1.
West Side Highway
–
The West Side Highway is a mostly surface section of New York State Route 9A that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City. It replaced the West Side Elevated Highway, built between 1929 and 1951, which was shut down in 1973 due to neglect and lack of maintenance, and was dismantled by 1989. The term West Side Highway is often used, particularly by the news media traffic reporters. The current highway was complete by 2001, but required some reconstruction due to damage sustained in the 9/11 attacks and it uses the surface streets that existed before the elevated highway was built, West Street, Eleventh Avenue and Twelfth Avenue. A short section of 12th Avenue still runs between 125th and 138th Streets, under the Riverside Drive Viaduct, Eleventh Avenue is a separate street north of 22nd Street. The portion between West 42nd Street and Canal Street is part of the Lincoln Highway, the highway is a six-to-eight lane urban boulevard, with the northernmost section, from 59th Street to 72nd Street, elevated above a former rail yard adjacent to tracks still used by Amtrak. Trucks and buses are allowed only on the surface section, the West Side Highways surface section takes three names, West Street from the Battery Park Underpass north to Tenth Avenue, then 11th Avenue to 22nd Street, and finally 12th Avenue to 59th Street. The highway begins from Battery Park close to the mouth of the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel where it also accepts traffic from the terminus of the Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive. From there, the route passes close to the site of the World Trade Center at Vesey Street, the route continues with this name passing by numerous piers along the Hudson River until Gansevoort Street in the Meatpacking District where it becomes Eleventh Avenue. Eleventh Avenue begins just north of the intersection with Tenth Avenue, the highway is concurrent with Eleventh Avenue north of this point, passing by the 14th Street Park at 14th Street. The highway continues with this name alongside the Chelsea Piers until it reaches 22nd Street where the branches off from Eleventh Avenue onto Twelfth Avenue. At 22nd Street, the highway continues as Twelfth Avenue passing by the Chelsea Waterside Park and it passes just west of the Javits Center from 34th Street to 38th Street and over the Lincoln Tunnel at 39th Street. The road continues past the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum and Piers 84 to 92, at 54th Street, 12th Avenue attains a highway with service roads character, with the service roads running as far as 59th Street. From there, Twelfth Avenue becomes elevated and at 72nd Street, various proposals circulated in the 1920s to build an expressway on the west side. It would eliminate 106 grade crossings over 84 blocks and it ran into opposition because of fears that it would create a rail monopoly. The highway would run on top of the ten-story buildings, a similar alternative was offered by Benjamin Battin. The proposal immediately ran into stiff opposition, the City Club and New York City Mayor James J. Walker objected to the highway on the grounds that it would block waterfront-bound freight traffic. They believed that the plans should wait until the railroad tracks were removed in the area
2.
The Battery (Manhattan)
–
Battery Park is a 25-acre public park located at the Battery, the southern tip of Manhattan Island in New York City, facing New York Harbor. The area and park are named for the batteries that were positioned there in the citys early years to protect the settlement behind them. The southern shoreline of Manhattan Island had long known as The Battery since the 17th century when the area was part of the Dutch Settlement of New Amsterdam. At the time, a battery there served to protect the seaward approaches to the town. The relatively modern park was created by landfill starting from 1855. Skyscrapers now occupy most of the land, stopping abruptly where the park begins. While the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel and Battery Park Underpass were under construction from 1940–52, peter Minuit Plaza was built in 1955, the East Coast Memorial was dedicated in 1963. Battery Park was included within a group of historic waterfront sites designated Harbor Park, by the government of New York State, the Battery Park Conservancy, founded in 1994 by still-current President Warrie Price, has undertaken and funded the restoration and improvement of the once shop-worn park. In 2015, the New York City Department of Parks and the Battery Conservancy announced that the park would revert to its historic name, at the other end of the park is Battery Gardens restaurant, next to the United States Coast Guard Battery Building. Along the waterfront, Statue Cruises offers ferries to the Statue of Liberty, the park is also the site of the East Coast Memorial which commemorates U. S. servicemen who died in coastal waters of the western Atlantic Ocean during World War II, and several other memorials. Castle Clinton, named for mayor DeWitt Clinton, now lies within the park, originally called the West Battery, it was built as a fort just prior to the War of 1812. It became property of the city after the war and was renamed Castle Clinton, when Leased by the city, it became a popular promenade and beer garden. Later roofed over, it one of the premier theatrical venues in the United States. The people who gathered at Battery Park to see a clipper ship get underway came partly to hear the sailors sing their sea songs, which originated early in the nineteenth century, with the Negro stevedores at Mobile and New Orleans. The migration of the citys elite uptown increased concurrently with the mass European emigration of the middle 19th century, as immigrants settled the Battery area, the location was less favorable to theater patrons and Castle Garden was closed. The structure was made into the worlds first immigration depot, processing millions of immigrants beginning in 1855, almost 40 years before its successor, Ellis Island. This period coincided with immigration waves resulting from Irelands Great Famine, the structure then housed the New York Aquarium from 1896 to 1941, when it was threatened with destruction under transportation planner Robert Mosess plans. Made a National Monument in 1946 and restored in 1975, it is known by its original name
3.
Manhattan
–
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
4.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
5.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
FDR Drive
–
The FDR Drive is a 9. 44-mile freeway-standard parkway on the east side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Kennedy Bridge / Willis Avenue Bridge interchange, where it becomes the Harlem River Drive, all of the FDR Drive is designated New York State Route 907L, an unsigned reference route. By law, the current weight limits on the FDR Drive from 23rd Street to the Harlem River Drive in both directions is posted 8,000 pounds, buses are not allowed to use the roadway north of 23rd Street, because of clearance and weight issues. The FDR Drive features a mix of below-grade, at-grade, and elevated sections, the first sections of this roadway, originally named the East River Drive, were constructed in 1934, having been designed by Robert Moses. It was later renamed after Franklin Delano Roosevelt and is called the FDR Drive. Moses faced the difficulties of building a parkway/boulevard combination along the East River while minimizing disruptions to residents, future reconstruction designs from 1948 to 1966 converted the FDR Drive into the full parkway that is in use today. The section of highway from 23rd Street to 34th Street was built on wartime rubble dumped by cargo ships returning from Bristol, England, the German Luftwaffe bombed Bristol heavily. After delivering war supplies to the British, the ships crews loaded rubble onto the ships for ballast, then sailed back to New York, where construction crews made use of it. Exit 6, at 15th Street, is located near a Con Edison substation, which handles most of the electricity for lower Manhattan, and has been closed since the September 11,2001 attacks. City and ConEd officials believed it was too risky to allow easy access to such a critical piece of infrastructure. All signage of exit 6 was removed in early 2016, the East River Greenway runs below, beside or above the motor road from South Street to 34th Street and 60th Street to 124th Street. A plaque dedicating the East River Drive is visible on the roadway before entering the Gracie Mansion tunnel at 90th Street. FDR Drive starts at the tip of Manhattan at South and Whitehall streets. This section is known as the South Street Viaduct. From here, the road is at-grade, except for when it uses an underpass to dive below the Houston Street interchange, the ramp passed through a ConEdison facility that was deemed a potential terrorist target. East 15th and East 14th Streets were also vacated east of Avenue C, allowing only Con Edison, once past the 18th Street curve, it becomes elevated briefly until 25th Street in order to serve the 23rd Street interchange. After passing Waterside Plaza near 30th Street, the roadway again becomes elevated and this section is often referred to as the United Nations Tunnel, even though the northbound roadway is barely under the structure. The United Nations Headquarters was constructed on a platform above the roadway from 42nd to 48th Streets, in this unique tunnel, the southbound roadway is raised and runs over the northbound roadway for northbound access to and from the Queensboro Bridge interchange
7.
Financial District, Manhattan
–
The neighborhood roughly overlaps with the boundaries of the New Amsterdam settlement in the late 17th century. The Financial District has witnessed growth in its population to approximately 43,000 as of 2014, the Financial District encompasses roughly the area south of City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan but excludes Battery Park and Battery Park City. The former World Trade Center complex was located in the neighborhood until the September 11 attacks, the heart of the Financial District is often considered to be the corner of Wall Street and Broad Street, both of which are contained entirely within the district. Until the late 20th and early 21st century, the neighborhood was considered to be primarily a destination for daytime traders and office workers from around New York City, the Financial District is part of Manhattan Community Board 1, which also includes five other neighborhoods. The Financial District has a number of tourist attractions such as the adjacent South Street Seaport Historic District, the New York City Police Museum, bowling Green is the starting point of traditional ticker-tape parades on Broadway, where here it is also known as the Canyon of Heroes. The Museum of Jewish Heritage and the Skyscraper Museum are both in adjacent Battery Park City which is home to the World Financial Center
8.
