Bay Area Rapid Transit

Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)

A BART train approaching MacArthur station in June 2018
Overview
Locale	San Francisco Bay Area Counties: Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, and San Mateo
Transit type	Rapid transit/Commuter rail Light rail
Number of lines	7 lines 5 rapid transit lines 1 AGT line 1 Light rail line
Number of stations	48 2 under construction 7 planned/proposed
Daily ridership	423,395 weekdays 188,190 Saturdays 133,482 Sundays (FY 2017 average)[1]
Annual ridership	124.2 million (FY 2017)[1]
Chief executive	Grace Crunican
Headquarters	Kaiser Center Oakland, California
Website	www.bart.gov
Operation
Began operation	September 11, 1972; 46 years ago (1972-09-11)
Operator(s)	San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District
Character	Fully grade separated with at-grade, elevated and subway sections
Number of vehicles	662 total, with 535 in service;[2] excluding AGT fleet
Train length	4–10 cars (710 feet (216 m) max) 3-cars (AGT)
Headway	15–20 mins (by line); 3–8 mins (between trains at busiest stations)[citation needed]
Technical
System length	109 mi (175 km) (rapid transit)[3] 10.1 mi (16.3 km) (light rail) 3.2 mi (5.1 km) (AGT)[3]
Track gauge	5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm)[3] 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Minimum radius of curvature	120 m (390 ft)
Electrification	Third rail, 1,000 V DC[3][4]
Average speed	35 mph (56 km/h)[3]
Top speed	80 mph (130 km/h);[3] 70 mph (110 km/h)[5] during normal operations
System map

Part of a series of articles on

Overview History Stations Rolling Stock Expansion District Police

v t e

Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) is a rapid transit public transportation system serving the San Francisco Bay Area in California. The heavy rail elevated and subway system connects San Francisco and Oakland with urban and suburban areas in Alameda, Contra Costa, and San Mateo counties. BART serves 48 stations along six routes on 112 miles (180 km) of rapid transit lines, including a ten-mile spur line in eastern Contra Costa County which utilizes diesel multiple-unit trains and a 3.2-mile (5.1 km) automated guideway transit line to the Oakland International Airport. With an average of 423,000 weekday passengers and 124.2 million annual passengers in fiscal year 2017,^[1] BART is the fifth-busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States.

BART is operated by the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, formed in 1957. The initial system opened in stages from 1972 to 1974. As of 2018^[update], it is being expanded to San Jose with the Silicon Valley BART extensions.

History[edit]

Origins, planning, and geographical coverage[edit]

Some of the Bay Area Rapid Transit system's current coverage area was once served by an electrified streetcar and suburban train system called the Key System. This early 20th-century system once had regular transbay traffic across the lower deck of the Bay Bridge, but the system was dismantled in the 1950s, with its last transbay crossing in 1958, and was superseded by highway travel. A 1950s study of traffic problems in the Bay Area concluded the most cost-effective solution for the Bay Area's traffic woes would be to form a transit district charged with the construction and operation of a new, high-speed rapid transit system linking the cities and suburbs.^{[citation needed]}

Formal planning for BART began with the setting up in 1957 of the Bay Area Rapid Transit District, a county-based special-purpose district body that governs the BART system. The district initially began with five members, all of which were projected to receive BART lines: Alameda County, Contra Costa County, the City and County of San Francisco, San Mateo County, and Marin County. Although invited to participate, Santa Clara County supervisors elected not to join BART due to their dissatisfaction that the peninsula line only stopped at Palo Alto initially, preferring instead to concentrate on constructing freeways and expressways (the system will expand into Santa Clara County in 2019, but the county is still not a district member). In 1962, San Mateo County supervisors voted to leave BART, saying their voters would be paying taxes to carry mainly Santa Clara County residents (presumably along I-280 and SR 85).^[6] The district-wide tax base was weakened by San Mateo's departure, forcing Marin County to withdraw a month later. Despite the fact that Marin had originally voted in favor of BART participation at the 88% level, its marginal tax base could not adequately absorb its share of BART's projected cost. Another important factor in Marin's withdrawal was an engineering controversy over the feasibility of running trains on the lower deck of the Golden Gate Bridge, an extension forecast as late as three decades after the rest of the BART system.^[7][8][9] The withdrawals of Marin and San Mateo resulted in a downsizing of the original system plans, which would have had lines as far south as Palo Alto and northward past San Rafael. Voters in the three remaining participating counties approved the truncated system, with termini in Fremont, Richmond, Concord, and Daly City, in 1962.^[10]

Construction of the system began in 1964, and included a number of major engineering challenges, including excavating subway tunnels in San Francisco, Oakland, and Berkeley; constructing aerial structures throughout the Bay Area, particularly in Alameda and Contra Costa counties; tunneling through the Berkeley hills on the Concord line; and lowering the system's centerpiece, the Transbay Tube connecting Oakland and San Francisco, into a trench dredged onto the floor of San Francisco Bay.^[11]

Early years and train control problems[edit]

Passenger service began on September 11, 1972, initially just between MacArthur and Fremont. The rest of the system opened in stages, with the entire system opening in 1974 when the transbay service through the Transbay Tube began.^[12] The new BART system was hailed as a major step forward in subway technology,^[13] although questions were asked concerning the safety of the system^[14] and the huge expenditures necessary for the construction of the network.^[15] Ridership remained well below projected levels throughout the 1970s, and direct service from Daly City to Richmond and Fremont was not phased in until several years after the system opened.

