1.
Kissing Point, New South Wales
–
Kissing Point is a point on the Parramatta River about 2 km south of Ryde, located in the suburb of Putney. Several possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the name Kissing Point, one is that the name was given because the area of water around it was the furthest up Parramatta River that heavily laden vessels could reach before their keels kissed the bottom. Another, more romantic possibility is the area was popular for picnics, the area was inhabited by the Wallumedegal people prior to European Settlement. When the area was first settled by European colonists it was known as Eastern Farms, land grants were made to 10 emancipated convicts in 1792. By 1794 the name had given way to Kissing Point, in the early 19th century the name was applied to an area including the current day Ryde, Putney and Gladesville. One of the emancipists was James Squire who brewed the colonys first beer and he grew hops in the area and established a brewery and a tavern on the location just west of the current-day Kissing Point. A plaque to James Squire is erected on the site, Kissing Point was also an important source of fruits and vegetables for the early colony. He was buried on the property of James Squire, probably in the area of the current day Cleves Park, kidman and Mayoh’s Shipyard established to build freight ships to replace freight fleet post World War I. A disastrous outcome, as the two ships built here were not commissioned, and were burnt and sold for salvage, halvorsen’s ships located where James Squire’s original wharf stood. Halvorsen’s made ships for World War II, Kissing Point is in the Parish of Hunters Hill in the County of Cumberland. and is in the suburb of Putney. Kissing Point is home to two wharfs, one at Bennelong Park and the other constructed off the tip of the peninsula. Sydney Ferries operates a service to the Sydney CBD from the Kissing Point Wharf. Sydney Buses service 507 operates to the point, there is a boat launching ramp adjacent to the Kissing Point Wharf with associated trailer parking. The point is a landmark on the Parramatta Valley Cycleway, kidman & Mayohs Shipyard at Kissing Point, City of Ryde
Kissing Point, New South Wales
–
Kissing Point wharf at Putney
2.
New South Wales
–
New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
New South Wales
–
286 kg (630 lb) gold nugget unearthed in 1872 from
Hill End during the Gold Rush
New South Wales
–
Flag
New South Wales
–
Japanese POW camp in Cowra, 1944, several weeks before the
Cowra breakout
New South Wales
–
A short-lived
South Maitland Railway (SMR) Railcar travelling between
Weston and
Abermain, 1962. The SMR is notable for being the second last system in Australia to use steam haulage.
3.
Eora
–
Contact with the first white settlements bridgehead into Australia quickly devastated much of the population through epidemics of smallpox and other diseases. Their descendants live on, though the language, social system, way of life and traditions are mostly lost. The language spoken by the Eora has, since the time of R. H. Mathews, been called Dharuk, the Australian bush term bogey comes from a Port Jackson Dharuk root buugi-. In terms of boundaries, the Kuringgai lay to the north, on the Western edges were the Darug, and to the south, around Kundul were the Gwiyagal. Eora is used specifically of the people around the first area of settlement in Sydney. The generic term Eora generally is used with a wider denotation to embrace some 29 bands, which in turn constituted clans that spoke several distinct languages. Thus, Eora is used collectively to refer to all tribes in the area of the settlement area, the Guringai to the north, the Tharawal people to the south. These have been classified into the language groups. The sizes of bands, as opposed to clans, averaged around 50 members, -gal denominates the clan affixed to the place name. Muringong Camden Cattai Windsor Kurrajong Kurrajong Boo-bain-ora Wentworthville Mulgoa Penrith 4, dharawal South Gweagal Norongerragal Illawarra Threawal Tagary Wandeandegal The Cadigal people are the traditional owners of the inner Sydney city region. Their traditional land and waters are south of Port Jackson, stretching from South Head to Petersham, the people described by British settlers as the Eora people were probably Cadigal people, the Aboriginal tribe of the inner Sydney region in 1788 at the time of first European settlement. The Cadigal clan western boundary is approximately the Balmain peninsula, the traditional territory of the Wanegal people begins around Goat Island and runs west past Concord to what is now called Parramatta, and includes parts of Lane Cove River. The Cammeraygal peoples traditional territory is on the present-day lower North Shore of Port Jackson, the traditional Eora people were largely coastal dwellers and lived mainly from the produce of the sea. They were expert in navigation, fishing, cooking, and eating in the bays. The Eora people did not grow or plant crops, although the women picked herbs which were used in herbal remedies, the Eora placed a time limit on formal battles engaged in order to settle inter-tribal grievances. Such fights were regulated to begin late in the afternoon, the first contact occurred when James Cooks Endeavour anchored in Botany Bay. A drawing, thought recently to be the handiwork of the Polynesian navigator Turpaia who was on board Cooks ship, survives depicting Aboriginals in Botany Bay, around Kurnel. When the First Fleet of 1300 convicts, guards, and administrators arrived in January 1788, by early 1789 frequent remarks were made of great numbers of decomposed bodies of Eora natives which settlers and sailors came across on beaches, in coves and in the bays
Eora
–
Portrait of
Bennelong, a senior Wanegal man of the Eora peoples.
Eora
–
Sydney Basin bioregion
4.
Indigenous Australians
–
Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to European colonisation. In present-day Australia these groups are divided into local communities. At the time of initial European settlement, over 250 languages were spoken, it is estimated that 120 to 145 of these remain in use. Aboriginal people today mostly speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English, a population collapse following European settlement, and a smallpox epidemic spreading three years after the arrival of Europeans may have caused a massive and early depopulation. Since 1995, the Australian Aboriginal Flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag have been among the flags of Australia. The word aboriginal has been in the English language since at least the 16th century, to mean, first or earliest known and it comes from the Latin word aborigines, derived from ab and origo. The word was used in Australia to describe its indigenous peoples as early as 1789 and it soon became capitalised and employed as the common name to refer to all Indigenous Australians. Strictly speaking, Aborigine is the noun and Aboriginal the adjectival form, however, use of either Aborigine or Aboriginal to refer to individuals has acquired negative connotations in some sectors of the community, and it is generally regarded as insensitive and even offensive. The more acceptable and correct expression is Aboriginal Australians or Aboriginal people, the term Indigenous Australians, which also includes Torres Strait Islander peoples, has found increasing acceptance, particularly since the 1980s. The broad term Aboriginal Australians includes many groups that often identify under names from local Indigenous languages. Anindilyakwa on Groote Eylandt off Arnhem Land, Palawah in Tasmania and these larger groups may be further subdivided, for example, Anangu recognises localised subdivisions such as Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Ngaanyatjarra, Luritja and Antikirinya. It is estimated that prior to the arrival of British settlers, the Torres Strait Islanders possess a heritage and cultural history distinct from Aboriginal traditions. The eastern Torres Strait Islanders in particular are related to the Papuan peoples of New Guinea, accordingly, they are not generally included under the designation Aboriginal Australians. This has been another factor in the promotion of the inclusive term Indigenous Australians. Six percent of Indigenous Australians identify themselves fully as Torres Strait Islanders, a further 4% of Indigenous Australians identify themselves as having both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal heritage. The Torres Strait Islands comprise over 100 islands which were annexed by Queensland in 1879, eddie Mabo was from Mer or Murray Island in the Torres Strait, which the famous Mabo decision of 1992 involved. The term blacks has been used to refer to Indigenous Australians since European settlement, while originally related to skin colour, the term is used today to indicate Aboriginal heritage or culture in general and refers to people of any skin pigmentation. In the 1970s, many Aboriginal activists, such as Gary Foley, proudly embraced the term black, the book included interviews with several members of the Aboriginal community including Robert Jabanungga reflecting on contemporary Aboriginal culture
Indigenous Australians
–
Men from
Bathurst Island, 1939
Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians
–
Men and boys playing a game of gorri, 1922
Indigenous Australians
–
Artwork depicting the first contact that was made with the
Gweagal Aboriginal people and
Captain James Cook and his crew on the shores of the
Kurnell Peninsula, New South Wales
5.
