1.
North-West Rebellion
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The Métis believed that Canada had failed to protect their rights, their land and their survival as a distinct people. He had a force of a couple hundred Métis and a number of Aboriginal at Batoche in May 1885. Despite some notable victories at Duck Lake, Fish Creek and Cut Knife. Riel was captured and put on trial and he was convicted of treason and despite many pleas across Canada for amnesty, he was hanged. Riel became the martyr to Francophone Canada and ethnic tensions escalated into a major national division that was never resolved. Although only a few hundred people were affected in Saskatchewan. A much more important long-term impact was the bitter alienation French speakers across Canada showed, Laurent, St. Louis, and Duck Lake on or near the South Saskatchewan River. In 1882, surveyors began dividing the land of the newly formed District of Saskatchewan in the concession system. The Métis lands were laid out in the system of strips reaching back from a river which the Métis were familiar with in their French-Canadian culture. Not having clear title the Métis feared losing their land which, in 1884, the Métis asked Louis Riel to return from the United States, where he had fled after the Red River Rebellion, to appeal to the government on their behalf. The government gave a vague response, the role of aboriginal peoples prior to—and during—the outbreak of the rebellion is often misunderstood. A number of factors have created the misconception that the Cree, thus, widespread dissatisfaction with the treaties and rampant poverty spurred Big Bear, a Cree chief, to embark on a diplomatic campaign to renegotiate the terms of the treaties. When the Cree initiated violence in the spring of 1885, it was almost certainly unrelated to the revolt of Riel, in both the Frog Lake Massacre and the Siege of Fort Battleford, small dissident groups of Cree men revolted against the authority of Big Bear and Poundmaker. For Riel and the Métis, several factors had changed since the Red River Rebellion, the railway had been completed across the prairies in 1883, though sections were still under construction north of Lake Superior, making it easier for the government to get troops into the area. In addition, the North-West Mounted Police had been created, developing a local force. Riel lacked support from English settlers of the area as well as the majority of tribes. Riels claim that God had sent him back to Canada as a prophet caused Catholic officials to try to minimize his support, the Catholic priest, Albert Lacombe, worked to obtain assurances from Crowfoot that his Blackfoot warriors would not participate in a rebellion. Map of Battle Sites Chronology of Events The District of Saskatchewan, to the east, the Carrot River sub-district with 1,770 people remained quiet
2.
Lithography
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Lithography is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone or a plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material, Lithography originally used an image drawn with oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth, level lithographic limestone plate. The stone was treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic, when the stone was subsequently moistened, these etched areas retained water, an oil-based ink could then be applied and would be repelled by the water, sticking only to the original drawing. The ink would finally be transferred to a paper sheet. This traditional technique is used in some fine art printmaking applications. In modern lithography, the image is made of a coating applied to a flexible aluminum plate. The image can be printed directly from the plate, or it can be offset, by transferring the image onto a sheet for printing. In fact, photolithography is used synonymously with offset printing, the technique as well as the term were introduced in Europe in the 1850s. Beginning in the 1960s, photolithography has played an important role in the fabrication, Lithography uses simple chemical processes to create an image. For instance, the part of an image is a water-repelling substance. Thus, when the plate is introduced to a printing ink and water mixture, the ink will adhere to the positive image. This allows a flat print plate to be used, enabling much longer, Lithography was invented by Alois Senefelder in the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1796. In the early days of lithography, a piece of limestone was used. After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, during printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and was repelled by the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite. Lithography works because of the repulsion of oil and water. The image is drawn on the surface of the print plate with a fat or oil-based medium such as a wax crayon, which may be pigmented to make the drawing visible
3.
Batoche, Saskatchewan
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Batoche, Saskatchewan was the site of the historic Battle of Batoche during the Northwest Rebellion of 1885. The battle resulted in the defeat of Louis Riel and his Métis forces by Major General Frederick Middleton, the Métis settlement of Batoche was established in 1872. By 1885 it numbered 500 people, the Métis of the area settled on river lots, and the community contained several stores as well as the Roman Catholic Church of St. Antoine de Padoue at the time of the Rebellion. Batoche was the de facto capital of Riels Provisional Government of Saskatchewan and it is situated mainly along the east bank of the South Saskatchewan River between St. Laurent and Fish Creek. This area is part of the aspen parkland biome and this community consisted mostly of Francophones and Roman Catholics. Batoche was declared a National Historic Site of Canada in 1923, the visitor centre features a multimedia presentation about the history of the community and its inhabitants. There are several restored buildings with costumed interpreters who depict the lifestyles of the Métis of Batoche between 1860 and 1900, the sites include a NWMP encampment, a church and rectory complex, and a farm home. The sites are set at different locations around the community, the complex is open from mid-May through mid-September. List of communities in Saskatchewan Bell of Batoche North West Resistance Louis Riel Gabriel Dumont Barnholden, circumstances Alter Photographs, Captain James Peters Reports from the War of 1885. Batoche National Historic Site of Canada
4.
Saskatchewan
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Saskatchewan is a prairie and boreal province in west-central Canada, the only province without natural borders. It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres, nearly 10 percent of which is water, composed mostly of rivers, reservoirs. As of December 2013, Saskatchewans population was estimated at 1,114,170, residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province, while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated. Of the total population, roughly half live in the provinces largest city, Saskatoon, or the provincial capital, other notable cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current, North Battleford, and the border city Lloydminster. Saskatchewan is a province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters. As a result, its climate is continental, rendering severe winters throughout the province. Southern areas have very warm or hot summers, Midale and Yellow Grass near the U. S. border are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada with 45 °C observed at both locations on July 5,1937. In winter, temperatures below −45 °C are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps, Saskatchewan has been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups, and first explored by Europeans in 1690 and settled in 1774. It became a province in 1905, carved out from the vast North-West Territories, in the early 20th century the province became known as a stronghold for Canadian social democracy, North Americas first social-democratic government was elected in 1944. The provinces economy is based on agriculture, mining, and energy, Saskatchewans current premier is Brad Wall and its lieutenant-governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield. In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed a land claim agreement with First Nations in Saskatchewan. The First Nations received compensation and were permitted to buy land on the market for the tribes, they have acquired about 3,079 square kilometres. Some First Nations have used their settlement to invest in urban areas and its name derived from the Saskatchewan River. The river was known as kisiskāciwani-sīpiy in the Cree language, as Saskatchewans borders largely follow the geographic coordinates of longitude and latitude, the province is roughly a quadrilateral, or a shape with four sides. However the 49th parallel boundary and the 60th northern border appear curved on globes, additionally, the eastern boundary of the province is partially crooked rather than following a line of longitude, as correction lines were devised by surveyors prior to the homestead program. S. States of Montana and North Dakota, Saskatchewan has the distinction of being the only Canadian province for which no borders correspond to physical geographic features. Along with Alberta, Saskatchewan is one of only two land-locked provinces, the overwhelming majority of Saskatchewans population is located in the southern third of the province, south of the 53rd parallel. Saskatchewan contains two natural regions, the Canadian Shield in the north and the Interior Plains in the south
5.
Provisional Government of Saskatchewan
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The Provisional Government of Saskatchewan was an independent state declared during the Northwest Rebellion of 1885 in what is today the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The name was given by Louis Riel, although Riel initially hoped to rally the Countryborn, Cree and European settlers of the Saskatchewan Valley to his banner, this did not occur. The government, with the exception of Honoré Jaxon and Chief White Cap, had an entirely French-speaking, gabriel Dumont was proclaimed Adjutant General in which capacity he became supreme military commander, although Riel could, and did, override his tactical decisions. The Provisional Government was declared by Riel on March 19,1885 and it ceased to exist following the defeat of the Métis militarily during the Battle of Batoche which concluded on May 20,1885. During its existence the government only exercised authority over the Southbranch Settlements along the South Saskatchewan River, other major centres in the area such as Prince Albert, Saskatoon, and most First Nations reserves remained outside of its control. The governing council was named the Exovedate, Latin for of the flock and it met at Batoche, Saskatchewan, and only exercised real authority during its existence over the Southbranch Settlement. The provisional government collapsed with the fall of Batoche and Riel was captured a few days later, Batoche, where the Métis Provisional Government had been formed, has been declared a National Historic Site
6.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
7.
Louis Riel
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Louis David Riel was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political leader of the Métis people of the Canadian prairies. He led two resistance movements against the Canadian government and its first post-Confederation prime minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, Riel sought to preserve Métis rights and culture as their homelands in the Northwest came progressively under the Canadian sphere of influence. Over the decades, he has made a folk hero by the Francophones, the Catholic nationalists, the native rights movement. Riel has received scholarly attention than practically any other figure in Canadian history. His first resistance was the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870, the provisional government established by Riel ultimately negotiated the terms under which the modern province of Manitoba entered the Canadian Confederation. Riel ordered the execution of Thomas Scott, and fled to the United States to escape prosecution, despite this, he is frequently referred to as the Father of Manitoba. While a fugitive, he was elected three times to the Canadian House of Commons, although he never assumed his seat, because of this new religious conviction, Catholic leaders who had supported him before increasingly repudiated him. He married in 1881 while in exile in Montana in the United States, in 1884 Riel was called upon by the Métis leaders in Saskatchewan to articulate their grievances to the Canadian government. Instead he organized a resistance that escalated into a military confrontation. Ottawa used the new lines to send in thousands of combat soldiers. It ended in his arrest and conviction for high treason, rejecting many protests and popular appeals, Prime Minister MacDonald decided to hang him. Riel was seen as a victim by francophone Canadians, his execution had a lasting negative impact on Canada. An even more important long-term impact was the bitter alienation Francophones across Canada showed and he is increasingly celebrated as a proponent of multiculturalism, although that downplays his primary commitment to Métis nationalism and political independence. Louis Riel was born there in 1844, near modern Winnipeg, Manitoba, to Louis Riel, Sr. Riel was the eldest of eleven children in a locally well-respected family. Sayers eventual release due to agitations by Louis Sr. s group effectively ended the monopoly, and his mother was the daughter of Jean-Baptiste Lagimodière and Marie-Anne Gaboury, one of the earliest white families to settle in the Red River Settlement in 1812. The Riels were noted for their devout Catholicism and strong family ties, Riel was first educated by Roman Catholic priests at St. Boniface. At age 13 he came to the attention of Alexandre Taché, the Suffragan Bishop of St. Boniface, in 1858 Taché arranged for Riel to attend the Petit Séminaire of the Collège de Montréal, under the direction of the Sulpician order. Descriptions of him at the time indicate that he was a scholar of languages, science, and philosophy
8.