Some of the early safety concerns appeared to be well founded when the system experienced a number of train-control failures in its first few years of operation. As early as 1969, before revenue service began, several BART engineers identified safety problems with the Automatic Train Control (ATC) system. The BART Board of Directors was dismissive of their concerns and retaliated by firing them.^[16] Less than a month after the system's opening, on October 2, 1972, an ATC failure caused a train to run off the end of the elevated track at the terminal Fremont station and crash to the ground, injuring four people.^[17][18] The “Fremont Flyer” led to a comprehensive redesign of the train controls and also resulted in multiple investigations being opened by the California State Senate, California Public Utilities Commission, and National Transportation Safety Board.^[19] Hearings by the state legislature in 1974 into financial mismanagement at BART forced the General Manager to resign in May 1974, and the entire Board of Directors was replaced the same year when the legislature passed legislation leading to the election of a new Board and the end of appointed members.^{[20][21][22][23][24][25]}

Extensions[edit]

Even before the BART system opened, planners projected several possible extensions. Although Marin county was left out of the original system, the 1970 Golden Gate Transportation Facilities Plan considered a tunnel under the Golden Gate or a new bridge parallel to the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge to bring BART to Marin, but neither of these plans was pursued.^{[citation needed]}. Over twenty years would pass before the first extensions to the BART system were completed to Colma and Pittsburg/Bay Point in 1996. An extension to Dublin/Pleasanton in 1997 added a fifth line to the system for the first time in BART's history. The system was expanded to San Francisco International Airport in 2003 and to Oakland International Airport via an automated guideway transit spur line in 2014. Construction of eBART, an extension using diesel multiple units along conventional railroad infrastructure between Pittsburg and Antioch, opened on May 26, 2018. BART's most significant current extension will take the system to the Silicon Valley. The first phase extended the Fremont line to Warm Springs/South Fremont in early 2017, and construction is underway on the line to Milpitas and Berryessa.^[26][27]

Further expansion has been proposed, contingent upon the allocation of funding. This includes the second phase of the Silicon Valley extension, which would bring the system to downtown San Jose and Santa Clara. Plans have long been floated for an extension from Dublin to Livermore, which would cost approximately $1.2 billion and run 5.5 miles (8.9 km) along interstate 580 to Isabel Avenue.^[28] The BART board could vote in spring 2018 on this project, which would be completed in 2026. Other plans have included an extension to Hercules, a line along the Interstate Highway 680 corridor, and a fourth set of rail tracks through Oakland.^[29] At least four infill stations such as Irvington and Calaveras on existing lines have been proposed.^[30] With the Transbay Tube nearing capacity, long-range plans included a new four-bore Transbay Tube beneath San Francisco Bay that would run parallel and south of the existing tunnel and emerge at the Transbay Transit Terminal to connect to Caltrain and the future California High Speed Rail system. The four-bore tunnel would provide two tunnels for BART and two tunnels for conventional/high-speed rail. The BART system and conventional U.S. rail use different and incompatible rail gauges and different loading gauges.^[3]

BART has also been studying ways to improve service and reliability in its core system, where density and ridership is highest. Recent exploratory ideas have included a line that would continue from the Transbay Terminal through the SOMA district, northwards on Van Ness and terminating in western San Francisco along the Geary corridor, the Presidio, or North Beach.

System modernization[edit]

[ v t e ] Bay Area Rapid Transit
Legend
System diagram
eBART Maintenance Yard Antioch Pittsburg Center Pittsburg/​Bay Point ⇋ Diablo Range North Concord/​Martinez Concord Richmond Maintenance Yard   Concord Richmond Train Yard   El Cerrito del Norte Pleasant Hill/​Contra Costa Centre El Cerrito Plaza Walnut Creek North Berkeley Lafayette Downtown Berkeley Orinda Ashby Berkeley Hills Tunnel Rockridge MacArthur ⇋ southbound 19th St. Oakland ⇋ northbound 12th St. Oakland City Center Oakland Wye Lake Merritt West Oakland Fruitvale Transbay Tube Coliseum ⇋ Muni Metro to 4th & King Doolittle maintenance and storage facility Embarcadero Oakland International Airport Montgomery Street San Leandro Powell Street Bay Fair ⇋ Civic Center/​UN Plaza Castro Valley Muni Metro to West Portal San Leandro Hills 16th Street Mission West Dublin/​Pleasanton 24th Street Mission Dublin/​Pleasanton Glen Park Livermore proposed Hayward ⇋ Balboa Park South Hayward   Hayward Daly City Maintenance Complex   Union City Colma Fremont Colma Maintenance Yard Lake Elizabeth tunnel Irvington proposed South San Francisco Warm Springs/​South Fremont ⇋ San Bruno Calaveras proposed Milpitas 2019 S.F. International Airport Berryessa/​North San José 2019 Millbrae proposed extension Alum Rock Downtown San Jose Santa Clara Diridon / Arena Santa Clara Maintenance Facility
5 ft 6 in gauge third rail 1,000 V DC Standard gauge DMU eBART Market Street Subway upper level constructed for Muni Metro Cable Liner AGT Coliseum – Oakland International Airport  ⇋ transfer between BART lines

Since the mid-1990s, BART has been trying to modernize its system.^[31] The fleet rehabilitation is part of this modernization; in 2009, fire alarms, fire sprinklers, yellow tactile platform edge domes, and cemented-mat rubber tiles were installed. The rough black tiles on the platform edge mark the location of the doorway of approaching trains, allowing passengers to wait at the right place to board. All faregates and ticket vending machines were replaced.