Koori
–
The Koori People are Indigenous Australians of New South Wales and Victoria. This is their preferred term, expressing pride in their heritage, the word Koori is from Awabakal language gurri, It is an Indigenous Australian language that was spoken in the area of what is today Newcastle. A Koori Court is a division of the Magistrates court in Victoria, Koori Radio is a community radio station based in Redfern broadcasting to Sydney on a city-wide licence. It is part of the Gadigal Information Service and is the radio station in Sydney providing full-time broadcasting to the Aboriginal. Koori Mail is a national Indigenous newspaper based in Lismore, New South Wales, the NSW Koori Rugby League Knockout is one of the largest gatherings of Indigenous people in Australia. A modern-day corroboree for the Koori people of NSW, it has been held annually over the October long weekend since 1971
Koori
–
Group of Koorie men, circa 1847
6.
Port Jackson
–
Port Jackson, consisting of the waters of Sydney Harbour, Middle Harbour, North Harbour and the Lane Cove and Parramatta Rivers, is the ria or natural harbour of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The harbour is an inlet of the Tasman Sea and it is the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The location of the first European settlement in Australia, Port Jackson has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney. Many recreational events are based on or around the harbour itself particularly the Sydney New Years Eve celebrations, the waterways of Port Jackson are managed by the Roads & Maritime Services. Sydney Harbour National Park protects a number of islands and foreshore areas, swimming spots, bushwalking tracks, the land around Port Jackson was occupied at the time of the European arrival and colonisation by the Eora clans, including the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, and Wangal. The Gadigal occupied the land stretching along the side of Port Jackson from what is now South Head. The Cammeragal lived on the side of the harbour. The area along the banks of the Parramatta River to Rose Hill belonged to the Wangal. The Eora occupied Port Jackson, south to the Georges River, the first recorded European discovery of Sydney Harbour, was by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 - Cook named the inlet after Sir George Jackson. His ships log notation states at noon we were. about 2 or 3 miles from the land, eighteen years later, on 21 January 1788, after arriving at Botany Bay, Governor Arthur Phillip took a longboat and two cutters up the coast to examine Cooks Port Jackson. Phillip first stayed over night at Camp Cove, then moved down the harbour, landing at Sydney Cove, Phillip returned to Sydney Cove in HM Armed Tender Supply on 26 January 1788, where he established the first colony in Australia, later to become the city of Sydney. From 1938, seaplanes landed in Sydney Harbour on Rose Bay, in 1942, to protect Sydney Harbour from a submarine attack, the Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net was constructed. It spanned the harbour from Green Point, Watsons Bay to the battery at Georges Head, on the night of 31 May 1942, three Japanese midget submarines entered the harbour, one of which became entangled in the western end of the boom nets central section. Unable to free their submarine, the crew detonated charges, killing themselves in the process, a second midget submarine came to grief in Taylors Bay, the two crew committing suicide. The third submarine fired two torpedoes at USS Chicago before leaving the harbour, in November 2006, this submarine was found off Sydneys Northern Beaches. The anti-submarine boom net was demolished soon after World War II, and all that remains are the foundations of the old boom net winch house, today, the Australian War Memorial has on display a composite of the two midget submarines salvaged from Sydney Harbour. The conning tower of one of the submarines is on display at the RAN Heritage Centre, Garden Island. Fort Denison is a former site and defensive facility occupying a small island located north-east of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney Harbour
Port Jackson
–
A
Sydney Catamaran ferry on Sydney Harbour
Port Jackson
–
Sydney Cove, Port Jackson in the County of Cumberland - from a drawing made by Francis Fowkes in 1788.
Port Jackson
–
Clipper ships in Darling Harbour in 1900
Port Jackson
–
A Japanese Ko-hyoteki class midget submarine M-21 being raised from Taylor's Bay, Sydney Harbour on 1 June 1942.
7.
History of Australia
–
The history of Australia refers to the history of the area and people of the Commonwealth of Australia and its preceding Indigenous and colonial societies. Aboriginal Australians are believed to have first arrived on the Australian mainland by sea from Maritime Southeast Asia between 40,000 and 70,000 years ago, the artistic, musical and spiritual traditions they established are among the longest surviving such traditions in human history. The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606, twenty-nine other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent New Holland. Macassan trepangers visited Australias northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier, a First Fleet of British ships arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788 to establish a penal colony. In the century that followed, the British established other colonies on the continent, Indigenous Australians were greatly weakened and their numbers diminished by introduced diseases and conflict with the colonists during this period. Gold rushes and agricultural industries brought prosperity, autonomous Parliamentary democracies began to be established throughout the six British colonies from the mid-19th century. The colonies voted by referendum to unite in a federation in 1901, Australia fought on the side of Britain in the two world wars and became a long-standing ally of the United States when threatened by Imperial Japan during World War II. Trade with Asia increased and an immigration program received more than 6.5 million migrants from every continent. The ancestors of Indigenous Australians are believed to have arrived in Australia 40,000 to 60,000 years ago and they developed a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, established enduring spiritual and artistic traditions and used stone technologies. There is considerable discussion as to the route taken by the first colonisers. People appear to have arrived by sea during a period of glaciation, the journey still required sea travel however, making them amongst the worlds earlier mariners. Given that the likely landfall regions have been under around 50 metres of water for the last 15,000 years, the earliest known human remains were found at Lake Mungo, a dry lake in the southwest of New South Wales. Remains found at Mungo suggest one of the worlds oldest known cremations, According to Australian Aboriginal mythology and the animist framework developed in Aboriginal Australia, the Dreaming is a sacred era in which ancestral totemic spirit beings formed The Creation. The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and it remains a prominent feature of Australian Aboriginal art. Aboriginal art is believed to be the oldest continuing tradition of art in the world, evidence of Aboriginal art can be traced back at least 30,000 years and is found throughout Australia. In terms of age and abundance, cave art in Australia is comparable to that of Lascaux, manning Clark wrote that the ancestors of the Aborigines were slow to reach Tasmania, probably owing to an ice barrier existing across the South East of the continent. The Aborigines, he noted, did not develop agriculture, probably owing to a lack of seed bearing plants, but trepang fisherman did reach the north coast, which they called Marege or land of the trepang. For centuries, Makassan trade flourished with Aborigines on Australias north coast, the greatest population density for Aborigines developed in the southern and eastern regions, the River Murray valley in particular
History of Australia
–
Rock painting at Ubirr in
Kakadu National Park. Evidence of
Aboriginal art in Australia can be traced back some 30,000 years.
History of Australia
History of Australia
–
Kolaia man wearing a headdress worn in a fire ceremony, Forrest River, Western Australia.
Aboriginal Australian religious practices associated with the
Dreamtime have been practised for tens of thousands of years.
History of Australia
–
A Luritja man demonstrating method of attack with
boomerang under cover of shield (1920).
8.
Wangal people
–
The Wangal people are the original Aboriginal custodians of the lands and waters of the current Municipality of Strathfield and surrounding areas of Sydney, New South Wales. Archaeological evidence of occupation of the Sydney area has been dated back 20,000 years. Sydneys geomorphology 20,000 years ago was very different to what it is today, in the middle of the last ice age, the Sydney coast was approximately 15 km to the east and what is now Port Jackson was freshwater creeks and rivers. Wangal predecessors would have living in the now-submerged coastal area. As sea levels rose to their present levels, peoples living on the coast would have been forced inland, by 1788, the Wangal people were well established there as a fishing people. The Wangal people were among the first to encounter British settlers in 1788, in April 1789, just over a year after the establishment of the British settlement, smallpox broke out. There is speculation as to whether the disease was released deliberately or not, the name these people gave to their country was documented by NSW Governor Arthur Phillip in 1790 as Wann and by his successor John Hunter as Wanne. Their country has described as extending. along the south side of the harbour from Long Cove to Rose Hill. The Wangal people were part of the Eora language speaking group, who contributed to contemporary Australian English words like dingo, woomera, wallaby, wombat, the Aborigines of the Sydney District Before 1788. Kenthurst Beckett, Jeremy & Donaldson, Tamsin with Steadman, Bradley & Meredith, yapapunakirri, Lets Track Back, The Aboriginal World Around Mount Grenfell. Office of the Registrar, Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983
Wangal people
–
Wangal tribesman, warrior, and diplomat,
Bennelong, first captured in November 1789 at the behest of New South Wales Governor
Arthur Phillip
Wangal people
–
Wangal people's country, Wanne, extends along the south side of Sydney Harbour, from Darling Harbour to Rose Hill
9.