Battery Park City
–
Battery Park City is a mainly residential 92-acre planned community on the west side of the southern tip of the island of Manhattan in New York City. More than one-third of the development is parkland, the neighborhood, which is the site of Brookfield Place, along with numerous buildings designed for housing, commercial, and retail, is named for adjacent Battery Park. Battery Park City is bounded on the east by West Street, to the west, north, and south, the area is surrounded by the Hudson River. The development consists of five major sections. Other restaurants located in that hotel, as well as a DSW store, former undeveloped lots in the area have been developed into high-rise buildings, for example, Goldman Sachs built a new headquarters at 200 West Street. Nearby is Brookfield Place, a complex of commercial buildings formerly known as the World Financial Center. Current residential neighborhoods of Battery Park City are divided into northern and southern sections, the northern section consists entirely of large, 20–45-story buildings, all various shades of orange brick. These subsections contain most of the residential buildings, along with park space, supermarkets, restaurants. Construction of residential buildings began north of the World Financial Center in the late 1990s, additionally, a park restoration was completed in 2013. Throughout the 19th century and early 20th century, the area adjoining todays Battery Park City was known as Little Syria with Lebanese, Greeks, Armenians, and other ethnic groups. In 1929, the land was the site of a $50,000,000 residential development that would have served workers in the Wall Street area. The Battery Tower project was unfinished after workers digging the foundation ran into forty feet of old bulkheads, sunken docks. Construction was halted and never restarted, the initial proposal to reclaim this area through landfill was offered in the early 1960s by private firms and supported by the mayor. That plan became complicated when Governor Nelson Rockefeller announced his desire to redevelop a part of the area as a separate project, the various groups reached a compromise, and in 1966 the governor unveiled the proposal for what would become Battery Park City. The creation of architect Wallace K. Harrison, the called for a comprehensive community consisting of housing, social infrastructure. The landscaping of the space and later the Winter Garden was designed by M. Paul Friedberg. In 1968, the New York State Legislature created the Battery Park City Authority to oversee development, the New York State Urban Development Corporation and ten other public agencies were also involved in the development project. For the next years, the BPCA made slow progress
9.
Lane
–
In the context of traffic control, a lane is part of a roadway that is designated for use by a single line of vehicles, to control and guide drivers and reduce traffic conflicts. Most public roads have at least two lanes, one for traffic in each direction, separated by lane markings, on multilane roadways and busier two-lane roads, lanes are designated with road surface markings. Major highways often have two multi-lane roadways separated by a median, some roads and bridges that carry very low volumes of traffic are less than 15 feet wide, and are only a single lane wide. Vehicles travelling in opposite directions must slow or stop to each other. In rural areas, these are often called country lanes, in urban areas, alleys are often only one lane wide. Urban and suburban one lane roads are designated for one-way traffic. A traffic lane or travel lane is a lane for the movement of vehicles traveling from one destination to another, a through lane or thru lane is a traffic lane for through traffic. At intersections, these may be indicated by arrows on the pavement pointing straight ahead, an express lane of a road is used for faster moving traffic and has less access to exits/off ramps. In other areas, an express lane may refer to a HOV lane, a reversible lane is a lane where the direction of traffic can be changed to match the peak flow. They are used to accommodate periods of traffic flow, especially rush hour where the flow is predominantly in one direction, on roads that cannot be easily widened such as over bridges. One or more lanes are removed from the flow and added to the peak flow. An auxiliary lane is an other than a through lane. An acceleration lane or merge lane allows traffic entering a highway to accelerate to the speed of traffic before merging with it. A turn lane is set aside for slowing down and making a turn, by removing turning traffic from the through lanes, motorist safety is improved and delay is removed, but crossing distances for pedestrians are lengthened, increasing their exposure to collisions. A two-way center turn lane is a lane in the center of a roadway to allow drivers traveling in either direction to pause before turning across oncoming traffic while waiting for a gap in traffic. A passing lane is provided on busy two-lane roads to allow drivers to pass slower vehicles without having to cross the center line. A climbing lane, truck lane, or crawler lane is provided on steep mountain grades. The lane is marked only on the stretch and usually a short distance afterward
10.
New York State Route 9A
–
New York State Route 9A is a state highway in the vicinity of New York City in the United States. Its southern terminus is at the end of the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel in New York City. The northern terminus of NY 9A is at U. S. Route 9 in Peekskill, in Westchester County, NY 9A follows the Briarcliff–Peekskill Parkway. The origins of NY 9A date back to the 1920s when a route of then-NY6 from Yonkers to Tarrytown was designated as New York State Route 6A. NY6 was redesignated as US9 in 1927, however, NY 9A was extended south into New York City in 1934 and north to Ossining in the late 1930s. In 1933, the Briarcliff–Peekskill Parkway opened as New York State Route 404, all of NY404 was incorporated into an extended NY 9A on January 1,1949. NY 9A was extended northward to Peekskill in 1967 following the completion of the Croton Expressway, after crossing into the Bronx via the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority-owned Henry Hudson Bridge, NY 9A proceeds to leave the parkway at exit 23, joining US9 on Broadway. The concurrency between US9 and NY 9A runs for 2.87 miles within the city of Yonkers, all of NY 9A within Yonkers is maintained by the city. NY 9A separates from US9 along Ashburton Avenue and heads north as Saw Mill River Road and it parallels the Saw Mill River Parkway through Ardsley and Elmsford, to the west side of Hawthorne. The route meets the southbound New York State Thruway at a partial interchange, NY100 merges with NY 9A to form a 3. 11-mile concurrency carrying the names Saw Mill River Road and Briarcliff–Peekskill Parkway, parallel to the Taconic State Parkway. NY 9A exits off this highway along the Briarcliff–Peekskill Parkway, while NY100 continues straight as Saw Mill River Road, NY 9A merges to form a brief concurrency with US9 as the Croton Expressway in Ossining just south of the Croton River. The second concurrency between US9 and NY 9A runs for 0.65 miles, with NY 9A leaving the Croton Expressway at Croton Point Avenue in Croton-on-Hudson, the highway heads north along Riverside Avenue and eventually joins old Albany Post Road. After crossing US9 once more in Cortlandt, NY 9A ends at the Welcher Avenue interchange in southern Peekskill, prior to the establishment of the U. S. Highway System, US9 was designated as NY6. An alternate route from Yonkers to Tarrytown was assigned the NY 6A designation by 1926, NY6 was redesignated as US9 when U. S. Highways were first posted in New York in 1927, however and it was finally renumbered to NY 9A as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. New York City initially did not mark numbered routes within its limits, in 1932, the New York Automobile Club drafted a plan establishing alignments for several routes through the city. In this plan, NY 9A went south through the Bronx, as a result, the two routes would have had a short concurrency across Spuyten Duyvil Creek. NY 9A would have split to the south on Tenth Avenue at 218th Street in order to join the Harlem River Drive via Nagle Avenue and Dyckman Street
11.
Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York
–
New York was severely affected by Hurricane Sandy in 2012, particularly New York City, its suburbs, and Long Island. Sandys impacts included the flooding of the New York City Subway system, of suburban communities. The New York Stock Exchange closed for two consecutive days, numerous homes and businesses were destroyed by fire, including over 100 homes in Breezy Point, Queens. Large parts of the city and surrounding areas lost electricity for several days, several thousand people in midtown Manhattan were evacuated for six days due to a crane collapse at Extells One57. Bellevue Hospital Center and a few other large hospitals were closed and evacuated, flooding at 140 West Street and another exchange disrupted voice and data communication in lower Manhattan. At least 53 people died in New York as a result of the storm, on October 28, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for every county in the state. He also asked for a declaration to better access federal assistance. Shelters were opened at Levittown Memorial High School, Locust Valley High School, Nassau Community College, in Suffolk County, officials ordered mandatory evacuations for residents of Fire Island and in surge zone areas in Babylon, Brookhaven, Islip, Riverhead, Southampton and Southold. Shelters were opened at Hampton Bays High School, Sachem East High School, most schools closed in Nassau and Suffolk counties on October 29, including Adelphi University, Hofstra University, Molloy College, Nassau Community College and Stony Brook University. On October 28, President Barack Obama signed a declaration for the state of New York. The Metro-North Railroad and the Long Island Rail Road suspended service beginning 7 p. m, October 27 through October 29 and possibly October 30. Starbucks closed all of its outlets in the city and Long Island on October 28 at 4 p. m. to let employees get home before the system shut down. The stores remained closed on October 29, the Tappan Zee Bridge was closed October 29 at 4 p. m. EDT due to wind conditions. On October 28, officials activated the coastal emergency plan, with subway closings. More than 76 evacuation shelters were open around the city, the MTA announced that all subway, bus and commuter rail service would be suspended, beginning at 7 p. m. EDT on October 28 and expected to continue suspension through at least October 30. All PATH train service and stations were shut down at 12,01 a. m,200 National Guard troops were deployed in the city. All bus carriers at the Port Authority Bus Terminal closed at 3 a. m, U. S. stock trading was suspended for October 29 and October 30. It was the first two-day weather closure since the Great Blizzard of 1888, all state courts were closed October 29, except for arraignments and emergency applications
12.