In 2007, BART stated its intention to improve non-peak (night and weekend) headways for each line to 15 minutes. The current 20-minute headways at these times is a barrier to ridership.^[32] In mid-2007, BART temporarily reversed its position stating that the shortened wait times would likely not happen due to a $900,000 state revenue budget shortfall. Nevertheless, BART eventually confirmed the implementation of the plan by January 2008.^[33] Continued budgetary problems halted the expanded non-peak service and returned off-peak headways to 20 minutes in 2009.^[34]

In 2008, BART announced that it would install solar panels at two yards and maintenance facilities and the Orinda station^[35] (the only station with enough sun to justify installation cost).^[35]

In 2012, The California Transportation Commission announced they would provide funding for expanding BART facilities, through the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, in anticipation of the opening of the Silicon Valley Berryessa Extension. $50 million would go in part to improvements to the Hayward Maintenance Complex.^[36]

Earthquake safety[edit]

During the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the BART equipment was mostly undamaged. A 2010 study^[37] shows that along with some Bay Area freeways, some of BART's overhead structures could collapse in a major earthquake, which has a significant probability of occurring within three decades.^[38] Seismic retrofitting has been carried out in recent years to address these deficiencies, especially in the Transbay Tube.

Infrastructure[edit]

The entirety of the system runs in exclusive right-of-way. BART's rapid transit revenue routes cover about 110 miles (180 km) with 45 stations. On the main lines, approximately 28 miles of lines run through underground sections with 32 miles on elevated tracks.^[3]

The main system uses a 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge^[3] and mostly ballastless track. Originally utilizing flat-edge rail and wheelsets with cylindrical treads, BART is now switching to conical tread to reduce the noise caused by flange/rail contact and loss of adhesion of one of the wheels on curves.^[39] DC electric current at 1,000 volts is delivered to the trains over a third rail.^[4] An automated guideway transit line and an additional station were opened in 2014 and utilize off-the-shelf cable car technology developed by DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car: the Cable Liner. The section of the Antioch-SFO/Millbrae line east of the Pittsburg/Bay Point station runs on conventional unelectrified 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) standard gauge rail.

Schedules call for trains to operate at up to 70 miles per hour (110 km/h), but certain segments (in particular, the Transbay Tube) are designed for 80 mph (130 km/h) operation when making up delays.^[3][40][5]

Rapid transit trains have 4–10 cars, the maximum length of 710 feet (216 m) being the longest of any metro system in the United States and extending slightly beyond the 700-foot (213 m) platforms.^[41] Cars are 10.5 feet (3.2 m) wide, the maximum gradient is four percent, and the minimum curve radius is 394 feet (120 m).^[42]

Location of the third rail changes at the station. On the left side of the track in the distance is the emergency walkway — the third rail is across the track from this walkway.

Train frequencies are primarily limited by the fact that most lines funnel into the Transbay Tube and San Francisco. While small sections of track in Oakland, Colma, and Daly City are triple- and quadruple-tracked, there are few sidings which would allow limited-stop or express trains to pass others.^{[citation needed]}

Many of the original 1970s-era stations, especially the aerial stations, feature simple Brutalist architecture, but newer stations are a mix of Neomodern and Postmodern architecture. The additional double tracked four mile long upper deck of the Market Street Subway and its four underground stations were built by BART for the S.F. Municipal Railway.

The combination of unique loading gauges and bespoke rail technologies has complicated maintenance of the system, as rolling stock requires custom wheelsets, brake systems, and power systems.^[43]

Lines and services[edit]

BART operates five named and interlined heavy rail services plus one separate automated guideway line. All five heavy rail services run through Oakland, and all but the Richmond–Warm Springs/South Fremont line go through the Transbay Tube to San Francisco. All five services run on weekdays until the end of the afternoon rush hour; evenings (after about 6:00 pm), nights (after about 9:00 pm), and Sundays have as few as three services operating. Four of the services change terminals at certain times so that all stations are served during all service hours.^[44]

Unlike most other rapid transit and rail systems around the world, BART lines are generally not officially referred to by shorthand designations or their color names. However, the new fleet will display line colors more prominently.^[45] The five heavy rail services are identified on maps, schedules, and station signage by the names of their termini:

The heavy rail routes run on a number of track segments, which are internally but not commonly known by letters:^[3][46]

Automation[edit]

BART was one of the first U.S. rail transit systems of any size to be substantially automated. Routing and dispatching of trains, and adjustments for schedule recovery are controlled by a combination of computer and human supervision at BART's Operations Control Center (OCC) and headquarters at the Kaiser Center in Downtown Oakland. Station-to-station train movement, including speed control and maintenance of separation between successive trains, is entirely automatic under normal operation, the operator's routine responsibilities being issuing announcements, closing the doors after station stops, and monitoring the track ahead for hazards. In unusual circumstances the operator controls the train manually at reduced speed.

Rolling stock[edit]

Car types[edit]

Side view of nine car BART C1 train.

The mainline BART network operates six types of electrically-operated, self-propelled railcars, built from four separate orders. The first four types, built from 1968 until 1996, total 669 cars (although 662 are currently available for revenue service), and have two sets of passenger doors on each side of the car.^[2] The newer two types, which are technologically incompatible with the older types, are in the process of manufacturing, delivery, and commissioning, and are due to replace all older types by 2022 while simultaneously expanding the fleet for future extensions. They will all feature three sets of passenger doors on each side of the car to speed up passenger boarding.^[47]

To run a typical peak morning commute, BART requires 579 cars. Of those, 535 are scheduled to be in active service; the others are used to build up four spare trains (essential for maintaining on-time service).^[2][48] At any one time, the remaining 90 cars are in for repair, maintenance, or some type of planned modification work.^[49]

The Coliseum–Oakland International Airport line uses a completely separate and independently operated fleet as it uses cable car-based automated guideway transit technology. It uses four Cable Liner trains built by DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car, arranged as three-car sets, but the system can accommodate four-car trains in the future.