Parramatta River
–
The Parramatta River is an intermediate tide dominated, drowned valley estuary located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Parramatta River is the tributary of Sydney Harbour, a branch of Port Jackson. Secondary tributaries include the smaller Lane Cove and Duck rivers, formed by the confluence of Toongabbie Creek and Darling Mills Creek at North Parramatta, the river flows in an easterly direction to a line between Yurulbin, Birchgrove and Manns Point, Greenwich. Here it flows into Port Jackson, about 21 kilometres from the Tasman Sea, the total catchment area of the river is approximately 252.4 square kilometres and is tidal to Charles Street Weir in Parramatta, approximately 30 kilometres from the Sydney Heads. The land adjacent to the Parramatta River was occupied for thousands of years by the Burramattagal, Toongagal, Wallumattagal, Wangal. They used the river as an important source of food and a place for trade, the headwaters of the Parramatta River are formed by the confluence of Darling Mills Creek and Toongabbie Creek. The point of the lies on the northern border of the grounds of Cumberland Hospital. It also lies on the boundary of the suburbs of Westmead, Northmead, entering Parramatta Park, it then turns west and flows through the Parramatta CBD. Both banks are open to the public, with parkland and walkways. The river is fed by a number of creeks and stormwater drains. The weirs have been equipped with fish ladders, kiosk Weir and Charles Street Weir also include footbridges enabling a crossing of the river. Historically, the river was dammed to provide reservoirs for the town, currently, however, the function of the weirs is aesthetic, preventing the water from draining away during dry periods. As a consequence the river floods in heavy rain, particularly at the Charles Street Weir, the Charles Street Weir forms the boundary between fresh water and salt water, and is also the limit of tides. The whole of Sydney Harbour including its tributary rivers is subject to a long range Catchment Management Plan, the Government has almost eliminated local representation by eliminating the former local catchment management boards. Moorings and jetties are the responsibility of Roads and Maritime Services, many bays contain swing moorings, mostly privately owned, but some associated with commercial marinas. Along the Parramatta River many hands have made lighter work, in the effort to make the entire river swimmable again by 2025. Thirteen councils sit within the Parramatta River catchment group and all have committed to tackling the two major polluters, sewer overflows and stormwater, There are River Cat services along the Parramatta River to Circular Quay. The main wharves, west–to–east are, The Parramatta River, along with Sydney Harbour, is the most significant waterway in Sydney
Parramatta River
–
Aerial view across the mouth of the Parramatta River as it reaches in
Port Jackson, looking east
Parramatta River
–
NASA satellite view of
Greater Metropolitan Sydney, with the location of the
mouth of the Parramatta River, as it flows into
Port Jackson, as marked
Parramatta River
–
Headwaters of the Parramatta River
Parramatta River
–
Parramatta ferry wharf
10.
Governor of New South Wales
–
The Governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, the Governor is appointed by the queen on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales, for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the norm. The current Governor is retired General David Hurley, who succeeded Dame Marie Bashir on 2 October 2014, the office has its origin in the 18th-century colonial governors of New South Wales upon its settlement in 1788, and is the oldest continuous institution in Australia. The office of Governor is required by the New South Wales Constitution Act,1902, besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct the governor-designate as a Companion of the Order of Australia. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The premier may therefore recommend to the Queen that the remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor may also resign and three have died in office, furthermore, if the Lieutenant Governor becomes incapacitated while serving in the office of Governor, the next most senior judge of the Supreme Court is sworn in as the Administrator. Between 1788 and 1957, all governors were born outside of New South Wales and were members of the Peerage. Taylor once noted that out and governing New South Wales became the British aristocracys abiding consolation. Coincidentally the first Australian-born Governor, Sir John Northcott on 1 August 1946, was also the first Australian-born Governor of any state, the first Governors were all military officers and the majority of governors since have come from a military background, numbering 19. Samuels was the first governor in New South Wales history without either a political, public service or military background, the first woman to hold this position is also the first Lebanese-Australian governor, Dame Marie Bashir. In this capacity, the governor will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council, the Governor alone is constitutionally mandated to summon parliament. The governor grants Royal Assent in the Queens name, legally, if the governor withholds the Queens assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill, with most constitutional functions delegated to Cabinet, the governor acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Australias royal family, as well as foreign royalty, also as part of international relations, the governor receives letters of credence and of recall from foreign consul-generals appointed to Sydney. The governor is also tasked with fostering unity and pride, the governor also traditionally serves as Honorary and Regimental Colonel in the Royal New South Wales Regiment and as Honorary Air Commodore of No.22 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force. Since 1946, the governor has also always made the Chief Scout of New South Wales
Governor of New South Wales
–
Incumbent
David Hurley AC,
DSC since 2 October 2014
Governor of New South Wales
–
Sir John Northcott, the first Australian-born person appointed as Governor (1946–57).
Governor of New South Wales
–
Sir Eric Woodward, the first New South Wales-born person appointed as Governor (1957–65)
Governor of New South Wales
–
The Lord Wakehurst takes the oath of office upon his arrival in Sydney in 1937.
11.
Arthur Phillip
–
Admiral Arthur Phillip RN was a Royal Navy officer and the first Governor of New South Wales who founded the British penal colony that later became the city of Sydney, Australia. After much experience at sea, Phillip sailed with the First Fleet as Governor-designate of the proposed British penal colony of New South Wales, in January 1788, he selected its location to be Port Jackson. Phillip was a governor who soon saw that New South Wales would need a civil administration. But his plan to bring skilled tradesmen on the voyage had been rejected and his friendly attitude towards the aborigines was also sorely tested when they killed his gamekeeper, and he was not able to assert a clear policy about them. Phillip retired in 1805, but continued to correspond with his friends in New South Wales, Arthur Phillip was born on 11 October 1738, the younger of two children to Jacob Phillip and Elizabeth Breach. His father Jacob was born in Frankfurt, Germany and he was a languages teacher who may also have served in the Royal Navy as an able seaman and pursers steward. His mother Elizabeth was the widow of a seaman, John Herbert. At the time of Arthur Phillips birth, his family maintained a modest existence as tenants near Cheapside in the City of London, there are no surviving records of Phillips early childhood. His father Jacob died in 1739, after which the Phillip family may have fallen on hard times, on 22 June 1751 he was accepted into the Greenwich Hospital School, a charity school for the sons of indigent seafarers. In keeping with the curriculum, his education was focused on literacy, arithmetic and navigational skills. He was a competent student and something of a perfectionist and his headmaster, Rev. Francis Swinden observed that in personality, Phillip was unassuming, reasonable, business-like to the smallest degree in everything he undertakes. Phillip remained at the Greenwich School for two and a half years, considerably longer than the student stay of twelve months. At the end of 1753 he was granted a seven-year indenture as an apprentice aboard Fortune and he left the Greenwich School on 1 December and spent the winter aboard Fortune awaiting the commencement of the 1754 whaling season. Phillip spent the summer of 1754 hunting whales near Svalbard in the Barents Sea, as an apprentice, his responsibilities included stripping blubber from whale carcasses and helping to pack it into barrels. Food was scarce and Fortunes thirty crew members supplemented their diet with eggs, scurvy grass. The ship returned to England on 20 July 1754, the whaling crew were paid off and replaced with twelve sailors for a winter voyage to the Mediterranean. As an apprentice, Phillip remained aboard as Fortune undertook a trading voyage to Barcelona and Livorno carrying salt and raisins, returning via Rotterdam with a cargo of grains. The ship returned to England in April 1755 and sailed immediately for Svalbard for that years whale hunt, Phillip was still a member of the crew, but abandoned his apprenticeship when the ship returned to England on 27 July
Arthur Phillip
–
1786 portrait by
Francis Wheatley (National Portrait Gallery, London)
Arthur Phillip
–
HMS Buckingham, Phillip's first posting after joining the Navy in 1755. Vessel pictured on the stocks at Deptford Dockyard, c.1751.
