1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
U.S. Route 6 in New York
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U. S. Route 6 is a part of the U. S. Highway System that runs from Bishop, California, to Provincetown, Massachusetts. In New York, US6 extends 77.85 miles from the Pennsylvania state line at Port Jervis to the Connecticut state line east of Brewster. Near both ends, it runs in proximity to Interstate 84, which otherwise takes a more northerly route through Downstate New York. US6, meanwhile, skirts the northern fringe of the New York Metropolitan Area. Except for a section concurrent with the portion of New York State Route 17 and another brief, similar stretch in Peekskill. Two stretches are shared with US202 and it goes through three of New Yorks traffic circles, more than any other highway in the state, and is part of the only concurrency of three U. S. routes in the state. US6 is not as important a transportation artery in New York as it in other states. The route does, however, pass through some of the more memorable scenery, particularly the Hudson Highlands in the form of Harriman. It crosses the Hudson River at the historic Bear Mountain Bridge, other highlights include the Shawangunk Ridge in the west and New York Citys reservoirs in the east. The Hudson River roughly bisects New Yorks section of US6, despite its many curves and turns, the road stays in a generally east–west direction. US6 crosses the Delaware River into New York concurrent with US209, Matamoras via the Mid-Delaware Bridge, becoming Port Jervis almost seamlessly, becoming Pike Street. A few blocks north, at the Park Avenue traffic light, NY42 and NY97 begin to the left while US6 and US209 turn right. Two blocks later, the highways having not even come a mile from the state line, US6 continues to follow West Main past Port Jervis Middle School and Bon Secours Hospital, veering south to cross under the railroad tracks and then over the Neversink River. At a three-way junction with short County Route 15, US6 reaches the Port Jervis city limit, signs point to New Jersey Route 23, which begins a few hundred feet to the south, just past the I-84 overpass. From here traffic on US6 grows lighter as it parallels I-84 for the next 17 miles, trucks going through this stretch are limited to 10 tons. It slowly traverses up the Shawangunk Ridge alongside the Interstate Highway, just before exit 3, it crosses under I-84 again. At the hamlet of Slate Hill, NY284, another route down to New Jersey, US6 continues through very rural countryside through here. Shortly before Middletown, it crosses over I-84 and turns left onto NY 17M and this is US 6s last crossing of I-84 west of the Hudson River
3.
U.S. Route 202 in New York
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U. S. Route 202 is a part of the U. S. Highway System that runs from New Castle, Delaware, to Bangor, Maine. In the U. S. state of New York, US202 extends 55.57 miles from the New Jersey state line near Suffern to the Connecticut state line east of Brewster. While most of US202 is signed north–south, the portion within New York is signed east–west and it drifts north slowly as it crosses southern New York. US202 is the road to cross New York between New Jersey and Connecticut and not pass through New York City on the way. Its course along the Hudson River takes it first north up the west side, over the historic Bear Mountain Bridge and it takes in many scenic areas, such as the Ramapo Mountains and Hudson Highlands, and two New York City reservoirs. Its circuitous path across the state puts it on many concurrencies—only 14.5 miles, or 26%, among the roads it joins are three U. S. highways and two state routes. It forms four three-route conurrencies, including the only grouping of three U. S. routes in the state, again in Peekskill. US 202s New York stretch is roughly bisected by the Hudson River and it is mostly a two-lane road, expanding to four in some busier sections, with a brief limited-access stretch in Peekskill. In the shadow of the New York State Thruway, it meets its first New York state highway, NY59, and has a brief wrong-way concurrency with it. It remains a two-lane route at the edge of development past Pomona and Montebello, at the foot of the Ramapo Mountains, the headwaters of the Mahwah River parallel closely. At Ladentown, the terminus of NY306, the road begins to curve to the east. Route 202 widens as it cuts across the county, still a little less developed here, towards Mount Ivy, the Long Path hiking trail also crosses here. Here the Appalachian Trail crosses under the road to its lowest elevation in the nearby Trailside Zoo, after ten miles, the US 9W concurrency comes to an end at Bear Mountain Circle, also the Palisades Parkways north end. This puts US202 very briefly in Orange County, and US6 replaces US 9W as the two join the AT in going through the tollbooths and crossing the Bear Mountain Bridge, after a brief re-entry into Rockland County, the roads cross into Westchester County. In most of northern Westchester, US202, primarily as part of concurrencies, serves as a road between the towns it passes through. It skirts the one Putnam County village along its path, and is mostly a rural road in that county, at the end of the bridge the AT leaves with NY 9D, which begins to follow the river north to Beacon and Wappingers Falls here. Routes 6 and 202 turn right to follow Bear Mountain Bridge Road, three and a half miles US6 and US202 descend to river level again and, after passing the entrance to the New York National Guard base at Camp Smith, reach Annsville Circle. At the second exit in Peekskill, the two routes leave US9, NY35 begins here and replaces it in the overlap, following Main Street across the city
4.