The vehicle procurement for eBART included eight Stadler GTW diesel railcars, with two options to purchase six more. The first of these trains were delivered in June 2016.^[50] The Stadler GTW trains are diesel multiple units with 2/6 articulated power units, and are based on models previously used in Austin, Texas; Denton, Texas (greater Dallas) and New Jersey.^[51][52]

Interior of a typical mainline BART car, here a C1 car

Lines	Manufacturer	Class	Image	Number	Car numbers	Built	Coupler	Notes
BART main lines	Rohr	A		60	1xxx	1968–1971	WABCO N -3
	Rohr	B		389		1968–1971
	Alstom	C1		150	xxx	1987–1989
	Morrison-Knudsen	C2		80	25xx	1994–1996[53]
	Bombardier	D		310	3xxx	2012–	Scharfenberg	order being filled/testing, entered service on January 19, 2018
	Bombardier	E		465	4xxx	2012–
Oakland Airport Connector	DCC Doppelmayr	Cable Liner		4				automated guideway transit trainsets
eBART	Stadler	GTW		8				diesel multiple units

Future railcars[edit]

BART has ordered 775 new cars from manufacturer Bombardier Transportation:^[54][55] 310 cab cars (D-cars, which must be the end cars, and can be at any position in a train, although unlike both types of C-cars will not permit passengers to move freely between cars past the operator cab) and 465 non-cab cars (E-cars, which can not be "end cars").^[56][45] The new cars have three doors on each side (increased from the current two, to speed station stops), bike racks, 54 seats per car, and interior displays giving next-stop information.^[45] The new cars' couplers are incompatible with all prior cars and must run in separate trains. The first test car was unveiled in April 2016;^[51] upon approval, the first 10 cars were expected to be in service in December 2016, however, glitches delayed entry into service for one year. In early November 2017, a test train failed a CPUC regulatory inspection due to door issues, leaving the planned revenue service date in doubt.^[57] The first ten-car train received CPUC certification on January 17, 2018,^[58] with revenue service beginning two days later.^[59] Delivery of all 775 cars is expected to be completed by Fall 2022.^[60]

Depots[edit]

The first maintenance yards built for the core BART system were in Richmond, Concord, and Hayward. As part of the SFO extension, an additional yard was added at the Colma station. A yard will open at the planned Santa Clara station in 2026, upon completion of Phase II of the Silicon Valley BART Extension.

The Coliseum–Oakland International Airport line utilizes Doolittle Maintenance and Storage Facility as a car barn for the line's guideway trains.

eBART trains utilize a facility in Antioch for maintenance and service.

Traveling[edit]

Hours of operation[edit]

Map of evening and Sunday service.

BART has five rapid transit lines; most of each line's length is on track shared with other lines. Trains on each line run every 15 minutes on weekdays and 20 minutes during evenings, weekends and holidays; stations on the section of track between Daly City and West Oakland are served by four lines and therefore see 16 trains an hour on each track.

BART service begins around 4:00 am on weekdays, 6:00 am on Saturdays, and 8:00 am on Sundays. Service ends every day near midnight with station closings timed to the last train at station. Two of the five lines, the Warm Springs/South Fremont–Daly City and Richmond–Daly City/Millbrae lines, do not have evening (after ~6:00 p.m. and ~9:00 p.m., respectively) or Sunday service, but all stations remain accessible by transfer from the other lines.^[44][61][62] The Coliseum–Oakland International Airport AGT line runs every 6 minutes, with approximately the same operating hours as the five rapid transit lines. Weekday start time will be delayed to 5:00 am beginning in February 2019 and lasting three years to accommodate retrofitting of the Transbay Tunnel.^[63]

All Nighter bus service runs when BART is closed. 30 out of 48 BART stations are served either directly or within a few blocks. BART tickets are not accepted on these buses, with the exception of BART Plus tickets (which are no longer accepted on AC Transit, Muni, SamTrans, or VTA beginning in 2013), and each of the four bus systems that provide All-Nighter service charges its own fare, which can be up to $3.50; a four-system ride could cost as much as $9.50 as of 2007^[update].^[64]

Fares[edit]

Ticket vending machines at the Powell Street Station

Fares on BART are comparable to those of commuter rail systems and are higher than those of most subways, especially for long trips. The fare is based on a formula that takes into account both the length and speed of the trip. A surcharge is added for trips traveling through the Transbay Tube, to Oakland International Airport, to San Francisco International Airport, and/or through San Mateo County, a county that is not a member of the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Passengers can use refillable paper-plastic-composite tickets,^[65] on which fares are stored via a magnetic strip, to enter and exit the system. The exit faregate prints the remaining balance on the ticket each time the passenger exits the station. A paper ticket can be refilled at a ticket machine, the remaining balance on any ticket can be applied towards the purchase of a new one, or a card is captured by the exit gate when the balance reaches zero; multiple low value cards can be combined to create a larger value card but only at specific ticket exchange locations, located at some BART stations.^[66] The magnetic strip-based technology was developed by Cubic Transportation Systems with a contract awarded in 1974.^[67]

BART relies on unused ticket values on discarded low-value cards for additional revenue, as much as $9.9 million.^[68] The paper ticket technology is identical to the Washington Metro's former paper fare card, though the BART system does not charge higher fares during rush hour.

Clipper, a contactless smart card accepted on all major Bay Area public transit agencies, may be used in lieu of a paper ticket.

A standard-fare BART ticket. The initial purchased fare is printed parallel to the magnetic strip, and the card's remaining balance is printed on the left, updated upon each exit.