Arthur Phillip
–
Arthur Phillip
Arthur Phillip
–
Statue of Arthur Phillip in the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney
12.
George III of the United Kingdom
–
He was concurrently Duke and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire until his promotion to King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was the third British monarch of the House of Hanover, early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, many of Britains American colonies were soon lost in the American War of Independence, further wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793 concluded in the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. In the later part of his life, George III had recurrent, although it has since been suggested that he had the blood disease porphyria, the cause of his illness remains unknown. After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established, on George IIIs death, the Prince Regent succeeded his father as George IV. Historical analysis of George IIIs life has gone through a kaleidoscope of changing views that have depended heavily on the prejudices of his biographers and the sources available to them. Until it was reassessed in the half of the 20th century, his reputation in the United States was one of a tyrant. George was born in London at Norfolk House and he was the grandson of King George II, and the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. As Prince George was born two months prematurely and he was unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by Thomas Secker. One month later, he was baptised at Norfolk House. His godparents were the King of Sweden, his uncle the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, George grew into a healthy but reserved and shy child. The family moved to Leicester Square, where George and his younger brother Prince Edward, Duke of York, Family letters show that he could read and write in both English and German, as well as comment on political events of the time, by the age of eight. He was the first British monarch to study science systematically and his religious education was wholly Anglican. At age 10 George took part in a production of Joseph Addisons play Cato and said in the new prologue, What. It may with truth be said, A boy in England born, historian Romney Sedgwick argued that these lines appear to be the source of the only historical phrase with which he is associated. Georges grandfather, King George II, disliked the Prince of Wales, however, in 1751 the Prince of Wales died unexpectedly from a lung injury, and George became heir apparent to the throne. He inherited one of his fathers titles and became the Duke of Edinburgh, now more interested in his grandson, three weeks later the King created George Prince of Wales. Georges mother, now the Dowager Princess of Wales, preferred to keep George at home where she could imbue him with her moral values
George III of the United Kingdom
–
Coronation portrait by
Allan Ramsay, 1762
George III of the United Kingdom
–
George (right) with his brother
Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany, and their tutor,
Francis Ayscough, later
Dean of
Bristol, c. 1749
George III of the United Kingdom
–
Pastel portrait of George as
Prince of Wales by
Jean-Étienne Liotard, 1754
George III of the United Kingdom
–
George III by
Allan Ramsay, 1762
13.
Manly, New South Wales
–
Manly is a beach-side suburb of northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 17 kilometres north-east of the Sydney central business district and is the centre of the local government area of Northern Beaches Council. Manly was named by Captain Arthur Phillip for the people living there, stating that their confidence. These men were of the Kay-ye-my clan, Bennelong and Colebee spoke to them and Bennelong asked for Governor Phillip. Captain Nepean sent the Boatswain back to Governor Phillip at South Head, the Aboriginal men cut large chunks of whale off and put them in the boat for Governor Phillip. The military party then proceeded on their walk to Broken Bay, when Governor Phillips party arrived to see the Aboriginal men they held friendly conversation with Bennelong and Colebee for over half an hour. Later an older Aboriginal man appeared with a spear, Captain Tench remarked that he was seemingly a stranger and little acquainted with Bennelong and Colebee. The Governor moved towards this man and the man became agitated, Governor Phillip threw down his dirk to appease the man crying out confidently. The spear was thrown and Governor Phillip was hit in the shoulder, the muskets were brought to shore but only one would fire. The spear was broken and all hastened to Port Jackson. Manly had been envisaged as a resort by Henry Gilbert Smith in the 1850s. In 1853 Smith acquired two parcels of land. Initially John had chartered a paddle steamer to Manly and other vessels visited on an ad hoc excursion basis, Smith built a wharf in 1855 and eventually acquired an interest in steamers himself and soon more regular services to Manly had commenced. By 1873, Smith had sold the lease to the wharf and his share of the steamers to the operators of the ferries and eventually ownership passed to the once famous Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company. It was the Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company which coined the expression about Manly being Seven miles from Sydney, the Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company played an important part in Manlys development. It built several attractions including a large pool and bathing pavilion. In 1972 the company was sold to Brambles Limited and in 1974 to the Government of New South Wales and it is now part of Sydney Ferries. It was Australias first overseas military adventure, and the Little Boy from Manly, became a symbol either of patriotism or, among opponents of the adventure, especially due to a cartoon by Livingston Hopkins of The Bulletin
Manly, New South Wales
–
The northern end of
Manly Beach, as viewed from
Queenscliff
Manly, New South Wales
–
Manly Cove including the ferry terminal
Manly, New South Wales
–
The harbour side of Manly in the late 1880s
Manly, New South Wales
–
Manly Beach
14.
Bennelong Point, New South Wales
–
Bennelong Point is the location of the Sydney Opera House in Sydney, New South Wales. The point was originally a tidal island, Bennelong Island. The island was located on the tip of the arm of Sydney Cove and was apparently separated from the mainland at high tide. The area at time was also strewn with discarded oyster shells from many long years of gathering by the local aboriginal women. Those shells were regathered by the newly arrived convict women and burnt to make lime for cement mortar, the point was called Limeburners Point for that reason, though those shells only furnished enough lime to make a single building, the two-storey government house. In December 1798, a battery was constructed at the extreme northern end of the Point. In the period from 1818 to 1821, the area between Bennelong Island and the mainland was filled with rocks excavated from the Bennelong Point peninsula. The entire area was leveled to create a low platform and to provide stone for the construction of Fort Macquarie. While the fort was being built, a portion of the rocky escarpment at Bennelong Point was also cut away to allow a road to be built around the point from Sydney Cove to Farm Cove. This was known as Tarpeian Way, prior to the Opera Houses construction, Bennelong Point had housed Fort Macquarie Tram Depot
Bennelong Point, New South Wales
–
The
Sydney Opera House, situated on Bennelong Point.
Bennelong Point, New South Wales
–
Bennelong Point and Fort Macquarie c.1841
Bennelong Point, New South Wales
–
Bennelong Point and Fort Macquarie during the 1920s
Bennelong Point, New South Wales
–
Fort Macquarie Tram Depot shortly before demolition in 1958
15.
Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney
–
Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney PC, was a British politician who held several important Cabinet posts in the second half of the 18th century. The cities of Sydney in Nova Scotia, Canada, and Sydney in New South Wales, Australia were named in his honour, Thomas Townshend the youngers mother was Albinia, daughter of John Selwyn. He was educated at Clare College, Cambridge, Townshend was elected to the House of Commons in 1754 as Whig member for Whitchurch in Hampshire, and held that seat till his elevation to the peerage in 1783. He initially aligned himself with his great-uncle the Duke of Newcastle and he held the offices of Clerk of the Household to the Prince of Wales and Clerk of the Green Cloth from 1761 to 1762. During the ministry of Lord Chatham and the Duke of Grafton he supported the position his cousin Charles Townshend was in regard to the American revenue program. Townshend was forced out of office in June 1768 by Grafton who wanted Rigby as Paymaster of the Forces to gain favour with the Duke of Bedford, Townshend remained in opposition until the end of Lord Norths ministry and spoke frequently in the House of Commons against the American war. Although he had no close party connection, he was inclined toward the Chathamites and he took office again as secretary at war in the second Rockingham ministry. When Lord Shelburne became Prime Minister in July 1782, Townshend succeeded him as Home Secretary, among the matters requiring attention that he inherited from Shelburne was a scheme for attacking the Spanish possessions in South America. A memorandum which Shelburne wrote to him at this time listing matters requiring his urgent attention said, expeditions require to be set forward—Major Dalrymple has a Plan against the Spanish Settlements. For assistance in planning the expedition, Townshend turned to Captain Arthur Phillip, the expedition sailed on 16 January 1783, under the command of Commodore Sir Robert Kingsmill. Phillip was given command of one of the ships of the line, shortly after sailing an armistice was concluded between Great Britain and Spain. Townshend was created Baron Sydney of Chislehurst and entered the House of Lords on 6 March 1783 and he opposed the Fox-North coalition and returned to political office with Pitt, serving as Home Secretary from 1783 to 1789. In Canada, Sydney, Nova Scotia on Cape Breton Island, was founded by British Col. Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres in 1785, Lord Sydney appointed Col. DesBarres governor of the new colony of Cape Breton Island. Following the loss of the North American colonies, Sydney, as Home Secretary in the Pitt Government, was given responsibility for devising a plan to settle convicts at Botany Bay. His choice of Arthur Phillip as Governor was inspired and Phillips leadership was instrumental in ensuring the penal colony survived the years of struggle. On 26 January 1788, Phillip named Sydney Cove in honour of Sydney, in 1789 Townshend was created Viscount Sydney. In choosing the name Sydney when he was raised to the peerage in 1783, Thomas Townshend demonstrated his pride in descent from the Sidney family, who had been eminent opponents of Stuart absolutism. Sydney thought of himself as a Whig, by which he meant he was opposed to any increase in the power, the name Sydney was a synonym in the eighteenth century political lexicon for opposition to tyranny and absolutism
Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney
–
The Right Honourable The Viscount Sydney
PC
Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney
–
Frognal House by George Shepherd appears in Thomas Ireland's History of Kent published c. 1830.
16.
George Bass
–
George Bass was a British naval surgeon and explorer of Australia. Bass was born on 30 January 1771 at Aswarby, a hamlet near Sleaford, Lincolnshire, the son of a tenant farmer, George Bass, and his father died in 1777 when Bass was 6. He had attended Boston Grammar School and later trained in medicine at the hospital in Boston, at the age of 18 he was accepted in London as a member of the Company of Surgeons, and in 1794 he joined the Royal Navy as a surgeon. He arrived in Sydney in New South Wales on HMS Reliance on 7 September 1795, also on the voyage were Matthew Flinders, John Hunter, Bennelong, and his surgeons assistant William Martin. Bass had brought him on the Reliance a small boat with an 8-foot keel and 5-foot beam. Their reports on their return led to the settlement of Banks Town, in March 1796 the same party embarked on a second voyage in a similar small boat, which they also called the Tom Thumb. During this trip they travelled as far down the coast as Lake Illawarra and they discovered and explored Port Hacking. Later that year Bass discovered good land near Prospect Hill, found lost cattle brought out with the First Fleet, in 1797, without Flinders, in an open whaleboat with a crew of six, Bass sailed to Cape Howe, the farthest point of south-eastern Australia. From here he went westwards along what is now the coast of the Gippsland region of Victoria, to Western Port, almost as far as the site of present-day Melbourne. His belief that a strait separated the mainland from Van Diemens Land was backed up by his observation of the rapid tide. In 1798, this theory was confirmed when Bass and Flinders, in the sloop Norfolk, when the two returned to Sydney, Flinders recommended to Governor John Hunter that the passage between Van Diemens Land and the mainland be called Bass Strait. Bass was an enthusiastic naturalist and botanist, and he forwarded some of his discoveries to Sir Joseph Banks in London. He was made a member of the Society for Promoting Natural History. Some of his observations were published in the volume of David Collinss An Account of the English colony in New South Wales. He was one of the first to describe the Australian marsupial, on 8 October 1800, George married Elizabeth Waterhouse at St Jamess Church, Westminster. She was the sister of Henry Waterhouse, Basss former shipmate, in January 1801 Bass set sail again for Port Jackson, leaving Elizabeth behind, and though the couple wrote to each other, they did not meet again, as Bass never returned from this journey. Bass and a syndicate of friends had invested some £10,000 in the brig the Venus. Bass was the owner-manager and set sail in early 1801, on passing through Bass Strait on his 1801 voyage he recorded it simply as Bass Strait, like any other geographical feature
George Bass
–
Memorial (1912) to the discovery of
Western Port on 4 January 1798, at
Flinders, Victoria.
George Bass
–
Engraving of Bass from The Naval Pioneers of Australia by Louis Becke and Walter Jeffery, 1899
George Bass
–
Western Port 200th anniversary of discovery re-enactment plaque.
17.
John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)
–
Vice Admiral John Hunter was an officer of the Royal Navy, who succeeded Arthur Phillip as the second governor of New South Wales, Australia and served as such from 1795 to 1800. Both a sailor and a scholar, he explored the Parramatta River as early as 1788, as governor, he tried to combat serious abuses by the military in the face of powerful local interests led by John MacArthur. Hunters name is commemorated in historic locations such as Hunter Valley and Hunter Street, as a boy Hunter was sent to live with an uncle in the town of Lynn in Norfolk, where, and also at Edinburgh, he received the classical education of the time. Hunter was sent to University of Edinburgh, but soon left it to join the navy as a servant to Thomas Knackston in HMS Grampus in May 1754. In 1755 he was enrolled as able seaman on HMS Centaur, became a midshipman and served on HMS Union, while aboard Neptune he was present at the Raid on Rochefort in 1757, and afterwards served during cruises off Brest in 1758 and the capture of Quebec in 1759. Serving aboard Neptune at this time as her first lieutenant was John Jervis, Hunter passed examinations and qualified for promotion to lieutenant in February 1760. He was not, however, appointed lieutenant until 1780, hood gave Hunter an acting-order as master in 1768, and after passing his exams with Trinity House in 1769, Hunter had the order confirmed. His first appointment was to the 28-gun HMS Carysfort for service in the West Indies, Hunter spent his time there making charts and plans of parts of the coast and of the Spanish fortifications at Havana, which he sent back to the Admiralty. Hunter served as master of HMS Intrepid in the East Indies between 1772 and 1775, after which he became master of HMS Kent, the Kent was at this time commanded by Captain John Jervis, Hunters companion from HMS Neptune. Jervis took Hunter with him to his command, HMS Foudroyant. Also serving aboard Foudroyant at this time was Evan Nepean, then the ships purser, but later a leading civil servant and First Secretary to the Admiralty. From Foudroyant Hunter was moved into HMS Eagle in 1776, at the request of Admiral Lord Howe, the American War of Independence having broken out, Hunter served under Howe for the duration of his time in command, acting virtually as master of the fleet. He was active in the Chesapeake raid and the expeditions on the Delaware, on Howes recall, by now out of favour with the Sandwich administration, Hunter was not able to have his request to be made lieutenant honoured. Instead he joined the 74-gun HMS Berwick as a volunteer in 1779, under her captain, There he received a commission from the commander in chief, Sir George Rodney. Hunter returned to England aboard the Berwick in 1781, and was present at the Battle of Dogger Bank on 5 August that year. Howe appointed him lieutenant of his flagship HMS Victory in 1782, and was advanced to first lieutenant by the time she took part in the relief of Gibraltar. Following these engagements Hunter was appointed to his first command, that of the 14-gun sloop HMS Marquis de Seignelay, the fleet was under the overall command of Commodore Arthur Phillip who was going out to found and be governor of the new colony of New South Wales. Hunter carried a dormant commission as successor to Phillip if he should have died or was absent, the expedition arrived in Port Jackson in January 1788
John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)
–
John Hunter
John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)
–
Hunter tomb in
St John's Church Gardens
18.