Appalachian Trail
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The trail is about 2,200 miles long, though the exact length changes over time as parts are modified or rerouted. More than 2 million people are said to do at least one day-hike on the each year. The idea of the Appalachian Trail came about in 1921, the trail itself was completed in 1937 after more than a decade of work, although improvements and changes continue. It is maintained by 31 trail clubs and multiple partnerships, and managed by the National Park Service, United States Forest Service, the majority of the trail is in forest or wild lands, although some portions traverse towns, roads and farms. The trail conservancy claims that the Appalachian Trail is the longest hiking-only trail in the world. It passes through 14 states, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Many books, memoirs, websites, and fan organizations are dedicated to these pursuits, other separate extensions continue the southern end of the Appalachian range in Alabama and continue south into Florida, creating what is known as the Eastern Continental Trail. The Appalachian Trail, the Continental Divide Trail, and the Pacific Crest Trail form what is known as the Triple Crown of Hiking in the United States. The trail was conceived by Benton MacKaye, a forester who wrote his original plan—called An Appalachian Trail, macKayes idea detailed a grand trail that would connect a series of farms and wilderness work/study camps for city-dwellers. The idea was adopted by the new Palisades Interstate Park Trail Conference as their main project. On October 7,1923, the first section of the trail, from Bear Mountain west through Harriman State Park to Arden, MacKaye then called for a two-day Appalachian Trail conference to be held in March 1925 in Washington, D. C. This meeting inspired the formation of the Appalachian Trail Conference, a retired judge named Arthur Perkins and his younger associate Myron Avery took up the cause. Andersons efforts helped spark renewed interest in the trail, and Avery was able to bring other states on board, upon taking over the ATC, Avery adopted the more practical goal of building a simple hiking trail. He and MacKaye clashed over the ATCs response to a commercial development along the trails path, MacKaye left the organization. Avery reigned as Chairman of the ATC from 1932 to 1952, Avery became the first to walk the trail end-to-end, though not as a thru-hike, in 1936. In August 1937, the trail was completed to Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine, the ATCs trail crews and volunteer trail-maintaining clubs have relocated or rehabilitated miles of trail since that time. The completed thru-hike was much later recorded and accepted by the Appalachian Long Distance Hikers Association, in 1948, Earl Shaffer of York, Pennsylvania, brought a great deal of attention to the project by publicizing the first claimed thru-hike. The claim was criticized for the hikes omission of significant portions due to short-cuts
5.
New York State Bicycle Route 9
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The following is a List of New York State Bicycle Routes. These routes are designated by the New York State Department of Transportation, New York State Bicycle Route 5 runs from Niagara Falls east to the Massachusetts border in New Lebanon. It overlaps State Bicycle Route 9 over the Dunn Memorial Bridge over the Hudson River, New York State Bicycle Route 9 runs from New York City north to the border with Canada in Rouses Point. The route crosses the George Washington Bridge and follows U. S. Route 9W through a portion of New Jersey before entering New York again in Palisades, New York State Bicycle Route 11 runs north / south in two segments. The southern segment runs from Pennsylvania border in Conklin where it connects to BicyclePA Route L, north to the border of Broome and Cortland counties in Lisle, passing through Binghamton. The northern segment runs from the border of Oswego and Jefferson counties in Ellisburg north to the border with Canada in Rouses Point, passing through Watertown, Canton, Potsdam, at the north end it connects to Vélo Québec Quebec Route Verte No.2. New York State Bicycle Route 14 runs from the border of Yates and Ontario counties in Geneva north to Sodus Point, New York State Bicycle Route 17 runs from Westfield east to State Bicycle Route 9 in Wappingers Falls. The route passes through Mayville, where it splits into two branches alongside Chautauqua Lake that join again in Jamestown. From here, the passes through Salamanca, Allegany State Park, Olean, Wellsville, Bath, Corning, Elmira, Waverly, Binghamton, Hancock, Port Jervis, Middletown, Newburgh. New York State Bicycle Route 19 runs from the border of Allegany and Wyoming counties in Pike north to Hamlin Beach State Park, passing through Warsaw, Le Roy, Bergen, Brockport, and Hamlin. New York State Bicycle Route 22 runs from Brewster north to New Lebanon, passing through Pawling, Wassaic, New York State Bicycle Route 23 runs from the Rip Van Winkle Bridge east to the Massachusetts border in Copake, passing through Greenport, Claverack, and Hillsdale. New York State Bicycle Route 24 runs along New York State Route 24, from CR104 at the Riverhead Traffic Circle, New York State Bicycle Route 25 runs from Smithtown east to Orient Point, passing through Port Jefferson Station, Shoreham, and Riverhead. The route also diverts from Route 25A from Stony Brook to