The minimum fare is $2.00 (except San Mateo County trips) under 6 miles (9.7 km).^[69] The maximum one-way fare including all possible surcharges is $16.15, the journey between San Francisco International Airport and Oakland International Airport.^[70] The farthest possible trip, from Antioch to Millbrae, costs less because of the $4 additional charge added to SFO trips and $6 additional charge added to OAK trips.^[71] Entering and exiting the same station within three hours accrues an excursion fare of $5.75. Passengers without sufficient fare to complete their journey must use a cash-only AddFare machine to pay the remaining balance in order to exit the station.

Special color-coded tickets provide steep discounts for children, the disabled, seniors, and students.^[72] BART Plus, a special high-value ticket with "flash-pass" privileges with some regional transit agencies, is being phased out in favor of the Clipper system.

Unlike many other rapid transit systems, BART does not have an unlimited ride pass, and the only discount provided to the public is a 6.25% discount when "high value tickets" are purchased with fare values of $48 and $64, for prices of $45 and $60 respectively. Amtrak's Capitol Corridor and San Joaquins trains sell $10 BART tickets on board in the café cars for only $8,^[73][74] resulting in a 20% discount. A 62.5% discount is provided to seniors, the disabled, and children age 6 to 12. Middle and high school students 13 to 19 may obtain a 50% discount if their school participates in the BART program; these tickets are intended to be used only between the students' home station and the school's station and for transportation to and from school events. The tickets can be used only on weekdays. These School Tickets and BART Plus tickets have a last-ride bonus where if the remaining value is greater than $0.05, the ticket can be used one last time for a trip of any distance. Most special discounted tickets must be purchased at selected vendors and not at ticket machines. The BART Plus tickets can be purchased at the ticket machines.

The San Francisco Muni "A" monthly pass provides unlimited rides within San Francisco, with no fare credit applied for trips outside of the city. San Francisco pays $1.02 for each trip taken under this arrangement.^[75]

Faregates with the orange barrier wings retracted for a Spare the Air Day

Fares are enforced by the station agent, who monitors activity at the fare gates adjacent to the window and at other fare gates through closed circuit television and faregate status screens located in the agent's booth. All stations are staffed with at least one agent at all times.

Proposals to simplify the fare structure abound. A flat fare that disregards distance has been proposed, or simpler fare bands or zones. Either scheme would shift the fare-box recovery burden to the urban riders in San Francisco, Oakland and Berkeley and away from suburban riders in East Contra Costa, Southern Alameda, and San Mateo Counties, where density is lowest, and consequently, operational cost is highest.^[76]

Ridership levels[edit]

For most of its history, BART's ridership has reflected the U.S. economy, growing modestly during periods of economic expansion and dropping slightly during recessions.^[1] A major exception occurred in 1989 in the aftermath of the Loma Prieta earthquake, which severely damaged the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, causing its closure for a month. BART became the only direct route between the East Bay and San Francisco, resulting in a nearly 17% ridership jump for the 1990 fiscal year.^[1] Ridership did not drop back to previous levels after the repair of the bridge, suggesting that many commuters chose to stick with BART.

BART ridership has grown rapidly since 2010, mirroring strong economic growth in the Bay Area. In 2015, the system was carrying approximately 100,000 more passengers each day than it had five years earlier.^[79] High gasoline prices also contributed to growth, pushing ridership to record levels during 2012, with the system recording five record ridership days in September and October 2012.^[80] After six straight years of expansion, ridership growth began to slow in late 2016, dropping by 1.7% in October 2016 from the prior year.^[81] Although the fiscal year ending June 30, 2017 showed an average weekday ridership of 423,395, the second-highest in BART's history, this was a 2.3% drop from FY 2016.^[1] Some see this decline as part of an overall national trend of declining transit use in large U.S. cities, linked to changes in commute patterns, the fall in gasoline prices since 2014, and competition from the private sector in the form of ride-sharing services such as Uber and Lyft.^[82][83] The line to the San Francisco International Airport lost riders, while ride-sharing services grew by a factor of almost six or nearly 500% at the airport between 2014 and 2016.^[84] BART planners believe that competition from Uber and Lyft is reducing overall ridership growth and BART's share of SFO airport transit.^[85]

Stations in the urban cores of San Francisco, Oakland, and Berkeley have the highest ridership, while suburban stations record lower rider numbers. During fiscal year 2017, the busiest station was Embarcadero with 48,526 average weekday exits, followed by Montgomery Street with 45,386. The busiest station outside of San Francisco was 12th Street Oakland City Center with 13,965 riders, followed by 19th Street Oakland with 13,456. The least busy station was Oakland International Airport with 1,517 riders, while the least busy standard BART station was North Concord / Martinez with 2,702 weekday exits.^[86]

BART's one-day ridership record was set on Halloween of 2012 with 568,061 passengers attending the San Francisco Giants' victory parade for their World Series championship.^[91] This surpassed the record set two years earlier of 522,198 riders in 2010 for the Giants' 2010 World Series victory parade.^[92] Before that, the record was 442,100 riders in October 2009, following an emergency closure of the Bay Bridge.^[93] During a planned closure of the Bay Bridge, there were 475,015 daily riders on August 30, 2013, making that the third highest ridership.^[94] On June 19, 2015, BART recorded 548,078 riders for the Golden State Warriors championship parade, placing second on the all-time ridership list.^[87]

BART set a Saturday record of 419,162 riders on February 6, 2016, coinciding with Super Bowl 50 events and a Golden State Warriors game.^[88][95] That easily surpassed the previous Saturday record of 319,484 riders, which occurred in October 2012, coinciding with several sporting events and Fleet Week.^[96] BART set a Sunday ridership record of 292,957 riders in June 2013, in connection with the San Francisco Gay Pride Parade,^[97] surpassing Sunday records set the previous two years when the Pride Parade was held.^[97]

Connecting services[edit]

AC Transit bus stop at Bay Fair Station

Two BART stations have connections to Amtrak regional rail services: Coliseum and Richmond. Capitol Corridor trains run from Sacramento to San Jose from both stations. Additionally, Richmond has connections to the San Joaquin, which runs from Oakland to Bakersfield, and the nationally serviced California Zephyr, which runs from Emeryville to Chicago.