Brooklyn Bridge
–
The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge in New York City and is one of the oldest bridges of either type in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River and it has a main span of 1,595.5 feet and was the first steel-wire suspension bridge constructed. Since its opening, it has become an icon of New York City and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, although the Brooklyn Bridge is technically a suspension bridge, it uses a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge design. The towers are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, the limestone was quarried at the Clark Quarry in Essex County, New York. The granite blocks were quarried and shaped on Vinalhaven Island, Maine, under a contract with the Bodwell Granite Company, the bridge was built with numerous passageways and compartments in its anchorages. New York City rented out the large vaults under the bridges Manhattan anchorage in order to fund the bridge, opened in 1876, the vaults were used to store wine, as they were always at 60 °F. This was called the Blue Grotto because of a shrine to the Virgin Mary next to an opening at the entrance, construction of the bridge began in 1869. Roebling Suspension Bridge between Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky, while conducting surveys for the bridge project, Roebling sustained a crush injury to his foot when a ferry pinned it against a piling. Compressed air was pumped into the caissons, and workers entered the space to dig the sediment, the whole weight of the bridge still sits upon a 15-foot thickness of southern yellow pine wood under the sediment. Many workers became sick with the bends in this work and this condition was unknown at the time, and was first called caisson disease by the project physician Andrew Smith. Washington Roebling also suffered an injury as a result of decompression sickness shortly after ground was broken for the Brooklyn tower foundation on January 3,1870. Roeblings debilitating condition left him unable to supervise the construction firsthand. As Chief Engineer, Roebling supervised the project from his apartment with a view of the work, designing and redesigning caissons. He was aided by his wife Emily Warren Roebling who provided the critical link between her husband and the engineers on site. Under her husbands guidance, Emily studied higher mathematics, the calculations of catenary curves, the strengths of materials, bridge specifications, and she spent the next 11 years assisting Washington Roebling, helping to supervise the bridges construction. When iron probes underneath the caisson for the Manhattan tower found the bedrock to be deeper than expected. He later deemed the aggregate overlying the bedrock 30 feet below it to be enough to support the tower base. The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in the 1972 book The Great Bridge by David McCullough and Brooklyn Bridge, Burns drew heavily on McCulloughs book for the film and used him as narrator
13.
Battery Maritime Building
–
The Battery Maritime Building is a ferry terminal at 11 South Street at the corner of South and Whitehall Streets near South Ferry at the tip of Manhattan Island in New York City. It is used for trips and, since 1956, as the ferry terminal to Governors Island. The Beaux-Arts building was built from 1906 to 1909 as the Municipal Ferry Pier, the building was originally constructed with a wide central stairway to large upper level waiting room. The upper level had a connection to the elevated train station that served it, the Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal. The terminal had three slips,5,6, and 7, its lower level serving as a loading area for wagons. A Staten Island Ferry Terminal was constructed at the same time and that building was gutted by fire in 1991 replaced with an interim structure that was replaced in 2009. The Brooklyn ferry service shut down on March 15,1938, in subsequent years, its original multi-colored appearance was replaced by a paint color intended to emulate the copper patina of the Statue of Liberty. In 1956, the U. S. Army began use of the terminal to service to an Army post. NY-90, Whitehall Street Ferry Terminal,11 South Street, New York, New York County, NY,10 photos,3 data pages,1 photo caption page
14.
Michael Bloomberg
–
Michael Rubens Mike Bloomberg is an American businessman, author, politician, and philanthropist. His net worth is estimated at US$47.5 billion, as of March 2017, ranking him as the 8th richest person in the United States, Bloomberg is the founder, CEO, and owner of Bloomberg L. P. He began his career at the securities brokerage Salomon Brothers, before forming his own company in 1981 and spending the twenty years as its chairman. Bloomberg also served as chairman of the board of trustees at his alma mater, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg served as the 108th Mayor of New York City, holding office for three consecutive terms, beginning with his first election in 2001. A Democrat before seeking office, Bloomberg switched his party registration in 2001 to run for Mayor as a Republican. He defeated opponent Mark Green in an election held just weeks after the September 11 terrorist attacks. He won a term in 2005, and left the Republican Party two years later. Bloomberg campaigned to change the term limits law, and was elected to his third term in 2009 as an Independent candidate on the Republican ballot line. Bloomberg was frequently mentioned as a candidate for the U. S. Presidential elections in 2008, and 2012, as well as for Governor of New York in 2010 and he declined to seek either office, opting to continue serving as the Mayor of New York City. On January 1,2014, Bill de Blasio succeeded Bloomberg as the Mayor of New York City, after a brief stint as a full-time philanthropist, Bloomberg re-assumed the position of CEO at Bloomberg L. P. by the end of 2014. Michael Bloomberg was born at St. Elizabeths Hospital, in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, on February 14,1942, Bloombergs father, William Henry Bloomberg, was a bookkeeper for a dairy company and the son of Alexander Elick Bloomberg, an immigrant from Russia. His mother, Charlotte Bloomberg, was a native of Jersey City and his maternal grandfather, Max Rubens, was an immigrant from present-day Belarus, then also part of Russia. Bloomberg attended Johns Hopkins University, where he joined the fraternity Phi Kappa Psi, in 1962, as a sophomore, he constructed the schools mascot, the blue jay. He graduated in 1964 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering, in 1966 he graduated from Harvard Business School as a Master of Business Administration. In 1973, Bloomberg became a partner at Salomon Brothers, a bulge-bracket Wall Street investment bank. In 1981, Salomon Brothers was bought by Phibro Corporation, and he was given no severance package, but owned $10 million worth of equity as a partner at the firm. Using this money, Bloomberg went on to set up a company named Innovative Market Systems, in 1982, Merrill Lynch became the new companys first customer, installing 22 of the companys Market Master terminals and investing $30 million in the company
15.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
16.
The New York Times Company
–
The New York Times Company is an American media company which publishes its namesake, The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. has served as chairman since 1997 and it is headquartered in Manhattan, New York. The company was founded by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones in New York City, the company moved into the cable channel industry purchasing a 40% interest in the Popcorn Channel, a theatrical movie preview and local movie times, in November 1994. The company completed its purchase of The Washington Posts 50 percent interest in the International Herald Tribune for US$65 million on January 1,2003, on March 18,2005, the company acquired About. com, an online provider of consumer information for US$410 million. In 2005, the company reported revenues of US$3.4 billion to its investors, the Times, on August 25,2006, acquired Baseline StudioSystems, an online database and research service on the film and television industries for US$35 million. The company announced that it had finalized the sale of its Broadcast Media Group on May 7,2007, for approximately $575 million. On July 14,2009, the announced that WQXR was to be sold to WNYC. This US$45 million transaction, which involved Univision Radios WCAA moving to the 96.3 FM frequency from 105.9 FM, ended the Times 65-year-long ownership of the station. On December 27,2011, The Boston Globe reported that the company would sell its Regional Media Group to Halifax Media Holdings LLC, owners of The Daytona Beach News-Journal, the Boston Globe and The Telegram & Gazette of Worcester were not part of the sale. In 2011, the Times sold Baseline StudioSystems back to its owners, Laurie S. Silvers and Mitchell Rubenstein. Facing falling revenue from print advertising in its publication in 2011, The New York Times. As of 2012, it has been successful, garnering several hundred thousand subscriptions. In 2013, the New York Times Company sold The Boston Globe and other New England media properties to John W. Henry, according to the Times Company, the move was made in order to focus more on its core brands. Alongside its namesake newspaper, the company owns the International New York Times. Since 1967, the company has listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol NYT. In 2015, Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim became the top New York Times stockholder, at the April 2005 board meeting, Class B shareholders elected nine of the fourteen directors of the company. The company sponsors a series of national and local awards designed to highlight the achievements of individuals, in 2007, it inaugurated its first Nonprofit Excellence Award, awarded to four organizations for the excellence of their management practices. Only nonprofits in New York City, Long Island, or Westchester were eligible, jointly with the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the American Library Association, The New York Times Company sponsors an award to honor librarians for service to their communities
17.
