1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
3.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
4.
List of counties in California
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The state of California is divided into 58 counties. The region was first divided into counties on February 18,1850. These were further sub-divided to form sixteen additional counties by 1860, another fourteen were counties formed though further sub-division from 1861 to 1893. The last, Imperial County, was formed in 1907, California is home to San Bernardino County, the largest county in the contiguous United States, as well as Los Angeles County, the most populous county in the United States. More counties in California are named for saints than any other state, klamath County was created in 1851 from the northern half of Trinity County. Part of the territory went to Del Norte County in 1857. Pautah County was created in 1852 out of territory which, the state of California assumed, was to be ceded to it by the United States Congress from territory in what is now the state of Nevada. When the cession never occurred, the California State Legislature officially abolished the county in 1859. Buena Vista County - created in 1855 by the California legislature out of the territory of Tulare County on the west of the Sierra Nevada but was never officially organized. The south of Tulare County was later organized as Kern County in 1866, with additions from Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties. Coso County - created in 1864 by the California legislature out of territory of Mono County, the region was later organized in 1866 as Inyo County with additions from Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties. 1850–1900 California State Association of Counties, Map of California Counties, c
5.
Alameda County, California
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Alameda County is a county in the state of California in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,510,271, Alameda County is included in the San Francisco Bay Area, occupying much of the East Bay region. The county was formed on March 25,1853, from a portion of Contra Costa County. The Spanish word alameda means a place where trees grow. The willow and sycamore trees along the banks of the river reminded the early explorers of a road lined with trees, the county seat at the time it was formed was located at Alvarado, now part of Union City. In 1856 it was moved to San Leandro, where the county courthouse was destroyed by the devastating 1868 quake on the Hayward Fault, the county seat was then re-established in the town of Brooklyn from 1872-1875. Brooklyn is now part of Oakland, which has been the county seat since 1873, much of what is now considered an intensively urban region, with major cities, was developed as a trolley car suburb of San Francisco in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The annual county fair is held at the Alameda County Fairgrounds in Pleasanton, the fair runs for three weekends from June to July. Attractions include horse racing, carnival rides, 4-H exhibits, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 821 square miles, of which 739 square miles is land and 82 square miles is water. The San Francisco Bay borders the county on the west, the crest of the Berkeley Hills form part of the northeastern boundary, and reach into the center of the county. A coastal plain several miles wide lines the bay, and is Oaklands most populous region, Livermore Valley lies in the eastern part of the county. Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge A2014 analysis found Alameda County to be the 4th most racially diverse county in the United States, the 2010 United States Census reported that Alameda County had a population of 1,510,271. The population density was 2,047.6 people per square mile, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 339,889 persons,16. 4% Mexican,0. 8% Puerto Rican,0. 2% Cuban,5. 1% Other Hispanic. 26. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.31. In the county, the population was out with 24. 6% under the age of 18,9. 6% from 18 to 24,33. 9% from 25 to 44,21. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.00 males, the median income for a household in the county was $55,946, and the median income for a family was $65,857. Males had an income of $47,425 versus $36,921 for females
6.
Berkeley, California
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Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan
7.
Eastshore Freeway
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Interstate 80 is a major east–west route of the Interstate Highway System, running between the U. S. states of California and New York. The highway has its terminus in San Francisco. From there it heads east across the Bay Bridge to Oakland, I-80 then traverses the Sierra Nevada, cresting at Donner Summit, before crossing into the state of Nevada within the Truckee River Canyon. The speed limit is at most 65 miles per hour along the route instead of the states maximum of 70 mph. I-80 has portions designated as the Eastshore Freeway and Alan S. Hart Freeway, throughout California, I-80 was built along the corridor of U. S. Route 40, eventually replacing this designation entirely. The prior US40 corridor itself was built along several historic corridors in California, notably the California Trail, the route has changed from the original plans in San Francisco due to freeway revolts canceling segments of the originally planned alignment. Similarly in Sacramento, the freeway was re-routed around the city plans to upgrade the original grandfathered route through the city to Interstate highway standards were cancelled. I-80 is recognized as the Dwight D. Eisenhower Highway in the western United States, in California, it follows the original corridor of the Lincoln Highway from Sacramento to Reno. According to the California State Highway system, I-80 begins at its intersection with U. S. Route 101 in San Francisco, the Interstate designation is interpreted by some to actually beginning on the Bay Bridge approach itself, at the location of the Fremont Street off-ramp. Thus, the first 1.20 miles of the signed Interstate may not be officially an actual Interstate, the Eastshore Freeway is a segment of Interstates 80 and 580 along the northeast shoreline of San Francisco Bay in northern California. It begins at the Carquinez Bridge and ends at the MacArthur Maze interchange just east of the end of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. Interstate 580 joins the Eastshore Freeway at an interchange known locally as the Hoffman Split in Albany. S, the Eastshore Highway began in El Cerrito at an intersection with San Pablo Avenue at Hill Street between Potrero Avenue and Cutting Blvd. Adjacent to the location today of the El Cerrito Del Norte station of BART and it was not a freeway in that access was at intersections with adjoining streets rather than by ramps. The Eastshore Highway ran from El Cerrito to the Bay Bridge along the routing as todays freeway. A causeway was constructed for this purpose by filling in part of the mudflats along the bayshore, the frontage road along the east side of todays Eastshore Freeway between Buchanan Street in Albany and Hearst Avenue in Berkeley retains the name Eastshore Highway. The terminal segment of the old Eastshore Highway in El Cerrito between Potrero and San Pablo Avenues is today named Eastshore Boulevard, originally, the name Eastshore Freeway was also applied to what is today known as the Nimitz Freeway upon its construction in 1947. This freeway was dedicated in 1958 to Admiral Nimitz, and so for a few years in the 1950s prior, until the late 1960s, the Eastshore Freeway was also designated as part of State Route 17 together with the Nimitz Freeway. The Eastshore Freeway was officially renamed the Kent D. Pursel Memorial Freeway in 1968, but this name is hardly recognized as such by the public, and most maps still show the name Eastshore Freeway
8.
San Francisco Bay
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San Francisco Bay is a shallow estuary in the U. S. state of California. It is surrounded by a region known as the San Francisco Bay Area, dominated by the large cities San Francisco, Oakland. San Francisco Bay drains water from approximately 40 percent of California and it then connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate strait. However, this group of interconnected bays is often called the San Francisco Bay. The bay was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on February 2,2013, the bay covers somewhere between 400 and 1,600 square miles, depending on which sub-bays, estuaries, wetlands, and so on are included in the measurement. The main part of the bay measures 3 to 12 miles wide east-to-west and it is the largest Pacific estuary in the Americas. Later, wetlands and inlets were filled in, reducing the Bays size since the mid-19th century by as much as one third. Recently, large areas of wetlands have been restored, further confusing the issue of the Bays size, despite its value as a waterway and harbor, many thousands of acres of marshy wetlands at the edges of the bay were, for many years, considered wasted space. As a result, soil excavated for building projects or dredged from channels was often dumped onto the wetlands, from the mid-19th century through the late 20th century, more than a third of the original bay was filled and often built on. The idea was, and remains, controversial, there are five large islands in San Francisco Bay. Alameda, the largest island, was created when a shipping lane was cut in 1901 and it is now predominantly a bedroom community. Angel Island was known as Ellis Island West because it served as the point for immigrants from East Asia. It is now a park accessible by ferry. Mountainous Yerba Buena Island is pierced by a tunnel linking the east and west spans of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, attached to the north is the artificial and flat Treasure Island, site of the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition. From the Second World War until the 1990s, both served as military bases and are now being redeveloped. Isolated in the center of the Bay is Alcatraz, the site of the federal penitentiary. The federal prison on Alcatraz Island no longer functions, but the complex is a popular tourist site, despite its name, Mare Island in the northern part of the bay is a peninsula rather than an island. During the last ice age, the now filled by the bay was a large linear valley with small hills
9.