Caltrain, which provides service between San Francisco, San Jose and Gilroy, has a cross-platform interchange at Millbrae.

Connections to San Francisco's local light rail system, the Muni Metro, are facilitated primarily through the twin-level Market Street subway. Plans from 1960 called for BART trains to traverse the Twin Peaks Tunnel,^[98] but the upper level of the subway was turned over to Muni and both agencies share the Embarcadero, Montgomery, Powell and Civic Center stations. Some Muni Metro lines connect with (or pass nearby) the BART system at the Balboa Park and Glen Park stations.

Complimentary shuttle bus service connects BART to the Altamont Corridor Express (ACE) commuter rail at West Dublin/Pleasanton, Dublin/Pleasanton, and Fremont.

Under-construction extensions will allow for a connection to Santa Clara County's VTA light rail in late 2019. Future, unfinalized plans call for further rail connections in San Jose and Santa Clara as well as direct transfers to California High-Speed Rail.

Connecting services via bus[edit]

Bus transit services connect to BART, which, while managed by separate agencies, are integral to the successful functioning of the system, including the San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni), AC Transit, SamTrans, County Connection, and the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District (Golden Gate Transit). Until 1997, BART ran its own "BART Express" connector buses,^[99] which ran to eastern Alameda County and far eastern and western areas of Contra Costa County; these routes were later devolved to sub-regional transit agencies such as Tri Delta Transit and the Livermore Amador Valley Transit Authority (WHEELS) or, in the case of Dublin/Pleasanton service, replaced by a full BART extension.

Other services connect to BART including the Emery Go Round (Emeryville), WestCAT (north-western Contra Costa County), San Leandro LINKS, Napa VINE, Rio Vista Delta Breeze, Dumbarton Express, SolTrans, Union City Transit, and the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority in Silicon Valley.

Several commuter and interregional bus services connect to BART, including the San Joaquin RTD Commuter (Stockton), Tri Delta Transit (Contra Costa County), Greyhound, California Shuttle Bus, Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach, and Modesto Area Express BART Express.

Cars[edit]

Many BART stations offer parking, however, under-pricing causes station parking lots to overflow in the morning.^[100] Pervasive congestion and under-pricing forces some to drive to distant stations in search of parking.^[101]

BART hosts car sharing locations at many stations, a program pioneered by City CarShare. Riders can transfer from BART and complete their journeys by car. BART offers long-term airport parking through a third-party vendor^[102] at most East Bay stations. Travelers must make an on-line reservation in advance and pay the daily fee of $5 before they can leave their cars at the BART parking lot.

Airports[edit]

BART goes to the San Francisco International Airport; the SFO station is at the International Terminal, but there are connections available to the AirTrain people mover system to allow passengers to access the airport's domestic terminals.

The Coliseum–Oakland International Airport line is an automated guideway transit line that connects from Coliseum station to all terminals at the Oakland International Airport. Unlike similar services at other airports, fares for the line are integrated into the BART fare system, to which the BART ticket faregates for the line are located on the Coliseum station platform. The line's automated guideway transit (AGT) vehicles are cable-propelled, and operate on an elevated guideway 3.2 miles (5.1 km) long. It arrives at Coliseum station every 5 to 20 minutes,^[103] and are designated to transport passengers to OAK in 10–15 minutes.^[27][103]

Facilities[edit]

Cell phone and Wi-Fi[edit]

In 2004, BART became the first transit system in the United States to offer cellular telephone communication to passengers of all major wireless carriers on its trains underground.^[104] Service was made available for customers of Verizon Wireless, Sprint/Nextel, AT&T Mobility, and T-Mobile in and between the four San Francisco Market Street stations from Civic Center to Embarcadero. In 2009, service was expanded to include the Transbay Tube, thus providing continuous cellular coverage between West Oakland and Balboa Park.^[105] In 2010, service was expanded to all underground stations in Oakland (19th Street, 12th Street/Oakland City Center, and Lake Merritt).^[106] Uninterrupted cellular coverage of the entire BART system is a goal. As of 2012^[update] passengers in both the Berkeley Hills tunnel and the Berkeley subway (Ashby, Downtown and North Berkeley) received cell service. The only section still not covered by cell service is a short tunnel that leads to Walnut Creek BART, and San Mateo County subway stations (including service to SFO and Millbrae).

In 2007, BART ran a beta test of Wi-Fi Internet access for travelers. It initially included the four San Francisco downtown stations: Embarcadero, Montgomery, Powell, and Civic Center. It included above ground testing to trains at BART's Hayward Test Track. The testing and deployment was extended into the underground interconnecting tubes between the four downtown stations and further. The successful demonstration provided for a ten-year contract with WiFi Rail, Inc. for the services throughout the BART right of way.^[107] In 2008, the Wi-Fi service was expanded to include the Transbay Tube.^[108] BART terminated^[109] the relationship with Wi-Fi Rail in December 2014, citing that WiFi Rail had not submitted an adequate financial or technical plan for completing the network throughout the BART system.

