1.
Mass media
–
The mass media is a diversified collection of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. The technologies through which communication takes place include a variety of outlets. Broadcast media transmit information electronically, via such media as film, radio, recorded music, digital media comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication. Internet media comprise such services as email, social sites, websites. Print media transmit information via physical objects, such as books, comics, magazines, newspapers, event organizing and public speaking can also be considered forms of mass media. The organizations that control these technologies, such as studios, publishing companies. In the late 20th century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries, books, the Internet, magazines, movies, newspapers, radio, recordings, and television. The explosion of digital technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries made prominent the question. For example, it is whether to include cell phones, computer games. In the 2000s, a called the seven mass media became popular. For example, the Internet includes blogs, podcasts, web sites, the sixth and seventh media, Internet and mobile phones, are often referred to collectively as digital media, and the fourth and fifth, radio and TV, as broadcast media. Some argue that video games have developed into a mass form of media. While a telephone is a communication device, mass media communicates to a large group. In addition, the telephone has transformed into a phone which is equipped with Internet access. A question arises whether this makes cell phones a mass medium or simply a device used to access a mass medium. There is currently a system by which marketers and advertisers are able to tap into satellites and this transmission of mass advertising to millions of people is another form of mass communication. Video games may also be evolving into a mass medium, video games provide a common gaming experience to millions of users across the globe and convey the same messages and ideologies to all their users. Users sometimes share the experience with one another by playing online, excluding the Internet however, it is questionable whether players of video games are sharing a common experience when they play the game individually
Mass media
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Brockhaus Konversations-Lexikon, 1902
Mass media
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A family listening to a
crystal radio in the 1920s
Mass media
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A panel in the
Newseum in
Washington, D.C., shows the September 12 headlines in America and around the world
Mass media
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Early
minstrel shows lampooned the assumed stupidity of black people. Detail from cover of The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels, 1843
2.
Stereotype
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In social psychology, a stereotype is a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality, however, this is only a fundamental psychological definition of a stereotype. Within psychology and spanning across other disciplines, there are different conceptualizations, some of these definitions share commonalities, though each one may also harbor unique aspects that may contradict the others. The term stereotype derives from the Greek words στερεός, firm, solid and τύπος, impression, the term comes from the printing trade and was first adopted in 1798 by Firmin Didot to describe a printing plate that duplicated any typography. The duplicate printing plate, or the stereotype, is used for printing instead of the original, outside of printing, the first reference to stereotype was in 1850, as a noun that meant image perpetuated without change. However, it was not until 1922 that stereotype was first used in the psychological sense by American journalist Walter Lippmann in his work Public Opinion. Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are understood as related but different concepts, although related, the three concepts can exist independently of each other. Studies of stereotype content examine what people think of others, rather than the reasons, early theories of stereotype content proposed by social psychologists such as Gordon Allport assumed that stereotypes of outgroups reflected uniform antipathy. For instance, Katz and Braly argued in their classic 1933 study that ethnic stereotypes were uniformly negative, by contrast, a newer model of stereotype content theorizes that stereotypes are frequently ambivalent and vary along two dimensions, warmth and competence. Warmth and competence are respectively predicted by lack of competition and status, groups that do not compete with the in-group for the same resources are perceived as warm, whereas high-status groups are considered competent. The groups within each of the four combinations of high and low levels of warmth, the model explains the phenomenon that some out-groups are admired but disliked, whereas others are liked but disrespected. This model was tested on a variety of national and international samples and was found to reliably predict stereotype content. Early studies suggested that stereotypes were only used by rigid, repressed, stereotyping can serve cognitive functions on an interpersonal level, and social functions on an intergroup level. For stereotyping to function on a level, an individual must see themselves as part of a group. Craig McGarty, Russell Spears, and Vincent Y, Yzerbyt argued that the cognitive functions of stereotyping are best understood in relation to its social functions, and vice versa. Stereotypes can help make sense of the world and they are a form of categorization that helps to simplify and systematize information. Thus, information is easily identified, recalled, predicted. Stereotypes are categories of objects or people, between stereotypes, objects or people are as different from each other as possible
Stereotype
–
An 18th-century Dutch engraving of the peoples of the world, depicting the inhabitants of
Asia, the
Americas and
Africa as savages. Shown below are an
Englishman, a
Dutchman, a
German and a
Frenchman.
Stereotype
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Police officers buying doughnuts and coffee, an example of perceived stereotypical behavior in North America.
Stereotype
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An anti-semitic 1873 caricature depicting the stereotypical physical features of a Jewish male.
Stereotype
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A magazine feature from Beauty Parade from March 1952 stereotyping women drivers. It features
Bettie Page as the model.
3.
Beat Generation
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The Beat Generation is a literary movement started by a group of authors whose work explored and influenced American culture and politics in the post-World War II era. The bulk of their work was published and popularized throughout the 1950s, Allen Ginsbergs Howl, William S. Burroughss Naked Lunch and Jack Kerouacs On the Road are among the best known examples of Beat literature. Both Howl and Naked Lunch were the focus of obscenity trials that helped to liberalize publishing in the United States. The members of the Beat Generation developed a reputation as new bohemian hedonists, later, in the mid-1950s, the central figures ended up together in San Francisco where they met and became friends of figures associated with the San Francisco Renaissance. In the 1960s, elements of the expanding Beat movement were incorporated into the hippie, Neal Cassady, the driver for Ken Keseys bus Further, was the primary bridge between these two generations. Allen Ginsbergs work also became an element of early 1960s hippie culture. Jack Kerouac introduced the phrase Beat Generation in 1948 to characterize a perceived underground, the name arose in a conversation with writer John Clellon Holmes. Kerouac allows that it was street hustler Herbert Huncke who originally used the phrase beat, the origins of the Beat Generation can be traced to Columbia University and the meeting of Kerouac, Ginsberg, Lucien Carr, Hal Chase and others. Jack Kerouac attended Columbia on a football scholarship, though the beats are usually regarded as anti-academic, many of their ideas were formed in response to professors like Lionel Trilling and Mark Van Doren. Classmates Carr and Ginsberg discussed the need for a New Vision, to counteract what they perceived as their teachers conservative, Burroughs had an interest in criminal behavior and got involved in dealing stolen goods and narcotics. He was soon addicted to opiates, Burroughs guide to the criminal underworld was small-time criminal and drug-addict Herbert Huncke. The Beats were drawn to Huncke, who started to write himself. The police attempted to pull Ginsberg over while he was driving with Huncke, Ginsberg crashed the car while trying to flee and escaped on foot, but left incriminating notebooks behind. He was given the option to plead insanity to avoid a term, and was committed for 90 days to Bellevue Hospital. Carl Solomon was arguably more eccentric than psychotic, a fan of Antonin Artaud, he indulged in self-consciously crazy behavior, like throwing potato salad at a college lecturer on Dadaism. Solomon was given shock treatments at Bellevue, this one of the main themes of Ginsbergs Howl. Solomon later became the contact who agreed to publish Burroughs first novel Junky in 1953. Beat writers and artists flocked to Greenwich Village in New York City in the late 1950s because of low rent, folksongs, readings and discussions often took place in Washington Square Park
Beat Generation
–
Lawrence Ferlinghetti
Beat Generation
–
A section devoted to the beat generation at a bookstore in
Stockholm,
Sweden
Beat Generation
–
Carl Solomon, Patti Smith, Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs at the
Gotham Book Mart, New York City, 1977
4.