Marina
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A marina is a dock or basin with moorings and supplies for yachts and small boats. A marina differs from a port in that a marina does not handle large ships or cargo from freighters. The word marina is also used for inland wharves on rivers, marinas may be located along the banks of rivers connecting to lakes or seas and may be inland. They are also located on coastal harbors or coastal lagoons, either as stand alone facilities or within a port complex, a marina may have refueling, washing and repair facilities, marine and boat chandlers, stores and restaurants. A marina may include facilities such as parking lots for vehicles. Slipways transfer a trailered boat into the water, a marina may have a boat hoist well operated by service personnel. A marina may provide in- or out-of-water boat storage, fee-based services such as parking, use of picnic areas, pubs, and clubhouses for showers are usually included in long-term rental agreements. Visiting yachtsmen usually have the option of buying each amenity from a fixed schedule of fees, arrangements can be as wide as a use, such as a shower. The right to use the facilities is frequently extended at overnight or period rates to visiting yachtsmen, since marinas are often limited by available space, it may take years on a waiting list to get a permanent berth. Boats are moored on buoys, on fixed or floating walkways tied to an anchoring piling by a roller or ring mechanism, buoys are cheaper to rent but less convenient than being able to walk from land to boat. Harbor shuttles, may transfer people between the shore and boats moored on buoys, the alternative is a tender such as an inflatable boat. Facilities offering fuel, boat ramps and stores will normally have a common-use dock set aside for such short term parking needs, where the tidal range is large, marinas may use locks to maintain the water level for several hours before and after low water. Marinas may be owned and operated by a club, especially yacht clubs —. Marinas may be private businesses, components of a resort. List of marinas MARINA - Maritime Industry Authority
10.
Berkeley I-80 Bridge
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The Berkeley I-80 bridge also known as the University Avenue pedestrian bridge and the Berkeley Marina overpass is a 15-foot -wide bridge spanning the Eastshore Freeway in Berkeley, California. It forms part of the San Francisco Bay Trail, the bridge was constructed to allow bicycles, pedestrians, and wheelchair users access to the Berkeley Marina, Eastshore State Park, and the city. In the city records, the bridge is referred to as the City of Berkeley Eastshore Pedestrian Overcrossing, the bridge has two lanes for bikes and a raised sidewalk and is wide enough to carry emergency vehicles. Crossing 14 lanes of traffic, the span is 85 metres long. Opened on February 27,2002, the bridge was built at a cost of $6.4 million, the new pathway created a route in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 between Berkeley and its Marina and waterfront park region. Prior to its construction, the wheelchair accessible route was via an undercrossing 1 mile to the north. Bicycles and pedestrians alternately use a path and stairwell that ran under, since opening, the bridge has seen a much higher use than the previous path and stairwell. The National Bicycle Greenway has used it since 2003 in its Oakland to Berkeley Mayors Ride
11.
San Francisco Bay Trail
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The San Francisco Bay Trail is a bicycle and pedestrian trail that will eventually allow continuous travel around the shoreline of San Francisco Bay. As of 2016,350 miles of trail have been completed, when finished, the Bay Trail will extend over 500 miles to link the shoreline of nine counties, passing through 47 cities and crossing seven toll bridges. It is a project of the Association of Bay Area Governments, the Bay Trail is a collaboration between elected officials, government agencies, private companies, non-profit organizations, advocacy groups and the public to increase access to the edge of the bay. It provides recreational opportunities for hikers and bicyclists, offers a setting for viewing and environmental education. The Bay Trail provides access to points of historic, natural and cultural interest, the Bay Trail consists of paved paths, gravel trails, bike lanes or sidewalks. The Bay Trail is a trail system that links parks, open spaces, points of interest. Sections of the Bay Trail exist in all nine Bay Area counties, the northernmost trail section passes through San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge. Bicycle and pedestrian pathways exist on five Bay Area toll bridges, Golden Gate Bridge, Carquinez Bridge, Benicia-Martinez Bridge, Dumbarton Bridge, a complete connection on the Bay Bridge East Span between Oakland and Yerba Buena Island is scheduled to open in September 2016. A 5-year pilot program will open the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge to bicyclists, the idea for the Bay Trail was launched in the Fall of 1986, when Senator Bill Lockyer of Hayward was having lunch with a local editor in a waterfront restaurant. The end-of-session legislative frenzy was over, and Senator Lockyer was in a reflective mood, “Let me try this idea out on you, ” he said to his companion. “What if we tried to develop a pedestrian and bicycle path around the bay, with access to the shoreline. ”His luncheon partner applauded the idea, the outcome was Senate Bill 100. Coauthored by all Bay Area legislators, the bill passed and it defined parameters of the planning process, designated the Association of Bay Area Governments as the lead agency, and provided $300,000 for the preparation of a Bay Trail Plan by July 1,1989. The Bay Trail Plan, adopted by ABAG, shows a network of trails that meander and loop along the shore, connecting all nine surrounding counties, the San Francisco Bay Shoreline Guide was revised in 2012. It provides information about the natural and cultural history of San Francisco Bay, published by University of California Press for the California Coastal Conservancy. The San Francisco Bay Trail maps were released in May 2013, the box set of 25 cards and a large fold-out map provide detailed information about the trail and points of interest along its route. Production of the maps was funded in part by the California Coastal Conservancy, the San Francisco Bay Trail Plan, A Recreational Ring Around San Francisco Bay was published in 1989 by the Association of Bay Area Governments. The plan includes the trail alignment, project goals, policies, San Francisco Bay Area Water Trail, a proposal to create a safely navigable water trail for nonmotorized beachable watercraft, circumnavigating the bay. San Francisco Bay Trail San Francisco Bay Area Water Trail Walking San Francisco Bay The San Francisco Bay Trail, Its Closer Than You Think Walk the Whole Bay Trail Bit by Bit
12.
Terminal station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
13.
AC Transit
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AC Transit is an Oakland-based public transit agency serving the western portions of Alameda and Contra Costa counties in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. AC Transit also operates Transbay routes across San Francisco Bay to San Francisco and selected areas in San Mateo, AC Transit is constituted as a special district under California law. It is governed by seven elected members and it is not a part of or under the control of Alameda or Contra Costa counties or any local jurisdictions. Buses operate out of three operating divisions, Emeryville, East Oakland, and Hayward, the Operations Control Center is located in Emeryville. The Richmond operating division closed in 2011, the District is the public successor to the privately owned Key System. The Districts bus lines also serve parts of some other East Bay communities, including Milpitas, Pinole, most routes connect with regional train service, primarily BART, in addition to ACE and Amtrak, including the Capitol Corridor. While most AC Transit service consists of lines throughout the East Bay. Most of these run across the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge to connect communities as distant as El Sobrante, Bus service is also provided across the San Mateo and Dumbarton bridges to the south. AC Transits primary hubs include BART stations, major shopping centers, and points of interest, most routes serve and/or terminate at BART stations, providing convenience for transit users. The hubs include, See also AC Transits page on fares and passes or AC Transits page on bus fares, on July 1,2014, AC Transit introduced a Day Pass, designed for customers taking more than two local buses in a day. The pass is good for unlimited rides on local routes from 3,01 a. m. to 3,00 a. m. Customers can obtain a Day Pass in one of two ways, Using Clipper, Customers keep cash value on their card. Once fares equalling the Day Pass price have been deducted, the Day Pass automatically activates, on subsequent rides, the card is tagged but no additional fare is deducted. On-Board, Customers deposit the amount in the farebox and request a Day Pass from the bus operator. On subsequent rides, the pass is swiped at the farebox, AC Transit fares are structured to promote the use of Clipper. Not only are local bus rides cheaper, but certain interagency transfers and day passes are easier to obtain, monthly passes are only available on Clipper. Local BART-to-bus transfer, $0.25 cash discount to and from BART with paper transfer issued at BART, applied as $0.50 Clipper discount on bus trip away from BART only. To transfer from AC Transit to another bus agency without Clipper, to transfer from another bus agency to AC Transit without Clipper, ask the other bus driver for a transfer. Notes, All fares are in USD,1 Issued upon request when full price is paid
14.