James Squire
–
James Squire, was a first fleet convict transported to Australia. Although John Boston appears to have opened a brewery making a form of corn beer two years earlier, Squire was convicted of stealing in 1785 and was transported to Australia as a convict on the First Fleet in 1788. Squire ran a number of successful ventures during his life, including a farm, a tavern called The Malting Shovel, a bakery, a butcher shop. He also became a constable in the Eastern Farms district of Sydney. As a testament to the rise of position in society, his death in 1822 was marked with the biggest funeral ever held in the colony, James Squire was baptised on 18 December 1754 in Kingston upon Thames. Squires parents were Romanies, Timothy Squires and Mary Wells, who were married on 8 December 1752 in West Molesey, Surrey and their families had been embroiled in a dramatic incident which polarized England in 1754, the year of Squires birth. In 1774, when Squire fled a ransacked house, he ran straight into several members of the constabulary and was arrested for highway robbery. This was actually a lucky break, by escaping through the front door, which opened onto the highway, he avoided a more serious charge of stealing. Although Squire was sentenced to be transported to America for 7 years, he elected to serve in the army and he then managed a hotel in Heathen Street, Kingston. This hotel was a haunt for highway robbers and smugglers. His next attempt at a life of crime was similarly unsuccessful, Squire stole 5 hens and 4 cocks and diverse other goods and chattels from John Staceys yard, just when the British Government needed people for the transported convict program. On 11 April 1785, he was sentenced to join the First Fleet at the General Sessions of the Peace for the Town & Hundred of Kingston upon Thames, Squire was sentenced to 7 years transportation, beyond the seas. In 1776 Squire married his sweetheart, Martha Quinton. Martha was baptised on 15 November 1754 in Bishops Waltham, Hampshire and her parents were John Quinton and Elizabeth Harris. Martha bore 3 children to James – John, Sarah and James, while Squire was separated from his wife and family he met Mary Spencer. Mary was born in 1768 in the town of Formby and she was tried at Wigan, Lancashire on 9 October 1786 for with theft at Crosby of one cotton and one black silk handkerchief, a green quilted tammy petticoat and a black silk cloak, of unknown value. She was sentenced to transportation for 5 years and left England on the Prince of Wales aged about 19 at that time, Mary gave birth to a son, who was named Francis. He died 20 September 1851 in Melbourne), unable to care for Francis, James enrolled him in the British Army at just 15 months of age
James Squire
–
The property of the late Mr James Squires, Kissing Point, New South Wales. Creator Lycett, Joseph, ca. 1775–1828.
James Squire
–
Article in the Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser dated 3 May 1817 which details the sale of James Squire's Estate.
James Squire
–
Photo of a plaque at Kissing Point commemorating James Squire and the location of his Brewery.
19.
Wikisource
–
Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project, the projects aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, the project officially began in November 24,2003 under the name Project Sourceberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later, the project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration. The project holds works that are either in the domain or freely licensed, professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. Wikisources early history included several changes of name and location, the original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing evidence and original source texts. The collection was focused on important historical and cultural material. The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages, in 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary source material, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this, perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG. Wed want to complement Project Gutenberg--how, exactly, and Jimmy Wales adding like Larry, Im interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone -- I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, the project began its activity at ps. wikipedia. org. The contributors understood the PS subdomain to mean either primary sources or Project Sourceberg, however, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia. A vote on the name changed it to Wikisource on December 6,2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL until July 23,2004, since Wikisource was initially called Project Sourceberg, its first logo was a picture of an iceberg
Wikisource
–
The original Wikisource logo
Wikisource
–
Screenshot of wikisource.org home page
Wikisource
–
::: Original text
Wikisource
–
::: Action of the modernizing tool
20.
Sydney Gazette
–
The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser was the first newspaper printed in Australia, running from 5 March 1803 until 20 October 1842. It was a publication of the government of New South Wales, authorised by Governor King. On 14 October 1824, under the editorship of Robert Howe, the introductory address, by Howe, was published on the first page in the third column. It read, The newspapers original editor, typesetter and printer was George Howe, after Howes death in 1821, the Gazette was printed by his son, Robert, until he drowned in a boating accident in Port Jackson in 1829. The business then passed to Roberts co-editor and friend Ralph Mansfield, Mansfield soon left the Gazette, and was replaced by a series of short-term editors including Edward OShaughnessy, George Thomas Graham and Horatio Wills, Robert Howes apprentice and step-brother. From 1833, the paper was edited by Anne Howe, Roberts widow, but managed by OShaughnessy and later William Watt. After Watts banishment to Port Macquarie in 1835, ownership of the Gazette passed to Richard Jones, Jones helped establish Robert Charles Howe, Howes eldest illegitimate son, as the legal owner. Howe sold the newspaper in 1841 to Patrick Grant and its final editor, from 2 August 1842, was Richard Sanderson. The Gazette was printed alongside government orders, rules and regulations on a printing press. It was initially printed as a sheet, folded into four pages of foolscap size. Its masthead was a locally produce woodcut of Sydney and carried the imprimatur Published by Authority, in May 1803, Howe successfully requested new type and additional engravings to replace the worn type that had been used previously. The printing materials were upgraded by Howes son, when he enlarged the newspaper to Demy size in 1824. From 5 March 1803 until 29 September 1825, the Gazette was issued weekly, for six weeks, from 1 January to 10 February 1827, it appeared daily, but the postal service could not accommodate this schedule. It continued publication three times a week until it discontinued production on 20 October 1842, when the newspaper first began publishing in 1803 the use of the long s was still in usage by published books and newspapers across English speaking countries. Application to be made to Mr. Robert Campbell, jun. at his Office, the next edition on the 4th of July 1812 have no articles that use it and later editions appear to be the same. The paper has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program project of the National Library of Australia, List of newspapers in Australia List of newspapers in New South Wales Michael Massey Robinson The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser at Trove
Sydney Gazette
–
First issue of The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 5 March 1803.
21.
Division of Bennelong
–
The Division of Bennelong is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. The division was created in 1949 and is named for Bennelong and it was represented from 1974 until 2007 by John Howard, who served as the Prime Minister of Australia from 1996 until 2007. As well as his government then being defeated, Howard also became the second sitting Australian Prime Minister to lose his own seat, Maxine McKew of the Australian Labor Party won the seat, making her the first Labor MP for Bennelong. However, the division has often been marginal, and McKew lost the back to the Liberals at the 2010 election. The current Member for Bennelong, since the 2010 federal election, is John Alexander, over the years Bennelong became increasingly marginal, and this has been attributed to two factors. Firstly, the boundary of Bennelong has been redrawn numerous times. Successive redistributions eliminated wealthy Lane Cove and Hunters Hill in the east and incorporated Eastwood, Epping, Carlingford and middle-class Ermington in the north and west. In 1998, Prime Minister John Howard finished just short of a majority on the first count in the seat and he ultimately won a fairly comfortable 56 percent of the two-party-preferred vote. In 2004, for the time since becoming Prime Minister. He was assured of re-election on the count, ultimately winning 53.3 percent of the two-party-preferred vote. The Greens increased their vote at this election by 12. 34% to 16. 37% at this election, in the 2007 election, the incumbent Member for Bennelong, then-Prime Minister John Howard, lost the seat to Labor candidate Maxine McKew, after holding it for 33 years. This was only the time in Australian history that an incumbent Prime Minister had been defeated in his own electorate. The election marked the first time a Labor candidate won, in his national address conceding the election, Howard admitted that it was very likely that he had lost the seat, and many media outlets listed Bennelong as a Labor gain on election night. Following initial reluctance to call the outcome, McKew declared victory officially on 1 December. Howard formally conceded defeat in Bennelong on 12 December, the Electoral Commission declared the seat, with 44,685 votes for McKew to 42,251 for Howard. McKew led for most of the night, and ultimately won on the 14th count after over three-fourths of Green preferences flowed to her, voter turnout in Bennelong was 95%. For the 2010 federal election, the Liberal Party pre-selected former tennis professional, McKew recontested the seat for Labor. Alexander defeated McKew with a swing of 4. 52%
Division of Bennelong
–
Balloons demonstrating the extent of the electioneering that occurred in Bennelong at the
2007 federal election.