Jack Kerouac
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Jack Kerouac was an American novelist and poet. He is considered a literary iconoclast and, alongside William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, Kerouac is recognized for his method of spontaneous prose. Thematically, his work covers such as Catholic spirituality, jazz, promiscuity, Buddhism, drugs, poverty. He became a celebrity and, with other beats, a progenitor of the hippie movement. In 1969, aged 47, Kerouac died from bleeding due to long-term alcohol abuse. Since his death, Kerouacs literary prestige has grown, and several previously unseen works have been published, Jack Kerouac was born on March 12,1922 in Lowell, Massachusetts, to French Canadian parents, Léo-Alcide Kéroack and Gabrielle-Ange Lévesque. There is some confusion surrounding his name, partly because of variations on the spelling of Kerouac and his reason for that statement seems to be linked to an old family legend that the Kerouacs had descended from Baron François Louis Alexandre Lebris de Kerouac. Kerouacs baptism certificate lists his name simply as Jean Louis Kirouac, Kerouacs father Leo had been born into a family of potato farmers in the village of Saint-Hubert-de-Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec. Jack also had stories on the etymology of his surname, usually tracing it to Irish, Breton. In one interview he claimed it was from the name of the Cornish language, another version was that the Kerouacs had come to Cornwall from Ireland before the time of Christ and the name meant language of the house. In still another interview he said it was an Irish word for language of the water, Kerouac, derived from Kervoach, is the name of a town in Brittany in Lanmeur, near Morlaix. Jack Kerouac later referred to 34 Beaulieu Street as sad Beaulieu, the Kerouac family was living there in 1926 when Jacks older brother Gerard died of rheumatic fever, aged nine. This deeply affected four-year-old Jack, who would say that Gerard followed him in life as a guardian angel. This is the Gerard of Kerouacs novel Visions of Gerard and he had one other sibling, an older sister named Caroline. Kerouac was referred to as Ti Jean or little John around the house during his childhood, Kerouac spoke French until he learned English at age six, he did not speak English confidently until his late teens. He was a child who was devoted to his mother. She was a devout Catholic, who instilled this deep faith into both her sons, Kerouac would later say that his mother was the only woman he ever loved. After Gerard died, his mother sought solace in her faith, while his father abandoned it, wallowing in drinking, gambling, and smoking
Jack Kerouac
–
Jack Kerouac's birthplace, 9 Lupine Road, 2nd floor, in the West Centralville section of Lowell, Massachusetts.
Jack Kerouac
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Kerouac's Naval Reserve Enlistment photograph, 1943
Jack Kerouac
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His third of several homes growing up in the West Centralville section of Lowell
Jack Kerouac
–
Jack Kerouac lived with his parents for a time above a corner drug store in Ozone Park (now this flower shop), while writing some of his earliest work.
5.
The Beat Generation
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It is a sensationalistic interpretation of the beatnik culture of the Beat Generation The movie was also shown under the title This Rebel Age. The director was Charles F. Haas, richard Matheson and Lewis Meltzer are credited with the screenplay. In the opening scene, a beatnik named Stan Hess sits at a table in a house with a woman who begs him for his affection. He scorns her, then encounters his father at another table and he insults his stepmother-to-be and departs. Hess is established as a woman-hating habitué of a stereotyped and sensationalized beatnik scene, soon after, we learn that Hess is a serial rapist at large in Los Angeles. His modus operandi is to gain entry to the home of a woman whose husband is away by pretending to be there to repay money loaned by the husband. Once inside, he feigns a headache, pulls out a tin of aspirin, while she is distracted by this errand, he sneaks up behinds her, and then assaults and rapes her. He leaves the tin of aspirin behind as his calling card, leaving the scene of the first assault portrayed in the film, he is nearly hit by a car. The driver, who is a detective named Culloran, gives him a lift. The rapist calls himself Arthur Garret, and as the two talk, he learns that Culloran is married, and sees his address on an envelope on the car seat. After getting out of Cullorans car, he writes down the name and address, coincidentally, the case of The Aspirin Kid is assigned to Culloran and his partner, Baron. Culloran is a married man whose first marriage has made him suspicious of women. They have a suspect, a Beatnik called Art Jester who fits a description of The Aspirin Kid, hess/Garrett calls Culloran at the police station, and lures him to a rendezvous at a night club by promising to turn himself in. Instead of coming to the club, though, he goes to Cullorans home and attacks his wife, Francee, Culloran becomes obsessed with catching the rapist on his own without telling his colleagues that his wife has been raped. Francee later finds out she is pregnant, the possibility that the child may have been fathered by the rapist sows discord between the Cullorans, and stokes Detective Cullorans obsession with avenging the rape. The couple argue over their ambivalence about the child and Francees desire to have an abortion, leading Francee to turn to Barons wife first, and then Baron for advice. Garrett persuades Jester to try to throw Culloran off the track by committing an attack on a woman named Georgia Altera at a time when Garrett couldnt possibly be involved. But the cops know that Garrett is their man, Jester and Altera fall for each other
The Beat Generation
–
Theatrical release poster by
Reynold Brown
6.
John Clellon Holmes
–
John Clellon Holmes was an American author, poet and professor, best known for his 1952 novel Go. Considered the first Beat novel, Go depicted events in his life with his friends Jack Kerouac, Neal Cassady and he was often referred to as the quiet Beat and was one of Kerouacs closest friends. Holmes also wrote what is considered the definitive jazz novel of the Beat Generation, Holmes was more an observer and documenter of beat characters like Ginsberg, Cassady and Kerouac than one of them. He asked Ginsberg for any and all information on your poetry, about Neal, Huncke, Lucien in relation to you. To which Ginsberg replied with an 11-page letter detailing, as completely as he could, the origin of the term beat being applied to a generation was conceived by Jack Kerouac who told Holmes, You know, this is really a beat generation. The term later became part of common parlance when Holmes published an article in The New York Times Magazine entitled This Is the Beat Generation on November 16,1952, in the article, Holmes attributes the term to Kerouac, who had acquired the idea from Herbert Huncke. Holmes came to the conclusion that the values and ambitions of the Beat Generation were symbolic of something bigger, later in life, Holmes taught at the University of Arkansas, lectured at Yale and gave workshops at Brown University. He died of cancer in 1988, ISBN 0-670-83885-3, ISBN 0-14-015102-8 Collins, Ronald & Skover, David
John Clellon Holmes
–
John Clellon Holmes
7.
Go (Holmes novel)
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Go is a semi-autobiographical novel by John Clellon Holmes. It is considered to be the first published novel depicting the beat generation, set in New York, it concerns the lives of a collection of characters largely based on the friends Holmes used to hang around with in the 1940s and 1950s in Manhattan. An underworld of drug-fueled parties, bars, clubs and free love is explored through the eyes of character Paul Hobbes, Holmes representation of himself in the novel. Hobbes is torn between joining his friends in their riotous existence and trying to maintain his relatively stable life, Go concerns protagonist Paul Hobbes struggle to maintain his marriage to his wife, Kathryn, while simultaneously indulging in the world of the 1940s and 1950s Beat Generation. It follows the complications of interpersonal relationships arising from a group of disillusioned, Hobbes finds himself in a world of promiscuity, casual drug use and petty crime but retains a certain detachment from it, sometimes to the annoyance of his friends. Holmes has said that the plot element entirely invented by himself is Kathryns infidelity. The word Go appears regularly in the book, spoken by many of the cast of characters, in Britain Go was originally published as The Beat Boys. The characters in Go are, as was common in beat generation literature, representations of the real people the author knew while writing the book
Go (Holmes novel)
–
First edition
8.