Frederick Dobson Middleton
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General Sir Frederick Dobson Middleton KCMG CB was a British general noted for his service throughout the Empire and particularly in the North-West Rebellion. Educated at Maidstone Grammar School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and he served in the New Zealand Wars and in 1845, he was mentioned in dispatches for his part in the capture of the stronghold of Māori chief Te Ruki Kawiti. He went on to be Commandant of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and he was appointed General Officer Commanding the Militia of Canada in 1884. In 1885 the North-West Rebellion took place and Middleton had to respond, despite a defeat at the Battle of Fish Creek, his cautious approach reached Batoche, Saskatchewan, where the Métis surrendered after three days bombardment. For his service in the war, Middleton was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1885 and he also received the thanks of Parliament and the sum of $20,000. He resigned as head of the Militia in 1890 when a committee of the House of Commons criticized him for the misappropriation of furs from a Métis named Charles Bremner during the rebellion. Frederick Dobson Middleton married, as his first wife, Mary Emily Hassall and he married in February 1870 as his second wife, Marie Cecile Eugénie Doucet, daughter of Theodore Doucet, N. P. of Montreal. She was born in Montreal in 1846, and was educated at the Convent of the Sacred Heart, the couple had two sons and a daughter. She died at Tateley, Hants, England,1 November 1899
9.
Battle of Duck Lake
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The Battle of Duck Lake was an infantry skirmish 2. The battle is considered the initial engagement of the North-West Rebellion, although Louis Riel proved to be victorious at Duck Lake, the general agreement among historians is that the battle was strategically a disappointment to his cause. On March 19,1885, Louis Riel self-affirmed the existence of the new Provisional Government of Saskatchewan, following Riels declaration, the Canadian government sought to reassert their control over the turbulent territory. Riel dispatched emissaries to deliver an ultimatum calling for the surrender of Fort Carlton without bloodshed, Croziers representatives rejected the demand and vowed that the Métis leaders would be brought to justice. On March 25, in need of supplies for his men and horses, Crozier ordered Sergeant Alfred Stewart, Thomas McKay, unbeknownst to Crozier, however, commander Gabriel Dumont and his Métis force had already entrenched themselves on the road to Duck Lake. On the morning of the 26th, Stewarts party encountered the band of Métis near Duck Lake, after ample harassment, Stewart decided not to risk a physical engagement, and chose to return to Fort Carlton, no shooting occurred. The forces met about 2.5 kilometres outside Duck Lake on a plateau covered by trees, shrubs. Having spotted Croziers force, Gabriel Dumont ordered his men to set up positions around the log cabin. Both sides took up defensive positions, Gabriel Dumont dispatched his brother, Isidore, and an elderly half-blind chief, Assiwiyin, with a white flag in hopes of distracting Croziers forces. The superintendent, believing that Dumont was interested in a parley, walked forward with an English Métis interpreter, during the half-hearted discussion, Crozier came to believe that Isidore and Assiwiyin were stalling so that the Métis force could manoeuver to flank his own men. As they began to leave, both Assiwiyin and Isidore attempted to draw their guns, prompting Crozier to give McKay the order to fire, a brief scuffle ensued between the two parties, which resulted in McKay shooting, and killing, both Dumont and Assiwyin. Despite the superior firepower and training of Croziers militia, the Métis force were more numerous and their position within the log cabins, in an attempt to relieve the pressure on the Prince Albert Volunteers, Crozier ordered the 7-pound cannon to target the log cabins. After numerous discharges, a shell was placed in before the charge was inserted. Within half an hour, Crozier recognized the unavoidable and sounded a retreat back to Fort Carlton. The Métis were eager to chase down Crozier and his retreating force, the battle toll was high for the government forces. Twelve men were killed, and eleven men seriously injured, for the separatists, five Métis warriors were killed in the skirmish, including Dumonts brother. Furthermore, Gabriel Dumont himself was injured in the head by a passing bullet, losing to Riel and the Métis force came as a great shock to Croziers superiors. Colonel Acheson Irvine, Croziers supervisor, suggested that Croziers officerial prowess, Fort Carlton, a trading post with few defensive installations, was now in serious risk of attack
10.
Looting of Battleford
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The Looting of Battleford began at the end of March,1885, during the North-West Rebellion, in the town of Battleford, Saskatchewan, then a part of the Northwest Territories. Prominent leaders of this uprising were Chief Poundmaker and Chief Big Bear, Poundmaker and his band had a reserve near present-day Cut Knife about 50 km west of Fort Battleford. Big Bear and his band had settled near Frog Lake about 55 km northwest of Fort Pitt but had not yet selected a reserve site, both bands were signatories of Treaty 6 and were unhappy in the way it was implemented by the Canadian government. The loss of the buffalo and the inadequate rations provided by the Indian agents kept the bands in a state of near-starvation. The District of Saskatchewan in 1885 was divided into three sub-districts and had a population of 10,595, to the east the Carrot River sub-district with 1,770 people remained quiet. The Prince Albert sub-district located in the centre of the district had a population of 5,373 which included the Southbranch settlements with about 1,300, the Southbranch settlements was the centre of Louis Riels Provisional Government during the Rebellion. To the west where the Cree uprising led by Poundmaker and Big Bear occurred was the Battleford sub-district with 3,603 people. The largest settlement and the capital of the district was Prince Albert with about 800 people followed by Battleford with about 500 people divided about equally between French, Métis and English, Battleford is located on the Battle River near the North Saskatchewan River. On the south side of the Battle River was the Old Town and on the side nearest the North Saskatchewan River was the New Town. The city of North Battleford was founded later in 1905 when the construction of the Canadian Northern Railway main line to Edmonton placed the line on the side of the North Saskatchewan River. Over the next several days 500 civilians would take refuge within the palisades, many crossed over an unstable ice bridge on the Battle River leaving most of their possessions behind in the Old Town. During the night of March 29 nearby homesteads were raided their horses, also on the trail to join Poundmaker in Battleford were the Assiniboine from the Eagle Hills approximately 30 km south of Battleford. On March 29 they killed their farm instructor John Payne and raided homesteads on the way killing a farmer by the name of Fremont, on March 30 Poundmaker asked for a meeting with the Indian agent J. M. Rae. After Rae refused to meet him the combined Battleford bands took food. The next day the bands camped a few miles away bringing with them their looted provisions including cattle, while the New Town was protected by its proximity to the Fort and its cannon the Old Town was not. Every day until the arrival of Colonel Otters column on April 24 the occupants of the Fort watched as the Old Town about a mile away was plundered, stolen vehicles and horses carried away the supplies of the Hudsons Bay Company and the other merchants. All the public buildings were sacked including the Battleford Industrial School, most homes were burned including the imposing home of Judge Rouleau. Just half a dozen were left standing, on May 2 Colonel Otters column attacked Poundmakers camp at Cut Knife Creek but was forced to retreat to Battleford
11.
Frog Lake Massacre
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The Frog Lake Massacre was part of the Cree uprising during the North-West Rebellion in western Canada. Led by Wandering Spirit, young Cree warriors attacked the community of Frog Lake in the District of Saskatchewan in the Northwest Territories on 2 April 1885, where they killed nine settlers. Chief Big Bear and his band had settled near Frog Lake about 55 km northwest of Fort Pitt but had not yet selected a reserve site and he had signed Treaty 6 in 1882. Angered by what seemed to be a treaty and by the dwindling buffalo population. The nearest source of supplies and the first to be looted were the government stables, a band of Cree led by the war chief Wandering Spirit took Thomas Quinn hostage in his home in the early morning of 2 April. The Cree then took more white settlers hostage and took control of the community and they gathered the Europeans, including two priests, in the local Catholic church, where Mass was in progress. After Mass concluded, at around 11,00 a. m. the Cree ordered the prisoners to move to their encampment a couple of kilometres away, Quinn steadfastly refused to leave the town, in response, Wandering Spirit shot him in the head. A Hudsons Bay Company clerk, William Bleasdell Cameron, one of the men rounded up into the church, went to the Hudsons Bay shop to fill an order made by Quinn for Miserable Man after Mass. When the first shots were fired, he escaped with the help of sympathetic Cree, and made his way to a nearby Wood Cree camp, where the chief pledged to protect him. Theresa Gowanlock and Theresa Delaney, wives of two of the men, their families, and approximately seventy others from the town were taken captive. After the massacre, the bodies of Fafard, Marchand, Delaney, at great risk, they also moved the bodies of Quinn and Gouin into the cellar of a house near where they were killed. However, they were refused permission to touch the other victims, the church, the rectory and all the buildings of the Frog Lake settlement were burned on April 4,1885. All that remained of the mission was the tower and the cemetery. On June 14 the Midland Battalion arrived and buried the victims of the massacre in the cemetery, during their occupation the bell, which was suspended from the fire blackened bell tower, disappeared. The Cree moved on to Fort Pitt, the massacre prompted the Canadian government to take notice of the growing unrest in Western Canada. Wandering Spirit and five warriors were convicted of treason for their actions in the Frog Lake Massacre. They were hanged with two other Cree convicted of murder in the largest mass execution in Canadian history, although Big Bear had opposed the attack, he was charged with treason because of his efforts to organize resistance among the Cree. He was convicted and sentenced to three years in the Manitoba Penitentiary, Frog Lake became part of the province of Alberta in 1905
12.