In 2011, during the Charles Hill killing and aftermath BART disabled cell phone service to hamper demonstrators.^[110] The ensuing controversy drew widespread coverage,^[111] that raised legal questions about free speech rights of protesters and the federal telecommunications laws that relate to passengers.^[112] In response, BART released an official policy on cutting off cell phone service.^[113]

Library-a-Go-Go[edit]

A book vending machine at the del Norte station.

Since 2008, the district has been adding Library-a-Go-Go book vending machines.^[114] The Contra Costa County Library machine was added to the Pittsburg/Bay Point station in 2008.^[114] The $100,000 machine, imported from Sweden, was the first in the nation and was followed by one at the El Cerrito del Norte station in 2009.^{[114][115][116]} Later in 2011 a Peninsula Library System machine was added at the Millbrae Station.^[114][117]

Organization and management[edit]

Governance[edit]

The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District is a special district consisting of Alameda County, Contra Costa County, and the City and County of San Francisco. San Mateo County, which hosts six BART stations, is not part of the BART District. A nine-member elected Board of Directors represents nine districts. BART has its own police force.^[118]

While the district includes all of the cities and communities in its jurisdiction, some of these cities do not have stations on the BART system. This has caused tensions among property owners in cities like Livermore who pay BART taxes but must travel outside the city to receive BART service.^[119] In areas like Fremont, the majority of commuters do not commute in the direction that BART would take them (many Fremonters commute to San Jose, where there is currently no BART service). This would be alleviated with the completion of a BART-to-San Jose extension project and the opening of the Berryessa Station in San Jose.

Budget[edit]

In 2005, BART required nearly $300 million in funds after fares. About 37% of the costs went to maintenance, 29% to actual transportation operations, 24% to general administration, 8% to police services, and 4% to construction and engineering. In 2005, 53% of the budget was derived from fares, 32% from taxes, and 15% from other sources, including advertising, station retail space leasing, and parking fees.^[120] BART reported a farebox recovery ratio of 75.67% in February 2016,^[121] up from 2012's 68.2%.^[122] BART train operators and station agents have a maximum salary of $62,000 per year with an average of $17,000 in overtime pay.^[123] (BART management claimed that in 2013, union train operators and station agents averaged about $71,000 in base salary and $11,000 in overtime, and pay a $92 monthly fee from that for health insurance.)^[124]

Comparison with other rail transit systems[edit]

BART, like other transit systems of the same era, endeavored to connect outlying suburbs with job centers in Oakland and San Francisco by building lines that paralleled established commuting routes of the region's freeway system.^[125] The majority of BART's service area, as measured by percentage of system length, consists of low-density suburbs. Unlike the Chicago "L" or the London Underground, individual BART lines do not provide frequent local service. Within San Francisco city limits, Muni provides local light rail surface and subway service, and runs with smaller headways (and therefore provides more frequent service) than BART.

In the 1970s, BART had envisioned frequent local service, with headways as short as two minutes between trains on the quadruple-interlined section in San Francisco and six minutes on each individual line.^[126] However, headways have fallen short of the original plans. While trains do arrive every three minutes on the quadruple-interlined section between West Oakland and Daly City during weekday commute hours, each individual line operates at 15 minute intervals.

BART could be characterized as a "commuter subway," since it has many characteristics of a regional commuter rail service, somewhat similar to S-Bahn services in Germany, Denmark, Austria and Switzerland, such as lengthy lines that extend to the far reaches of suburbia, with significant distances between stations.^[127][128] BART also possesses some of the qualities of a metro system^[129] in the urban areas of San Francisco and Oakland; where multiple lines converge, it takes on the characteristics of an urban metro, including short headways and transfer opportunities to other lines. Urban stations are as close as one-half mile (800 m) apart, and have combined 2½- to 5-minute service intervals at peak times.

Incidents[edit]

Fatal electrical fire[edit]

In January 1979, an electrical fire occurred on a train as it was passing through the Transbay Tube. One firefighter (Lt. William Elliott, 50, of the Oakland Fire Department) was killed in the effort to extinguish the blaze. Since then, safety regulations have been updated.^[130]

Death of worker James Strickland[edit]

On October 14, 2008, track inspector James Strickland was struck and killed by a train as he was walking along a section of track between the Concord and Pleasant Hill BART stations. Strickland's death started an investigation into BART's safety alert procedures.^[131] At the time of the accident, BART had assigned trains headed in opposite directions to a shared track for routine maintenance. BART came under further fire in February 2009 for allegedly delaying payment of death benefits to Strickland's family.^[132]

Shooting of Oscar Grant III[edit]

On January 1, 2009, a BART Police officer, Johannes Mehserle, fatally shot Oscar Grant III.^[133][134] BART held multiple public meetings to ease tensions led by BART Director Carole Ward Allen^[135] who called on the BART Board to hire two independent auditors to investigate the shooting, and to provide recommendations to the board regarding BART Police misconduct.^[136] Director Ward Allen established BART's first Police Department Review Committee and worked with Assemblyman Sandre Swanson to pass AB 1586 in the California State Legislature, which enforced civilian oversight of the BART Police Department.^[137] BART Director Lynette Sweet said that "BART has not handled this [situation] correctly,"^[138] and called for the BART police chief and general manager to step down, but only one other BART Director, Tom Radulovich, has supported such action.^[139]

Eyewitnesses gathered direct evidence of the shooting with video cameras, which were later submitted to and disseminated by media outlets and watched hundreds of thousands of times^[140] in the days following the shooting. Violent demonstrations occurred protesting the shooting.^[141]

Mehserle was arrested and charged with murder, to which he pleaded not guilty. Oakland civil rights attorney John Burris filed a US$25 million wrongful death claim against the district on behalf of Grant's daughter and girlfriend.^[142] Oscar Grant III's father also filed a lawsuit claiming that the death of his son deprived him of his son's companionship.