Southern Pacific Railroad
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The Southern Pacific Transportation Company, earlier Southern Pacific Railroad and Southern Pacific Company, and usually called the Southern Pacific or Espee, was an American Class I railroad. It was absorbed in 1988 by the company controlled the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. The railroad was founded as a holding company in 1865. By 1900 the Southern Pacific Company was a railroad system incorporating many smaller companies, such as the Texas and New Orleans Railroad and Morgans Louisiana. It extended from New Orleans through Texas to El Paso, across New Mexico and through Tucson, to Los Angeles, through most of California, including San Francisco, Central Pacific lines extended east across Nevada to Ogden, Utah, and reached north through Oregon to Portland. By the 1980s route mileage had dropped to 10,423 miles, in 1988 the Southern Pacific was taken over by D&RGW parent Rio Grande Industries. The combined railroad kept the Southern Pacific name due to its recognition in the railroad industry. Along with the addition of the SPCSL Corporation route from Chicago to St. Louis, by 1996 years of financial problems had dropped SPs mileage to 13,715 miles, and it was taken over by the Union Pacific Railroad. Southern Pacific founded important hospitals in San Francisco, Tucson, in the 1970s, it also founded a telecommunications network with a state-of-the-art microwave and fiber optic backbone. This evolved into Sprint, a company name that came from the acronym for Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Networking Telephony. The original aim was to construct a railroad from Galveston Bay to a point on the Red River near a trading post known as Coffees Station, the GRR built 2 miles of track in Houston in 1855. Track laying began in earnest in 1856 and on 1 September 1856 GRR was renamed the Houston and Texas Central Railway. SP acquired H&TC in 1883 but it continued to operate as a subsidiary under its own management until 1927, when it was leased to another SP-owned railroad, the Texas and New Orleans Railroad. The Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, was chartered in Texas on 11 February 1850 by a group that included General Sidney Sherman, bBB&C was the first railroad to commence operation in Texas and the first component of SP to commence operation. Surveying of the route alignment commenced at Harrisburg, Texas in 1851, the first 20 miles of track opened in August 1853. SP was founded in San Francisco, California in 1865 by a group of businessmen led by Timothy Phelps with the aim of building a connection between San Francisco and San Diego, California. The company was purchased in September 1868 by a group of known as the Big Four, Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins. The Big Four had, in 1861, created the Central Pacific Railroad, CPRR was merged into SP in 1870
15.
Union Pacific
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The Union Pacific Railroad is a freight hauling railroad that operates 8,500 locomotives over 32,100 route-miles in 23 states west of Chicago, Illinois and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Union Pacific Railroad network is the largest in the United States and it is also one of the worlds largest transportation companies. Union Pacific Railroad is the operating company of Union Pacific Corporation. Union Pacific Corporations main competitor is the BNSF Railway, the second largest freight railroad. Together, the two railroads have a duopoly on all freight rail lines in the U. S. The original company was incorporated on July 1,1862, under an act of Congress entitled Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The act was approved by President Abraham Lincoln, and it provided for the construction of railroads from the Missouri River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union. It was constructed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, the line was constructed primarily by Irish labor who had learned their craft during the recent Civil War. The two lines were joined together at Promontory Summit, Utah,53 miles west of Ogden on May 10,1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Under the guidance of its dominant stockholder Dr. Thomas Clark Durant, the namesake of the city of Durant, Iowa, the first rails were laid in Omaha. It built or purchased local lines that gave it access to Denver, Colorado, to Portland, Oregon and it also owned narrow gauge trackage into the heart of the Colorado Rockies and a standard gauge line south from Denver across New Mexico into Texas. UP was entangled in the Crédit Mobilier scandal, exposed in 1872 and its independent construction company the Crédit Mobilier had bribed congressmen. The UP itself was not guilty but it did get bad publicity, the financial crisis of 1873 led to financial troubles but not bankruptcy. The company was reorganized as the Union Pacific Railway on January 24,1880, the new company declared bankruptcy during the Panic of 1893. When it emerged in 1897 it reverted to the original name, the corporate headquarters of the Union Pacific Corporation were located in New York City from its initial founding in the 1860s until Drew Lewis became CEO in the mid-1980s. He relocated it to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, later the headquarters was shifted to Dallas, Texas, before relocating to Omaha to join the operating headquarters. From the ICC annual reports, except 1979 is from Moodys, on December 31,1925 UP-OSL-OWRN-LA&SL-StJ&GI operated 9,834 route-miles and 15,265 track-miles. At the end of 1980, Union Pacific operated 9,266 route-miles and 15,647 miles of track, Moodys shows 220,697 million revenue ton-miles in 1993 on the expanded system
16.
Berkeley Pier
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The Berkeley Pier is in Berkeley, California. When constructed, the pier extended 3.5 miles into San Francisco Bay from the end of University Avenue, due to extensive filling of the bay and the creation of the Berkeley Marina, it presently extends only 2.5 miles. Only the first 3,000 feet were maintained and open to the public, in the mid-19th century, two private wharves were built along the Berkeley waterfront. One was located at the foot of Addison Street one block south of University Avenue and served the Standard Soap Company, a major regional soap-making factory. The other, the Jacobs and Heywood Wharf, was located several blocks north of University Avenue at the foot of Delaware Street, in 1909, the City built a municipal wharf at the foot of University Avenue. This pier was intended for a ferry which never materialized. Starting in 1926, the Golden Gate Ferry Company, began construction of the Berkeley Pier and it was also built out from the foot of University Avenue about 3.5 miles into the Bay. On June 16,1927, auto ferry service began between the Berkeley Pier and the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco, a pier shared with the Sausalito ferry. In early 1929, the Golden Gate Ferry Company merged with the competing auto ferry system of the Southern Pacific railroad, on May 1,1929, ferry service to San Francisco from the Berkeley Pier was taken over by the new Southern Pacific-Golden Gate Ferries, Ltd. Upon merging with the SP, the boats were all re-painted in the standard Southern Pacific maritime white, between 1926 and 1937, the Pier served as an integral part of the Lincoln Highway, and then subsequently U. S. Route 40. A two-lane road ran the length to a ferry dock at the end of the pier. The ferry line shut down on October 16,1937,11 months after the Bay Bridge opened to auto traffic, in 1938, the Golden Poppy was sent to Washington state where it was renamed Chetzemoka and continued in service until 1973. In 1977, it sank in heavy seas as it was being towed back to San Francisco Bay, the Golden State was also sent to Washington state and renamed Kehloken. It was in service until 1979 when it was burned in a fire spread from the pier it was moored to. The Golden Bear was damaged off the coast of Oregon while being towed to Washington state in 1937, the Golden Dawn was simply retired in 1937, presumably for scrap. Upon the cessation of service, the portion of the pier closest to shore was converted to recreational use. The remaining portion of the pier was left to decay, and is still visible, there is a gap of about fifty feet at the end of the current pier to allow the passage of small boats. In 2007, proposals were considered to start a new service using a terminal near the pier
17.