WABC-TV
–
WABC-TV, channel 7, is the flagship station of the ABC Television Network, located in New York City. WABC-TV is owned by the ABC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of the Disney-ABC Television Group division of the Disney Media Networks subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. The stations studios and offices are located near Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, adjacent to ABCs corporate headquarters, its transmitter is atop the Empire State Building. WABC-TV is best known in broadcasting circles for its version of the Eyewitness News format and for its morning show, in the few areas of the eastern United States where an ABC station isnt receivable over-the-air, WABC is available on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network. The station signed on August 10,1948, as WJZ-TV, Channel 7s call letters came from its then-sister radio station, WJZ. The stations original transmitter site was atop The Pierre Hotel at 2 East 61st Street, the stations original studios were located at 77 West 66th Street, with studios at 7 West 66th Street. An underground tunnel linked ABC studios at 7 West 66th Street to the lobby of the Hotel des Artistes, another studio inside the Hotel des Artistes was used for Eyewitness News Conference. S. At about the time, construction was started at 30 West 67th Street on the site of a former parking lot. Both buildings were completed in June 1979 and WABC-TV moved its offices from 77 West 66th Street to 7 Lincoln Square, transmitter maintenance engineer Donald DiFranco died in the attack. The station eventually established transmission facilities at the Empire State Building, on May 27,2007, WABC-TVs studios suffered major damage as the result of a fire that knocked the station off the air shortly before the start of the 11,00 PM Newscast. The stations building was evacuated and the fire was brought under control, though the studio was said to be damaged, having suffered smoke. WABC-TV resumed broadcasting at around 1,00 AM on May 28,2007, starting with the 5,00 PM Newscast on June 20,2007, the station resumed the Eyewitness News and Live. Broadcasts from its studios at Columbus Avenue and 66th Street. WABC-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 7, at 12,30 PM on June 12,2009, the stations digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 45 to VHF channel 7. WABCs digital signal was difficult to receive over-the-air in New York City. On June 29,2009, WABC filed an application with the FCC to increase power from 11.69 kW to 27 kW, on January 31,2010, the FCC granted a special temporary authority for the station to increase power to 26.9 kW. WABCs sister station, WPVI-TV in Philadelphia was also pulled from Cablevisions New Jersey systems in Mercer, Ocean, in July 2010, ABCs parent company Disney announced that it was involved in a carriage dispute with Time Warner Cable, its first with that provider in 10 Years. This dispute involved 4 ABC owned-and-operated stations, Disney Channel and the ESPN networks, if a deal wasnt in place, the affected stations and cable channels wouldve been removed from Time Warner and Bright House Networks systems across the country
18.
Alexander Hamilton Bridge
–
The bridge opened to traffic on January 15,1963, the same day that the Cross-Bronx Expressway was completed. The total length of bridge, including approaches, is 2,375 feet, the parallel main spans of the steel arch bridge stretch 555 feet long over the Harlem River and provide 103 feet of vertical clearance at the center and 366 feet of horizontal clearance. With the Interstate designation, 90% of the $21 million in costs were covered by the federal government. The bridge recently underwent a renovation which began in 2009. The construction estimate was $400 million, as of July 15,2012, one of the eastbound lanes of the bridge had been closed to accommodate construction vehicles. While the traffic jams created from the construction had not been as bad as local officials had anticipated, the renovation of the bridge was the premise of The Weather Channel show Iron Men
19.
Bayonne Bridge
–
The Bayonne Bridge is an arch bridge spanning the Kill Van Kull connecting Bayonne, New Jersey with Staten Island, New York City. It carries NY440 and NJ440, the Bayonne Bridge is the fifth-longest steel arch bridge in the world, and was the longest in the world at the time of its completion. Starting in 2013, there has been a project to raise the roadbed from its old height of 155 feet to a new height of 215 feet above mean high waters. This provides increased clearance for shipping to accommodate neo-Panamax ships, a new roadway, completed in November 2016, spans the length of the bridge, and opened to traffic on February 20,2017. The new navigational clearance is expected to be achieved in late 2017, the original roadway carries two lanes of motor traffic in each direction, as well as a walkway that is temporarily closed for reconstruction. The roadway deck could accommodate an expansion for two traffic lanes or two light-rail lanes. The new roadways will each carry two lanes of motor traffic, in addition to a walkway. During construction, all traffic uses the new northbound roadway with one lane in each direction, in 1921, the Port of New York Authority was created to oversee transportation in the Port of New York and New Jersey. At the time, bridges in New York City were being built at a brisk pace, not long after, in 1928, the Port Authority opened its first two bridges between New Jersey and Staten Island, the Goethals Bridge and the Outerbridge Crossing. There was plans for a bridge to Staten Island near Bayonne, New Jersey. All three bridges were built to complement the traffic from a fourth bridge or a tunnel from Staten Island to Brooklyn. This required a longer span than if the bridge had been built perpendicular to the Kill Van Kull. In particular, the Port Richmond viaduct was 2,010 feet long, the total length of the bridge is 5,780 feet with a mid-span clearance above the water of 150 feet in order to make room for the United States Navys tallest ships at the time. The arch resembles a parabola, but is made up of 40 linear segments, the design of the steel arch is influenced by the Hell Gate Bridge designed by Ammanns mentor, Gustav Lindenthal. It was the first bridge to employ the use of steel for the main arch ribs. Construction on the began in 1928. At the time, it was supposed to be open in early 1932 and was supposed to cost $16 million, the bridge had to be built without blocking shipping traffic on the Kill Van Kull. Afterward, prefabricated pieces of the support structure were hung from cables connected to the arch
20.
Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)
–
The bridge is named because it carries Broadway, which is designated as US9 here. The bridge also carries the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line above the road, before the Harlem River was rerouted, the bridge in the area was named Kings Bridge, crossing the river on the border between Marble Hill and the Bronx. The Boston Post Road and Albany Post Road crossed this bridge, a later bridge, opened on January 1,1895, spanned the canal. A total of three bridges spanned the canal at this location, the 1895 bridge, a steam-powered swinging bridge, accommodated only highway and pedestrian traffic. It was replaced in 1905 by a bridge that could accommodate for the extension of the IRT subway line into the Bronx. The 1905 Broadway Bridge was also a bridge, but a second deck was added to allow for subway traffic on the upper deck. The 1905 iteration of the Broadway Bridge, that was being replaced by a new structure, was reused to create the University Heights Bridge. In June 1906, the old bridge was floated down the river, after all the approaches and other construction were completed, the new University Heights Bridge opened to traffic on January 8,1908. The present Broadway Bridge has a navigable channel 304 feet wide providing 136 feet of clearance when the bridge is in the open position. In the down position, the bridge provides 24 feet of vertical clearance, in 2010, the New York City Department of Transportation, which operates and maintains the bridge, reported an average daily traffic volume in both directions of 37,292. The peak ADT over the Broadway Bridge was 42,555 vehicles in 1990, the Broadway Bridge carries the 1 train, as noted above. As such, when the bridge is open,1 trains terminate at 215th Street, shuttle buses provide service to Van Cortlandt Park-242nd Street. Immediately to the north of the bridge along this line is the Marble Hill–225th Street station, the bridge also carries the Bx7 and Bx20 local bus routes operated by MTA New York City Transit, and the BxM1 express bus route operated by the MTA Bus Company
21.
City Island Bridge
–
The City Island Bridge is a bridge in the New York City borough of the Bronx, connecting City Island with Rodmans Neck on the mainland. The name refers to two bridges, the bridge was open from 1901 to 2015, and a new bridge will open in 2017. Since the American Revolutionary War, there have been plans to link City Island with the mainland via means of a bridge, before the original bridge named City Island Bridge was opened, there was another, unnamed bridge connecting City Island with the rest of the Bronx. This first bridge, which was definitely under planning in the 1860s, was listed in an 1872 map and it was a tolled drawbridge that was built partly out of wood from the USS North Carolina. This bridge was located north of the 1899 bridge and connected to City Island at Bridge Street, the second City Island Bridge, which was actually the first with that particular name, began construction in 1898 and was completed in 1901. The $200,000 bridge was of stone and steel construction and it consisted of five fixed spans and a central swing section. As originally built, the bridges City Island end connected to City Island Avenue rather than at Bridge Street, the bridge was the sole entry and exit for vehicles on City Island. As such, it served both as a landmark and a gateway to City Island, the swing section was deactivated and turned into a fixed span in 1963. In 1978–1979, a renovation would have detonated explosives on the corroding piers. The bridge, which had been inspected in July 1999, had been deemed capable of carrying up to 50 long tons, the city leaders gave four options for the bridges future, one entailed renovating the existing span, while the other three were for new spans. The original schedule was for the project to begin in 2007 with completion in 2010, the project was then postponed until June 2012. Due to the postponement, during 2010 repairs were made to the existing bridge deck, piers. Due to a lack of funding the project was delayed once more until the city announced it would accept bids in late 2012, as of 2005 the estimated cost of the project was $50 million. As of 2009 the estimate increased to $120 million due to redesigns, the final bid came in at $102.7 million. Some residents, however, opposed the design of the cable-stayed bridge, opponents of the bridge design filed a lawsuit against the city on November 6,2013. A Bronx Supreme Court judge granted an injunction on that date. In December 2013 the court lifted the injunction, but ruled that the city must conduct public hearings, the citys prior consultations with the island community, which began during the early design stages, had been informal. The courts ruling requires the city to follow its Uniform Land Use Review Procedure, on May 5,2014, the original bridge plans were scrapped, and the de Blasio administration chose to go with a slightly cheaper and much shorter causeway-style bridge
22.
Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge
–
The Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge in New York City is a toll bridge that carries Cross Bay Boulevard from Broad Channel in Jamaica Bay to the Rockaway Peninsula, and is located in Queens. The bridge was a part of a program to develop Jamaica Bay as an area instead of an industrial port. The 1939 bridge was a bascule bridge. Reconstructed and opened to traffic on May 28,1970, the new bridge is a high level fixed bridge carrying six traffic lanes and this let boats pass under without delays to lift the drawbridge. The bridge is owned by New York Cityand operated by the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, registered Rockaway and Broad Channel residents with E-ZPass receive toll rebates on this bridge. Until 2010, Rockaways and Broad Channel residents could cross the bridge for free. Residents of Broad Channel and the Rockaways who have an E-ZPass pay $1.19 per crossing if they cross up to twice per day, the new toll for area residents was part of a series of Metropolitan Transportation Authority budget cuts. Starting on March 19,2017, drivers will pay $4.25 per car or $3.50 per motorcycle for cash / tolls by mail, E‑ZPass users with transponders issued by the New York E‑ZPass pay $2.16 per car or $1.80 per motorcycle. Open-road cashless tolling will begin on April 30,2017, the tollbooths will be gradually dismantled, and drivers will no longer be able to pay cash at the bridge. Instead, there will be mounted onto new overhead gantries near where the booths are currently located. Drivers without E-ZPass will have a picture of their license plate taken, for E-ZPass users, sensors will detect their transponders wirelessly. Cashless tolls can improve traveling time at the crossings just in time for summer traveling season, residents with leftover bridge tokens will be eligible to redeem their tokens for a refund
23.
Grand Street Bridge
–
The Grand Street Bridge is a swing bridge between the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. The bridge crosses Newtown Creek, and opened in December 1902, construction on the bridge began in August 1900. The new bridge was planned to open in October 1901, a later report on the delay found that the contractor hired to build the bridge was incompetent, and the bridge was completed by the City. The current bridge is the third on the site, the first two, both made of wood, were built in 1875 and 1890. Grand Street Bridge history at bridgesnyc. com
24.
George Washington Bridge
–
As of 2015, it carried over 106 million vehicles per year, making it the worlds busiest motor vehicle bridge. The speed limit on the bridge is 45 mph, though congestion frequently slows traffic on weekdays and weekends. The bridges upper level also carries pedestrian and bicycle traffic, Interstate 95 and U. S. Route 1/9 cross the river via the bridge. US46, which lies entirely within New Jersey, terminates halfway across the bridge at the border with New York. At its eastern terminus in New York City, the bridge connects with the Trans-Manhattan Expressway, unsuccessful, Washington evacuated Manhattan by crossing between the two forts. Construction on the began in October 1927 as a project of the Port of New York Authority. The bridges chief engineer was Othmar Ammann, with Cass Gilbert as architect, geologists made 300-foot test bores on the New Jersey side to determine if the geological strata would support the bridge. When construction started, the estimated cost of the bridge was $75,000,000 and it was expected to carry 8 million vehicles and 1.5 million pedestrians in its first year of operation. Prior to and while construction, the bridge was unofficially known as the Hudson River Bridge. However, the Port Authority named the bridge after George Washington that year, the bridge was dedicated on October 24,1931, and opened to traffic the following day. It held this title until the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge in 1937, in 1946, two more lanes were created on the current upper level, widening it from the original six lanes. A second, lower deck, which had anticipated in Ammanns original plans, was approved by Lt. Col. Joseph R. McCammon, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. The original design for the towers of the called for them to be encased in concrete and granite. However, because of cost considerations during the Great Depression and favorable aesthetic critiques of the steel towers. The exposed steel towers, with their distinctive criss-crossed bracing, have one of the bridges most identifiable characteristics. Le Corbusier said of the steel structure, The George Washington Bridge over the Hudson is the most beautiful bridge in the world. Made of cables and steel beams, it gleams in the sky like a reversed arch and it is the only seat of grace in the disordered city. It is painted a color and, between water and sky, you see nothing but the bent cord supported by two steel towers
25.
Goethals Bridge
–
The Goethals Bridge /ˈɡɒθəlz/ connects Elizabeth, New Jersey, to Staten Island, New York, in the United States. It crosses a strait known as Arthur Kill, operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the span was one of the first structures built by the PANYNJ. On the New Jersey side it is located south of Newark Liberty International Airport.2 million and it and the Outerbridge Crossing opened on June 29,1928. The Goethals Bridge replaced three ferries and is the neighbor of the Arthur Kill Rail Bridge. Its unusual mid-span height was a requirement of the New Jersey ports, the bridge was named for Major General George Washington Goethals, who supervised construction of the Panama Canal and was the first consulting engineer of the PANYNJ. Connecting onto the New Jersey Turnpike, it serves as one of the routes for traffic between New Jersey and Brooklyn via the Staten Island Expressway and the Verrazano–Narrows Bridge. Until the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge was completed in 1964 the Goethals Bridge never turned a profit, the same happened to the Outerbridge Crossing. The total traffic in 2002 was 15.68 million vehicles, the Goethals Bridge holds two 10-foot-wide lanes in each direction, which do not meet the 12-foot requirement of modern highway design standards. The bridge also has no shoulders for emergency access, or pedestrian walkways or bike paths, a completely new bridge that will address these deficiencies is now under construction. An initial study in 1997 concluded that the solution would be a parallel span. However, a recent study suggested that the existing span had only 10 years of life left, even with the recent deck rehabilitation. The choosing of the replacement option was followed by the submittal of several design alternatives. The bridge is slated to be replaced by late 2018, the new bridge will restore pedestrian and bicycle access. In addition, there will be an area between the eastbound and westbound roadways capable of accommodating a possible mass transit link. Public open houses were held in Staten Island and Elizabeth, formal public hearings on the DEIS were held in July 2009. All alternatives proposed that the bridge be single level, cable-stayed, double spans, each deck would have three 12 ft lanes with a 12 ft outer shoulder and 5 ft inner shoulder and the northern deck would feature a 10 ft pedestrian walkway. In addition, permanent access roads would be built under the bridge on land for maintenance, security, lastly, space would be left to accommodate potential mass-transit services. The suggestion for a rail connection was dismissed as uneconomic
26.
Greenpoint Avenue Bridge
–
The Greenpoint Avenue Bridge is a drawbridge that carries Greenpoint Avenue across Newtown Creek between the neighborhoods of Greenpoint, Brooklyn and Blissville, Queens in New York City. Also known as the J. J. Byrne Memorial Bridge, the bridge is named after James J. Byrne, previously, Byrne was the Brooklyn Commissioner of Public Works. The Greenpoint Avenue Bridge is the bridge to cross Newtown Creek in this location. In the 1850s, Neziah Bliss built the first drawbridge, which was called the Blissville Bridge and it was followed by three other bridges before being replaced by a new bridge in March 1900. A new bridge opened in 1929 and after suffering mechanical problems it was replaced by the current structure in 1987. Designed by Hardesty & Hanover, the Greenpoint Avenue Bridge was the recipient of an American Institute of Steel Construction Award in 1991, in 2011, the NYCDOT proposed an extension of the existing Greenpoint Avenue bike lane on the Brooklyn side across the bridge into Queens. The project was completed in 2015
27.
Henry Hudson Bridge
–
The Henry Hudson Bridge is a steel arch toll bridge in New York City across the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. It connects Spuyten Duyvil in the Bronx with Inwood in Manhattan to the south, on the Manhattan side, the parkway goes into Inwood Hill Park. Commercial vehicles are not permitted on this bridge, since commercial vehicles are not accepted on the parkway in general, the bridge was designed by David B. Steinman, drawing upon his 1911 Ph. D. thesis in engineering at Columbia University. Named to commemorate the voyage of Henry Hudson on the Half Moon, the bridge has two roadway levels carrying an aggregate of seven traffic lanes and a pedestrian walkway and spans Spuyten Duyvil Creek just east of where the tidal strait meets the Hudson River. The bridge is part of the Henry Hudson Parkway designated as New York State Route 9A, to its west, at five feet above water level, is the Spuyten Duyvil Bridge, which is used by Amtrak trains heading to Albany, New York and other points north. The Spuyten Duyvil Metro-North station is located under the Henry Hudson Bridge on the Bronx side, starting on March 19,2017, drivers are required to pay $6.00 per car or $3.50 per motorcycle for tolls by mail. E‑ZPass users with transponders issued by the New York E‑ZPass pay $2.64 per car or $1.80 per motorcycle, all other E-ZPass users with transponders issued outside of the NY Customer Service Center will be required to pay the same price as toll by mail. Meanwhile, Robert Moses preferred the route along the Hudson River because he was able to receive the land to build the Henry Hudson Parkway at no cost, the construction of the bridge helped open the Riverdale neighborhood to development. The original single-deck structure was built for the Henry Hudson Parkway Authority by the American Bridge Company at a cost of $4,949,000, the upper level of the bridge was designed to be added at a later date and opened to traffic on May 7,1938. The second deck was added an additional cost of approximately $2,000,000, the bridge is owned by the City of New York and operated by the MTA Bridges and Tunnels, an affiliate agency of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. In January 2010, the MTA announced that it planned to implement a program on the Henry Hudson Bridge to phase out toll booths. In January 20,2011, this pilot project got underway. Drivers without E-ZPass are sent a bill in the mail, the new tolling system was implemented on November 10,2012. New York Times, For Crossing Built Long Ago, No End to the Repairs December 12,2011 Media related to Henry Hudson Bridge at Wikimedia Commons NYC Roads entry Henry Hudson Bridge at Structurae
28.