Setauket along Suffolk County Road 68, along NY25, the route diverges in Riverhead and Aquebogue at Manor Road, Middle Road, Ostrand Avenue, Elton Street, then to Hubbard Avenue and Edgar Avenue. Within Greenport, the route diverges along the second New York Truck Route 25. New York State Bicycle Route 25A runs from the border of Nassau and Suffolk counties in Cold Spring Harbor east to Smithtown, the route doesnt actually share NY 25A until it reaches Kings Park. Terminating at Maplewood Road, it turns left there, which terminates at Suffolk County Route 35. Bike Route 25A turns northwest momentarily and then back east onto Little Plains Road. At Scholar Lane, Bike Route 25A heads east again and after crossing over the Sunken Meadow State Parkway turns north again over Old Commack Road, Old Commack Road terminates at CR11 in Kings Park, and reunites with the County Road again
6.
Hudson River
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The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, the river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, tidal waters influence the Hudsons flow from as far north as Troy. The river is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Canadas Hudson Bay is also named. The Dutch called the river the North River – with the Delaware River called the South River –, during the eighteenth century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving, the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting, the Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early-19th-century United States. The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of 4,322 feet, the river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. From that point on, the stream is known as the Hudson River. Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source, South of the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook, the Hudson River flows south into Sanford Lake. South of the outlet of the lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson, the Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties, in the hamlet of North River, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River. Further south, the forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake, shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under Interstate 87, and through Glens Falls, just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through Hudson Falls, at this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties. At this point the river has an altitude of 200 feet, further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties, the river then enters the heart of the Capital District. It takes in water from the Hoosic River, which extends into Massachusetts, shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in Waterford. Shortly thereafter, the river reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, at an elevation of 2 feet, the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River
7.
Cortlandt, New York
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Cortlandt is a town in Westchester County, New York, United States. The population was 41,592 at the 2010 census, Cortlandt is located at the northwest edge of the county, at the eastern terminus of the Bear Mountain Bridge. The town includes the villages of Buchanan and Croton-on-Hudson, commuter service to New York City is available via the Cortlandt train station and the Croton-Harmon train station, served by Metro-North Railroad. U. S. Route 9 passes through the town along the Hudson River side, the Bear Mountain Bridge Road and Toll House and Site of Old Croton Dam are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The town is bordered on the west by the Hudson River and it is bordered to the north by the towns of Philipstown and Putnam Valley in Putnam County, to the east by Yorktown and on the south by the towns of New Castle and Ossining. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 50.0 square miles, of which 39.3 square miles is land and 10.8 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 38,467 people,13,517 households, the population density was 969.7 people per square mile. There were 14,065 housing units at a density of 354.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 88. 60% White,4. 59% African American,0. 21% Native American,2. 57% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,2. 35% from other races, and 1. 68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 19% of the population,21. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the family size was 3.22. In the town, the population was out with 26. 5% under the age of 18,5. 3% from 18 to 24,30. 1% from 25 to 44,25. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males, the median income for a household in the town was $75,442, and the median income for a family was $89,053. Males had an income of $59,949 versus $41,115 for females. The per capita income for the town was $33,432, about 2. 9% of families and 4. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 1% of those under age 18 and 5. 1% of those age 65 or over. Cortlandt is governed by a town board, law enforcement services in Cortlandt are provided by the New York State Police and the Westchester County Department of Public Safety. Peters Church, and Van Cortlandtville School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, verplanck – a hamlet of Cortlandt Woodybrook Town of Cortlandt official website
8.
