Batuque (drumming) was a general term for various Afro-Brazilian practices in the 19th century, including music, dance, combat game and religion.
Batuque by Johann Moritz Rugendas, between 1822 and 1825.
Batuque in São Paulo, by Nachtmann, Spix and Martius, 1820s
Harro Harring, Negro dance
Batuque in Nueva Granada, by Alexis de Gabriac (1868)
Capoeira is an Afro-Brazilian martial art and game that includes elements of dance, acrobatics, music and spirituality.
Capoeira or the Dance of War by Johann Moritz Rugendas, 1825, published in 1835
Negroes fighting by Augustus Earle, c. 1824. Painting depicting an illegal capoeira-like game in Rio de Janeiro.
San Salvador, 1835, by Rugendas. "The scene is set in a clearing surrounded by tropical vegetation and palm trees, corresponding precisely to the space called capoeira in Brazil."
Capoeiristas outside