Hyde Street Pier
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The Hyde Street Pier, at 2905 Hyde Street, is a historic ferry pier located on the northern waterfront of San Francisco, California, amidst the tourist zone of Fishermans Wharf. It was designated part of U. S. Route 101, the ferries began operation by the Golden Gate Ferry Company. Today, the pier is part of the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, various historical ships are anchored to the pier, some available for self-guided or docent-led tours. Among the ships on display or in storage are the Balclutha, thayer, Eureka, Alma, Hercules, Eppleton Hall, and over one hundred smaller craft. Photo of the Hyde Street Pier in the 1930s
18.
Sausalito
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Sausalito is a San Francisco Bay Area city in Marin County, California. Sausalito is 8 miles south-southeast of San Rafael, at an elevation of 13 feet, the population was 7,061 as of the 2010 census. The community is situated near the end of the Golden Gate Bridge, and prior to the building of that bridge served as a terminus for rail, car. It is adjacent to, and largely bounded by, the spaces of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It is sometimes claimed that Sausalito was named for the district in Valparaíso, Murrieta was the leader of bandits who settled at the northern end of the future Golden Gate bridge after being banned from San Francisco in the bandit wars. However, this theory cannot be true because Murrieta was from Mexico, not Chile, the Rancho Saucelito had already been granted to William Richardson in 1838. Located at 37°51′33″N 122°29′07″W, Sausalito encompasses both steep, wooded hillside and shoreline tidal flats, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.2 square miles. Notably, only 1.8 square miles of it is land, a full 21. 54% of the city is under water, and has been so since its founding in 1868. Prominent geographic features associated with Sausalito include Richardson Bay and Pine Point, when Sausalito was formally platted, it was anticipated that future development might extend the shoreline with landfill, as had been the practice in neighboring San Francisco. As a result, entire streets, demarcated and given names like Pescadero, Eureka and Teutonia, the legal, if not actual, presence of these streets has proved a contentious factor in public policy, because some houseboats float directly above them. The California State Lands Commission is reportedly pursuing a compromise which would not the houseboats. Sausalito has a Mediterranean climate with far lower temperatures than expected because of its adjacency to San Francisco Bay, Sausalito was once the site of a Coast Miwok settlement known as Liwanelowa. The branch of the Coast Miwok living in this area were known as the Huimen, early explorers of the area described them as friendly and hospitable. Such placidity was likely a factor to their complete displacement. As historian Jack Tracy has observed, Their dwellings on the site of Sausalito were explored and mapped in 1907, nearly a century, by that time, nothing was left of the culture of those who had first enjoyed the natural treasures of the bay. The life of the Coastal Miwoks had been reduced to archaeological remnants, the first European known to visit the present-day location of Sausalito was Don José de Cañizares, on August 5,1775. Cañizares was head of a party dispatched by longboat from the ship San Carlos. The crew of the San Carlos came ashore soon after, reporting friendly natives and teeming populations of deer, elk, bear, sea lions, seals and otters
19.
U.S. Route 40 in California
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U. S. Route 40 is an east–west United States Highway. As with most routes whose numbers end in a zero, US40 once traversed the entire United States and it is one of the original 1926 U. S. Highways, and its first termini were San Francisco, California, and Atlantic City, New Jersey. In the western United States, US40 was functionally replaced by Interstate 80, US40 currently ends at a junction with I-80 in Silver Summit, Utah, just outside Park City. Three former and four current state capitals lie along the route, the route was built on top of several older highways, most notably the National Road and the Victory Highway. The National Road was created in 1806 by an act of Congress to serve as the first federally funded construction project. When completed it connected Cumberland, Maryland, with Vandalia, Illinois, the Victory Highway was designated as a memorial to World War I veterans and ran from Kansas City, Missouri to San Francisco, California. The western terminus of US40 is in Silver Summit, Utah at an interchange with Interstate 80, several miles north of Park City, the road is concurrent with US189 until it has reached Heber City. US40 is an access highway from the I-80 junction to its intersection with Utah State Route 32. From there, the road takes a southerly course to Heber City. In Heber City, there is an intersection with SR-113, one mile later, US189 splits off. There would be no major intersections until US40 has reached Fruitland. About 18 miles later, the road enters Duchesne, in Duchesne, it meets US191 and SR-87. US40 passes Duchesne and starts a concurrency, the concurrency goes into Roosevelt, Fort Duchesne and Vernal. In Roosevelt, it meets SR-87 again in a 5-point intersection, there are two intersections with SR-121, in Roosevelt and Vernal. In Fort Duchesne, there is an intersection with SR-88, after US40 passes Vernal, US191 splits off and the concurrency ends. After that, there are no major intersections until US40 reaches Naples. About 9 miles later, US40 enters Jensen, in Jensen, there is an intersection with SR-149. About 18 miles later, the road enters Colorado, US40 enters Colorado,2 miles west of Dinosaur
20.
San Pablo Avenue
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State Route 123 is a state highway in the U. S. state of California in the San Francisco Bay Area. Named San Pablo Avenue for virtually its entire length, SR123 is a major state highway along the flats of the urban East Bay in the U. S. state of California. Route 123 runs a relatively short 7.39 miles between Interstate 580 in the south and Interstate 80 in the north, San Pablo Avenue itself, a portion of Historic US40, continues well past these termini but without the Route 123 designation. Route 123 is a boulevard with a median strip for its entire length. Its southern terminus is at the underpass of Interstate 580 in Oakland, going north, it passes through the cities of Emeryville, Berkeley, Albany, El Cerrito. It briefly turns on Cutting Boulevard before entering Richmond at its terminus under Interstate 80. San Pablo Avenue is sometimes used as a route to the Eastshore Freeway when that freeway becomes very congested. Major intersections along this route include 40th Street, Ashby Avenue, University Avenue, Gilman Street, Marin Avenue, Central Avenue, continuing on San Pablo Avenue past Route 123s southern terminus eventually leads to downtown Oakland and Oakland City Hall where San Pablo Avenue ends. Continuing on San Pablo Avenue before Route 123s northern terminus leads to the cities of San Pablo, Pinole, Hercules, Rodeo, an AC Transit Rapid Bus runs along San Pablo Ave. from Downtown Oakland to Contra Costa College in San Pablo. The BART system runs its Richmond leg parallel to the route up to the El Cerrito Del Norte station, the Alvarado Adobe is located by the San Pablo City Hall on the corner of San Pablo Avenue and Church Lane. Independent of its signage as State Route 123, San Pablo Avenue is a high-traffic inter-county artery, linking cities in Alameda. In Oakland, San Pablo Avenue begins at the intersection of 14th Street and Broadway, in the centre of downtown, as a pedestrian path through Frank H. Ogawa Plaza. Shortly before 16th Street, the path becomes a road, the first building given a San Pablo Avenue address is number 1601, assigned to I. B. s Hoagies and Cheesesteaks. San Pablo Avenue continues as a major artery through the border of Oakland, after 67th Street. Given typical American style, the west side of the street is assigned odd numbers, the cities of Berkeley and Albany operate on a separate street grid from Oakland. The lowest number in Berkeley is 1155, the lowest in Albany,398, codornices Creek marks the border between Albany and El Cerrito, the Rancho San Pablo and Rancho San Antonio, and thus, Alameda and Contra Costa Counties. Numbering begins at 9800, and ends at 16550, at First Baptist Church of Pinole, State Route 123 turns left from San Pablo Avenue at Cutting Boulevard and terminates at a T-intersection with Interstate 80. San Pablo Avenue north of Cutting is still used as an artery in its own right
21.
