Battle of Newburn
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The Battle of Newburn took place on 28 August 1640, during the Second Bishops' War, near Newburn in northern England. A Scottish Covenanter army of 20,000 under Alexander Leslie defeated an English fo
Covenanter cavalry fording the River Tyne during the battle
Signing of the National Covenant in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh.
The Scottish commander, Alexander Leslie
John Pym, leader of the English Parliamentary opposition; defeat forced Charles to recall Parliament in November 1640
Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven was a Scottish army officer. Born illegitimate and raised as a foster child, he subsequently advanced to the rank of field marshal in the Swedish Army and a major l
Men of Mackay's Regiment in the service of Gustavus Adolphus during the Thirty Years' War