Battle of Fort Pitt
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Cree warriors began attacking Canadian settlements on April 2. On April 15, they captured Fort Pitt from a detachment of North-West Mounted Police, in the Canadian North-West, a period of escalating unrest immediately preceded the rebellion as Ottawa refused to negotiate with its disaffected citizens. This nominally peaceful disposition was shattered in late March by news of the Métis victory over government forces at Duck Lake, support for Riel was strong among native peoples. On April 2, Big Bears warriors attacked the town of Frog Lake, Big Bear, against his wishes, was drawn into the rebellion. Similar attacks continued, with Cree raiding parties pillaging the towns of Lac La Biche Saddle Lake, Beaverhill Lake, Bear Hills, Lac St. Anne and these events prompted the mobilization of an Alberta field force under Thomas Bland Strange. The Cree would later defeat the Albertans at the Battle of Frenchmans Butte, on April 15,200 Cree warriors descended on Fort Pitt. They intercepted a police scouting party, killing a constable, wounding another, surrounded and outnumbered, garrison commander Francis Dickens capitulated and agreed to negotiate with the attackers. Big Bear released the remaining police officers but kept the townspeople as hostages, six days later, Inspector Dickens and his men reached safety at Battleford. Fort Pitt, the scene of the Battle of Fort Pitt, is a Provincial Park and National Historic site where a National Historic Sites and Monuments plaque designates where Treaty six was signed
13.
Battle of Fish Creek
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The Battle of Fish Creek, fought April 24,1885 at Fish Creek, Saskatchewan, was a major Métis victory over the Canadian forces attempting to quell Louis Riels North-West Rebellion. On April 23, as the militia began advancing from Clarke’s Crossing, Dumont took 200 men, when a report arrived that the North-West Mounted Police were advancing on Batoche, Riel returned there with 50 men. Dumont stationed most of his men in the coulée, where set to work digging rifle pits. The militia would cross the coulée the next day, and it was then that the men in the rifle pits would ambush them. Dumont took a party of twenty horsemen forward of the coulée. Their task was to seal the exit when the ambush was sprung, “I want to treat them like buffaloes, ” Dumont said of Middleton’s men. Dumont and his twenty men hid in a poplar bluff, there were not yet any leaves, however. On the morning of April 24, before the infantry could cross the coulée, dumont’s Métis and Boulton’s force then opened fire on each other. The Scouts dismounted and began firing into the coulée, and the body of Canadian infantry advanced to the coulée’s edge. The Métis pounded Middleton’s men with one devastating fusillade before withdrawing into cover, with half of his force on the opposite side of the river, Middleton was unable to bring his full numerical superiority to bear. The only targets the militia could clearly see were the enemy’s tethered horses and they slaughtered about fifty of these. General Middleton behaved with reckless bravery, placing himself in view of the enemy. A bullet tore through his fur hat, and his two aides-de-camp were both wounded by his side, the frustrated Canadians, their casualties mounting, undertook several fruitless rushes into the ravine. A few infantry regulars under Middleton’s command made one charge, another, larger one was carried out by the Royal Winnipeg Rifles militia. This latter advance was parried by Métis use of improvised barricades within the coulée and these uncoordinated advances accomplished nothing but more Canadian casualties. Despite the heavy casualties inflicted upon the enemy, Métis morale deteriorated as the battle wore on, however, Middleton, distressed by the casualties he was taking, erred on the side of caution and opted for retreat. Fish Creek battle site Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan Military Map of Fish Creek
14.
Battle of Cut Knife
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The warriors defeated the Canadian forces, with losses on both sides. In the spring of 1885, the Métis living in the District of Saskatchewan formed a government under Louis Riel. Soon, Riel began to contact the local natives, the Cree, the Government of Canada decided to crush the separatist movement, afraid that it would spread to the tribes across the North-West Territories. Bands of Cree, assembled under the leadership of Poundmaker, went to Battleford to talk to the Indian agent, the purpose of the visit was to lobby Rae for better supplies and to discuss the political situation. On the night of March 30,1885, townspeople began to abandon the town, when Poundmaker and his party reached the town, the Indian agent refused to come out of the fort to meet with them. He kept them waiting for two days, suffering from hunger and having been refused supplies by the Indian Agent meant to attend their well being, some of the party began looting the abandoned buildings. The identity of the looters is disputed, some reports claimed Poundmakers people were responsible, but one observer alleged that most of the looting had already been done by whites. Oral history accounts claim that the looting was done by Nakoda people, either way, Poundmakers people left the next day. Meanwhile, bands of Assiniboine living south of Battleford had heard about the Métis rebellion, a small group of them killed a local farmer who had treated them harshly in the past, and shot their Indian agent for beating a teenage girl. They then decided to go north to Battleford to meet up with Poundmaker, although there is some controversy as to who was responsible and to the extent of the destruction, a number of homes and businesses in Battleford were looted and burned. The Canadian government sent Major General Frederick Middleton to Saskatchewan to crush the Métis rebellion, Middleton detached a column under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel William Otter to relieve Battleford. The column travelled by rail to Swift Current, setting out on the march for Battleford on April 13, when Otter arrived, he found hundreds of civilians, including Métis, crammed into the fort. However, Poundmakers followers were nowhere to be found, overjoyed at Otters arrival, the townspeople and settlers wanted revenge on the Indians for the losses in lives and material that they had suffered. Many of Otters troops, inexperienced militiamen, were angry that they had missed out on a fight, pressured by the townspeople and his own troops, Otter decided to take action. Despite orders from General Middleton to stay in Battleford, he wired the Lieutenant-Governor of the Northwest Territories, Edgar Dewdney, a garrison was left in Battleford, while he led a flying column of 392 men to attack the Cree and Assiniboine at Cut Knife Hill. His force was made up of 75 North-West Mounted Police, several units of Canadian army regulars. He carried with him two 7-pounder field rifles and a Gatling gun and he set out on the afternoon of May 1. His plan was to march until dusk, rest until the rose, then continue on to attack the Cree and Assiniboine early in the morning
15.
Duck Lake, Saskatchewan
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Duck Lake is a town in the boreal forest of central Saskatchewan, Canada. Its location is eighty-eight kilometres north of Saskatoon and forty-four kilometres south of Prince Albert on highway 11, immediately to the north of Duck Lake is the south block of the Nisbet Provincial Forest. It is also the centre of the Beardys and Okemasis Cree First Nations band government. Duck Lake was home to one of the last operating Residential Schools in Canada, St. Michael’s Indian Residential School, Duck Lake was one of the 5 Southbranch settlements settled by French speaking Métis from Manitoba in the 1860s and 1870s. A Roman Catholic Mission was established in Duck Lake in 1874 by Father André O. M. I. and by 1888 the village had a school, a post office, a flour mill and a trading post. From 1882 to 1905 Duck Lake was within the District of Saskatchewan of the North-West Territories, in 1885, Duck Lake was the site of the Battle of Duck Lake, a conflict between Métis warriors and the Government of Canada, at the start of the Northwest Rebellion. Historic Carpenter Gothic style All Saints Anglican Church built in 1896 is a heritage site. Its historic cemetery contains the graves of some of those who fought in the Battle of Duck Lake as well as those of other pioneers of the community, the 1973 western Alien Thunder was partially filmed here. Gabriel Dumont - Leader of Métis forces in the North-West Rebellion 1885, town of Duck Lake Duck Lake Regional Interpretive Centre Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan NFB PowWow at Duck Lake Barnholden, Michael. Circumstances Alter Photographs, Captain James Peters Reports from the War of 1885
16.
Battleford
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Battleford is a small town located across the North Saskatchewan River from the City of North Battleford, in Saskatchewan, Canada. Battleford and North Battleford are collectively referred to as The Battlefords by Saskatchewan residents, although there has been occasional talk of the two communities merging, as of 2012 they remain separate entities. The local economy is fuelled mainly by agriculture, Battleford is bordered by the Rural Municipality of Battle River No. 438, as well as by the city of North Battleford, the 1973 western Alien Thunder was partially filmed in Battleford. The Battleford area was the site of numerous independent and Hudsons Bay Company fur trading houses dating from the 1770s, william Holmes operated a post for the North West Company just above the confluence of the Battle and Saskatchewan rivers in 1784. At least three posts were in use between 1868 and 1914, the town was founded in 1875 as a fur trading post and North-West Mounted Police fort. Its post office opened in 1877, between 1876 and 1883, Battleford was the territorial capital of the North-West Territories and the NWMP fort located there played an important role in the 1885 North-West Rebellion. On March 30,1885, during the North-West Rebellion, the town of Battleford was looted by a party of Cree people, when the Cree approached Battleford, the 500 residents fled to the nearby North-West Mounted Police post, Fort Battleford. The Crees then took food and supplies from the stores and houses. Newspaper The local newspaper is The Battlefords News Optimist and it is published weekly on Wednesdays and Fridays, and has circulation in the surrounding area. Radio Three local radio stations serve the area, CJNB, CJCQ-FM, some Saskatoon radio stations can also be received. Television The Battlefords are served by CFQC-TV-2 channel 6, a repeater of CTV station CFQC-DT Saskatoon
17.