Division of Bennelong
–
Division of Bennelong (green) in
New South Wales
Division of Bennelong
–
An
Epping polling booth within Bennelong.
22.
Parliament of Australia
–
It consists of three elements, the Queen of Australia, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Queen is represented by the Governor-General, through both Houses, however, there is a fused executive, drawn from the Westminster System. The upper house, the Senate, consists of 76 members, twelve for each state, Senators are elected using the single transferable vote proportional representation system and as a result, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. The governing party or coalition rarely has a majority in the Senate and usually needs to negotiate with other parties and this tends to lead to the chamber being dominated by two major parties, the Liberal/National Coalition and the Labor Party. The government of the day must achieve the confidence of this House in order to gain and remain in power, although elections can be called early, each 3 years the full House of Representatives and half of the Senate is dissolved and goes up for reelection. The two Houses meet in separate chambers of Parliament House on Capital Hill in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, the Commonwealth of Australia came into being on 1 January 1901 with the federation of the six Australian colonies. The inaugural election took place on 29 and 30 March and the first Australian Parliament was opened on 9 May 1901 in Melbourne by Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York, later King George V. The only building in Melbourne that was enough to accommodate the 14,000 guests was the western annexe of the Royal Exhibition Building. After the official opening, from 1901 to 1927, the Parliament met in Parliament House, Melbourne and it had always been intended that the national Parliament would sit in a new national capital. This was a compromise at Federation due to the rivalry between the two largest Australian cities, Sydney and Melbourne, which wished to become the new capital. The site of Canberra was selected for the location of the capital city in 1908. A competition was announced on 30 June 1914 to design Parliament House, however, due to the start of World War I the next month, the competition was cancelled. It was re-announced in August 1916, but again postponed indefinitely on 24 November 1916, in the meantime, John Smith Murdoch, the Commonwealths Chief Architect, worked on the design as part of his official duties. He had little enthusiasm for the project, as he felt it was a waste of money. Nevertheless, he designed the building by default, the construction of Old Parliament House, as it is called today, was commenced on 28 August 1923 and completed in early 1927. It was built by the Commonwealth Department of Works, using tradesmen, the final cost was about £600,000, which was more than three times the original estimate. It was designed to house the parliament for a maximum of 50 years until a permanent facility could be built, the building was opened on 9 May 1927 by the Duke and Duchess of York. The opening ceremonies were both splendid and incongruous, given the sparsely built nature of Canberra of the time and its small population, the building was extensively decorated with British Empire and Australian flags and bunting
Parliament of Australia
Parliament of Australia
Parliament of Australia
–
The Big Picture, opening of the Parliament of Australia, 9 May 1901, by Tom Roberts
Parliament of Australia
–
Canberra from
Mount Ainslie: across the lake is
Old Parliament House and then the new
Parliament House
23.
Bennelong Point
–
Bennelong Point is the location of the Sydney Opera House in Sydney, New South Wales. The point was originally a tidal island, Bennelong Island. The island was located on the tip of the arm of Sydney Cove and was apparently separated from the mainland at high tide. The area at time was also strewn with discarded oyster shells from many long years of gathering by the local aboriginal women. Those shells were regathered by the newly arrived convict women and burnt to make lime for cement mortar, the point was called Limeburners Point for that reason, though those shells only furnished enough lime to make a single building, the two-storey government house. In December 1798, a battery was constructed at the extreme northern end of the Point. In the period from 1818 to 1821, the area between Bennelong Island and the mainland was filled with rocks excavated from the Bennelong Point peninsula. The entire area was leveled to create a low platform and to provide stone for the construction of Fort Macquarie. While the fort was being built, a portion of the rocky escarpment at Bennelong Point was also cut away to allow a road to be built around the point from Sydney Cove to Farm Cove. This was known as Tarpeian Way, prior to the Opera Houses construction, Bennelong Point had housed Fort Macquarie Tram Depot
Bennelong Point
–
The
Sydney Opera House, situated on Bennelong Point.
Bennelong Point
–
Bennelong Point and Fort Macquarie c.1841
Bennelong Point
–
Bennelong Point and Fort Macquarie during the 1920s
Bennelong Point
–
Fort Macquarie Tram Depot shortly before demolition in 1958
24.
Sydney Opera House
–
The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney, Australia. It is one of the 20th centurys most famous and distinctive buildings, designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, the building was formally opened on 20 October 1973 after a gestation beginning with Utzons 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition. The government of New South Wales, led by the premier, Joseph Cahill, performances are presented by numerous performing artists, including four resident companies, Opera Australia, The Australian Ballet, the Sydney Theatre Company and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. As one of the most popular attractions in Australia, more than eight million people visit the site annually. The building is managed by the Sydney Opera House Trust, an agency of the New South Wales State Government, on 28 June 2007, the Sydney Opera House became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The building covers 1.8 hectares of land and is 183 m long and 120 m wide at its widest point and it is supported on 588 concrete piers sunk as much as 25 m below sea level. Although the roof structures are referred to as shells, they are precast concrete panels supported by precast concrete ribs. Though the shells appear uniformly white from a distance, they feature a subtle chevron pattern composed of 1,056,006 tiles in two colours, glossy white and matte cream. The tiles were manufactured by the Swedish company Höganäs AB which generally produced stoneware tiles for the paper-mill industry. Apart from the tile of the shells and the curtain walls of the foyer spaces. Significant interior surface treatments also include off-form concrete, Australian white birch plywood supplied from Wauchope in northern New South Wales, of the two larger spaces, the Concert Hall is in the western group of shells, the Joan Sutherland Theatre in the eastern group. The scale of the shells was chosen to reflect the internal requirements, with low entrance spaces. The smaller venues are within the podium, beneath the Concert Hall, a smaller group of shells set to the western side of the Monumental Steps houses the Bennelong Restaurant. The podium is surrounded by substantial open spaces, and the large stone-paved forecourt area with the adjacent monumental steps is regularly used as a performance space. The Sydney Opera House includes a number of venues, Concert Hall, With 2,679 seats. It contains the Sydney Opera House Grand Organ, the largest mechanical action organ in the world. Joan Sutherland Theatre, A proscenium theatre with 1,507 seats, until 16 October 2012 it was known as the Opera Theatre. Drama Theatre, A proscenium theatre with 544 seats, used by the Sydney Theatre Company and other dance, Playhouse, An end-stage theatre with 398 seats
Sydney Opera House
–
Sydney Opera House
Sydney Opera House
–
Sydney Opera House showing ferry boat
Sydney Opera House
–
Interior of the Concert Hall
Sydney Opera House
–
Bennelong Point with tram depot in the 1920s (top left-hand side of photograph)
25.