The New York Times Magazine
–
The New York Times Magazine is a Sunday magazine supplement included with the Sunday edition of The New York Times. It is host to feature articles longer than those typically in the newspaper and has attracted many notable contributors, the magazine is also noted for its photography, especially relating to fashion and style. Its first issue was published on September 6,1896, in the early decades it was a section of the broadsheet paper and not an insert as it is today. In its early years, The New York Times Magazine began a tradition of publishing the writing of well-known contributors, du Bois and Albert Einstein to numerous sitting and future U. S. Presidents. Editor Lester Markel, an intense and autocratic journalist who oversaw the Sunday Times from the 1920s through the 1950s, during his tenure, writers such as Leo Tolstoy, Thomas Mann, Gertrude Stein, and Tennessee Williams contributed pieces to the magazine. When, in 1970, The New York Times introduced its first Op-Ed page, in 1979, the magazine began publishing Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist William Safires On Language, a column discussing issues of English grammar, use and etymology. Safires column steadily gained popularity and by 1990 was generating more mail than anything else in the magazine, the year 1999 saw the debut of The Ethicist, an advice column written by humorist Randy Cohen that quickly became a highly contentious part of the magazine. In 2011, Ariel Kaminer replaced Cohen as the author of the column, Klosterman left in early 2015 to be replaced by a trio of authors -- Kenji Yoshino, Amy Bloom, and Jack Shafer—who use a conversational format. Consumed, Rob Walkers regular column on culture, debuted in 2004. com, The New Republic magazines website, Greg Veis. In December 2010, Lindgren hired Joel Lovell, formerly editor at GQ magazine. In January 2012, humorist John Hodgman, who hosts his comedy court show podcast Judge John Hodgman, began writing a regular column Judge John Hodgman Rules for the The One-Page Magazine, in 2004, The New York Times Magazine began publishing an entire supplement devoted to style. Titled T, the supplement is edited by Deborah Needleman and appears 14 times a year, in 2009, it launched a Qatari Edition as a standalone magazine. In 2006, the magazine introduced two other supplements, PLAY, a magazine published every other month, and KEY. The Funny Pages was made up of three parts, the Strip, the Sunday Serial, and True-Life Tales, on July 8,2007, the magazine stopped printing True-Life Tales. 92% of 1824 voters answered No, the Funny Pages is no longer published in the magazine. Of the serial novels, At Risk, Limitations, The Overlook, Gentlemen of the Road, and The Lemur have since been published in book form with added material
The New York Times Magazine
–
The magazine's June 8, 2008, cover.
9.
Nolan Miller (author)
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Nolan Miller was a noted short story author and novelist. Miller was the editor of The Antioch Review and a long-time member of the Antioch College faculty. Miller attended Wayne State University where he received both a BA and an MA and his favorite authors were Wordsworth, Proust, Joyce and D. H. Lawrence. While working as a Detroit, Michigan high school teacher, Miller wrote short stories, a story in The Atlantic Monthly prompted Atlantic editor Edward Weeks to recommend Miller as an Antioch College writer in residence. In 1946, he was invited to join the faculty at Antioch, rod Serling wrote the first version of his award-winning script Requiem for a Heavyweight while a student in one of Miller’s classes. Beginning in 1957, Miller edited the New Campus Writing series and he became the first fiction editor of The Antioch Review in 1965. He wrote four novels, Why I Am So Beat, sarah Belle Luella Mae, A Moth of Time and The Merry Innocents. His 1959 short story “A New Life” was included in the O. Henry Prize Awards and his stories also appeared in Colliers and The Saturday Evening Post. Miller was a recipient of the Hopwood Award from the University of Michigan, after Miller retired in 1972, he remained active with The Antioch Review. He died in 2006 at the age of 99
Nolan Miller (author)
–
This article is about the author. For the fashion designer, see
Nolan Miller.
10.
Herbert Huncke
–
Herbert Edwin Huncke was an American writer and poet, and active participant in a number of emerging cultural, social and aesthetic movements of the 20th century in America. He was a member of the Beat Generation and is reputed to have coined the term, born in Greenfield, Massachusetts and reared in Chicago, Herbert Huncke was a street hustler, high school dropout and drug user. Hunckes life was centered around living as a hobo, jumping trains across the vast expanse of the United States, bonding through a shared destitution, Huncke left Chicago as a teenager after his parents divorced. Huncke hitchhiked to New York City in 1939 and he was dropped off at 103rd and Broadway, and he asked the driver how to find 42nd Street. You walk straight down Broadway, the man said, and you will find 42nd Street, Huncke, always a stylish dresser, bought a boutonnière for his jacket and headed for 42nd Street. For the next 10 years, Huncke was a 42nd Street regular, at this point, Hunckes regular haunts were 42nd Street and Times Square, where he associated with a variety of people, including prostitutes and sailors. During World War II, Huncke shipped out to sea as a United States Merchant Marine to ports in South America, Africa and he landed on the beach of Normandy three days after the invasion. Aboard ships, Huncke would overcome his drug addiction or maintain it with morphine syrettes supplied by the ship medic. When he returned to New York, he returned to 42nd Street, and it was one such trip where he met the then-unknown William S. Burroughs, who was selling a sub-machine gun. Their first meeting was not cordial, from Burroughs appearance and manner, assured that Burroughs was harmless, Huncke bought the morphine and, at Burroughs request, immediately gave him an injection. Burroughs later wrote an account of the meeting in his first novel. Huncke also became a friend of Joan Adams Vollmer Burroughs, Williams common-law wife. In the late 1940s he was invited to Texas to grow marijuana on the Burroughs farm, despite his comparative youth, Green was often referred to by Huncke as Old Faithful. During the late 1940s, Huncke was recruited to be a subject in Alfred Kinseys research on the habits of the American male. He was interviewed by Kinsey, and recruited fellow addicts and friends to participate, Huncke had been a writer, unpublished, since his days in Chicago and gravitated toward literary types and musicians. In the music world, Huncke visited all the clubs and associated with Billie Holiday. When he first met Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs, they were interested in writing and they were inspired by his stories of 42nd Street life, criminal life, street slang and his vast experience with drugs. Huncke was immortalized in Kerouacs On the Road as the character Elmer Hassel, although it was his passion for thievery, heroin use and the outlaw lifestyle which fueled his daily activities, when he was caught he refused to inform on his friends
Herbert Huncke
–
Huncke in 1985
11.
Allen Ginsberg
–
Irwin Allen Ginsberg was an American poet of Jewish origin, and one of the leading figures of both the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the counterculture that soon would follow. He was one of many influential American writers of his known as the Beat Generation. Ginsberg is best known for his poem Howl, in which he denounced what he saw as the forces of capitalism. In 1956, Howl was seized by San Francisco police and US Customs. S, Howl reflected Ginsbergs own homosexuality and his relationships with a number of men, including Peter Orlovsky, his lifelong partner. Judge Clayton W. Horn ruled that Howl was not obscene, adding, Ginsberg was a practicing Buddhist who studied Eastern religious disciplines extensively. He lived modestly, buying his clothing in stores and residing in downscale apartments in New York’s East Village. One of his most influential teachers was the Tibetan Buddhist the Venerable Chögyam Trungpa, at Trungpas urging, Ginsberg and poet Anne Waldman started The Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics there in 1974. Ginsberg took part in decades of non-violent political protest against everything from the Vietnam War to the War on Drugs and his collection The Fall of America shared the annual U. S. National Book Award for Poetry in 1974. In 1979 he received the National Arts Club gold medal and was inducted into the American Academy and Institute of Arts, Ginsberg was a Pulitzer Prize finalist in 1995 for his book Cosmopolitan Greetings, Poems 1986–1992. Ginsberg was born into a Jewish family in Newark, New Jersey, as a young teenager, Ginsberg began to write letters to The New York Times about political issues, such as World War II and workers rights. While in high school, Ginsberg began reading Walt Whitman, inspired by his teachers passionate reading, in 1945, he joined the Merchant Marines to earn money to continue his education at Columbia. Ginsberg has stated that he considered the required freshman seminar to be his favorite course while at Columbia University and its subject was The Great Books and was taught by Lionel Trilling. According to The Poetry Foundation, Ginsberg spent several months in an institution after he pleaded insanity during a hearing. He was allegedly being prosecuted for harboring stolen goods in his dorm room and it was noted that the stolen property was not his, but belonged to an acquaintance. Ginsberg referred to his parents, in a 1985 interview, as old-fashioned delicatessen philosophers and his father Louis Ginsberg was a published poet and a high school teacher. Ginsbergs mother, Naomi Livergant Ginsberg, was affected by an illness that was never properly diagnosed. She was also a member of the Communist Party and took Ginsberg. Ginsberg later said that his mother made up stories that all went something like, The good king rode forth from his castle, saw the suffering workers
Allen Ginsberg
–
Allen Ginsberg in 1979
Allen Ginsberg
–
Ginsberg with his partner, poet
Peter Orlovsky. Photo taken in 1978
Allen Ginsberg
–
Portrait with
Bob Dylan, taken in 1975
Allen Ginsberg
–
Allen Ginsberg's greeting
Bhaktivedanta Swami at the
San Francisco Airport. January 17, 1967
12.