High Bridge (New York City)
–
A steel arch bridge with a height of 140 ft over the Harlem River, it connects the New York City boroughs of the Bronx and Manhattan. Although the bridge was completed in 1848 as a stone arch bridge. The bridge was closed to all traffic from the 1970s until its restoration, the bridge was reopened to pedestrians and bicycles on June 9,2015. The bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Parks, originally designed as a stone arch bridge, the High Bridge had the appearance of a Roman aqueduct. The bridge has a height of 140 ft above the river 620-foot -wide Harlem River, the design of the bridge was originally awarded to Major David Bates Douglass, who was fired from the project. The design then fell to the engineering team, led by John B. James Renwick, Jr. who later went on to design the landmark Saint Patricks Cathedral on Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, the Croton Aqueduct had to cross the Harlem River at some point, and the method was a major design decision. A tunnel under the river was considered, but tunneling technology was in its infancy at the time, and this left a bridge, with the Water Commission, engineers and the public split between a low bridge and a high bridge. A low bridge would have simpler, faster, and cheaper to construct. When concerns were raised to the New York Legislature that a low bridge would obstruct passage along the Harlem River to the Hudson River, in 1864, a walkway was built across the High Bridge. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, the current maintainer. The bridge was not used for vehicles, though, in 1928, to improve navigation in the Harlem River, the five masonry arches that spanned the river were demolished and replaced with a single steel arch of about 450 feet. Of the masonry arches of the original 1848 bridge, only one survives on the Manhattan side, use of the structure for water supply purposes ceased on December 15,1949. By 1954, The New York Times reported that the commissioner of the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity said that the bridge entailed serious problems of maintenance, robert Moses agreed to take responsibility for the bridge, which was transferred to the Parks Department in 1955. There were incidents, in 1957 and 1958, of throwing sticks, stones. The High Bridge was part of the first reliable and plentiful water supply system in New York City, as the City was devastated by cholera in 1832 and the Great Fire in 1835, the inadequacy of the water system of wells-and-cisterns became apparent. In the final analysis, only the Croton River in northern Westchester County was found to carry water sufficient in quantity and quality to serve the City, the delivery system was begun in 1837, and was completed in 1848. The Old Croton Aqueduct was the first of its kind constructed in the United States
29.
Kosciuszko Bridge (New York City)
–
Both bridges are a part of Interstate 278, which is also locally known as the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway or BQE. They are the bridges over Newtown Creek that is not a drawbridge. All traffic currently uses the bridge, a truss bridge that opened in 1939. This truss bridge carries six lanes of traffic, in 2014, a contract was awarded and work begun to build one of two replacement bridges with more capacity. The new bridges will have the name as the original bridge. The first of the new bridges is a bridge that will replace the existing bridge. This bridge, which is being built south of the old bridge, will open in 2017. The Kosciuszko Bridge, originally referred to as the Meeker Avenue Bridge and it was built at a cost of $6 million to $13 million. The new bridge replaced an older Meeker Avenue Bridge, the Meeker Avenue Bridge had been in use since 1894 and connected Meeker Avenue in Brooklyn to Review Avenue and Laurel Hill Boulevard in Queens. The original Meeker Avenue Bridge had been replaced several times, the new Meeker Avenue Bridges 1939 design and form was vastly different than the first Meeker Avenue Bridge. The earlier was a drawbridge and carried a two-lane roadway 20-ft wide. The new bridge carried two three-lane concrete roadways each 32-ft wide and separated by a 4-foot center mall, additionally, this new bridge structure contains 16,315 tons of steel, along 88,120 cubic yards of concrete masonry. One of the builders of the new $1,500,000 Meeker Avenue Bridge was John Kelly, of Greenpoint, Brooklyn, in 1938, he completed his task of building a cofferdam, a box-like structure made of 250 steel sheets. One of the tools he worked with was a cutting torch, which burned oxygen, hydrogen. The citys government officially renamed the bridge after Tadeusz Kościuszko, a Polish volunteer who was a General in the American Revolutionary War, on July 10,1940. On September 22,1940, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia led a ceremony in which he renamed the new Meeker Avenue Bridge over Newtown Creek after Kościuszko. The naming occurred in the presence of 15,000 people, mainly Polish-American residents and city and state government representatives, there were parades at both ends of the bridge, and La Guardia also unveiled plaques that commemorated the new name. He also stated, I am confident that Poland will live again, any land that breeds such lovers of freedom can never be kept enslaved
30.
Macombs Dam Bridge
–
The Macombs Dam Bridge spans the Harlem River in New York City, connecting the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx near Yankee Stadium. It is the third-oldest bridge in New York City and, along with the 155th Street Viaduct, was designated a New York City Landmark in January 1992, the bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation. The bridge is located 3.2 miles from the mouth of the Harlem River and it consists of a swing bridge over the Harlem River decorated with four finials and with stone end piers with shelter houses, and a camelback span over the railroad tracks on the Bronx side. The main swing span is 408 feet long and provides two shipping channels with 150 feet of horizontal clearance, when closed the bridge provides 25 feet of vertical clearance. The bridges total length is 2,540 feet, the current bridge is the most recent of several bridges in the area, the first of which – along with the since-demolished lock-and-dam system – opened in 1814. The wooden Central Bridge followed in 1861, to be replaced by the current bridge, which was called the Central Bridge. However the name never stuck, and the old name Macombs Dam Bridge remained in popular use, construction began in 1890 and was completed in 1895 at a total cost of $1.3 million. The bridge, which was designed by consulting engineer Alfred Pancoast Boller, the New York City Department of Transportation began a $145 million renovation of this bridge in 1999. It has four lanes for traffic, and a sidewalk on each side for pedistrians. At the western end of the bridge is a steel viaduct leading to the intersection of 155th Street and Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. Boulevard. At the eastern end, an approach road leads to Jerome Avenue. Immediately to the north of the bridge was another swing bridge along which the now-demolished 9th Avenue El reached the Bronx and that bridge was demolished sometime after this section of the 9th Avenue El ceased operation in 1958. For 2011, the NYCDOT, which operates and maintains the bridge, the Macombs Dam Bridge carries the Bx6 bus route operated by MTA New York City Transit. The routes average weekday ridership is 21,973, list of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in New York Notes Official website Historic American Engineering Record No
31.
Madison Avenue Bridge
–
The Madison Avenue Bridge is a four lane swing bridge that crosses the Harlem River in New York City, connecting Madison Avenue in Manhattan with East 138th Street in the Bronx. It was designed by Alfred P. Boller and built in 1910 to replace, the bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation. For 2011, the NYCDOT reported a daily traffic volume in both directions of 41,423, having reached a peak of 49,487 in 2002. The bridge is part of the course for the annual New York City Marathon, the average weekday ridership of the Bx33 bus route is 3,216. The average weekday ridership on the BxM3 bus route is 718, the average weekday ridership on the BxM4 bus route is 414. Prior to June 27,2010, the BxM4 was known as the BxM4A, notes Madison Avenue Bridge - historic overview NYC DoT Madison Avenue Bridge
32.
Manhattan Bridge
–
The Manhattan Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses the East River in New York City, connecting Lower Manhattan at Canal Street with Downtown Brooklyn at the Flatbush Avenue Extension. The main span is 1,470 ft long, with the suspension cables being 3,224 ft long, the bridges total length is 6,855 ft. This is one of four bridges spanning the East River. The bridge opened to traffic on December 31,1909 and it was designed by Leon Moisseiff, and is noted for its innovative design. The Manhattan Bridge was also the first suspension bridge to utilize a Warren truss in its design, the Manhattan Bridge was the last of the three suspension bridges built across the lower East River, following the Brooklyn and Williamsburg bridges. It has four lanes on the upper level, split between two roadways. The lower level has three lanes, four tracks, a walkway and a bikeway. The upper level, originally used for streetcars, has two lanes in each direction, and the level is one-way and has three lanes in peak direction. The bridge once carried New York State Route 27 and later was planned to carry Interstate 478, the original pedestrian walkway on the south side of the bridge was reopened after forty years in June 2001. The northern bridge bike path is noted for poor signage that leads to cyclist. To celebrate the centennial anniversary, a series of events and exhibits were organized by the New York City Bridge Centennial Commission in October 2009. These included a parade across the Manhattan Bridge on the morning of October 4. In 2009, the bridge was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Construction began that year, and plans were finalized in 1912, the arch and colonnade were completed in 1915. The decoration includes pylons which were sculpted by Carl Augustus Heber, the arch and colonnade were designated a New York City landmark on November 25,1975. After many years of neglect and several attempts by traffic engineers to remove the structure, four subway tracks are located on the lower deck of the bridge. The two tracks on the side are used by the Q train at all times and the N train at all times except late nights. The tracks on the side are used by the D train at all times
33.