Putney, New South Wales
–
Putney is a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located 10 kilometres west-northwest of the Sydney central business district on the bank of the Parramatta River. Its local government area is the City of Ryde, the area of Putney and Ryde was originally known Eastern Farms and then as Kissing Point by the British colonists. It was one of the first areas of British settlement in the colony, one of the earliest settlers within the present day suburb was the brewer James Squire who settled there in 1792. He established his brewery the Malt Shovel near the present day Kissing Point, the eastern section of Putney was part of a land grant to Nicholas Bayley. The land was sold to Eugene Delange who subdivided the land calling it the Village of Eugenie. The name was changed to Putney, derived from its namesake Putney on the River Thames in London. Parramatta River had been known as the Thames of the Antipodes and other suburbs were also named after Thames localities of Greenwich, Woolwich. Putney was also the midpoint for watching World Championship rowing races from the 1880s to 1930s, the first regatta was held in 1847 at Kissing Point. The following decade, Sydneysiders were mad about rowing, and lucrative prizes were given to local and national championships, by the 1880s the river was a focus for thousands watching the world championship sculling races. The course ran between Kissing Point and Uhrs Point, the local addiction to sculling fever was called water on the brain. World Championships were contested on the course, results eagerly awaited in both Britain and America, men and women alike discussed water conditions, racing times, and technicalities of boats. Most of the champions trained at Ryde, local, national, and international races were held on the Parramatta River. Inter-varsity and GPS schools also had their annual regattas on the river between 1893–1935, banjo Paterson recalled, from twenty-five to thirty men could be seen on any fine morning swinging along in their sculls at practice – and such men. A punt service was established before 1896, crossing the river between Putney Point and Mortlake Point and this service was driven by hand. A cable ferry was opened in 1928, and was called the Mortlake Ferry. It is the last surviving punt in the Sydney metropolitan area, in 1943, during World War II, Slazengers Pty Ltd established a ship building yard on Pellisier Road, Putney. The company manufactured wartime equipment for the United States Army and the Australian Government, ship contracts included trawlers, tugboats, landing craft, life boats, scows and high speed work boats
Putney, New South Wales
–
Typical Putney streetscape
Putney, New South Wales
–
St Chad's Anglican Church, Delange Road
Putney, New South Wales
–
Boat Yard, Parramatta River, Putney, New South Wales
26.
Ostracod
–
Ostracods, or ostracodes, are a class of the Crustacea, sometimes known as seed shrimp. Some 70,000 species have been identified, grouped into several orders and they are small crustaceans, typically around 1 mm in size, but varying from 0.2 to 30 mm in the case of Gigantocypris. Their bodies are flattened from side to side and protected by a bivalve-like, the hinge of the two valves is in the upper region of the body. Ostracods are grouped based on gross morphology, but the group may not be monophyletic. Ecologically, marine ostracods can be part of the zooplankton or are part of the benthos, many ostracods, especially the Podocopida, are also found in fresh water, and terrestrial species of Mesocypris are known from humid forest soils of South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. They have a range of diets, and the group includes carnivores, herbivores, scavengers. As of 2008, around 2000 species and 200 genera of nonmarine ostracods are found, however, a large portion of diversity is still undescribed, indicated by undocumented diversity hotspots of temporary habitats in Africa and Australia. Of the known specific and generic diversity of nonmarine ostracods, half belongs to one family, many Cyprididae occur in temporary water bodies and have drought-resistant eggs, mixed/parthenogenetic reproduction, and the ability to swim. These biological attributes preadapt them to form successful radiations in these habitats, ostracod comes from the Greek óstrakon meaning shell or tile. The word ostracize comes from the root due to the practice of voting with shells or potsherds. Ostracods are by far the most common arthropods in the record with fossils being found from the early Ordovician to the present. An outline microfaunal zonal scheme based on both Foraminifera and Ostracoda was compiled by M. B, freshwater ostracods have even been found in Baltic amber of Eocene age, having presumably been washed onto trees during floods. This set the Guinness World Record for the oldest penis, males had observable sperm that is the oldest yet seen and, when analysed, showed internal structures and has been assessed as being the largest sperm of any animal recorded. It was assessed that the fossilisation was achieved within several days, the body of an ostracod is encased by two valves, superficially resembling the shell of a clam. A distinction is made between the valve and the body with its appendages, the body consists of a head and thorax, separated by a slight constriction. Unlike many other crustaceans, the body is not clearly divided into segments, the abdomen is regressed or absent, whereas the adult gonads are relatively large. The head is the largest part of the body, and bears most of the appendages, two pairs of well-developed antennae are used to swim through the water. In addition, there is a pair of mandibles and two pairs of maxillae, the thorax typically has two pairs of appendages, but these are reduced to a single pair, or entirely absent, in many species
Ostracod
Ostracod
–
The large ostracod Herrmannina from the
Silurian (Ludlow) Soeginina Beds (Paadla Formation) on eastern
Saaremaa Island,
Estonia
Ostracod
–
Articulated ostracod valves in cross-section from the
Permian of central Texas; typical
thin section view of an ostracod fossil
27.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
Australia
–
Aboriginal rock art in the
Kimberley region of Western Australia
Australia
Australia
–
Portrait of Captain
James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
Australia
–
Tasmania's
Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed
Australian Convict Sites.
28.
New Zealand
–
New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
New Zealand
–
The Waitangi sheet from the
Treaty of Waitangi
New Zealand
–
Flag
New Zealand
–
Painting of
Mount Earnslaw by John Turnbull Thomson, oil on canvas, 1888
New Zealand
–
John Key,
Prime Minister of New Zealand since 2008
29.
Watkin Tench
–
Watkin Tench was a British marine officer who is best known for publishing two books describing his experiences in the First Fleet, which established the first settlement in Australia in 1788. His two accounts, Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay and Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson provide an account of the arrival, Watkin was first cousin to Banastre Tarleton. His father appears to have named Watkin after a local landowner, Watkin Williams Wynn. Tench joined His Majestys Marine Forces, Plymouth division, as a Second Lieutenant on 25 January 1776 and he was promoted to 1st Lieutenant on 25 January 1778 at the age of 19 years and 3 months. Tench was in command of the Marine unit on board HMS Mermaid and he and the other officers were transported to Philadelphia, imprisoned and exchanged in October,1778. The retirement did not last long, as in October of that year the Admiralty called for volunteers for a tour with the newly-forming New South Wales Marine Corps for service at Botany Bay. Tenchs offer to re-enter the corps was accepted in December 1786, before sailing with the fleet, he arranged with the London publishing firm of Debretts to write a book describing his experience of the journey and the first few months of the colony. His manuscript was taken back in July 1788 by John Shortland and it ran to three editions and was quickly translated into French, German, Dutch and Swedish. In October 1788, Robert Ross made a list of marines who wanted to stay in Australia either as soldiers or settlers, Tench headed the list as a soldier for one tour more of three years. Among his achievements in the colony of New South Wales Tench was the first European to discover the Nepean River. Tenchs accounts were influenced by the liberalism of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the idea of the noble savage and he thus writes with some sympathy of the Aborigines. His writings include much information about the Aborigines of Sydney, the Gadigal and Cammeraygal and he was friendly with Bennelong, Barangaroo and several others. He stayed in Sydney until December 1791 when he sailed home on the HMS Gorgon, in October 1792, Tench married Anna Maria Sargent, who was the daughter of Robert Sargent, a Devonport surgeon. The following year, publishers Nicol and Sewell published his Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson which was received as his first book. He joined HMS Alexander as a major, serving under Admiral Richard Rodney Bligh in the Channel fleets blockade of Brest. In November 1794, Bligh surrendered HMS Alexander after the Action of 6 November 1794, the crew were initially imprisoned on ships in Brest harbour, but later Tench and Bligh were moved to Quimper and imprisoned on parole. During this time, Tench wrote the letters formed the basis of his third book. He was exchanged in May 1795 after being held prisoner for six months, after returning to service, he served four years on HMS Polyphemus escorting convoy ships in the Atlantic and the Channel
Watkin Tench
–
Portrait of Watkin Tench