Beatitude
–
The Beatitudes are eight blessings recounted in the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew. Each is a proclamation, without narrative, cryptic, precise. Each one includes a topic that forms a major biblical theme, four of the blessings also appear in the Sermon on the Plain in the Gospel of Luke, followed by four woes which mirror the blessings. The term beatitude comes from the Latin noun beātitūdō which means happiness, in the Vulgate, the book of Matthew titles this section Beatitudines, and Beatitudes was anglicized from that term. Each Beatitude consists of two phrases, the condition and the result, in almost every case the condition is from familiar Old Testament context, but Jesus teaches a new interpretation. Together, the Beatitudes present a new set of Christian ideals that focus on a spirit of love and humility different in orientation than the usual force and they echo the ideals of the teachings of Jesus on mercy, spirituality, and compassion. While opinions may vary as to exactly how many distinct statements into which the Beatitudes should be divided and these eight of Matthew follow a simple pattern, Jesus names a group of people normally thought to be unfortunate and pronounces them blessed. The nine Beatitudes in Matthew 5, 3–12 during the Sermon on the Mount, Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven. Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted, Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled, Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy. Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God, Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God. Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven, Blessed are you when others revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely on my account. The other four have similar entries in Luke, but are followed almost immediately by four woes, the four Beatitudes in Luke 6, 20–22 are set within the Sermon on the Plain. Verse 20 introduces them by saying, and he lifted up his eyes on his disciples, Blessed are ye that hunger now, for ye shall be filled. Blessed are ye that weep now, for ye shall laugh, Blessed are ye, when men shall hate you, and when they shall separate you from their company, and shall reproach you, and cast out your name as evil, for the Son of mans sake. Luke 6,23 appears to parallel the text in Matthew 5, 11-12, rejoice and be glad, because great is your reward in heaven, for in the same way they persecuted the prophets who were before you. The four woes that follow in Luke 6, 24–26 Woe to you who are rich, Woe to you who are well fed now, for you will go hungry. Woe to you who laugh now, for you will mourn, Woe to you when everyone speaks well of you, for that is how their ancestors treated the false prophets
Beatitude
–
James Tissot, The Beatitudes Sermon,
Brooklyn Museum, c. 1890
Beatitude
–
Plaque of the Eight beatitudes, St. Cajetan Church,
Lindavista, Mexico
Beatitude
–
The Eight Beatitudes. Folio from Walters manuscript W.171 (15th century)
Beatitude
–
Church of the Beatitudes, the traditional location for the
Sermon on the Mount
13.
Lost Generation
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The Lost Generation was the generation that came of age during World War I. Demographers William Strauss and Neil Howe outlined their Strauss–Howe generational theory using 1883–1900 as birth years for this generation, the term was coined by Gertrude Stein and popularized by Ernest Hemingway, who used it as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel, The Sun Also Rises. In that volume Hemingway credits the phrase to Gertrude Stein, who was then his mentor, in A Moveable Feast, published after Hemingways and Steins deaths, Hemingway claims that Stein heard the phrase from a garage owner who serviced Steins car. All of you people who served in the war. The 1926 publication of Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises popularized the term and these themes mostly pertained to the writers experiences in World War I and the years following it. It is said that the work of writers was autobiographical based on their use of mythologized versions of their lives. One of the themes that commonly appears in the works is decadence. Both Hemingway and Fitzgerald touch on this theme throughout their novels, The Sun Also Rises, another theme that is common for these authors was the death of the American dream, which is exhibited throughout many of their novels. It is most prominent in The Great Gatsby, in which the character Nick Caraway comes to realize the corruption he was surrounded by, in Europe, they are mostly known as the Generation of 1914, for the year World War I began. In France, the country in which many expatriates settled, they were called the Génération au Feu. If one goes by Strauss and Howes birth years, the last U. S. member of the Lost Generation to live was Susannah Mushatt Jones and this makes the generation fully ancestral in the United States. An Italian woman, Emma Morano, born on November 29,1899, along with Violet Brown from Jamaica, List of writers of the Lost Generation List of generations Meyers, Jeffrey. Sylvia Beach and the Lost Generation, A History of Literary Paris in the Twenties and Thirties, writers of the Lost Generation discussed in Conversations from Penn State interview
Lost Generation
–
Gertrude Stein with
Ernest Hemingway 's son,
Jack Hemingway (nicknamed Bumby) in 1924. Stein is credited with bringing the term "Lost Generation" into use.
14.
Hipster (1940s subculture)
–
Hipster or hepcat, as used in the 1940s, referred to aficionados of jazz, in particular bebop, which became popular in the early 1940s. The words hep and hip are of uncertain origin, with competing theories being proposed. In the early days of jazz, musicians were using the hep variant to describe anybody who was in the know about a culture, mostly black. They and their fans were known as hepcats, by the late 1930s, with the rise of swing, hip rose in popularity among jazz musicians, to replace hep. Clarinetist Artie Shaw described singer Bing Crosby as the first hip white person born in the United States. In 1939, the word hepster was used by Cab Calloway in the title of his Hepsters Dictionary, the entry for hipsters defined them as characters who like hot jazz. In the 1940s, white youth began to frequent African-American communities for their music and these first youths diverged from the mainstream due to their new philosophies of racial diversity and their exploratory sexual nature and drug habits. The drug of choice was marijuana, many hipster slang terms were dedicated to the substance, in his book Jazz, A History, Frank Tirro defines the 1940s hipster, To the hipster, Bird was a living justification of their philosophy. The hipster is an underground man and he is to the Second World War what the dadaist was to the first. He is amoral, anarchistic, gentle, and overcivilized to the point of decadence and he is looking for something that transcends all this bullshit and finds it in jazz. Hipsters themselves were not about to supply explanations and their language, limited as it was, was sufficiently obscure to defy translation into everyday speech. Their rejection of the commonplace was so complete that they could barely acknowledge reality, the measure of their withdrawal was their distrust of language. When hipsters did put together a coherent sentence, it was prefaced with the word like as if to state at the onset that what would follow was probably an illusion. There was neither a future nor a past, only a present that existed on the wings of sound. A Charlie Parker bebop solo—that was the truth, the hipsters world view was not divided between free world and Communist bloc, and this too set it apart from the then-current orthodoxy. Hipster dualism, instead, transcended geopolitical lines in favor of levels of consciousness, the division was hip and square. Squares sought security and conned themselves into political acquiescence, hipsters, hip to the bomb, sought the meaning of life and, expecting death, demanded it now. In the wigged-out, flipped-out, zonked-out hipster world, Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, Truman, McCarthy and Eisenhower shared one thing in common and he hipster signified the coming together of the bohemian, the juvenile delinquent, and the negro
Hipster (1940s subculture)
–
Bing Crosby in 1942
Hipster (1940s subculture)
–
Charlie Parker (known as Bird) at Three Deuces in New York
15.
Anthropology
–
Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology and cultural anthropology study the norms and values of societies, linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the development of humans. The abstract noun anthropology is first attested in reference to history and its present use first appeared in Renaissance Germany in the works of Magnus Hundt and Otto Casmann. Their New Latin anthropologia derived from the forms of the Greek words ánthrōpos and lógos. It began to be used in English, possibly via French anthropologie, various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Société Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839 and its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Société was abandoned and these anthropologists of the times were liberal, anti-slavery, and pro-human-rights activists. Anthropology and many other current fields are the results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. For them, the publication of Charles Darwins On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect, Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild. Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s, there was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. When he read Darwin he became a convert to Transformisme. His definition now became the study of the group, considered as a whole, in its details. Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech and he wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the brain, today called Brocas area after him. The title was translated as The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples. The last two volumes were published posthumously, Waitz defined anthropology as the science of the nature of man. By nature he meant matter animated by the Divine breath, i. e. he was an animist and he stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation
Anthropology
–
Forensic anthropologists can help identify skeletonized human remains, such as these found lying in scrub in Western Australia, c. 1900–1910.