Eastshore Highway
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Interstate 80 is a major east–west route of the Interstate Highway System, running between the U. S. states of California and New York. The highway has its terminus in San Francisco. From there it heads east across the Bay Bridge to Oakland, I-80 then traverses the Sierra Nevada, cresting at Donner Summit, before crossing into the state of Nevada within the Truckee River Canyon. The speed limit is at most 65 miles per hour along the route instead of the states maximum of 70 mph. I-80 has portions designated as the Eastshore Freeway and Alan S. Hart Freeway, throughout California, I-80 was built along the corridor of U. S. Route 40, eventually replacing this designation entirely. The prior US40 corridor itself was built along several historic corridors in California, notably the California Trail, the route has changed from the original plans in San Francisco due to freeway revolts canceling segments of the originally planned alignment. Similarly in Sacramento, the freeway was re-routed around the city plans to upgrade the original grandfathered route through the city to Interstate highway standards were cancelled. I-80 is recognized as the Dwight D. Eisenhower Highway in the western United States, in California, it follows the original corridor of the Lincoln Highway from Sacramento to Reno. According to the California State Highway system, I-80 begins at its intersection with U. S. Route 101 in San Francisco, the Interstate designation is interpreted by some to actually beginning on the Bay Bridge approach itself, at the location of the Fremont Street off-ramp. Thus, the first 1.20 miles of the signed Interstate may not be officially an actual Interstate, the Eastshore Freeway is a segment of Interstates 80 and 580 along the northeast shoreline of San Francisco Bay in northern California. It begins at the Carquinez Bridge and ends at the MacArthur Maze interchange just east of the end of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. Interstate 580 joins the Eastshore Freeway at an interchange known locally as the Hoffman Split in Albany. S, the Eastshore Highway began in El Cerrito at an intersection with San Pablo Avenue at Hill Street between Potrero Avenue and Cutting Blvd. Adjacent to the location today of the El Cerrito Del Norte station of BART and it was not a freeway in that access was at intersections with adjoining streets rather than by ramps. The Eastshore Highway ran from El Cerrito to the Bay Bridge along the routing as todays freeway. A causeway was constructed for this purpose by filling in part of the mudflats along the bayshore, the frontage road along the east side of todays Eastshore Freeway between Buchanan Street in Albany and Hearst Avenue in Berkeley retains the name Eastshore Highway. The terminal segment of the old Eastshore Highway in El Cerrito between Potrero and San Pablo Avenues is today named Eastshore Boulevard, originally, the name Eastshore Freeway was also applied to what is today known as the Nimitz Freeway upon its construction in 1947. This freeway was dedicated in 1958 to Admiral Nimitz, and so for a few years in the 1950s prior, until the late 1960s, the Eastshore Freeway was also designated as part of State Route 17 together with the Nimitz Freeway. The Eastshore Freeway was officially renamed the Kent D. Pursel Memorial Freeway in 1968, but this name is hardly recognized as such by the public, and most maps still show the name Eastshore Freeway
22.
Cesar Chavez Park
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César Chávez Park is a 90 acres city park of Berkeley, California named after César Chávez. It can be found on the peninsula on the side of the Berkeley Marina in the San Francisco Bay and is adjacent to Eastshore State Park. The parks east position in San Francisco Bay provides panoramic views of San Francisco, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Marin Headlands, the parks terrain is characterized by very open grassy hills that have become popular for kite flying. Paved paths run the perimeter and throughout the park where picnic tables, grassy areas for kite flying, Frisbee playing, etc. Hiking on trails throughout the park, the 1. 25-mile Dorothy Stegmann trail around the perimeter is fully wheelchair accessible. The park began as a landfill dating back to 1957, when dikes were constructed for the purpose of containing municipal waste, in 1969, the city adopted the Marina Master Plan, which set aside the landfill area for unstructured recreation. In 1991 the city completely sealed the landfill and the park opened soon thereafter, in 1996, the city renamed the park after César E. Chávez, union leader and founder of the United Farm Workers of America. Popular activities include model rocket launching, kite flying, picnicking, although on a peninsula, the park has no access to the water because there are no beaches nor steps down through the parks reinforced shoreline. Solstice and Equinox celebrations at the Solar Calendar, Celebrations are held quarterly on the solstices and equinoxes and these celebrations include both scientific and cultural components. From the web site, Many cultural celebrations are rooted in the cycles of the sun and moon, for example, Easter, Passover, Narooz in the Spring, Rosh Hashanah, Kwaanza, Christmas in the winter, etc. Fourth of July Celebration and Fireworks, While most of this event is held elsewhere in the Marina, Berkeley Kite Festival, Annual event held the last weekend in July. Hundreds of kites of all sizes are flown by amateurs and professionals, thousands of people attend, making parking difficult. César E. Chávez Park - City of Berkeley The Solar Calendar, A César E. Chávez Memorial - located on a hill on the west side of the park
23.
Works Progress Administration
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In a much smaller but more famous project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Almost every community in the United States had a new park, the WPAs initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion. Headed by Harry Hopkins, the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. At its peak in 1938, it provided jobs for three million unemployed men and women, as well as youth in a separate division, the National Youth Administration. Between 1935 and 1943, when the agency was disbanded, the WPA employed 8.5 million people, most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity. Hourly wages were set to the prevailing wages in each area. The stated goal of building programs was to end the depression or, at least, alleviate its worst effects. Millions of people needed subsistence incomes, Work relief was preferred over public assistance because it maintained self-respect, reinforced the work ethic, and kept skills sharp. The WPA was a program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments. Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies, WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs. It was liquidated on June 30,1943, as a result of low unemployment due to the shortage of World War II. The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years, on May 6,1935, FDR issued Executive Order 7034, establishing the Works Progress Administration. The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program—a major public works program directed by the WPA. The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins, supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA. The Division of Professional and Service Projects, which was responsible for projects including education programs, recreation programs. It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division, the Division of Investigation, which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud, misappropriation of funds and disloyalty. The Division of Statistics, also known as the Division of Social Research, the Project Control Division, which processed project applications. Other divisions including the Employment, Management, Safety, Supply, the goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered
24.
Aquatic Park (Berkeley)
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Aquatic Park is a public park in Berkeley, California, United States, located just east of the Eastshore Freeway between Ashby and University Avenues. The Works Progress Administration created the park in the 1930s simultaneously with the nearby Berkeley Yacht Harbor, the lagoon still communicates with the Bay through culverts under the freeway. The east shoreline of the used to be the original shoreline of San Francisco Bay. Aquatic Park features picnic areas, Dream Land for Kids—a large childrens playground, a path. The lagoon is used by the Berkeley Paddling and Rowing Club year round, historically, it was also a practice site for the University of California crew teams
25.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
26.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
27.