District of Saskatchewan
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The District of Saskatchewan was a regional administrative district of Canadas Northwest Territories. It was formed in 1882 was later enlarged then abolished with the creation of the provinces of Saskatchewan, much of the area was incorporated into the province of Saskatchewan. The western part became part of Alberta, and the part is now part of Manitoba. The conflicts during the Northwest Rebellion of 1885 occurred in the District of Saskatchewan, the District of Saskatchewan in 1888 included the five French speaking settlements of St. Laurent, Fish Creek, Duck Lake, Batoche and St. The district was home to Cree people of Treaty 4, Treaty 5 and Treaty 6 who lived on Indian reserves, the population of the District of Saskatchewan in 1885 was 10,595. The Prince Albert sub-district had a population of 5,373 people which included the Southbranch settlements with about 1,300, to the west was the Battleford sub-district with 3,603 people and to the east the Carrot River sub-district with 1,770. The largest settlement and the capital of the district was Prince Albert with about 800 people followed by Battleford with about 500 people, most of the boundaries of the district in 1882 were defined by lines of the Dominion Land Survey. On the south, the 9th Correction Line, about 51, territorial evolution of Canada District of Alberta District of Assiniboia District of Athabasca Lorne Provisional District of Saskatchewan
18.
Cree
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The Cree are one of the largest groups of First Nations in North America, with over 200,000 members living in Canada. The major proportion of Cree in Canada live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, in the United States, this Algonquian-speaking people historically lived from Lake Superior westward. Today, they live mostly in Montana, where they share a reservation with the Ojibwe, the documented westward migration over time has been strongly associated with their roles as traders and hunters in the North American fur trade. The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and these divisions do not necessarily represent ethnic sub-divisions within the larger ethnic group, Naskapi and Montagnais are inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan. Their territories comprise most of the political jurisdictions of eastern Quebec. Their cultures are differentiated, as the Naskapi are still caribou hunters and more nomadic than the Montagnais, the total population of the two groups in 2003 was about 18,000 people, of which 15,000 lived in Quebec. Their dialects and languages are the most distinct from the Cree spoken by the groups west of Lake Superior, Attikamekw are inhabitants of the area they refer to as Nitaskinan, in the upper St. Maurice River valley of Quebec. James Bay Cree – Grand Council of the Crees, approximately 18,000 Cree of Eeyou Istchee and Nunavik regions of Northern Quebec. Moose Cree – Moose Factory in the Cochrane District, Ontario, Swampy Cree – this group lives in northern Manitoba along the Hudson Bay coast and adjacent inland areas to the south and west, and in Ontario along the coast of Hudson Bay and James Bay. Some also in eastern Saskatchewan around Cumberland House, Woods Cree group in northern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Plains Cree 34,000 people in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, due to the many dialects of the Cree language, there is no modern collective autonym. The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to using modern forms of the historical nêhiraw, namely nêhiyaw and nêhirawisiw. Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais all refer to using modern dialectal forms of the historical iriniw. Moose Cree use the form ililiw, coastal East Cree and Naskapi use iyiyiw, inland East Cree use iyiniw, the Cree use Cree, cri, Naskapi, or montagnais to refer to their people only when speaking the languages of the European colonists, French or English. Bands would usually have strong ties to their neighbours through intermarriage and would assemble together at different parts of the year to hunt and socialize together. Besides these regional gatherings, there was no formal structure. Each band remained independent of each other, however, Cree-speaking bands tended to work together and with their neighbours against outside enemies. When a band went to war, they would nominate a temporary military commander and this office was different from that of the peace chief, a leader who had a role more like that of diplomat
19.
Big Bear
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Big Bear also known as Mistahi-maskwa was a powerful and popular Cree chief who played many pivotal roles in Canadian history. He was appointed to chief of his band at the age of 40 upon the death of his father, Black Powder, under his father’s harmonious and inclusive rule which directly impacted his own leadership. Big Bear is most notable for his involvement in Treaty Six and he felt that signing the treaty would ultimately have devastating effects on his tribe as well as other Aboriginal tribes. This included losing the free nomadic lifestyle that his tribe and others were accustomed to, Big Bear also took part in one of the last major battles between the Cree and the Blackfoot tribe. He was one of the leaders to lead his people against the last largest battle on the Canadian Plains, Big Bear was born in 1825 in Jackfish Lake, near North Battleford, Saskatchewan. His father, Black Powder, was the chief of a tribe of 80 Plains Cree-Saulteaux people who were deemed to be true nomadic hunters, little is known about Big Bear’s mother. When Big Bear was old enough to walk on his own he spent his time wandering the camp socializing with many people, upon his reflection, Big Bear was visited by many spirits, but the bear took great prominence in his mind. After his reflection was complete he created a fur necklace in the shape of a paw with five ivory claws hanging from it. This necklace was the source of his nickname Maskwa, meaning bear and it is reported that over the course of Big Bears life he took several wives, in turn producing at least four male children who would carry on his name. However, there is documentation to support the names of these individuals. Before becoming a leader, Big Bear became a great warrior. Upon the death of his father Black Powder in the winter of 1864, Big Bear was 40 years old and was the obvious choice as the next leader of the Cree people. The Western Plains Aboriginal population underwent a cultural, environmental and structural change starting in the mid 1870s, the Dominion of Canada was attempting to cultivate the land that the indigenous population occupied for European settlers. However the Aboriginal groups who did not want to sign were ultimately forced to sign because of environmental and cultural changes in 1870-1885. The disappearance of the bison has been explained to some extent by the hunting by white settlers. There were some attempts by the Canadian government to conserve the bison, the Canadian government was the only option of survival but this meant signing the numbered treaties which would change their culture indefinitely. Big Bear was ultimately forced to sign the treaty to save his people from starvation, to be a Scrub Plains Cree aboriginal man it was an expectation to be an accomplished hunter and warrior, Big Bear was no exception to the rule. Big Bear was known to be a warrior and was often, as an adult
20.
Fort Carlton
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Fort Carlton was a Hudsons Bay Company fur trade post from 1795 until 1885. It was rebuilt by the Saskatchewan government as a historic park. It is about 65 kilometers north of Saskatoon, First called Carlton House, two previous posts were established in 1795 and 1805 respectively, before being abandoned for the third and permanent fort. The first Fort Carlton was built at a site near the old French post of Fort de la Corne in 1795 following the destruction of South Branch House. James Bird was in charge, James Sandison was his assistant, from 1799 to 1801, Joseph Howse was the writer in charge. The NWC had a nearby post called Fort St. Louis and it produced few furs and was closed in 1801. The second Fort Carlton was built on the South Saskatchewan River six miles upstream from the former South Branch House, there was a nearby NWC post. In 1810 both companies abandoned the South Saskatchewan and moved to the third Fort Carlton, the third Fort Carlton was built on the south bank of the North Saskatchewan at the Great Crossing Place, a ford of that river. John Peter Pruden was master, master and trader and chief trader except for a furlough to London in 1824-1825. The area was prairie and not beaver country, but there were plentiful woods nearby, the NWC had its Fort La Montée inside the same stockade as Fort Carlton. In 1816 the NorWesters moved out and established a second Fort La Montée on the north bank 3 miles upstream, with the union in 1821 La Montée was abandoned and whatever could be salvaged was rafted down to Fort Carlton. In 1824 a group of Plains Indians tried to attack the fort but were driven off, by 1835 the buildings were in disrepair and a new hexagonal fort was built 200 yards to the west. This fell into disrepair and a new fort was built a few yards east of the first fort in 1855-58, about this time it was a depot for the winter express mail. Men coming from the upper Saskatchewan and Athabasca would meet and exchange mail with men coming from the Red River country south of Lake Winnipeg, there was a smallpox epidemic in 1869. Steamboats arrived on the Saskatchewan in 1874, as a Company post it primarily dealt in provisions, namely pemmican and buffalo robes although other furs were traded as well. Lawrence Clarke served as its last Chief Factor and it was a major base of operations for the Companys Saskatchewan District. Situated on the Carlton Trail from the Red River Colony in present-day Manitoba to Fort Edmonton in what is now Alberta and it was located along the North Saskatchewan River not far from Duck Lake, Saskatchewan. Treaty Six between the Canadian monarch and various Cree and Saulteaux First Nations was initially negotiated and signed near the Fort in 1876
21.