Anthropology
–
Anthropology
Anthropology
–
Excavations at the 3800-year-old
Edgewater Park Site,
Iowa
16.
Ashley Montagu
–
He was the rapporteur, in 1950, for the UNESCO statement The Race Question. As a young man he changed his name from Ehrenberg to Montague Francis Ashley-Montagu, after relocating to the United States he used the name Ashley Montagu. Montagu, who became a naturalized American citizen in 1940, taught and lectured at Harvard, Princeton, Rutgers, the University of California, Santa Barbara and he authored over sixty books throughout this lifetime. In 1995, the American Humanist Association named him the Humanist of the Year, Montagu began life as Israel Ehrenberg, having been born on June 28,1905, in London, England. According to an interview in 1995 by Leonard Lieberman, Andrew Lyons, and Harriet Lyons, in the publication Current Anthropology and he remembered often being subjected to antisemitic abuse when he ventured out of his own Jewish neighborhood. Montagu attended the Central Foundation Boys School and he developed an interest in anatomy very early and as a boy was befriended by Arthur Keith under whom he studied informally. He also studied at the London School of Economics, where he became one of the first students of Bronisław Malinowski, in 1931, he emigrated to the United States. A. and PhD degrees. In reality, Montagu had not graduated from Cambridge or Oxford and he became a professor of anthropology at Rutgers University, working there from 1949 until 1955. He was particularly opposed to the work of Carleton S. Coon, in 1952, together with William Vogt, he gave the first Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture, inaugurating the series. Montagu wrote the Foreword and Bibliography of the 1955 edition of Mutual Aid, A Factor of Evolution by Petr Kropotkin and he retired from his academic career in 1955 and moved to Princeton, New Jersey to continue his popular writing and public appearances. He became a well-known guest of Johnny Carsons The Tonight Show and he addressed his numerous published studies of the significant relationship of mother and infant to the general public. The humanizing effects of touch informed the studies of isolation-reared monkeys, later in life, Montagu actively opposed genital modification and mutilation of children. An Ashley Montagu Fellowship for the Public Understanding of Human Sciences has been established at the University of Sydney, in Australia, Ashley Montagu wrote a book titled Statement on Race. In this book, Montagu explains every statement in extreme detail, Montagu was one of the ten scientists invited to serve on a committee which later came to be known as the Committee of Experts on Race Problems. The main purpose of the organization was to contribute peace and security to others by using science, the UNESCO Statements were developed to help others realize that humans are all one species and race is not an issue, biologically speaking. The first statement says, Scientists have reached agreement in recognizing that mankind is one. The first statement was put in such a way that others would be able to understand a scientists point of view and they worded it in a way where people who are not knowledgeable about this subject would understand. Homo sapiens is made up of a number of populations, each one of which differs from the others and that states that even though some people may have a variety of genes, they are all one species and should be treated equally
Ashley Montagu
–
Ashley Montagu
17.
Kingsley Amis
–
Sir Kingsley William Amis, CBE was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. He wrote more than 20 novels, six volumes of poetry, according to his biographer, Zachary Leader, Amis was the finest English comic novelist of the second half of the twentieth century. He is the father of British novelist Martin Amis, in 2008, The Times ranked Kingsley Amis thirteenth on their list of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Kingsley Amis was born in Clapham, south London, the son of William Robert Amis and he was raised in Norbury – in his later estimation not really a place, its an expression on a map really I should say I came from Norbury station. He was educated at the City of London School on a scholarship, after his first year, and in April 1941 was admitted to St. Johns College, Oxford, also on a scholarship, where he read English. It was there that he met Philip Larkin, with whom he formed the most important friendship of his life, while at Oxford, in June 1941, Amis joined the Communist Party of Great Britain. After only a year, in July 1942, he was called up for national service, after serving in the Royal Corps of Signals in the Second World War, Amis returned to Oxford in October 1945 to complete his degree. Although he worked hard and earned in 1947 a first in English, in 1946 he met Hilary Bardwell, they married in 1948 after she became pregnant with their first child, Philip. Amis initially arranged for her to have an abortion, but changed his mind. He became a lecturer in English at the University of Wales, Two other children followed, Martin in August 1949 and Sally in January 1954. Days after Sallys birth, Amiss first novel Lucky Jim was published to acclaim, critics saw it as having caught the flavour of Britain in the 1950s. The novel won the Somerset Maugham Award for fiction and Amis was associated with the writers labelled the Angry Young Men. Lucky Jim was one of the first British campus novels, setting a precedent for later generations of such as Malcolm Bradbury, David Lodge, Tom Sharpe. As a poet, Amis was associated with The Movement, on returning to Britain, he fell into a rut, and he began looking for another post, after thirteen years at Swansea, Amis became a fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge. He regretted the move within a year, finding Cambridge an academic and social disappointment and resigned in 1963, intent on moving to Majorca, in 1963, Hilary discovered Amiss love affair with novelist Elizabeth Jane Howard. Hilary and Amis separated in August, and he went to live with Howard and he divorced Hilary in 1965 and married Howard the same year. In 1968 he moved with Howard to Lemmons, a house in Barnet and she and Amis divorced in 1983. In his last years, Amis shared a house with his first wife Hilary and her husband, Alastair Boyd
Kingsley Amis
–
Sir Kingsley Amis
CBE
Kingsley Amis
–
Novels
18.
Herb Caen
–
A special Pulitzer Prize called him the voice and conscience of San Francisco. After high school he covered sports for The Sacramento Union, in 1936 Caen began writing a radio programming column for the San Francisco Chronicle. When that column was discontinued in 1938, Caen proposed a column on the city itself. An astounding and unduplicated feat, by far the longest-running newspaper column in the country. ,9 What makes him unique, readers who turned to Herb on Feb.14,1966, learned that Willie Mays home was on the market for $110,000. The Bank of America now owned the block where it wanted to build its headquarters, dr. Zhivago director David Lean was in town. Meanwhile, Mike Connolly is ready to concede that the situation in Vietnam is complex, Caen had considerable influence on popular culture, particularly its language. He coined the term beatnik in 1958 and popularized hippie during San Franciscos 1967 Summer of Love and he popularized obscure—often playful—terms such as Frisbeetarianism, and ribbed nearby Berkeley as Berserkeley for its often-radical politics. Waiter Edsel Ford Fung, who became famous for berating and insulting the customers, all with tongue in cheek, died Tuesday at age 55, and the skinny old eating place is in mourning. Edsel, always a fellow with a flair, added the Ford and hinted broadly that he was related to the auto family, by the way, there is no Sam Wo at Sam Wo. The name means something analogous to Three Happiness, but there is only sadness there this week, though Caen relied on an army of reliable tipsters all items were fact-checked. Now and then an item was credited to a mysterious Strange de Jim, sometimes suspected to be a Caen alter ego, de Jim was revealed after Caens death to be a Castro District writer who, despite several coy interviews with the press, remains publicly anonymous. Caen took special pleasure in seeing what he could sneak by his editors—his naughties, such as this item about a shopper looking for a Barbie doll,15 On Sundays, current items were set aside in favor of Mr. For an eternity, the victim twitched in spasm after spasm, doesnt hurt a bit, the warden had said. And from that day on, having been made aware of the States awful vengeance. You bet.94 On December 12,1960 Caen wrote, While youre making out your Christmas cards, you remember to send one to Francis Gary Powers, c/o American Embassy, Moscow. Let him know that U-2 havent forgotten, Powers received almost a hundred cards, most from the San Francisco Bay Area. A collection of essays, Baghdad-by-the-Bay was published in 1949, the Cable Car and the Dragon, a childrens picture book, was published in 1972. In April 1996 Caen received a special Pulitzer Prize for extraordinary, the following month doctors treating him for pneumonia discovered he had inoperable lung cancer
Herb Caen
–
"Mr. San Francisco" in his Chronicle office early in the 1990s
Herb Caen
–
For the professional ice hockey player, see
Herb Cain.