San Francisco and Oakland Helicopter Airlines
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San Francisco and Oakland Helicopter Airlines was a helicopter airline scheduling passenger flights between San Francisco, Oakland, and other Bay Area cities. It was founded in 1961 but disappeared from the Official Airline Guide 15 years later, San Francisco and Oakland Helicopter Airlines was one of the first helicopter airlines to operate without a federal subsidy and it was the first to operate with only turbine engine helicopters. Flights started with two leased 10-passenger Sikorsky S-62s, in late summer 1961 the timetable showed 68 flights a day, with the airline claiming that its helicopters made less noise than neighborhood trucks. Post Office Department granted SFO Helicopter airmail contract number AM-103, allowing it to transport U. S, San Francisco and Oakland Helicopter Airlines fleet in 1965 was one Sikorsky S-62 and three Sikorsky S-61Ns. In 1965 the airline tried a 15-seat Westland-Bell SK-5 hovercraft between SFO, OAK, and San Francisco Pier 50B, for passengers connecting east to Denver or beyond, the ticket to SFO cost $4.75 from Marin or Lafayette and $4.50 from Berkeley. In 1968 SFO Helicopter enplaned 332000 passengers, in the April 27,1969 timetable, each flight at SFO served two gates, American Airlines gate 45 and TWA gate 53 with staggered arrival and departure times at each gate. The airline was declared bankrupt in July 1970 and by the end of the year, destinations had been reduced to Marin, Berkeley, SFO, and OAK. In 1973-1974 Emeryville replaced Berkeley, the October 26,1975 timetable shows 53 daily flights and 26 daily-except-Sat flights from SFO, OAK, Marin County and they disappeared from the Official Airline Guide in 1976 and had gone out of business in 1986. Something called SFO Helicopter Airlines appeared in the OAG from 1981-82 until 1988 and it was a Part 204 commuter airline so its flights didnt appear in Airport Activity Statistics and its unknown to what extent they existed. The July 1,1983 Pocket OAG shows 22 weekday round trips with Bell helicopters between SFO and OAK airports, in 1985 the OAG listed SFO Helicopter service between SFO and OAK and also between SFO and the Oakland Convention Center, all on Bell helicopters
28.
San Francisco International Airport
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San Francisco International Airport is an international airport 13 miles south of downtown San Francisco, California, United States, near Millbrae and San Bruno in unincorporated San Mateo County. It has flights to points throughout North America and is a gateway to Europe. SFO is the largest airport in Northern California and the second busiest in California, in 2014, it was the seventh busiest in the United States and the twenty-first busiest airport in the world by passenger count. It is the fifth largest hub for United Airlines and functions as United Airliness primary transpacific gateway and it also serves as Virgin Americas principal base of operations. It is the sole hub of United Airlines, and houses the Louis A. Turpen Aviation Museum. SFO is owned and policed by the City and County of San Francisco, between 1999 and 2004 the San Francisco Airport Commission operated city-owned SFO Enterprises, Inc. to oversee its business purchases and operations of ventures. San Francisco held a ceremony for Mills Field Municipal Airport on May 7,1927 on 150 acres of cow pasture. The land was leased from Ogden L. Mills who had leased it from his grandfather Darius O. Mills, San Francisco International Airport was named Mills Field Municipal Airport until 1931, when it became San Francisco Municipal Airport. Municipal was replaced by International in 1955, United Airlines served SFO and Oakland Municipal Airport beginning in the 1930s. The March 1939 Official Aviation Guide shows 18 airline departures on weekdays— seventeen United flights, the aerial view c.1940 looks west along the runway that is now 28R, the seaplane harbor at right is still recognizable north of the airport. Earlier aerial looking NW1943 vertical aerial The August 1952 chart shows runway 1L7000 feet long, 1R7750 feet, 28L6500 feet and 28R8870 feet. Competition with United led Pacific Seaboard to move all of its operations to the eastern U. S. and rename itself Chicago and it became a large domestic and international air carrier. Chicago & Southern was acquired by and merged into Delta Air Lines in 1953 thus providing Delta with its first international routes, United Airlines Douglas DC-6 propliners flying to and from Hawaii used the Pan American World Airways terminal beginning in 1947. The first nonstops to the U. S. east coast were flown by United with Douglas DC-7 propliners in 1954, also in 1954 the airports Central Passenger Terminal opened on August 27 of that year. Included in the static display of aircraft on that day was a Convair B-36 Peacemaker bomber. The Central Passenger Terminal was heavily rebuilt as the terminal in 1984. As for international flights, Pan American had 21 departures a week, Japan Airlines had five, the jet age arrived at SFO in March 1959 when TWA introduced Boeing 707-131 jetliners with nonstop service to New York Idlewild Airport. United then constructed a large facility at San Francisco for its new Douglas DC-8 jets
29.
Oakland International Airport
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Oakland International Airport is an international airport in Oakland, California, United States. It is located approximately 10 miles south of Downtown and it is owned by the Port of Oakland. The airport has service to cities in the United States, Mexico. Cargo flights fly to cities in the United States, Canada, Oakland is a focus city for Southwest Airlines and Allegiant Air. As of August 2015 Southwest has 120 daily departures on peak-travel days of the week, Alaska Airlines combined with sister-carrier Horizon Air has been the second-busiest carrier at the airport through 2013. In January 2014, Delta overtook Alaska as the airports No.2 carrier, the top five airlines by passenger count between October 2014 – September 2015 were Southwest Airlines, Alaska Airlines, Spirit Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, JetBlue Airways. Between October 2014 and September 2015,10,947,066 people traveled through OAK, in 2009, OAK had the highest on-time arrival percentage among the 40 busiest North American airports. The city of Oakland looked into the construction of an airport starting in 1925, in 1927 the announcement of the Dole prize for a flight from California to Hawaii provided the incentive to purchase 680 acres in April 1927 for the airport. The 7, 020-foot-long runway was the longest in the world at the time, the airport was dedicated by Charles Lindbergh September 17. Earhart departed from this airport when she made her final, ill-fated voyage, Boeing Air Transport began scheduled flights to Oakland in December 1927. It was joined by Trans World Airlines in 1932, in 1929, Boeing opened the Boeing School of Aeronautics on the field, which expanded rapidly in 1939 as part of the Civilian Pilot Training Program. Thousands of pilots and mechanics were trained before the facility was changed into the United Air Lines training center in 1945, armed Forces temporarily took over Oakland Airport and opened Naval Air Station Oakland. It was transformed into a base for military flights to the Pacific islands. After the war, airlines slowly returned to Oakland, Western Airlines began flights in 1946, and was followed by American Airlines, TWA, United, Transocean Airlines and Pacific Southwest Airlines. The airports first Jet Age airline terminal was designed by John Carl Warnecke & Associates and opened in 1962, part of a $20 million expansion on bay fill that included the 10, 000-foot runway 11/29. The May 1963 OAG showed 15 airline flights arriving in Oakland each day, including nine from San Francisco, in June 1963, TWA flew Oaklands first scheduled jet, by the late 1960s, World Airways had broken ground on the World Airways Maintenance Center at Oakland International Airport. The maintenance hangar could store four Boeing 747s, after the war Oaklands traffic slumped, but airline deregulation prompted several low-fare carriers to begin flights. This increase prompted the airport to build a $16.3 million second terminal, in 1987 an Air France Concorde visited Oakland to provide supersonic two-hour flights to the Pacific halfway to Hawaii and back to Oakland
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Sikorsky S-61