Mill Basin, Brooklyn
–
The area is part of Brooklyn Community Board 18. The area was called Equandito by the local Lenape Native Americans, the Crooke-Schenck House, which stood at East 63rd Street, was dismantled in 1952 and later reassembled as a museum exhibit at the Brooklyn Museum. The area retained its rural character until Robert L. Crooke built a plant in 1890. Until the early century, the chief resources were the abundant crabs, oysters. In 1906, the Flatbush Improvement Company brought marshland and engaged the firm of Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific to dredge creeks and fill in meadows. A project begun in 1913 and completed in 1923 to extend Flatbush Avenue to the Rockaway Inlet provided an additional 2,700 feet of dock facilities and a strip of land for a road across the marshes. In 1915, a channel was dredged to the channel of Jamaica Bay. By 1919, Mill Island was the site of at least six manufacturing, during the late 1920s and 1930s, the docks were rented to a number of small industrial firms. The neighborhood remained an industrial area for thirty years. Brick bungalows were built in the late 1940s and early 1950s, many of which were replaced by large, custom-built. As late as the 1960s, the area was still a swamp, from the 1950s through the 1980s, the area was mainly Italian, but the predominant communities today are Russians and Israelis. The community has evolved to some of New York Citys most opulent houses. Most of the stock is new, and many waterfront houses include docks, water views. Prices of houses often range in the millions, in Georgetown, in northern Mill Basin, there are two-family brick townhouses with overhanging balconies and awnings. In Mill Island, the part of Mill Basin, houses are more expensive than in the rest of the neighborhood, by contrast. Some lead factories, built in the 20th century by Dutch businessmen, still remain standing, commercial activities, mainly family-owned shops and restaurants, are located mainly along Strickland Avenue and Avenue U. Chain stores are located in the nearby Kings Plaza shopping mall, the Mill Basin Bridge is a double leaf trunnion bascule bridge supporting the Belt Parkway over Mill Basin. Each leaf carries six lanes of traffic—three in each direction, there is a sidewalk on each side of the leaf, the eastern or downstream one being part of the Shore Parkway Greenway
34.
Outerbridge Crossing
–
The Outerbridge Crossing is a cantilever bridge which spans the Arthur Kill. The Outerbridge, as it is known, connects Perth Amboy, New Jersey, with Staten Island. It carries NY440 and NJ440, the two roads connecting at the border near the bridges center. The Outerbridge Crossing is one of three bridges connecting New Jersey with Staten Island, and like the others, is maintained and operated by the Port Authority of New York. The others are the Bayonne Bridge, which connects Staten Island with Bayonne, and the Goethals Bridge, the bridge was named for Eugenius Harvey Outerbridge, the first chairman of the then–Port of New York Authority and a resident of Staten Island. It opened simultaneously with the Goethals Bridge on June 29,1928, neither bridge saw high traffic counts until the opening of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in 1964. Traffic counts on both bridges were also depressed due to the effects of the Great Depression and World War II, in recent years, the bridge has undergone numerous repair jobs as a result of the high volume of traffic that crosses the bridge each day. On October 11,2013, the Port Authority announced the completion of the bridges repaving project, on March 2,2017, Port Authority Executive Director Patrick Foye announced the funding of a $230 million study into a potential replacement bridge. The Outerbridge Crossing carried 32,438,000 vehicles in 2006, tolls are collected in the eastbound direction only. Motorists using the high-speed E-ZPass lanes cannot use Exit 1 to Page Avenue, which is located immediately after the toll plaza. As of December 6,2015, the cash toll going from New Jersey to New York is $15 for cars and motorcycles, there is no toll for passenger vehicles going from New York to New Jersey. E-ZPass users are charged $12.50 for cars or $11.50 for motorcycles during peak hours, and $10.50 for cars or $9.50 for motorcycles during off-peak hours. com Historic American Engineering Record No
35.
Park Avenue Viaduct
–
The viaduct was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, technically as a boundary increase to the Grand Central Terminals prior listing, but carrying a separate reference number. The viaduct provides a pedestrian-, bicycle-, and bus-free express route for taxicabs, the area around where the viaduct crosses 42nd Street, Pershing Square is named after General John J. Pershing. Consequently, the portion of the viaduct between 42nd and 40th Streets is also known as the Pershing Square Viaduct, but two ramps, northbound and southbound, connect the two streets. The viaduct was first proposed in 1916, and construction began in 1918 Work progressed rapidly despite the difficulty in securing labor and material. A spur ran east along the rear of the terminal, providing parking space, at the same time, plans started to formulate for the ramps at the bottom of the viaduct, which would be called Pershing Square in honor of Gen. Shortly after completion, it was evident that additional measures were needed to prevent a tie up at the north end of the newly completed pass. The plan was approved by the Board of Estimate in January 1928, in 1939, the city built a steel and glass-brick structure under the viaduct at the center of Pershing Square from 42nd Street to 41st Street, which it utilized to provide tourist information. The building, at 90 East 42nd Street, was converted into a restaurant. The viaduct appears in movies and television show episodes, Will Smith, as a policeman. In the 2007 film I Am Legend, Will Smiths character is captured by a vampires snare there, the viaduct is also shown during a battle in the 2012 film The Avengers. Michael Keaton flies through the viaduct in 2014s Birdman, Park Avenue Tunnel Pershing Square, Manhattan Notes Media related to Park Avenue Viaduct at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Pershing Square at Wikimedia Commons
36.
Pelham Bridge
–
Pelham Bridge is a bascule bridge located in the New York City borough of the Bronx. It carries Shore Road and a walkway along the downstream side, the bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation. Crossing the mouth of the river, it is variously called Pelham Bay Bridge, Pelham Bridge opens frequently, in 2008, it opened a total of 1,446 times. The watercraft traffic under that bridge is greater than for any other drawbridge in the city, the first bridge at the site, a stone bridge built in 1815, was destroyed in a storm on April 12,1816. Another bridge wouldnt be built at the site for eighteen years, the current bridge replaced an older one that required constant, expensive maintenance. The new bridge was opened to traffic on October 15,1908 before it was fully completed, in order to save costs on maintaining the old bridge. During construction, the main for City Island and Pelham Bay Park had to be interrupted, so water was imported from New Rochelle. The bridge was completed on February 17,1909, at a total cost of $605,274.06. The bridge was reconstructed in 1985, a celebration of the bridges centennial took place on October 28,2008. New York City Department of Transportation, Pelham Bridge
37.
Pulaski Bridge
–
The Pulaski Bridge in New York City connects Long Island City in Queens to Greenpoint in Brooklyn over Newtown Creek. It was named after Polish military commander and American Revolutionary War fighter Kazimierz Pułaski because of the large Polish-American population in Greenpoint and it connects 11th Street in Queens to McGuinness Boulevard in Brooklyn. The Pulaski Bridge opened to traffic on September 10,1954 and it served as a replacement for the nearby Vernon Avenue Bridge, which had linked Vernon Avenue in Long Island City with Manhattan Avenue in Greenpoint. Designed by Frederick Zurmuhlen, the Pulaski Bridge is a bascule bridge and it carries six lanes of traffic and a pedestrian sidewalk over the water, Long Island Rail Road tracks, and the entrance to the Queens-Midtown Tunnel. The bridge was reconstructed between 1991 and 1994, from 1979 until 1990, a message reading Wheels Over Indian Trails was painted on the Pulaski Bridge over the approach to the Queens-Midtown Tunnel. The artwork was created by John Fekner as a tribute to the thirteen Native American tribes who inhabited Long Island. Located just over 13 miles from the start of the New York City Marathon at the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, since the Pulaski is a drawbridge with an open section in the middle, it presents several challenges not faced by other bridges. First, physical dividers must be lightweight yet securely installed so they dont come loose when the drawbridge is opened, secondly, the joints where the two leaves come together must be somehow protected to make them more bicycle wheel-friendly. Bike lane construction is slated for spring or early summer of 2014. NYC DoT page Pulaski Bridge at Structurae
38.
Queensboro Bridge
–
It connects the neighborhood of Long Island City in the borough of Queens with Manhattan, passing over Roosevelt Island. The bridge is flanked on its side by the freestanding Roosevelt Island Tramway. The bridge was, for a time, simply called the Queensboro Bridge, but in March 2011. No tolls are charged for vehicles to use the bridge. The Queensboro Bridge is the first entry point into Manhattan in the course of the New York City Marathon, the Queensboro Bridge is a two-level double cantilever bridge. It has two spans, one over the channel on each side of Roosevelt Island. The bridge does not have suspended spans, so the arm from each side reaches to the midpoint of the span. The upper level of the bridge has four lanes of traffic and provides a view of the bridges cantilever truss structure. The lower level has five lanes, the inner four for automobile traffic. The North Outer Roadway was converted into a permanent pedestrian walk, originally, this open air promenade was known as Bridgemarket and was part of Hornbostels attempt to make the bridge more hospitable in the city. Serious proposals for a bridge linking Manhattan to Long Island City were first made as early as 1838 and its efforts never came to fruition and the company went bankrupt in the 1890s. Buck and Henry Hornbostel, designers of the Williamsburg Bridge, the bridge opened for public use on March 30,1909, having cost about $18 million and 50 lives. There was a ten-cent toll to drive over the bridge, the bridges ceremonial grand opening was held on June 12,1909. At the time, it was the fourth longest bridge in the world, the grand opening included a fireworks display. The bridge was known as the Blackwells Island Bridge, from an earlier name for Roosevelt Island. In 1930, an elevator was built on the bridge to transport cars and passengers to what was then called Welfare Island, now Roosevelt Island. A trolley connected passengers from Queens and Manhattan to a stop in the middle of the bridge, the trolley operated from the bridges opening until April 7,1957. The railway was removed in the late 1930s and early 1940s as well as the 2nd Avenue Elevated Line, there was also at one time what was known as the upside-down building on the north side of the bridge, because its main entrance was on the bridge
39.