Herb Caen
–
One of Caen's four "Loyal
Royals " on display at the Chronicle offices
19.
Pope Paul VI
–
Pope Paul VI, born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978. Montini served in the Vaticans Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954, Montini later became the Secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference. John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, upon his election to the papacy, Montini took the name Paul VI. He re-convened the Second Vatican Council, which was closed with the death of John XXIII. The magnitude and depth of the reforms affecting all fields of Church life during his pontificate exceeded similar reform policies of his predecessors and successors, Paul VI was a Marian devotee, speaking repeatedly to Marian congresses and mariological meetings, visiting Marian shrines and issuing three Marian encyclicals. Following his famous predecessor Saint Ambrose of Milan, he named Mary as the Mother of the Church during the Second Vatican Council, Paul VI sought dialogue with the world, with other Christians, other religions, and atheists, excluding nobody. He saw himself as a servant for a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes of the rich in North America. His positions on birth control, promulgated most famously in the 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae, Pope Benedict XVI declared that the late pontiff lived a life of heroic virtue and conferred the title of Venerable upon him. Pope Francis beatified him on 19 October 2014 after the recognition of a miracle attributed to his intercession and his liturgical feast is celebrated on the date of his birth on 26 September. Giovanni Battista Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the province of Brescia and his father Giorgio Montini was a lawyer, journalist, director of the Catholic Action and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother was Giudetta Alghisi, from a family of rural nobility and he had two brothers, Francesco Montini, who became a physician, and Lodovico Montini, who became a lawyer and politician. On 30 September 1897, he was baptized in the name of Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini and he attended Cesare Arici, a school run by the Jesuits, and in 1916, he received a diploma from Arnaldo da Brescia, a public school in Brescia. His education was interrupted by bouts of illness. In 1916, he entered the seminary to become a Roman Catholic priest and he was ordained priest on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first Holy Mass in Brescia in the Basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie. Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in Canon Law in the same year, afterwards he studied at the Gregorian University, the University of Rome La Sapienza and, at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. Consequently, he spent not a day as a parish priest, in 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a Christian inspired culture. Montini had just one posting in the service of the Holy See as Secretary in office of the papal nuncio to Poland in 1923. Of the nationalism he experienced there he worte, This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, then one seeks the expansion of ones own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours
Pope Paul VI
–
Paul VI in 1963
Pope Paul VI
–
His father, Giorgio Montini
Pope Paul VI
–
Montini on the day of his ordination in 1920.
Pope Paul VI
–
Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini walking in Saint Peter's Square in 1962.
20.
Joyce Johnson
–
Joyce Johnson is an American author of fiction and nonfiction who won a National Book Critics Circle Award for her memoir Minor Characters about her relationship with Jack Kerouac. She was an actress and appeared in the Broadway production of I Remember Mama. At the age of 13, Joyce rebelled against her controlling parents and she matriculated at Barnard College at 16, failing her graduation by one class. It was at Barnard that she became friends with Elise Cowen who introduced her to the Beat circle, Joyce was married briefly to abstract painter James Johnson, who was killed in a motorcycle accident. From her second marriage to painter Peter Pinchbeck, which ended in divorce, came her son, Daniel Pinchbeck, also an author. Johnsons fiction and articles have appeared in Harpers, Harpers Bazaar, New York, The New York Times Magazine, The New Yorker, Vanity Fair and the Washington Post. In Minor Characters, the book she is best known for, she looked back at the years 1957 and 1958, Johnson brought attention to the experiences of women associated with the Beat Generation writers. Her memoir won a 1983 National Book Critics Circle Award. Other memoirs and anthologies have since been published by, Johnson has published three novels, Come and Join the Dance, Bad Connections, and In the Night Cafe. Come and Join the Dance has been recognized by such as Ann Douglas, Nancy Grace. She has also published a work of journalism, What Lisa Knew, The Truths. From 1983 through 1997, she taught writing at Columbia Universitys MFA program and she has also taught at the New School, the Breadloaf Writers Conference, the University of Vermont and New York University. And at the 92nd Street YMHA, the Childrens Wing, the penultimate chapter of her novel In The Night Cafe, was a first-prize O. Henry Award recipient. In 1992 she received an NEA grant, the Johnson and Kerouac correspondence, collected in Door Wide Open, A Beat Love Affair in Letters, 1957–1958 was followed by another memoir, Missing Men. And in 2012, she published her biography of Kerouac The Voice Is All, Minor Characters, a young womans coming-of-age in the beat orbit of Jack Kerouac. What Lisa knew, the truths and lies of the Steinberg case, Door Wide Open, A Beat Love Affair in Letters, 1957–1958. The Voice Is All, The Lonely Victory of Jack Kerouac
Joyce Johnson
–
Johnson at the 2007
Brooklyn Book Festival
Joyce Johnson
–
Jerry Yulsman 's photograph of Joyce Johnson and
Jack Kerouac outside the Kettle of Fish Bar in
Greenwich Village during the 1950s.
21.
Cultural appropriation
–
Cultural appropriation is the adoption or use of the elements of one culture by members of another culture. Cultural appropriation is sometimes portrayed as harmful, framed as cultural misappropriation, often unavoidable when multiple cultures come together, cultural appropriation can include using other cultures traditions, fashion, symbols, language, and cultural songs without permission. Cultural elements which may have meaning to the original culture may be reduced to exotic fashion by those from the dominant culture. Conversely, cultural appropriation or borrowing can be viewed as inevitable and this view distinguishes outright theft of cultural artifacts or exotic stereotyping from more benign borrowing or appreciation. Trans-cultural diffusion has occurred throughout history and is subject of study by a variety of disciplines, including folkloristics, cultural anthropology. Cultural appropriation can involve the use of ideas, symbols, artifacts, anthropologists study the various processes of cultural borrowing, appropriation, and cultural exchange, as part of cultural evolution and contact between different cultures. As a concept that is controversial in its applications, the propriety of cultural appropriation has been the subject of much debate, opponents view the issues of colonialism, context, and the difference between appropriation and mutual exchange as central to analyzing cultural appropriation. On the contrary, cultures as they exist now are themselves the products of previous instances of cultural appropriation, appropriation can be wrongful under this view, but the wrongfulness is determined by the intent of the appropriator and not the perceived power dynamics between the cultures. Proponents of cultural appropriation view it as often benign or mutually beneficial, citing mutation, product diversity, technological diffusion, and cultural empathy as among its benefits. Fusion between cultures has produced such foods as American Chinese cuisine, modern Japanese sushi, and bánh mì, each of which is sometimes argued to reflect part of its respective cultures identity. Cultural and racial theorist George Lipsitz used the term strategic anti-essentialism to refer to the use of a cultural form, outside of your own. Strategic anti-essentialism can be seen in both minority cultures and majority cultures, and is not confined only to the use of the other, in Australia, Aboriginal artists have discussed an authenticity brand to ensure consumers are aware of artworks claiming false Aboriginal significance. The movement for such a measure gained momentum after the 1999 conviction of John OLoughlin for the fraudulent sale of works described as Aboriginal but painted by non-indigenous artists. Some scholars of the Ottoman Empire and ancient Egypt argue that Ottoman and Egyptian architectural traditions have long been claimed and praised as Persian or Arab. In chapter four of his book Playing Indian, Native American historian Philip J, director of the CPO Leigh Kuwanwisiwma saw video of the performances online, and said the performers were mimicking our dances, but they were insensitive, as far as Im concerned. In the 1950s, the councilman of the Zuni Pueblo saw a performance and said, We know your hearts are good. In Zuni culture, religious object and practices are only for those that have earned the right to participate, following techniques, there are many other examples of groups associated with scout troops attempting to duplicate Native American dance with varying degrees of authenticity. The practice gained popularity during the 19th century and contributed to the proliferation of negative stereotypes such as the happy-go-lucky darky on the plantation or the dandified coon, in 1848, blackface minstrel shows were popular for general audiences
Cultural appropriation
–
A non-Native person wearing a Native American
war bonnet as a "fashion accessory" is commonly cited as an example of cultural appropriation.