Mehserle's trial was subsequently moved to Los Angeles following concerns that he would be unable to get a fair trial in Alameda County. On July 8, 2010, Mehserle was found guilty on a lesser charge of involuntary manslaughter.^[143] He was released on June 13, 2011 and is now on parole.^[144]

Shooting of Charles Hill[edit]

On July 3, 2011, two officers of the BART Police shot and killed Charles Hill at Civic Center Station in San Francisco. Hill was allegedly carrying a knife.^[145]

On August 12, 2011, BART shut down cellphone services on the network for three hours in an effort to hamper possible protests against the shooting^[146][147] and to keep communications away from protesters at the Civic Center station in San Francisco.^[148] The shutdown caught the attention of Leland Yee and international media, as well as drawing comparisons to the former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in several articles and comments.^[149] Antonette Bryant, the union president for BART, added that, "BART have lost our confidence and are putting rider and employee safety at risk."^[150]

Members of Anonymous broke into BART's website and posted names, phone numbers, addresses, and e-mail information on the Anonymous website.^[151][152]

On August 15, 2011, there was more disruption in service at BART stations in downtown San Francisco.^{[153][154][155]} The San Francisco Examiner reported that the protests were a result of the shootings, including that of Oscar Grant.^[156][157] Demonstrations were announced by several activists, which eventually resulted in disruptions to service. The protesters have stated that they did not want their protests to results in closures, and accused the BART police of using the protests as an excuse for disruption.^[158] Protesters vowed to continue their protests every Monday until their demands were met.

On August 29, 2011, a coalition of nine public interest groups led by Public Knowledge filed an Emergency Petition asking the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to declare "that the actions taken by the Bay Area Rapid Transit District (“BART”) on August 11, 2011 violated the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, when it deliberately interfered with access to Commercial Mobile Radio Service (“CMRS”) by the public" and "that local law enforcement has no authority to suspend or deny CMRS, or to order CMRS providers to suspend or deny service, absent a properly obtained order from the Commission, a state commission of appropriate jurisdiction, or a court of law with appropriate jurisdiction".^[159][160]

In December 2011 BART adopted a new "Cell Service Interruption Policy" that only allows shutdowns of cell phone services within BART facilities "in the most extraordinary circumstances that threaten the safety of District passengers, employees and other members of public, the destruction of District property, or the substantial disruption of public transit service".^[161] According to a spokesperson for BART, under the new policy the wireless phone system would not be turned off under circumstances similar to those in August 2011. Instead police officers would arrest individuals who break the law.^[162]

In February 2012, the San Francisco District Attorney concluded that the BART Police Officer that shot and killed Charles Hill at the Civic Center BART station the previous July "acted lawfully in self defense" and will not face charges for the incident. A federal lawsuit filed against BART in January by Charles Hill's brother was proceeding.^[163]

In March 2012, the FCC requested public comment on the question of whether or when the police and other government officials can intentionally interrupt cellphone and Internet service to protect public safety.^[162]

Employee fatalities[edit]

On the afternoon of October 19, 2013, a BART employee and a contractor, who were inspecting tracks, were struck and killed near Walnut Creek by a train being moved for routine maintenance. A labor strike by BART's two major unions was underway at the time, which caused BART to use an undertrained operator. Instead of the usual 14 weeks of the training, the operator only received four. The BART trainer was not in the cab with the operator at the time of impact but was instead in the passenger compartment. BART was fined $600,000 for the incident.^[164]

Crime[edit]

In the summer of 2017, BART came under severe criticism for suppression of video evidence of crimes committed at Oakland stations. That spring and summer, in at least three incidents, groups of people had boarded stopped trains and attacked and robbed train riders.^[165] BART responded to criticism of the suppression of this evidence by saying that "to release these videos would create a high level of racially insensitive commentary toward the district [...] and in addition it would create a racial bias in the riders against minorities on the trains." According to a memo distributed to BART Directors, the agency didn't do a press release on the June 30 theft because it was a “petty crime” that would make BART look “crime ridden.” Furthermore, it would “unfairly affect and characterize riders of color, leading to sweeping generalizations in media reports.”^{[citation needed]}

In July 2017, a BART rider created a website, "bartcrimes.com", to disseminate information he thought BART makes very difficult to find on their website, intentionally making it inconvenient to access crime logs, which are public information. BART officials say crime rates remain low. However, according to data requested by the San Francisco Chronicle after the mob robbery in April, figures showed a 45 percent increase in robberies aboard BART trains in its stations during the first quarter of the year.^[166]

In September 2017, six victims of the robberies/assaults filed suit against BART for gross negligence, claiming BART does not provide adequate security for its riders.^[167]

On July 22, 2018, a man fatally stabbed 18-year-old Nia Wilson with a knife as she exited a train car at the MacArthur station.^[168] This was the third homicide at a BART station within five days.^[169]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Owen, Wilfred (1966). The metropolitan transportation problem. Anchor Books.
• BART: a study of problems of rail transit. California. Legislature. Assembly. Committee on Transportation. 1973.
• Richard Grefe (1976). A history of the key decisions in the development of Bay Area Rapid Transit. National Technical Information Service.
• E. Gareth Hoachlander (1976). Bay Area Rapid Transit: who pays and who benefits?. University of California.
• Cervero, Robert (1998). The transit metropolis: a global inquiry. Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-591-6.
• University of California (1966). The San Francisco Bay area: its problems and future, Volume 2. University of California.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to BART.

Route map:

• Bay Area Rapid Transit
• Engineering Geology of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) System, 1964–75
• Shuttles serving BART stations at 511.org
• Pictures of BART on world.nycsubway.org