Stony Point, New York
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Stony Point is a triangle-shaped town in Rockland County, New York, United States. It is part of the New York City Metropolitan Area, the town is located north of the town of Haverstraw, east and south of Orange County, New York, and west of the Hudson River and Westchester County. The population was 15,059 at the 2010 census, the name of the town is derived from a prominent projection into the Hudson River. The town is in the northeast part of the county, U. S. Route 9W, U. S. Route 202, and the Palisades Interstate Parkway are major north-south routes through the town. Stony Point is included in the North Rockland Central School District and it is the most rural out of the 5 towns in Rockland County. The Americans were unable to hold the fort for more than a few days and this may or may not have contributed to Anthony Wayne earning his nickname of Mad Anthony Wayne. The economy of the town increased upon the rediscovery of limestone deposits in the 19th century, the town of Stony Point was founded in 1865 from the northern part of the town of Haverstraw. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 31.6 square miles, of which 27.6 square miles is land and 4.0 square miles. The western town line is the border of Orange County, New York, as of the census of 2000, there were 14,245 people,4,832 households, and 3,802 families residing in the town. The population density was 511.7 people per square mile, there were 4,951 housing units at an average density of 177.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 33% White,1. 27% Black or African American,0. 19% Native American,1. 29% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,1. 66% from other races, and 1. 24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 84% of the population,17. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the family size was 3.33. In the town, the population was out with 26. 1% under the age of 18,6. 6% from 18 to 24,30. 6% from 25 to 44,24. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males, the median income for a household in the town was $71,940, and according to CNN Money the median income for a family was $97,633. Males had an income of $55,727 versus $36,424 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,244, in comparison, the average salary in 2010 for a full-time Stony Point police officer was $126,895
9.
Peekskill, New York
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Peekskill, officially the City of Peekskill, is a city in the New York City metropolitan area, Westchester County, New York, in the United States. Peekskill is situated on a bay along the east side of the Hudson River, the population was 23,583 during the 2010 census. This community was known to be an early American industrial center, primarily for its iron plow, the Binney & Smith Company, now makers of Crayola products, started as the Peekskill Chemical Company at Annsville in 1864. Peekskills manufacturing base operated well into the late 20th century, with the Fleischmann Company making yeast by-products under the Standard Brands corporate name, in September 1609, Henry Hudson, captain of the Halve Maen, anchored along the reach of the Hudson at Peekskill. His firstmate noted in the log that it was a very pleasant place to build a town. After the establishment of the province of New Netherland, New Amsterdam resident Jan Peeck made the first recorded contact with the Lenape people of this area, the date is not certain, but agreements and merchant transactions took place, formalized in the Rycks Patent Deed of 1684. The name Peekskill derives from a combination of Mr. Peeks surname, located on the north bank of the Annsville Creek as it empties into the Hudson, Fort Independence combined with Forts Montgomery and Clinton to defend the Hudson River Valley. Fort Independence was built in August 1776, while Forts Montgomery, Fort Hill Park, the site of Camp Peekskill, contained five barracks and two redoubts. European style settlement took place slowly in the early 18th century, by the time of the American Revolution, the tiny community was an important manufacturing center from its various mills along the several creeks and streams. These industrial activities were attractive to the Continental Army in establishing its headquarters here in 1776, the mills of Peeks Creek provided gunpowder, leather, planks, and flour. Slaughterhouses were important for food supply, the river docks allowed transport of supply items and soldiers to the several other fort garrisons placed to prevent British naval passage between Albany and New York City. Officers at Peekskill generally supervised placing the first iron link chain between Bear Mountain and Anthonys Nose in the spring of 1777, though Peekskills terrain and mills were beneficial to the Patriot cause, they also made tempting targets for British raids. The most damaging attack took place in spring of 1777. Another British operation in October 1777 led to destruction of industrial apparatus. On leaving New Windsor in June,1781, Washington established his quarters, for a short time, Peekskills first legal incorporation of 1816 was reactivated in 1826 when Village elections took place. The Village was further incorporated within the Town of Cortlandt in 1849, an effigy of Robeson was lynched in the town. The artists were able to plan a concert in nearby Van Cortlandtville on a farm owned by a Holocaust survivor. The publicity drew a crowd of around 20,000, and it was one of the earliest performances of Pete Seegers If I Had a Hammer, Robeson sang surrounded by union guards and volunteers from the audience as protection against other snipers
10.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
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