22.
Gramophone record
–
The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
Gramophone record
–
Edison wax cylinder phonograph c. 1899
Gramophone record
Gramophone record
–
Emil Berliner with disc record gramophone
Gramophone record
–
Hungarian Pathé record, 90 to 100 rpm
23.
Van dyke beard
–
A Van Dyke is a style of facial hair named after 17th-century Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck. A Van Dyke specifically consists of any growth of both a moustache and goatee with all hair on the cheeks shaven, even this particular style, though, has many variants, including a curled moustache versus a non-curled one and a soul patch versus none. This style of beard was popular in Europe in the 17th century and it died out in Britain with the Restoration, when French styles and wigs became popular. For some time after, however, some men, known as vow-beards, continued to wear them and it became popular in the United States in the 19th century. Chicago Chronicle columnist Edith Sessions Tupper condemned this style, along with the goatee, as indicative of a man who was selfish, sinister, the style is sometimes called a Charlie after King Charles I of England, who was painted by Van Dyck with this type of beard. The style was worn by Van Dyke himself, and by many of the sitters for his portraits, the Russian Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin also wore a Van Dyke. The Van Dyke had a revival in the 19th century and was worn by several well-known figures including General Custer, colonel Sanders would also qualify as having a Van Dyke. The word pickedevant is a synonym for a Van Dyke beard. Media related to Van Dyke beards at Wikimedia Commons
Van dyke beard
–
The Van Dyke beard is named after
Anthony van Dyck.
Van dyke beard
–
Jacobus Arminius (1625)
Van dyke beard
–
Charles I of England by Van Dyck (1635-6)
Van dyke beard
–
António María Esquivel (1847)
24.
San Francisco Chronicle
–
It was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. The paper is owned by the Hearst Corporation, which bought it from the de Young family in 2000. The paper benefited from the growth of San Francisco and was the largest circulation newspaper on the West Coast of the United States by 1880. Like many other newspapers, it has experienced a fall in circulation in the early 21st century. The newspaper publishes two web sites, SFGate, which has a mixture of news and web features. Between World War II and 1971, new editor Scott Josephine Newhall took a bold, the newspaper grew in circulation to become the citys largest, overtaking the rival San Francisco Examiner. The demise of other San Francisco dailies through the late 1950s and early 1960s left the Examiner, from 1965 on the two papers shared a single classified-advertising operation. This arrangement stayed in place until the Hearst Corporation took full control of the Chronicle, beginning in the early 1990s, the Chronicle started to face competition beyond the borders of San Francisco. The Chronicle launched five zoned sections to appear in the Friday edition of the paper, the sections covered San Francisco, and four different suburban areas. They each featured a unique columnist, enterprise pieces and local news specific to the community, the newspaper added 40 full-time staff positions to work in the suburban bureaus. The de Young family controlled the paper, via the Chronicle Publishing Company, until July 27,2000, following the sale, the Hearst Corporation transferred the Examiner to the Fang family, publisher of the San Francisco Independent and AsianWeek, along with a $66-million subsidy. Under the new owners, the Examiner became a free tabloid, in 1949, the de Young family founded KRON-TV, the Bay Areas third television station. Until the mid-1960s, the station, operated from the basement of the Chronicle Building, KRON moved to studios at 1001 Van Ness Avenue. The frequent bold-faced, all-capital-letter headlines typical of the Chronicles front page were eliminated, editor Ward Bushees note heralded the issue as the start of a new era for the Chronicle. On July 6,2009, the paper unveiled some alterations to the new design that included yet newer section fronts and wider use of color photographs and graphics. In a special section publisher Frank J. Vega described new, the newer look was accompanied by a reduction in size of the broadsheet. On November 9,2009, the Chronicle became the first newspaper in the nation to print on high-quality glossy paper, the high-gloss paper is used for some section fronts and inside pages. As of 2013 the publisher of the Chronicle is Jeffrey Johnson, audrey Cooper was named editor-in-chief in January 2015 and is the first woman to hold the position
San Francisco Chronicle
–
San Francisco Chronicle cover, April 22, 1906
San Francisco Chronicle
–
The
Old Chronicle Building following the
1906 earthquake and fire
San Francisco Chronicle
–
Bill German,left, the Chronicle 's editor emeritus and Page One Editor Jack Breibart in the newsroom, March 1994
San Francisco Chronicle
–
San Francisco Chronicle CEO John Sias announces the sale of the San Francisco Chronicle to the Hearst Corporation August 6, 1999.
25.
Russian language
–
Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
Russian language
–
Russian language street sign in
Russia.
Russian language
–
Russian minimarket in
Limassol, Cyprus; translation: "Teremok market. Russian goods. Phone number: 96 74 19 63"
Russian language
–
This page from an "ABC" book printed in Moscow in 1694 shows the letter
П.
Russian language
–
The
Ostromir Gospels of 1056 is the second oldest
East Slavic book known, one of many medieval
illuminated manuscripts preserved in the
Russian National Library.
26.
Sputnik I
–
Sputnik 1 was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957 and it was a 58 cm diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. It was visible all around the Earth and its radio pulses were detectable and this surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, tracking and studying Sputnik 1 from Earth provided scientists with valuable information, even though the satellite itself wasnt equipped with sensors. The density of the atmosphere could be deduced from its drag on the orbit. Sputnik 1 was launched during the International Geophysical Year from Site No. 1/5, at the 5th Tyuratam range, the satellite travelled at about 29,000 kilometres per hour, taking 96.2 minutes to complete each orbit. It transmitted on 20.005 and 40.002 MHz, the signals continued for 21 days until the transmitter batteries ran out on 26 October 1957. Sputnik burned up on 4 January 1958 while reentering Earths atmosphere, after travelling about 70 million km, on 17 December 1954, chief Soviet rocket scientist Sergei Korolev addressed Dimitri Ustinov and proposed a developmental plan for an artificial satellite. Korolev forwarded a report by Mikhail Tikhonravov with an overview of similar projects abroad, Tikhonravov had emphasized that the launch of an orbital satellite was an inevitable stage in the development of rocket technology. On 29 July 1955, U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced through his press secretary that the United States would launch an artificial satellite during the International Geophysical Year. A week later, on 8 August, the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union approved the proposal to create an artificial satellite. On 30 August Vasily Ryabikov – the head of the State Commission on R-7 rocket test launches – held a meeting where Korolev presented calculation data for a trajectory to the Moon. They decided to develop a version of the R-7 rocket for satellite launches. On 30 January 1956 the Council of Ministers approved practical work on an artificial Earth-orbiting satellite. This satellite, named Object D, was planned to be completed in 1957–58, it would have a mass of 1,000 to 1,400 kg, the first test launch of Object D was scheduled for 1957. These included measuring the density of the atmosphere and its ion composition, the wind, magnetic fields. These data would be valuable in the creation of artificial satellites. A system of stations was to be developed to collect data transmitted by the satellite, observe the satellites orbit
Sputnik I
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A replica of Sputnik 1
Sputnik I
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This metal arming key is the last remaining piece of the first Sputnik satellite. It prevented contact between the batteries and the transmitter prior to launch. Currently on display at the
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
Sputnik I
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30k USSR
postage stamp depicting Sputnik 1
Sputnik I
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A replica of Sputnik 1 at the U.S.
National Air and Space Museum
27.