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The Sikorsky S-61L and S-61N are civil variants of the successful SH-3 Sea King helicopter. They are two of the most widely used airliner and oil rig support helicopters built, in September 1957, Sikorsky won a United States Navy development contract for an amphibious anti-submarine warfare helicopter capable of detecting and attacking submarines. The XHSS-2 Sea King prototype flew on 11 March 1959, production deliveries of the HSS-2 began in September 1961, with the initial production aircraft being powered by two 930 kW General Electric T58-GE-8B turboshafts. Sikorsky was quick to develop a model of the Sea King. The S-61L first flew on 2 November 1961, and was 4 ft 3 in longer than the HSS-2 in order to carry a payload of freight or passengers. Initial production S-61Ls were powered by two 1350shp GE CT58-140 turboshafts, the version of the T58. The S-61L features a modified landing gear without float stabilisers, Los Angeles Airways was the first civil operator of the S-61, introducing them on 11 March 1962, for a purchased price of $650,000 each. On 7 August 1962, the S-61N made its first flight, otherwise identical to the S-61L, this version is optimized for overwater operations, particularly oil rig support, by retaining the SH-3s floats. The Payloader, a stripped down version optimised for aerial work, was the third civil model of the S-61. The Payloader features the fixed undercarriage of the S-61L, but with an empty weight almost 2,000 lb less than the standard S-61N, Carson Helicopters was the first company to shorten a commercial S-61. The fuselage is shortened by 50 in to increase single-engine performance, a unique version is the S-61 Shortsky conversion of S-61Ls and S-61Ns by Helipro International. VIH Logging was the customer for the HeliPro Shortsky conversion which first flew in February 1996. One modification for the S-61 is the Carson Composite Main Rotor blade and these blades replace the original Sikorsky metal blades which are prone to fatigue. The Carson Composite Main Rotor blades permit a modified aircraft to carry an additional 2,000 lb load, fly 15 kn faster, the latest version is the modernized S-61T helicopter. The US State Department has signed an agreement for up to 110 modernized S-61T aircraft for passenger. The first two modernized S-61 aircraft will support missions for the U. S. Embassy in Afghanistan and it can seat up to 30 passengers S-61L Mk II Improved version of the S-61L helicopter, equipped with cargo bins. S-61N Mk II Improved version of the S-61N helicopter, s-61NM An L model in an N configuration. On 22 May 1968, Los Angeles Airways Flight 841 crashed near Paramount, California, the accident aircraft, N303Y, serial number 61060, was a Sikorsky S-61L en route to Los Angeles International Airport from the Disneyland Heliport in Anaheim, California
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Sikorsky S-62
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The Sikorsky HH-52 Seaguard was a single turbine engine, three-blade rotor amphibious helicopter. Originally developed as a venture by the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation of Stratford, Connecticut. The HH-52 has been replaced by non-amphibious types such as the HH-65 Dolphin, a number of S-62s were bought by the US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics for the US Coast Guard for use as a search and rescue helicopter. Initially designated HU2S-1G Seaguard, it was re-designated as the HH-52A Seaguard in 1962, the HH-52A used a boat hulled shaped fuselage, smaller but similar to the US Navys SH-3, and was employed aboard the larger Coast Guard cutters and icebreakers. The turbine powered S-62 could carry more weight and fly faster than the H-19, the aircraft was first conceived and designed to be amphibious so that flotation gear would not be required for over water flights, and rescues could be made by landing on the water. The fuselage is watertight for landings on water or snow, two outrigger floats resist pitching and rolling on the water. Although the HH-52A looks very different from the Sikorsky H-19, it used many of the same components, first flew on the 22nd of May 1958. S-62A Amphibious transport helicopter, powered by a General Electric CT58-110-1 turboshaft engine, the S-62A was the first production version. S-62B One S-62 was fitted with the rotor system of the S-58. S-62C Company designation of the HH-52A Seaguard, s-62J Produced under license in Japan by Mitsubishi. HU2S-1G Original designation of the HH-52A Seaguard, HH-52A Seaguard Search and rescue helicopter for the United States Coast Guard. 99 built including one transferred to Iceland, udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia on April 14,2016. Was on display at the Museum of Science and Industry, now is at the Naval Air Station Glenview Museum, hounslow, UK, Airline Publications and Sales Ltd. Taylor, John W. R. Janes All The Worlds Aircraft 1969-70, the Last Flying Lifeboat on MAAM. org Naval Air Station Glenview Museum US Naval Air Station Wildwood Museum HELIS. com Sikorsky S-62/HH-52 Database
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Claremont, Oakland/Berkeley, California
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The Claremont district is a neighborhood straddling the city limits of Oakland and Berkeley in the East Bay section of the San Francisco Bay Area in California, United States. It lies at an elevation of 266 feet, the main thoroughfares are Claremont and Ashby Avenues. The name was given in the late 19th century by a real estate developer, previously, the area was grazing land owned by a man named Harwood. Harwoods name was given to the canyon and the draining the canyon. When a telegraph line was strung through this canyon, it was dubbed Telegraph Canyon, a stage coach line ran up the canyon and over the summit into Contra Costa County. Today, Harwoods/Telegraph Canyon is Claremont Canyon, and North Fork Temescal/Harwoods Creek is Claremont Creek, in the early 1900s real estate interests associated with the Key System built the Claremont Hotel at the mouth of Claremont Canyon. The Key System ran one of its train lines directly to the hotel up Claremont Avenue until service ended in 1958. This train became the transbay E train upon completion of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, the principal west-east thoroughfare through the Claremont was at first Russell Street which led directly to the road up Claremont Canyon. Upon completion of the Grove-Shafter Freeway, it was re-designated State Route 13, the Claremont district was one of the areas affected by the 1991 Oakland firestorm. The flames came within a few blocks of the Claremont Hotel, U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Claremont, Oakland/Berkeley, California
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Downtown Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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The area was formerly a settlement site of the Huichin/Chochen band of the Ohlone indigenous people. Artifacts were found in the 1950s during the digging of a basement on Kittredge Street, the site was probably associated with the proximity of Strawberry Creek which ran along what is todays Allston Way. The road or trail which crossed here connected the ranch houses of two of the Peralta brothers, Domingo and Vicente, among these claimants was Francis K. Shattuck. Shattucks portion lay west of what is now Shattuck Avenue and he built a house here at the site of what is today the Shattuck Hotel. The county road going to Oakland along his property was informally called Shattucks road and that name never caught on and the street name was upgraded to Shattuck Avenue. In the 1890s, Strawberry Creek was culverted through the section, the oak trees were removed. Nonetheless, the area developed slowly until about the time of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the end of the line at University Avenue was initially called the Terminus until the line was extended north, after which time it was called Berkeley Station. In the early years, downtown Berkeley was synonymous with Berkeley Station, the railroad served both passengers and freight at Berkeley Station. A telegraph office and Wells Fargo office were situated across the street from the depot, the Key System opened up its electric train service to San Francisco from Downtown Berkeley in 1903. The Southern Pacific responded by electrifying and extending its lines in Berkeley in 1911 and moved its freight operations just south of downtown to Ward Street. In 1941, however, SP ended its commuter train service. From then until April 1958, downtown Berkeleys commuter train service was solely in the hands of the Key System, buses replaced the trains from 1958 to the present. In 1973, BART opened its own Berkeley station at Center Street and Shattuck, once again providing electric service to San Francisco. For several years after the Key Systems F train stopped running on Shattuck, parking islands were created along the centerline of Shattuck overlapping the northbound tracks. In the early 1960s, a series of fountains were constructed which replaced some of these parking islands, the fountains quickly became the favorite targets of vandals who regularly put bubble bath in them. They were soon removed, just before Shattuck Avenue was torn up for the BART subway construction, in early 2007 the Marine Recruiting Center for the northern Bay Area relocated from Alameda to downtown Berkeley in order to be closer to the University of California, Berkeley. Berkeleys downtown section has been the commercial center of Berkeley since the railroad station was built. However, it has had to compete with the commercial sections which emerged starting as early as the 19th century
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Elmwood, Berkeley, California