Triborough Bridge
–
The Triborough Bridge, known officially as the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge since 2008, and sometimes referred to as the RFK Triborough Bridge, is a complex of three separate bridges in New York City. The bridges connect the boroughs of Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx via Randalls and Wards Islands and these are connected by an elevated highway viaduct across Randalls and Wards Islands and 14 miles of support roads. Also part of the complex is a grade-separated T-interchange on Randalls Island, the bridge complex was designed by chief engineer Othmar H. Ammann and architect Aymar Embury II, and has been called the biggest traffic machine ever built. The American Society of Civil Engineers designated the Triborough Bridge Project as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1986, the bridge is owned and operated by the MTA Bridges and Tunnels, part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Plans for connecting Manhattan, Queens and the Bronx were first announced by Edward A. Byrne, chief engineer of the New York City Department of Plant and Structures, in 1916. Construction began on October 25,1929 – Black Friday –, by the spring of 1932, the project was moribund. The project was resurrected by Robert Moses, who pushed the legislature to create the Triborough Bridge Authority to fund, build. Moses solved this problem in typical fashion by proposing new roads and parkways to feed into the bridge, which would connect it to the existing ones he had already built. The complex of roads included the Grand Central Parkway and Astoria Boulevard in Queens, an extension to the East River Drive in Manhattan, and Whitlock Avenue and Eastern Boulevard in the Bronx. While reformers embraced Moses plans, state and city officials were overwhelmed by their scale, Ickes, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and New York City Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia, over which Moses almost lost his job. The other major source of funding was from interest-bearing bonds issued by the Triborough Bridge Authority itself and these bonds were secured by future toll revenue. The scale of the Triborough Bridge project, including its approaches, was such that hundreds of apartment buildings were demolished to make way for it. The structure used concrete from factories from Maine to the Mississippi, to make the formwork for pouring the concrete, a forests worth of trees on the Pacific Coast was cut down. Robert Caro, the biographer of Moses, said about it, Triborough was not a bridge so much as a traffic machine, lehman, Public Works Administrator Ickes, Postmaster General James A. Farley and Moses, who acted as master of ceremonies. Due to the conflicts between himself and Moses, the attendance of Roosevelt was not certain until the last minute. The ceremonies were broadcast via a radio connection. Of this, $16 million came from the city and $9 million directly from the PWA, which also purchased $35 million worth of TBA bonds, which were eventually bought back and resold to the public. In the first year of the operation it generated $2.72 million in tolls – the equivalent of $46.4 million in 2015 – produced by 9.65 million vehicles
40.
Roosevelt Island Bridge
–
The Roosevelt Island Bridge is a vertical lift bridge that connects Roosevelt Island in Manhattan to Astoria in Queens, crossing the East Channel of the East River. It is the route to the island for vehicular and foot traffic. Construction of the bridge began on March 17,1952, at a cost of $6.5 million and it opened on May 18,1955, as the Welfare Island Bridge. The name was changed to the Roosevelt Island Bridge in 1973, when the bridge is open it provides ships with 100 feet of vertical clearance. It is 40 feet wide, and its length, including approaches, is 2,877 feet. The main span is 418 feet, before the bridge was constructed, the only way vehicles could access Roosevelt Island was via an elevator on the Queensboro Bridge. The elevator was demolished in 1970. The Roosevelt Island Bridge provides direct access to the Motorgate Parking Garage, the garage was completed in 1974 and later expanded in 1990. In 2001, the New York City Department of Transportation considered converting the Roosevelt Island Bridge into a bridge to reduce the cost of its maintenance. The bridge is opened, because most vessels passing by Roosevelt Island use the West Channel of the East River. Most of the bridge openings occur in September during the General Assembly at the United Nations when the West Channel is closed for security reasons, Roosevelt Island Tramway Media related to Roosevelt Island Bridge at Wikimedia Commons Roosevelt Island Bridge Roosevelt Island Bridge at Structurae
41.
Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)
–
The Third Avenue Bridge carries southbound road traffic on Third Avenue over the Harlem River, connecting the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx in New York City. It once carried southbound New York State Route 1A, the bridge was formerly bidirectional, but converted to one-way operation southbound on August 5,1941 on the same day the Willis Avenue Bridge was similarly converted to one-way northbound. As part of a reconstruction project, a new swing span was floated into place on October 29,2004. Additional work covered redesign of the ramps to the bridge on the Bronx side. Discovery Channel made a show about the installation. For 2011, the New York City Department of Transportation, which operates and maintains the bridge, reported a daily traffic volume of 59,603. The Third Avenue Bridge carries the Bx15 bus route operated by MTA New York City Transit, the routes average weekday ridership is 19,951
42.
Throgs Neck Bridge
–
The Throgs Neck Bridge is a suspension bridge opened on January 11,1961, which carries Interstate 295 over the East River where it meets the Long Island Sound. The bridge connects the Throggs Neck section of the Bronx with the Bay Terrace section of Queens and it is the newest bridge across the East River and was built to relieve traffic on the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge 2 miles to the west, which opened in 1939. The Throgs Neck Bridge is the easternmost crossing off of Long Island, the Throgs Neck Bridge is owned by the City of New York and operated by the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, an affiliate agency of the MTA. The Throgs Neck Bridge was planned and managed by Robert Moses and his first plan for a Throgs Neck span dates back to 1945, six years after the nearby Bronx–Whitestone Bridge was completed 2 miles to the west. This bridge was one of the few not intended for the Belt System of highways wrapping around Queens, Moses commissioned famed New York City bridge designer Othmar Ammann, the man behind the George Washington, Bronx-Whitestone, Verrazano-Narrows, and Triborough bridges. This was Ammanns first long-span job after 1940, which saw the collapse of the original Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge in the state of Washington, instead of employing a rather streamlined-looking plate-girder system, Ammann constructed his bridge with 28-foot-deep stiffening trusses under the deck. These would weight the bridge and allow any wind to blow through, instead of against. Deck-raising began at each tower until crews met at the center, the span is 1,800 feet long, with an anchorage to anchorage total length of 2,910 feet. The bridge was designed without non-motorized access of any kind, there are also no regularly scheduled buses. Late in the 20th century the area underneath the Queens approaches became Little Bay Park, during planning, the bridge received the I-495 designation. During construction, the became a part of I-78. Not until 1971 did the Throgs Neck Bridge become a part of I-295, after a June 2005 inspection of the Throgs Neck Bridge, damage was found on the approach bridges, more severe away from the center median. Therefore, heavy trucks over 40 tons are permitted to use the bridge only between 11,00 p. m. and 5,00 a. m. when traffic is lightest. On July 10,2009 at about 5,00 a. m. a construction workers blow torch sparked a fire on the bridge during maintenance work to replace the deck. The fire closed the bridge for much of the day, sending traffic in both directions to the nearby Whitestone Bridge. Approximately 140 firefighters were needed to put out the fire, which lasted at least seven hours, traffic lanes on the Queens-bound side of the bridge reopened in the afternoon before the evening rush hour, but only two Bronx-bound lanes were reopened later in the evening. The third lane remained closed due to work for exactly a month when it reopened on August 10. On January 11,2011, the Throgs Neck Bridge celebrated its fiftieth year of operation, starting on March 19,2017, drivers will pay $8.50 per car or $3.50 per motorcycle for tolls by mail
43.
University Heights Bridge
–
The University Heights Bridge crosses the Harlem River, connecting West 207th Street in the Inwood neighborhood of Manhattan to West Fordham Road in the University Heights section of the Bronx. It may have carried the now-decommissioned New York State Route 9X. The bridge has three piers, and the approach spans are made of steel. The sidewalk features four shelters with cast-iron piers, while the bridge itself has a profile with ornate iron railings. The bridge opened to traffic on January 8,1908, on September 11,1984, the bridge was designated a New York City Landmark by the Landmarks Preservation Commission. A new, wider bridge was constructed between 1989 and 1992 to replace the previous structure. The new bridge used a portion of the latticework of the original bridge. On June 12,2008, the New York City Bridge Centennial Commission organized a parade to mark the anniversary of the bridge. The event was attended by Bronx Borough President Adolfo Carrión, Jr. the University Heights Bridge carries the Bx12 bus route operated by MTA New York City Transit, which operates as a local and as a form of bus rapid transit branded as the Bx12 Select Bus Service. The routes average weekday ridership is 45,039, on the Bronx side, the bridge provides access to the University Heights station on the Hudson Line of Metro-North Railroad via its pedestrian walkway
FDR Drive