Venice, California
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Venice is a residential, commercial and recreational beachfront neighborhood on the Westside of the Californian city of Los Angeles. Venice was founded in 1905 as a resort town. It was an independent city until 1926, when it merged with Los Angeles, today, Venice is known for its canals, beaches, and the circus-like Ocean Front Walk, a two-and-a-half-mile pedestrian-only promenade that features performers, mystics, artists and vendors. Venice, originally called Venice of America, was founded by tobacco millionaire Abbot Kinney in 1905 as a resort town,14 miles west of Los Angeles. He and his partner Francis Ryan had bought two miles of oceanfront property south of Santa Monica in 1891 and they built a resort town on the north end of the property, called Ocean Park, which was soon annexed to Santa Monica. After Ryan died, Kinney and his new partners continued building south of Navy Street, tourists, mostly arriving on the Red Cars of the Pacific Electric Railway from Los Angeles and Santa Monica, then rode the Venice Miniature Railway and gondolas to tour the town. But the biggest attraction was Venices mile-long gently sloping beach, cottages and housekeeping tents were available for rent. The population soon exceeded 10,000, the town drew 50,000 to 150,000 tourists on weekends. Attractions on the Kinney Pier became more amusement-oriented by 1910, when a Venice Miniature Railway, Aquarium, Virginia Reel, Whip, Racing Derby, and other rides and game booths were added. Since the business district was allotted only three streets, and the City Hall was more than a mile away, other competing business districts developed. Unfortunately, this created a political climate. Kinney, however, governed with a hand and kept things in check. When he died in November 1920, Venice became harder to govern, with the amusement pier burning six weeks later in December 1920, and Prohibition, the towns tax revenue was severely affected. The Kinney family rebuilt their amusement pier quickly to compete with Ocean Parks Pickering Pleasure Pier, when it opened it had two roller coasters, a new Racing Derby, a Noahs Ark, a Mill Chutes, and many other rides. By 1925 with the addition of a coaster, a tall Dragon Slide, Fun House. Several hundred thousand tourists visited on weekends, in 1923 Charles Lick built the Lick Pier at Navy Street in Venice, adjacent to the Ocean Park Pier at Pier Avenue in Ocean Park. Another pier was planned for Venice in 1925 at Leona Street, for the amusement of the public, Kinney hired aviators to do aerial stunts over the beach. One of them, movie aviator and Venice airport owner B. H. DeLay and he also initiated the first aerial police in the nation, after a marine rescue attempt was thwarted
Venice, California
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Venice Beach and Boardwalk
Venice, California
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A gondolier on the Venice Canals, 1909
Venice, California
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Windward Avenue, 1913
Venice, California
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People strolling by the dance hall on the amusement pier, 1920 or before
28.
Bob Dylan
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Bob Dylan is an American songwriter, singer, painter, and writer. He has been influential in music and culture for more than five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s, when his songs chronicled social unrest, early songs such as Blowin in the Wind and The Times They Are a-Changin became anthems for the Civil Rights Movement and anti-war movement. Leaving behind his initial base in the American folk music revival, his six-minute single Like a Rolling Stone, recorded in 1965, Dylans lyrics incorporate a wide range of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed to the burgeoning counterculture, initially inspired by the performances of Little Richard and the songwriting of Woody Guthrie, Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, Dylan has amplified and personalized musical genres. Dylan performs with guitar, keyboards, and harmonica, backed by a changing lineup of musicians, he has toured steadily since the late 1980s on what has been dubbed the Never Ending Tour. His accomplishments as a recording artist and performer have been central to his career, since 1994, Dylan has published seven books of drawings and paintings, and his work has been exhibited in major art galleries. As a musician, Dylan has sold more than 100 million records and he has also received numerous awards including eleven Grammy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and an Academy Award. Dylan has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Minnesota Music Hall of Fame, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and Songwriters Hall of Fame. The Pulitzer Prize jury in 2008 awarded him a citation for his profound impact on popular music and American culture. In May 2012, Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, in 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition. Bob Dylan was born Robert Allen Zimmerman in St. Marys Hospital on May 24,1941, in Duluth, Minnesota and he has a younger brother, David. Dylans paternal grandparents, Zigman and Anna Zimmerman, emigrated from Odessa, in the Russian Empire and his maternal grandparents, Ben and Florence Stone, were Lithuanian Jews who arrived in the United States in 1902. Dylans father, Abram Zimmerman – an electric-appliance shop owner – and mother, Beatrice Beatty Stone, were part of a small, close-knit Jewish community. They lived in Duluth until Robert was six, when his father had polio and the returned to his mothers hometown, Hibbing. In his early years he listened to the radio—first to blues and country stations from Shreveport, Louisiana, and later and he formed several bands while attending Hibbing High School. In the Golden Chords, he performed covers of songs by Little Richard and their performance of Danny & the Juniors Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay at their high school talent show was so loud that the principal cut the microphone. In 1959, his high school yearbook carried the caption Robert Zimmerman, the same year, as Elston Gunnn, he performed two dates with Bobby Vee, playing piano and clapping
Bob Dylan
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Dylan onstage at Azkena Rock Festival,
Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, June 26, 2010
Bob Dylan
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Zimmerman family home in Hibbing, Minnesota
Bob Dylan
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With
Joan Baez during the civil rights "
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ", August 28, 1963
Bob Dylan
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Bob Dylan in November 1963
29.
Pink Floyd
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Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London. They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music, Pink Floyd were founded in 1965 by students Syd Barrett on guitar and lead vocals, Nick Mason on drums, Roger Waters on bass and vocals, and Richard Wright on keyboards and vocals. Guitarist David Gilmour joined in December 1967, Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health. Waters became the primary lyricist and conceptual leader, devising the concepts behind their albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals, The Wall. The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall became two of the albums of all time. Following creative tensions, Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979, followed by Waters in 1985, Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd, Wright rejoined them as a session musician and, later, a band member. The three produced two more albums—A Momentary Lapse of Reason and The Division Bell —and toured through 1994, Barrett died in 2006, and Wright in 2008. The final Pink Floyd studio album, The Endless River, was recorded without Waters, Pink Floyd were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. By 2013, the band had more than 250 million records worldwide. Roger Waters met Nick Mason while they were both studying architecture at the London Polytechnic at Regent Street and they first played music together in a group formed by Keith Noble and Clive Metcalfe with Nobles sister Sheilagh. Richard Wright, an architecture student, joined later that year. Waters played lead guitar, Mason drums, and Wright rhythm guitar, the band performed at private functions and rehearsed in a tearoom in the basement of the Regent Street Polytechnic. They performed songs by the Searchers and material written by their manager and songwriter, Mason moved out after the 1964 academic year, and guitarist Bob Klose moved in during September 1964, prompting Waters switch to bass. Sigma 6 went through several names, including the Meggadeaths, the Abdabs and the Screaming Abdabs, Leonards Lodgers, in 1964, as Metcalfe and Noble left to form their own band, guitarist Syd Barrett joined Klose and Waters at Stanhope Gardens. Barrett, two younger, had moved to London in 1962 to study at the Camberwell College of Arts. Waters and Barrett were childhood friends, Waters had often visited Barrett, Noble and Metcalfe left the Tea Set in late 1963, and Klose introduced the band to singer Chris Dennis, a technician with the Royal Air Force. In December 1964, they secured their first recording time, at a studio in West Hampstead, through one of Wrights friends, Wright, who was taking a break from his studies, did not participate in the session. When the RAF assigned Dennis a post in Bahrain in early 1965, later that year, they became the resident band at the Countdown Club near Kensington High Street in London, where from late night until early morning they played three sets of 90 minutes each
Pink Floyd
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Pink Floyd in January 1968, from the only known photo-shoot of all five members. Clockwise from bottom: Gilmour, Mason, Barrett, Waters, Wright
Pink Floyd
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The psychedelic artwork for
A Saucerful of Secrets was the first of many Pink Floyd covers designed by
Hipgnosis
Pink Floyd
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Waters performing with Pink Floyd at
Leeds University in 1970
Pink Floyd
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Pink Floyd in 1973
30.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
The Beatles
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The "Fab Four" Beatles lineup in 1964 Top: Lennon, McCartney Bottom: Harrison, Starr
The Beatles
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Abbey Road Studios main entrance
The Beatles
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McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer
Lill-Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963
The Beatles
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The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964
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