South Saskatchewan River
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The South Saskatchewan River is a major river in Canada that flows through the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. At least one bridge in Saskatoon was destroyed by ice carried by the river, the construction of the Gardiner Dam in the 1960s, however, lessened the power of the river by diverting a substantial portion of the South Saskatchewans natural flow into the QuAppelle River. By the 1980s many permanent sandbars had formed due to the lowering of the level of the river, from the headwaters of the Bow River, the South Saskatchewan flows for 1,392 kilometres. The river originates at the confluence of the Bow and Oldman Rivers near Grassy Lake, the waters of these two rivers, in turn, originate from glaciers in the Rocky Mountains near the British Columbia and Montana border. The Red Deer River is a tributary of the South Saskatchewan merging 16 kilometres east of the Alberta-Saskatchewan border. The Lake Diefenbaker reservoir was created with the construction of the Gardiner, water from the South Saskatchewan flowing through the dams provides approximately 19 percent of the hydro-electricity generated by SaskPower. Downstream from the dam the river north through Saskatoon and joins the North Saskatchewan River east of Prince Albert at the Saskatchewan River Forks — thus forming the Saskatchewan River. For approximately 60 kilometres near Saskatoon, the Meewasin Valley Authority is responsible for conservation of the river environment, numerous lakes in the Saskatoon area were formed by oxbows of the South Saskatchewan River, most notably Moon Lake and Pike Lake. A2009 report, produced by WWF-Canada which analysed the river flow on 10 major Canadian rivers reported that the South Saskatchewan River was the most at risk. Climate change, agricultural and urban water use, and dams producing hydroelectricity, have all combined to reduce the flow of the South Saskatchewan River by 70 percent. Developers and governments have been cautioned to protect and restore the river with sustainable projects, mary Headworks System manage water flow downstream of the Oldman River. The proposed Meridian dam 30 kilometres west of Leader and 95 kilometres north east of Medicine Hat was cancelled due to project costs outweighing the irrigation benefits
22.
The Fort Garry Horse
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The Fort Garry Horse is a Canadian Army Reserve armoured regiment based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It is part of 3rd Canadian Divisions 38 Canadian Brigade Group, the Fort Garry Horse originated in Winnipeg, Manitoba on 15 April 1912, as the 34th Regiment of Cavalry. The following year it was re-designated the 34th Fort Garry Horse on 2 January 1913, on 15 December 1936, it was amalgamated with the Manitoba Horse. During the Second World War it was re-designated the 2nd Regiment, the Fort Garry Horse on 13 August 1940, the Manitoba Horse originated in Roblin, Manitoba on 1 April 1912, as the 32nd Light Horse. It was re-designated the 32nd Manitoba Horse on 2 November 1912 and, on 15 December 1936, it was amalgamated with the Fort Garry Horse. On 11 October 1958, a Regular Force component was authorized as the 1st Fort Garry Horse, on 1 January 1960, it was re-designated the Fort Garry Horse. The regiment served in Canada, on NATO duty in West Germany and on United Nations duty in the Sinai, the Regular Force regiment was reduced to nil strength and placed on the Supplementary Order of Battle on 16 June 1970. In 2003, the regiment began hosting personnel to create a new unit of the Canadian Military Engineers. On 14 April 2012, during the 100th anniversary celebrations of the FGH, as of 2015, they wear the green beret in common with other engineer units. The unit uses Mercedes Benz G-Wagon LUVW scout cars for reconnaissance vehicles, lineage of the Fort Garry Horse, The Fort Garry Horse perpetuates Boultons Mounted Infantry of the 1885 North-West Rebellion, and the 226th Battalion, CEF. Boultons Mounted Infantry was mobilized for service on 10 April 1885. Details from the 32nd Manitoba Horse and the 34th Fort Garry Horse were placed on service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties. The 6th Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force, was organized in Winnipeg in August 1914, the 6th battalion proceeded to England with the First Contingent in October 1914 and was part of the 2nd Brigade of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, CEF. In March 1915, the 6th Battalion was removed from the 1st Canadian Division and re-roled to form the Canadian Cavalry Depot, the Canadian Cavalry Depot would provide the officers and men for the Fort Garry Horse CEF. Despite its connection with the 34th FGH, and FGH, the 6th Battalion was not perpetuated by the unit after the war, the perpetuation went to the Border Horse and is held by the XII Manitoba Dragoons, now on the Supplementary Order of Battle. The Fort Garry Horse, CEF, was organized in England on 21 January 1916 and it disembarked in France on 25 February 1916, where it fought in France and Flanders as part of the Canadian Cavalry Brigade until the end of the war. The regiment was disbanded on 6 November 1920, harcus Strachan of the regiment was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions at the battle of Cambrai on November 20,1917, in France. The regiment also mobilized the 34th Fort Garry Horse Overseas Training Depot, CEF, on 15 June 1917
23.
Arthur L. Howard
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Arthur L. Gat Howard, was an American and Canadian expert in the use of the early machine gun. He is best known for his use of a Gatling gun in support of the Canadian militia in the North-West Rebellion of 1885, Howard served for five years in the regular United States Cavalry. After leaving the army, he lived in New Haven, Connecticut. Howard then formed a firm of his own called A. L. Howard & Co. On July 18,1884, Howard was placed in command of the Machine Gun Platoon, Connecticut National Guard, with the rank of Second Lieutenant. Dr. Richard J. Gatling, the inventor, began searching for a man who was an expert in the use of the Gatling. Howard agreed to go to Canada with the two Gatlings and he was granted a month’s leave of absence from the Guard. The Connecticut Guard later made it plain that they had “no hand” in Howard’s planned expedition, Howard left his wife and four children and a comfortable middle class life to travel to the North-West Territories with the Gatlings. Howard’s unofficial status was made plainer when Dr. Gatling said that the lieutenant was not working for the Gatling manufacturer. He was travelling to Canada, Dr. Gatling said, merely as a friend of the gun. ”Howard journeyed, partly by rail, partly overland, to Swift Current, North-West Territories. A few rounds are fired at some duck on a distant pond – no execution is done apparently and we want now to see one tried on the Indians. ”One of the Gatlings was used at the Battle of Cut Knife on May 2,1885. However eyewitness accounts make it clear that Howard was not present, rather, Howard himself and one Gatling embarked on the South Saskatchewan River aboard the steamboat Northcote, by which he travelled to Fish Creek, arriving on May 5,1885. There he formed part of a Canadian militia column, which moved on Louis Riel’s capital at Batoche. On May 9,1885, the first day of the Battle of Batoche, Howard fired some of the first shots from the militia side, aiming some rounds at the Roman Catholic rectory. He distinguished himself in later that day, when his prompt. He was shifted that day from place to place so that the Gatling’s firepower could be used to beat off significant enemy attacks. On May 12,1885, the day of the battle, Howard. After the militia victory, Howard stayed in Canada, and became a wealthy cartridge manufacturer, on the outbreak of the Second Boer War, he became a machine gun officer in the Canadian Mounted Rifles
24.
Gatling gun
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The Gatling gun is one of the best-known early rapid-fire spring loaded, hand cranked weapons and a forerunner of the modern machine gun. Invented by Richard Gatling, it is known for its use by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s, which was the first time it was employed in combat. Later, it was used again in military conflicts, such as the Boshin War, the Anglo-Zulu War. It was also used by militias and the National Guard in episodes of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, specifically in Pittsburgh, the Gatling guns operation centered on a cyclic multi-barrel design which facilitated cooling and synchronized the firing-reloading sequence. Each barrel fired a shot when it reached a certain point in the cycle, after which it ejected the spent cartridge, loaded a new round. This configuration allowed higher rates of fire to be achieved without the barrels overheating, the Gatling gun was designed by the American inventor Dr. Richard J. Gatling in 1861 and patented on November 4,1862. Gatling wrote that he created it to reduce the size of armies and so reduce the number of deaths by combat and disease, although the first Gatling gun was capable of firing continuously, it required a person to crank it, therefore it was not a true automatic weapon. The Maxim gun, invented and patented in 1883, was the first true fully automatic weapon, nonetheless, the Gatling gun represented a huge leap in firearm technology. The latter were used during and after the Napoleonic Wars. This negated much of the advantage of their rate of fire per discharge. In comparison, the Gatling gun offered a rapid and continuous rate of fire without having to be reloaded by opening the breech. The original Gatling gun was a weapon which used multiple rotating barrels turned by a hand crank. The US Army adopted Gatling guns in several calibers, including.42 caliber. 45-70.50 caliber,1 inch, the. 45-70 weapon was also mounted on some US Navy ships of the 1880s and 1890s. The Gatling gun was first used in warfare during the American Civil War, twelve of the guns were purchased personally by Union commanders and used in the trenches during the siege of Petersburg, Virginia. Eight other Gatling guns were fitted on gunboats, the gun was not accepted by the American Army until 1866, when a sales representative of the manufacturing company demonstrated it in combat. On July 17,1863, Gatling guns were used to over-awe New York anti-draft rioters. Two were brought by a National Guard unit from Philadelphia to use against strikers in Pittsburgh. Gatling guns were not used at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as Custers Last Stand
25.