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The Elmwood District is a neighborhood of the City of Berkeley, California. It is primarily residential, with a commercial area. The district does not have set lines of demarcation, but is focused around College, the most extreme definitions of the districts boundaries do not extend past Telegraph Avenue to the west, Dwight Way to the north, or the Oakland city limit to the south. Elmwood was a suburb that was developed in the 1900s housing boom following the 1906 earthquake. It has a commercial corridor on College Avenue, centered on the intersection of Ashby and College Avenues. The commercial corridor consists of shops and restaurants that cater to local residents. There is also a movie theater and a bank near the intersection. There are also a handful of businesses near the intersection of College Avenue, the housing stock in Elmwood is similar to surrounding areas of Berkeley and consists mostly of detached houses and small apartment buildings. The houses are generally moderate to large Brown Shingle, Arts and Crafts, the apartment buildings tend to be newer, usually built between the 1950s and 1970s, and become more numerous towards the adjacent Southside neighborhood. Alta Bates Hospital is located in Elmwood near Ashby and Telegraph Avenues, Elmwood Shops and Restaurants 37. 85704°N122. 25304°W /37.85704, -122.25304
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Northside, Berkeley, California
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Northside is a principally residential neighborhood in Berkeley, California, located north of the University of California, Berkeley campus, east of Oxford Street, and south of Cedar Street. There is a shopping area located at Euclid and Hearst Avenues. The Graduate Theological Union is located one block west of Euclid Avenue, the north fork of Strawberry Creek runs southwestward across Northside, mostly culverted under buildings and pavement, to the campus. Northside is the oldest residential neighborhood in the Berkeley Hills and it was subdivided in 1889 by George Phelps, who named it Daley’s Scenic Park, after the land’s previous owner, Thomas Daley. Two years later, the tract was purchased for $4,000 in gold by banker Frank M. Wilson. Initial development of the neighborhood was begun in the 1890s with the erection of Victorian homes, in 1895, Bernard Maybeck began designing brown-shingle houses whose steep roofs echoed the contour of the hills. Prominent club members included Maybeck, Charles Keeler, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, the cradle of the architectural style known as the First Bay Region Tradition, Daleys Scenic Park lost hundreds of buildings in the September 17,1923, Berkeley Fire. Hilgard Avenue is the boundary between these two regions on the eastern side of Euclid Avenue while the single-family home zone extends further south on the western side of Euclid Avenue. Following the 1923 fire, seminaries purchased cheap land on Holy Hill, in the 1960s, they formed the Graduate Theological Union. The GTU library, which opened in the 1980s, is sited on land that had occupied for over 80 years by Frank M. Wilsons home. Across the street, at 1820 Scenic Avenue, is the home of Benjamin Ide Wheeler. Nearby stand the Universitys former reception hall, built by University Regent Phoebe Apperson Hearst at 1816 Scenic Avenue, Northside was home to dozens of fraternities and sororities until the 1960s, when University policy forced them to move to the Southside. The Graduate Theological Union and its various schools, clustered around the intersection of Le Conte Avenue, Scenic Avenue. Nine student housing cooperatives, the largest of which are Cloyne Court Hotel, George Jensen House,1675 La Loma Ave. Beta Theta Pi Chapter House,2607 Hearst Ave. at Le Roy Ave. Charles Keeler House & Studio,1770 &1736 Highland Place Weltevreden,1755 Le Roy Ave, hillside Club,2286 Cedar Street Normandy Village, 1781–1851 Spruce Street Joseph W. A glimpse of Northside in 1906 can be seen in this 3-min, silent film at the Library of Congress website. The view is from a streetcar traveling from Oxford Street through Hearst Avenue to North Gate and Euclid Avenue
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Panoramic Hill, Oakland/Berkeley, California
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Panoramic Hill is a residential neighborhood of the cities of Berkeley and Oakland, California defined by the homes along and within the access corridor defined by Panoramic Way. The neighborhood is bounded by Piedmont Avenue, the Clark Kerr Campus, the eastern half of this neighborhood is in the City of Oakland. It includes the streets of Panoramic Way, Mosswood Road, Panoramic Place, Panoramic Place, Arden Road, Dwight Place, the neighborhood is approximately 0.258 square miles. Panoramic Way is a steep and narrow public road with numerous sharp turns. Traffic can become difficult during rush hours, waste collection times or when construction, emergency vehicles do regular patrols of the area to test their ability to access all residents in case of emergency. The speed limit is limited to 15 mph, where the street is only wide enough for one car, the car facing downhill must yield to the car facing uphill, as required by California Motor Vehicle Code. Because of the Panoramic Hill Neighborhoods situation between both the city of Berkeley and the city of Oakland it is regulated by both cities with parking regulation. The Berkeley portion of the hill has a 2-hour limit and is patrolled between 8 AM and 7 PM, Monday through Saturday, excluding holidays, residents can acquire a K parking permit. Parking in the Oakland portion of the hill is limited to 2 hours and is patrolled between 8 AM and 6 PM, Monday through Friday. Residents can acquire an L parking permit, each set of steps is treated as its own walking byway and is therefore named and well marked. Signs are also placed around the hill indicating the direction of the closest set of steps off the hill for visitors who become lost among the trees, architecture, and windy roads. The lower steps are called Orchard Lane, and split at Panoramic Way, Arden Steps are the penultimate set of steps in the series and are severely steep. Arden Steps and Arden Path meet at the cul-de-sac of Arden Road where Arden Path finishes the series with a sloping path and a final series up two dozen wooden steps. The walk and Classical staircase, complete with pillars, balustrades, concrete benches, and an overhanging bower of trees, was built by Warren Cheney, in 1904 Cheney, the former editor of the literary magazine The Californian, purchased the land. In 1909 he commissioned Henry Atkins to design the stairway that still links residences with the University and town, established in 1904 by Warren Cheney, the Panoramic Hill neighborhood of Berkeley and Oakland enjoys a robust history. Panoramic Hill was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a district in 2005. The upper and lower Jordan trails are fire trails through the University of California ecological area, the university is required to keep the trails open for emergency vehicle access. The Berkeley Historical Society frequently conducts walking tours of Panoramic Hill and its surrounding trails, the Panoramic Hill neighborhood is frequently a part of architectural walking tours in Berkeley
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Southside, Berkeley, California
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Southside, also known by the older names South of Campus or South Campus, is a neighborhood in Berkeley, California. Southside is located south of and adjacent to the University of California. Because of the student presence in the neighborhood, proximity to Sproul Plaza. Southside began in the 1860s as a real estate development by the private College of California, the trustees of the College needed to buy a large farm to the east of the Colleges planned campus to secure its water rights over the headwaters of Strawberry Creek. To raise money for that project, they decided to buy land to the south of the planned campus at the same time. They initially hired Frederick Law Olmsted to plan the new town, except for a small area around Piedmont Avenue designed by Olmsted, the streets were laid out in a 1/8 by 1/8 mile grid, and named alphabetically for prominent academics. The east-west oriented streets were named in order from the northernmost to the southernmost street, Allston, Bancroft, Channing, the north-south oriented streets were named from easternmost to westernmost, Audubon, Bowditch, Choate, Dana, Ellsworth, and Fulton. These initial blocks have been subdivided by the insertion of Durant Avenue, and Haste, Kittredge, the neighborhood didnt begin to grow until after 1873, when the university moved to Berkeley from Downtown Oakland. The neighborhood was connected to Oakland by a line along present-day Telegraph Avenue. By the 1920s the area was an urban neighborhood extending as far north as Strawberry Creek. In the 1930s the university campus began expanding southward into the neighborhood, beginning with Edwards Stadium, in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, the entire area north of Bancroft Way was acquired by the university and demolished for new campus buildings and Sproul Plaza. During this time the university greatly expanded its student housing, taking several city blocks within Southside by eminent domain to construct high-rise dormitory units. One of the acquired and demolished during this wave of expansion became the centerpiece of a conflict with people who wanted it to become a neighborhood park. The protests and riots over Peoples Park became one of the events of the 1960s. The boundaries of Southside extend roughly from Bancroft Way to the north to Dwight Way to the south, east of Fulton Street and west of Panoramic Hill. In the 2000 US Census, the neighborhood had a density of approximately 30,000 people per square mile. The neighborhood had an age of 21 years, lower than every other neighborhood in the area. Durant Avenue east of Telegraph has many restaurants, many of them Asian
