseret News Bookstore. Of these, the most successful was James E. Talmages Jesus the Christ, published in 1915, the book quickly went through numerous printings as the First Presidency of the LDS Church authorized its use in its Sunday School program. Meanwhile, the Deseret Sunday School Union, still publishing the money-losing Juvenile Instructor struggled to maintain its distribution center, aimed at church supply, the Sunday School Bookstore sold textbooks, minutes ledgers, sacrament trays, as well as popular books. Since 1891 the non-profit Union asked for yearly five-cent contributions from Sunday school pupils on Nickel Sunday, facing over $12,000 in debt in 1914, requested donations increased to ten cents, and 1919 a committee formed to study the organizations solvency. Led by Talmage, the committee recommended consolidation of the Sunday School Bookstore with the Deseret News Bookstore, by 1920, both antecedent bookstores were closed and a single new Deseret Book Company building was constructed in downtown Salt Lake City at site of the former ZCMI Center Mall. Ownership of Deseret Book was split between the Deseret News and the Deseret Sunday School Union, however, the Union would manage the bookstore until 1932 when Deseret Book was incorporated for-profit as the Utah Company. Deseret News Press printed nearly all Deseret Book publications until the 1960s when the company began seeking competitive bids
37.
The Story of the Latter-day Saints
–
The Story of the Latter-day Saints is a single-volume history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by James B. Allen and Glen M. Leonard, first published in 1976. The church was influenced by its environment, to some degree. The church started small and American, but would grow into an international organization, the church has been flexible with some issues, yet committed to certain central teachings. Unlike most earlier Mormon histories, this focused on casting the church in a broader context, addressed controversial historical issues. For over 50 years, Joseph Fielding Smiths Essentials in Church History was issued as a popular history of the LDS Church. With the First Presidencys approval, the department assigned the project to Allen, an Assistant Church Historian, and Leonard, the Story of the Latter-day Saints was published in 1976, the one-hundredth anniversary of Joseph Fielding Smiths birth. The book took a non-partisan, factually-sound approach to LDS Church history and was the first time the history of Mormonism was professionally surveyed in one book. As professional historians, the authors cast their subject in its context, with connections made to larger Restoration. The product revealed the challenges and progress of the new Mormon history in confronting controversy and reevaluating setting, anticipating high demand, Deseret Book prepared a very large first printing of 35,000. It sold quickly with 10,000 copies in the first month, nearly 20,000 copies sold in the first year and the entire original printing was sold out within three years. The book was received favorably. It was called a significant and pathbreaking history of Mormonism, Historian Richard Poll recommended it to every serious student of Mormonism and every library interested in history, religion or Americana. Its extensive bibliography was also respected and seen as noteworthy, the book was commended for its modern scholarship and dispassionate tone, while representing a faithful LDS perspective. However, this balance risked displeasing both religious and academic readers, believers in the divinity of all church actions disliked seeing events cast against the influences in their historical setting. History purists wanted discussion of issues and problems, and felt significant events. Allen and Leonards history was praised and criticized by both Mormon and non-Mormon readers, in 1976, some members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles had concerns that the book wasnt faith-promoting. When they approached quorum president Ezra Taft Benson, he requested a reading by his executive assistant. This produced a critique that asserted the book wasnt spiritual enough to be a true LDS history, in a speech, Benson publicly worried the book may spiritually harm young church members
38.
Find a Grave
–
Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
39.
Emma Smith
–
In 1842, she was named as the first president of the Ladies Relief Society of Nauvoo, a womens service organization. Emma Hale was born in Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, Emma first met her future husband, Joseph Smith, in 1825. Smith lived near Palmyra, New York, but boarded with the Hales in Harmony while he was employed in a company of men hired to unearth an abandoned silver mine. Although the company was unsuccessful in finding the mine, Smith returned to Harmony several times to court Emma. Isaac Hale refused to allow the marriage because he disapproved of Smiths occupation, on January 17,1827, Smith and Emma eloped across the state line to South Bainbridge, New York, where they were married the following day. The couple moved to the home of Smiths parents on the edge of Manchester Township near Palmyra. On September 22,1827, Joseph and Emma took a horse and carriage belonging to Joseph Knight, Sr. and this created a great deal of excitement in the area. In December 1827, the decided to move to Harmony. Emmas parents helped her and Joseph obtain a house and a small farm, once they settled in, Joseph began work on the Book of Mormon with Emma acting as a scribe. In Harmony on June 15,1828, Emma gave birth to her first child—a son named Alvin—who lived only a few hours, in May 1829, Emma and Joseph left Harmony and went to live with David Whitmer in Fayette, New York. While travelling there, they saw a man walking alongside the road. After offering him a ride, the man declined, saying that he was headed to Cumorah, Joseph identified the man as the angel Moroni. Later, in Fayette, Joseph finished work on the Book of Mormon, on April 6,1830, Joseph and five other men established the Church of Christ. Emma was baptized by Oliver Cowdery on June 28,1830, in Colesville, New York, during the next weeks, Joseph was arrested, tried and exonerated in South Bainbridge for glass looking based on the states vagrancy law. The revelation goes on to state that Emma would be ordained under hand to expound scriptures, Joseph and Emma returned to Harmony for a time, but relations with Emmas parents broke down, and the couple went back to staying in the homes of members of the growing church. They lived first with the Whitmers in Fayette, then with Newel K. Whitney and his family in Kirtland, Ohio and it was here on April 30,1831, that Emma gave premature birth to twins, Thaddeus and Louisa, both babies died hours later. That same day, Julia Clapp Murdock died giving birth to twins, Joseph, when the twins were nine days old, their father, John, gave the infants to the Smiths to raise as their own. On September 2,1831, the Smiths moved into John Johnsons home in Hiram, the infant Joseph died of exposure or pneumonia in late March 1832, after a door was left open during a mob attack on Smith
Media related to Bathsheba W. Smith at Wikimedia Commons