The Royal Regiment of Canada
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The Royal Regiment of Canada is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army based in Toronto, Ontario, part of 4th Canadian Divisions 32 Canadian Brigade Group. The plume is red over white similar to the former Canadian Guards regiment, the battalion served on the Niagara frontier. The 10th Battalion Royal Grenadiers contributed volunteers for the Canadian Contingents during the South African War, details of the 10th Regiment Royal Grenadiers were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties. The 3rd Battalion, CEF was authorized on 10 August 1914 and it disembarked in France on 11 February 1915, where it fought as part of the 1st Infantry Brigade, 1st Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920, the 58th Battalion, CEF, was authorized on 20 April 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 22 November 1915. It disembarked in France on 22 February 1916, where it fought as part of the 9th Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division in France, the battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920. Its battalion history is captured in the book, Second to None by Kevin Shackleton, the 123rd Battalion, CEF, was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 7 and 8 August 1916. It was converted to pioneers and redesignated the 123rd Canadian Pioneer Battalion, Royal Grenadiers, the battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920. Its battalion history is chronicled in the book, One-Two-Three - The Story of the 123rd Battalion, Royal Grenadiers, the 124th Battalion, CEF, was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 7 August 1916. It was redesignated the 124th Canadian Pioneer Battalion, CEF, on 17 January 1917, the battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920. The 170th Battalion, CEF, was authorized on 15 July 1916, on 8 December 1916, its personnel were absorbed by the 169th Battalion, CEF, to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion was disbanded on 17 July 1917, the 204th Battalion, CEF, was authorized on 15 July 1916 and embarked for Great Britain on 28 March 1917. On 4 May 1917, its personnel were absorbed by the 2nd Reserve Battalion, CEF, the battalion was disbanded on 17 July 1917. The regiment mobilised the Royal Regiment of Canada, CASF, for service on 1 September 1939. It embarked for duty in Iceland with Z Force on 10 June 1940. It was redesignated the 1st Battalion, the Royal Regiment of Canada, CASF, the 1st battalion took part in the raid on Dieppe on 19 August 1942. It landed again in France on 7 July 1944, as part of the 4th Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, the 1st battalion was disbanded on 31 December 1945 when it amalgamated with the 2nd Battalion back home. The naval engagement between the small German convoy and the craft carrying No.3 Commando had alerted the German defenders at Blue Beach
26.
Royal Winnipeg Rifles
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The Royal Winnipeg Rifles are a Primary Reserve one-battalion infantry regiment of the Canadian Army. Nicknamed the Little Black Devils, they are based at Minto Armoury in Winnipeg, the Royal Winnipeg Rifles are part of 3rd Canadian Divisions 38 Canadian Brigade Group. The 90th Winnipeg Battalion of Rifles were formed on 9 November 1883 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William Nassau Kennedy, within two years of formation, the 90th battalion served in the 1885 North-West Rebellion, fighting at Fish Creek and Batoche. The regimental Latin motto is Hosti Acie Nominati, which means “named by the enemy in battle”, after the Battle of Fish Creek during the North-West Rebellion of 1885, a captured Métis asked, The red coats we know, but who are those little black devils. A reference to the fact that while infantry of the line wore red coats, from that point on, the 90th Rifles became informally nicknamed the Little Black Devils. Some former members of the 90th Rifles served in South Africa during the Boer War as members of other Canadian units, resulting in the award of the South Africa 1899–1900 battle honour. The Battalion saw some of the heaviest fighting in World War I, distinguishing itself at battles such as Ypres, three members of the 8th battalion were awarded Canadas highest honour for gallantry in the face of the enemy, the Victoria Cross. In the 1920 reorganization of the Canadian Militia following the report of the Otter Committee, in 1935 the unit was awarded the prefix Royal for its distinguished service to His Majesty, and the current designation of The Royal Winnipeg Rifles was adopted. In World War II the regiment landed in England in September 1940, as part of the 7th Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division, the Rifles were in the first wave of landings on D Day,6 June 1944. The Royal Winnipeg Rifles fought throughout the Normandy campaign, fighting in battles such as Caen. After helping liberate several of the Channel Ports, the Regiment fought to clear the Scheldt Estuary to allow the re-opening of the Antwerp harbour, after helping to liberate the Netherlands, the Regiment ended the war preparing to assault the northern German town of Aurich. Three battalions of the regiment served during the Second World War, the 1st Battalion were among the first Allied troops to land on the Normandy beaches on D-Day. They served throughout the Northwest Europe campaign, including the Battle of the Scheldt, the Rhineland, the 3rd Battalion was raised in 1945 and remained in Germany until 1946. In 1950 the regiment helped the civil authority during the Winnipeg flood during Operation RED RAMP, during 1951–53, they provided men to the 1st Canadian Rifle Battalion for NATO duty with 27th Brigade Group in Germany. Members of the Regiment also served with other units during the Korean War, in 1955 the Winnipeg Light Infantry amalgamated with The Royal Winnipeg Rifles bringing together the histories and traditions of two military units with no change in designation. On 6 June 1964, a commemorative D-Day monument was erected on the beaches at Courseulles-sur-Mer, in 1978 Prince Charles, The Prince of Wales, became the Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment. Subsequently, a contingent of Rifles attended the wedding of HRH Prince Charles to Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1983, in 1983 The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, celebrated a one hundred years of military service to Canada with numerous events and an official postage stamp. The regiment has contributed numerous soldiers to overseas deployments in the Balkans
27.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
28.
Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
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Prince Albert is the third-largest city in Saskatchewan, Canada, after Saskatoon and Regina. It is situated near the centre of the province on the banks of the North Saskatchewan River, the city is known as the Gateway to the North because it is the last major centre along the route to the resources of northern Saskatchewan. Prince Albert National Park is located 51 km north of the city and contains a wealth of lakes, forest. The city itself is located in a zone between the aspen parkland and boreal forest biomes. Prince Albert is bordered by the Rural Municipality of Prince Albert No.461, the area was named kistahpinanihk by the Cree, which translates to sitting pretty place, a great meeting place. Or meeting place The first white man to travel through the area that is now Prince Albert was Henry Kelsey in 1692, the first establishment in the area was a trading post set up in 1776 by Peter Pond. James Isbister, an Anglo-Métis employee of the Hudsons Bay Company and he farmed there until 1866, and had been joined by a number of families who called the site Isbisters Settlement. The community received a boost in 1866 when Reverend James Nisbet, Nisbet named the mission after Albert, Prince Consort, husband of Queen Victoria, who had died in 1861, from which the present city derives its name. In 1879 the Presbyterian Church brought out Lucy Margaret Baker to run the mission school. During the same year, the local Freemasons established the first lodge in what is now the province of Saskatchewan, Kinistino Lodge No. The Mission, the settlement centrally located, and Porter Town, the settlement east of Prince Albert was termed Goschen before finally amalgamated, however East Prince Albert still appears on a 1924 map. In 1884, Honore Jaxon and James Isbister were involved in the movement which brought Louis Riel back to Canada, Riel returned from the United States following a political exile resulting from the Red River Rebellion that had occurred in 1869–1870. Five hundred people gathered to hear Riel speak one month after his return, in the Northwest Rebellion of the 1885, Prince Albert Volunteers bore the heaviest casualties of the fighting at the Battle of Duck Lake. Surrounding settlers took refuge with the North-West Mounted Police in an improvised stockade at Prince Albert, fearing an attack by Gabriel Dumont. After the Battle of Batoche, Major General Frederick Middleton marched to Prince Albert to relieve the town, Prince Albert, with a population of about 800 people, was incorporated as a town the same year under its first mayor, Thomas McKay. In 1904, the settlement was incorporated as the City of Prince Albert and its government is of a council-mayor type. Prince Albert was the capital of the District of Saskatchewan, an administrative division of what then constituted the Northwest Territories. The District of Saskatchewan was formed on May 8,1882 and this ended in 1905 when Saskatchewan became a province and Regina was designated the new provincial capital
29.
Bell of Batoche
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The bell was kept in Millbrook, Ontario, until 1991, when it was stolen from the Royal Canadian Legion hall. It resurfaced in 2013 in Métis hands, however, evidence suggesting the bells actual origin was from Frog Lake, Alberta, emerged soon after. The bell was purchased in 1884 for the church of Saint Antoine de Padoue in Batoche at the request of Father Julien Moulin. A steeple was added to the church after 1885, during the North-West Rebellion, the community of Batoche served as the ad hoc capital of the Louis Riels Provisional Government of Saskatchewan. Louis Riel later turned himself in to the North West Field Force on May 15,1885, the bell of Batoche was supposedly taken as a war trophy by two soldiers and sent back to Ontario. Beginning in 1930, the bell hung for decades in the fire hall of Millbrook, Ontario. The building was destroyed by fire, and the bell was cracked in the blaze, by 1991, it was kept in the hall of Millbrook branch of the Royal Canadian Legion. The Métis of Saskatchewan had attempted a number of times since 1885 to recover the bell, in 1990, they sent another request for its return. A CBC report covering the reaction of the Millbrook legion members quoted one member as saying and you tried to wreck the country and we stopped you. In October 1991, Yvon Dumont, president of the Manitoba Métis Federation, visited the Legion hall where the bell was kept and they were photographed standing in front of the bell. A week later, the bell kept in the Millbrook Legion was stolen in the night, taken along with the bell were several medals belonging to Sergeant Ed McCorry, a soldier from Millbrook who had been present at the Battle of Batoche. A group of Métis men was responsible for the theft, describing it as a gentlemans dare, the whereabouts of the bell from that time forward are not publicly known. Yvon Dumont disclaimed any knowledge of the identity of the burglars, though he said that if its a Métis person that has it, I would consider that person a hero. Negotiations were begun to secure the transfer of ownership of the bell to the Métis Nation. However, the Ontario legion hall initially refused to negotiate until the McCorry medals were returned, in 2000, Saskatchewan Aboriginal Affairs Minister Jack Hillson issued a statement promising no charges would be laid if the bell was returned. It was hoped this would lead to the return in time for Saskatchewans millennium celebrations. In August 2005, Gabriel Dufault, leader of the Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph, stated, Ive heard its in a garage in the North End. I have a pretty good idea who the people know more
30.
Cavan Monaghan
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Cavan Monaghan is a township in Peterborough County in central-eastern Ontario, Canada,20 kilometres southwest of the city of Peterborough. The original townships of Cavan and Monaghan were surveyed by John Deyell in 1817, after Confederation in 1867, the population began to drop as many families left for Western Canada. The original Irish settlers were Protestants, and many of them were associated with the Orange Order, in the mid-19th century the Cavan Blazers were established as a fiercely Protestant vigilante group, who often burned down the farms of Catholic settlers. In 2007, the township was renamed Cavan Monaghan, as many thought the name was too long. The township comprises the communities of Carmel, Cavan, Cedar Valley, Fraserville, Ida, Millbrook, Mount Pleasant, South Monaghan, Springville and Tapley. None are incorporated and a couple are relegated to just names on a map as cars made transportation easier, Millbrook is the townships largest and main population centre. It has been a location for several movie productions. Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town, The Music Man, Ice Princess, The Town Christmas Forgot, in the latter film, Millbrook was depicted as the fictional town of Millbrook, Indiana. The political cartoonist Sam Hunter was born and raised in Millbrook, along with award winning filmmaker Jared Raab, List of townships in Ontario List of correctional facilities in Ontario Ontario Licence Plates were made at the Millbrook Correctional Centre, 1974-2003
31.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
32.
Manitoba
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Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada. It is one of the three provinces and Canadas fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million people. Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres with a varied landscape. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years, in the late 17th century, fur traders arrived in the area when it was part of Ruperts Land and owned by the Hudsons Bay Company. In 1869, negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba led to an uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada. The rebellions resolution led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province, Manitobas capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canadas eighth-largest census metropolitan area. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, four of the provinces five universities and all four of its professional sports teams are in Winnipeg. The name Manitoba is believed to be derived from the Cree, the name derives from Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwa manidoobaa, both meaning straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit, a place referring to what are now called The Narrows in the centre of Lake Manitoba. It may also be from the Assiniboine for Lake of the Prairie, the lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies. Thomas Spence chose the name to refer to a new republic he proposed for the south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel also chose the name, and it was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act of 1870 and it adjoins Hudson Bay to the northeast, and is the only prairie province to have a saltwater coastline. The Port of Churchill is Canadas only Arctic deep-water port and the shortest shipping route between North America and Asia, Lake Winnipeg is the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Hudson Bay is the worlds second-largest bay, Manitoba is at the heart of the giant Hudson Bay watershed, once known as Ruperts Land. It was a area of the Hudsons Bay Company, with many rivers. The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and more than 110,000 lakes, Manitobas major lakes are Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Some traditional Native lands and boreal forest on Lake Winnipegs east side are a proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site. Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg. This basins rivers reach far west to the mountains, far south into the United States, major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill rivers
33.
Gabriel Dumont Institute
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The Institute is designated as the official education arm of the Métis Nation—Saskatchewan. The institute has multiple campuses in Regina, Saskatoon, and Prince Albert, the Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research was formally incorporated as a non-profit corporation in 1980. The Institute serves the educational and cultural needs of the Saskatchewan Métis, more specific information on GDIs governance structure can be found on their website, www. gdins. GDI has also created many partnerships for the GDI Scholarship Foundation and these partnerships include SaskEnergy, SaskTel, Cameco, and the Saskatoon Health Region. The Institute came about as a follow-up to a Métis Cultural Conference that initiated planning for what was called the Metis Education Institute. In 1980, the Gabriel Dumont Institute was formed and SUNTEP began its operations and this was also the year that the institute hosted the first Annual Cultural Conference. In 1983, the institute began federal sponsored preparatory, credit skills training, in 1991, the Dumont Technical Institute was established as a federated institute of SIAST. In 1992, the institute expanded to be included in all community colleges and SIASTs for technical. In 1993, the signed an Affiliation Agreement with the University of Saskatchewan. In 1995, a two-year Métis Teacher Associate Certificate Program was developed by the institute, in 1996, GDC began to offer Arts and Science classes. Between 2001 and 2003 the institute began branching out, first by DTI buying of an administration building in Saskatoon, then by moving into more centres in Saskatoon. In 2003 they also launched The Virtual Museum of Metis History, in 2006, Gabriel Dumont Institute Training & Employment was established to assist Saskatchewans Métis looking to improve their educational and employment outcomes. GDIT&E has service delivery sites established in 11 communities across the province, the GDI Publishing Department has also received many more nominations for their resources from the Saskatchewan Book Awards. In 2010, Dancing in My Bones also won a Moonbeam Gold Medal Spirit Award for Native Folklore, the Gabriel Dumont Institute Archives houses official records of, or relating to, or people/activities connected with Gabriel Dumont Institute. The archival collection consists of art/artefacts, oral histories, print, video, the Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture collection consists of photographs, videos, costumes, furnishings, textiles, artwork, Oral History records, and textual records. The mission of the Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture is to help promote, Saskatchewan Urban Native Teacher Education Program Gabriel Dumont College Dumont Technical Institute Gabriel Dumont Institute Training & Employment Inc
34.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
35.
Half-breed
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Half-breed is a term, now considered derogatory, used to describe anyone who is of mixed race, though it usually refers to people who are half Native American and half European or white. Half-breed is the English version of the French word métis, in the 19th century the United States government set aside lands in the western states for people of American Indian and European or European-American ancestry known as the Half-Breed Tract. The Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation was established by the Treaty of Prairie du Chien of 1830, in Article 4 of the 1823 Treaty of Fond du Lac land was granted to the half-breeds of Chippewa descent on the islands and shore of St. Marys River near Sault Ste. The Canadian government used the term half-breed in the late 19th and early 20th century for people who were of mixed Aboriginal, the North-West Half-Breed Commission established by the Canadian government after the North West Rebellion also used the term to refer to the Métis residents of the North-West Territories. In 1885 children born in the Northwest of Métis parents or pure Indian, in Alberta the Métis formed the Halfbreed Association of Northern Alberta in 1932. Half-Breed is a recorded by Cher and released as a single in 1973. On October 6,1973, it became Chers second U. S. number one hit as a solo artist, red, White, and Black, Symposium on Indians in the Old South, Southern Anthropological Society,1971. Mixed Blood Indians, The University of Georgia Press,2003, anglo-Metis Bois-Brûlés Métis people Métis people Mixed blood Murray Parker, The Half-breed Savage/ Quanah Parker, Texas Escapes Half-breed, Dictionary
36.
University of Saskatchewan
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The University of Saskatchewan is a Canadian public research university, founded in 1907, and located on the east side of the South Saskatchewan River in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. An Act to establish and incorporate a University for the Province of Saskatchewan was passed by the legislature in 1907. The University of Saskatchewan is the largest education institution in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan and it is also the only Canadian University that has a partnership agreement with University of Oxford. The University of Saskatchewan is one of Canada’s top research universities and is a member of the U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities, the university began as an agricultural college in 1907 and established the first Canadian university-based department of extension in 1910. There were 120 hectares set aside for university buildings and 400 ha for the U of S farm, in total 10.32 km2 was annexed for the university. The main University campus is situated upon 981 ha, with another 200 ha allocated for Innovation Place Research Park, the University of Saskatchewan agriculture college still has access to neighbouring urban research lands. The University of Saskatchewans Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization facility, develops DNA-enhanced immunization vaccines for both humans and animals, the University is also home to the Canadian Light Source synchrotron, which is considered one of the largest and most innovative investments in Canadian science. Since its origins as a college, research has played an important role at the university. Discoveries made at the U of S include sulphate-resistant cement and the cobalt-60 cancer therapy unit, the university offers over 200 academic programs. McColl was appointed as the first registrar, establishing the first convocation from which Chief Justice Edward L. Wetmore was elected as the first chancellor, Walter Charles Murray became the first president of the universitys board of governors. The institution was modelled on the American state university, with an emphasis on extension work, the University of Saskatchewan, in Saskatoon, was granted a provincial charter on April 3,1907. A provincial statute known as the University Act and it provided for a publicly funded, yet independent institution to be created for the citizens of the whole province. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership, Saskatoon was chosen as the site for the University on April 7,1909 by the board of governors. On October 12,1912 the first building opened its doors for student admission and it awarded its first degrees in 1912. In the early part of this century, professional education expanded beyond the fields of theology, law. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work, battleford, Moose Jaw, Prince Albert, Regina, and Saskatoon all lobbied to be the location of the new university. Walter Murray preferred the provincial capital, Regina, in a politically influenced vote, Saskatoon was chosen on April 7,1909. A stone wall bears inscriptions of the names of the sixty seven university students, the hallways of the Old Administrative Building at the University of Saskatchewan are decorated with memorial scrolls in honour of the University of Saskatchewan alumni who served in the World Wars
37.
Parks Canada
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Parks Canada, also known as the Parks Canada Agency, is an agency of the Government of Canada run by a chief executive who answers to the Minister of the Environment. Parks Canada manages 38 National Parks, three National Marine Conservation Areas,171 National Historic Sites, and one National Landmark, the agency also administers lands and waters set aside as potential national parklands, including eight National Park Reserves and one National Marine Conservation Area Reserve. The Canadian Register of Historic Places is supported and managed by Parks Canada, in collaboration with provincial and territorial governments, the agency is also the working arm of the national Historic Sites and Monuments Board, which recommends National Historic Sites, Events, and Persons. Parks Canada was established on May 19,1911, as the Dominion Parks Branch under the Department of the Interior, the services activities are regulated under the provisions of the Canada National Parks Act, which was enacted in 1930, and amended in 2000. To mark the 150th anniversary of Confederation in 2017, Parks Canada is offering free passes to national parks, the Parks Canada Agency was established as a separate service entity in 1998, and falls under the responsibility of Environment Canada. Before 2003, Parks Canada fell under the jurisdiction of the Department of Canadian Heritage, from 1979 to 1994, Parks Canada was part of the Department of Environment, and before it was part of the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, and the Department of the Interior. With the organizational shifts and political leadership in Canada, the priorities of Parks Canada have shifted over the years more towards conservation, starting in the 1960s, Parks Canada has also moved to decentralize its operations. S. C. Marie Canal, Saint-Ours Canal, Chambly Canal, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canal, Carillon Canal, Lachine Canal, the Department of Canadian Heritage, which runs federal Museums and more cultural affairs, falls under the control of the Minister of Heritage. They are designated under section 18 of the Canada National Parks Act and have the authority of peace officers and they carry firearms and have access to other use of force options. The Minister may also designate provincial and local enforcement officers under section 19 of the Act for the purpose of enforcing laws within the specified parks and these officers have the power of peace officers only in relation to the Act. In May 2012, it was reported that Park Wardens may be designated to enforce certain wildlife acts administered by Environment Canada. Should the designations go ahead it would only be for Park Wardens that are stationed near existing migratory bird sanctuaries, historical Analysis of Parks Canada and Banff National Park, 1968–1995 List of legislation for which Parks Canada is responsible Lothian, W. F. A History of Canadas National Parks Volumes I-IV Lothian, W. F, a Brief History of Canadas National Parks Lothian, W. F. Histoire des parcs nationaux du Canada Volumes I-IV Lothian, W. F, a Century of Parks Canada, 1911–2011, Free eBook Parks Canada article in the Canadian Encyclopedia National Parks of Canada Electronic Library
38.
Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
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Its headquarters are in Terrasses de la Chaudière, in downtown Gatineau, Quebec. First Nation, has used since the 1970s instead of the word Indian. The term Indian is used for legal and historical documents such as Status Indians as defined by the Indian Act, for example, the term Indian continues to be used in the historical and legal document, the Canadian Constitution and federal statutes. The word means people in the Inuit language — Inuktitut, the singular of Inuit is Inuk. Eskimo is found in documents about Canadian Inuit. The term Aboriginal is commonly used referring to the three groups of indigenous peoples as a whole. It is also used by Aboriginal people who live within Canada who claim rights of sovereignty or Aboriginal title to lands, the department is overseen by the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs. The current minister, since November 2015, is Carolyn Bennett, the last minister under the Conservative government that lost the 2015 federal election was Bernard Valcourt. James Moore acted in the position between Valcourt and the previous minister John Duncan, iNACs responsibilities are largely determined by numerous statutes, negotiated agreements and relevant legal decisions. Most of the Departments programs, representing a majority of its spending - are delivered through partnerships with Aboriginal communities, INAC also works with urban Indigenous people, Métis and Non-Status Indians. INAC also works with urban First Nations, Métis and Non-Status Indians through the Office of the Federal Interlocutor, INAC also manages the resources and lands of federal lands, including land and subsurface leases and resource royalties. In 1755, the British Crown established the British Indian Department, the Indian Governors General held control of Indian Affairs, but usually delegated much of their responsibility to a series of Civil Secretaries. The responsibility for Indian Affairs and Northern Development rested with various government departments between 1873 and 1966, the Minister of the Interior also held the position of Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs after the Indian Affairs Department was established in 1880. In 1939, federal jurisdiction for Indian peoples was interpreted by the courts to apply to the Inuit, a revised Indian Act was passed in 1951. From 1950 to 1965, the Indian Affairs portfolio was carried by the Minister of Citizenship, on October 1,1966, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development was created as a result of the Government Organization Act,1966. Effective June 13,2011, the department began using the applied title Aboriginal Affairs, when the Department of the Interior dissolved in 1936, Indian Affairs fell under the purview of the Department of Mines and Resources. This became the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development in 1966, under the Federal Identity Program, the department is known as Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Beginning in the early 20th century, the Canadian government sponsored annual expeditions to the Canadian North and these expeditions yielded extensive photographic documentation of the lives of northern indigenous peoples by participating explorers, engineers, scientists and medical staff
39.
University of Regina
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The University of Regina is a public research university located in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. It became a university in 1974. The University of Regina has an enrollment of over 12,000 full, the universitys student newspaper, The Carillon, is a member of CUP. In 2016, the University of Regina was ranked as one of the top 150 universities under 50 years old worldwide in the Times Higher Education world university rankings, the University of Regina is a non-denominational university, which grew out of Regina College, founded in 1911. James Henry Puntin designed several buildings on campus including, Regina Methodist College, East & West Towers, Ladies Residence, Gymnasium, Power Plant, in 1928, Darke Hall was built on College Avenue, escribed. as an admirable theatre, one which few cities can rival. In 1934 Regina College became part of the University of Saskatchewan, the University of Saskatchewan a single, public provincial university created in 1907 was modeled on the American state university, with an emphasis on extension work and applied research. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the 2 bodies and to perform institutional leadership, in the early part of this century, professional education expanded beyond the traditional fields of theology, law and medicine. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work, Regina College continued as a Junior College until 1959, when it received full degree-granting status as a second campus of the University of Saskatchewan. It accordingly fully surrendered Regina College to the University of Saskatchewan, Regina College and its successor Regina Campus of the University of Saskatchewan and University of Regina have—possibly unawares—retained the Methodist motto as one who serves. In 1961 the college was renamed the University of Saskatchewan, Regina Campus, in 1974 it became the independent University of Regina. With the transfer of control to the University of Saskatchewan the range of courses offered was somewhat broadened, the arts and sciences programs evolved with the growth of Regina Campus, which held its first convocation in 1965. The original design of Regina Campus and its buildings, in a stark concrete modernist style, were by Minoru Yamasaki. Louis, Missouri—such demolition being considered by some to be the beginning of postmodern architecture—Yamasakis modernist aesthetic was already somewhat passé in the view of many architects. A Royal Commission under a Supreme Court of Canada justice, Emmett Hall and that being said, numerous of the universitys faculties are significantly smaller in the 21st century than they were in the 1970s as priorities have shifted from liberal arts to vocational training. A. Riddell Centre and the Normal School was substantially renovated to become the Canada-Saskatchewan Soundstage, the campus has experienced a recent spurt of growth and expansion, having been static for some two decades after the construction of the Language Institute at the end of the 1970s. Since the late 1990s, several new buildings have been added including the Dr. William A, the building of the Wakpá Tower and Paskwāw Tower Residences also involved a significant redevelopment of the landscaping of the campus around a new oval as an aesthetic and community hub of campus. Future plans include construction on the east side of the Ring Road, the goal is to accommodate an enrolment of 25,000. In the summer of 2005 the University of Regina hosted the 2005 Canada Games, many events took place in the newly completed state-of-the-art Centre for Kinesiology, Health and Sport
40.
Environment and Climate Change Canada
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Its ministerial headquarters is located in les Terrasses de la Chaudière, Gatineau, Quebec. The department is responsible for international environmental issues. CEPA was the piece of Canadas environmental legislation but was replaced when budget implementation bill entered into effect in June 2012. Under the Constitution of Canada, responsibility for management in Canada is a shared responsibility between the federal government and provincial/territorial governments. For example, provincial governments have primary authority for resource management including permitting industrial waste discharges, the federal government is responsible for the management of toxic substances in the country. Environment Canada continues to undergo a transformation to centralize authority and decision-making. In 2003, responsibility for Parks Canada was returned to the Minister of the Environment, Environment Canada Enforcement Branch is responsible for ensuring compliance with several federal statues. The Governor-in-Council appoints enforcement officers and pursuant to section 217 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, there are two designations of enforcement officers, Environmental Enforcement and Wildlife Enforcement. The former administers the Canadian Environmental Protection Act and pollution provisions of the Fisheries Act, the latter enforces Migratory Birds Convention Act, Canada Wildlife Act, Species at Risk Act and The Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act. All officers wear green uniform with black ties and a badge. Environmental Enforcement Officers only carry baton and OC spray whereas Wildlife Enforcement Officers are also equipped with firearm, on March 4,2009, a bill to increase the enforcement capabilities of Environment Canada was introduced into the House of Commons. The various annexes define hazardous waste in Canada, and also deem any waste that is, the loophole in the regulations that allows tons of e-waste to be exported from Canada is the use of the definition of intact vs functional. A non-functioning electronic device that is intact can be exported under the current legislation, what cant be exported without prior informed consent is a non-functioning but no longer intact electronic device. The principal problem being, the non-functioning but intact electronic device is at risk of being disassembled in some far away e-waste dumping ground. The Canadian governments use of an interpretation of the Basel Convention obligations intact. See Canadian fact sheet and associated links, there have been 19 prosecutions undertaken for non-compliance with the provisions of the EIHWHRMR some of which are still before the courts. Electronic waste by country Bill C-38, replaced the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act with the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act,2012, by placing the emphasis on jobs, growth and prosperity significant changes have been made to the federal environmental assessment regime and environmental regulatory framework. The Durban talks were leading to a new binding treaty with targets for all countries to take effect in 2020, Environment minister Peter Kent argued that, The Kyoto protocol does not cover the worlds largest two emitters, the United States and China, and therefore cannot work
Provisional Government of Saskatchewan (Métis)
Canada
