1.
Mary Anderson (actress, born 1918)
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Mary Anderson was an American actress, who appeared in 31 films and 22 television productions between 1939 and 1965. She was best known for her supporting role in the film Gone With the Wind. Bebe Anderson was born and raised in Birmingham, Alabama and her younger brother James Anderson was also an actor, best known as Bob Ewell in To Kill a Mockingbird. After two uncredited roles, she made her first important screen appearance in Gone With the Wind, after auditioning as one of the 1,400 actresses involved in the search for Scarlett, she received the supporting role of Maybelle Merriwether. In 1944, she played Alice the nurse, one of the ten characters in the Alfred Hitchcock film Lifeboat, ending her film career in the early 1950s, she occasionally acted on television, for example as Catherine Harrington on Peyton Place in 1964. She made a guest appearance in Perry Mason as Arlene Scott in The Case of the Rolling Bones, Anderson was married to Leonard M. Behrens from 1940 to 1950. Her second marriage was to cinematographer Leon Shamroy from 1953 until his death in 1974 and they had one child, Anderson Alexander Shamroy, who died July 1,1956 at the age of two months. Mary Anderson died on April 6,2014 in Burbank, California and she was under hospice care and died in a condo in Toluca Lake that she shared with her long-time companion, Gordon Carnon. Her death left two surviving credited Gone With the Wind credited cast members, Mickey Kuhn and Olivia de Havilland and she is often confused with the stage actress Mary Anderson or the silent film actress Mary Anderson. Mary Anderson at Find a Grave Mary Anderson at the Internet Movie Database Profile, allmovie. com, accessed April 7,2014
2.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
3.
Per Ahlmark
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Per Axel Ahlmark is a Swedish writer and former politician. He was the leader of the Liberal Peoples Party from 1975 to 1978 and he also served as a member of the Swedish parliament from 1967 to 1978. Per Ahlmark was born in Stockholm, Sweden, as the son of the professor in medicine Axel Ahlmark and he completed upper secondary education at Södra Latin in Stockholm and earned a BA in political science from Stockholm University in 1964. Ahlmark joined the Liberal Youth of Sweden in 1960 and was elected chairman of the organization the same year and he served as chairman of the Liberal Youth until 1962 and as a member of the board of the Liberal Peoples Party from 1960 to 1978. He was elected a member of the house of the Swedish parliament from 1967 to 1969. Following the unicameral reform in Sweden in 1970/1971, Ahlmark served as a member of the parliament until 1978. He also served as a member of the Council of Europe from 1971 to 1976, on 7 November 1975, Ahlmark succeeded Gunnar Helén as leader of the Liberal Peoples Party. From 1976 to 1978, in the first non-socialist government in Sweden in forty years, Ahlmark served as Minister for Employment, on 7 March 1978, Ahlmark retired from party politics due to personal reasons. From 1978 to 1981 he served as chairman of the board of the Swedish Film Institute, Ahlmark has published several political books and many hundreds of articles about politics, literature and international conflicts. During the 1980s he published three books of poetry, one novel and two books of essays and he was a columnist for Expressen, then the largest daily newspaper in Scandinavia, from 1961 to 1995. Since 1997 he is a columnist for Dagens Nyheter, the largest Swedish morning paper, in his writings he accuses the political left in Sweden of being uncritical towards the totalitarian communist regimes especially after 1968. He is a supporter of the state of Israel. From 1970 to 1997 he served as deputy chairman of the Sweden–Israel Friendship Association and he co-founded the Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism in 1983 and served as its deputy chairman until 1995. In 1997 he founded the Sweden–Taiwan Friendship Association, Ahlmark also serves as an advisor to the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity since 1987, and is a member of board of the Geneva-based NGO UN Watch since 1993. In 1994, Ahlmark published the widely debated book Vänstern och tyranniet and his next work, Det öppna såret, makes a summary of new research regarding democracy and dictatorship respectively in terms of war, genocide/mass murder, and famine. In 1997 this book triggered one of the most heated discussions in recent decades in Sweden about freedom and his latest book in the same field is Det är demokratin, dumbom. Ahlmark supported the U. S. -led 2003 invasion of Iraq, in an article in The Washington Times, Ahlmark described Blix as politically weak and easily fooled and a wimp. On account of Ahlmarks 70th birthday in 2009, a new foundation called The Per Ahlmark Foundation was established in October 2008 by the Jewish assembly in Stockholm, the foundation is chaired by the Swedish businessman Robert Weil and honorary chairman is the rabbi Michael Melchior
4.
Swedes
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Swedes are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland, with a substantial diaspora in other countries, the English term Swede has been attested in English since the late 16th century and is of Middle Dutch or Middle Low German origin. The term is believed to have derived from the Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *se. The word must have meant ones own, the same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Swabia. Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in AD98, in Germania 44,45 he mentions the Swedes as a powerful tribe with ships that had a prow in both ends. Which kings ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes, which he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi, who lived in Scandza and these two names are both considered to refer to the same tribe. The Suehans, he says, has very fine horses just as the Thyringi tribe, the Icelander Snorri Sturluson wrote of the 6th-century Swedish king Adils that he had the finest horses of his days. The Suehans supplied black fox-skins for the Roman market, then Jordanes names the Suetidi which is considered to be the Latin form of Svitjod. He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men - together with the Dani, later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes as being of the same height. Originating in semi-legendary Scandza, a Gothic population had crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century AD and they reaching Scythia on the coast of the Black Sea in modern Ukraine, where Goths left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture. In the 5th and 6th centuries, they divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. Crimean Gothic communities appear to have survived intact in the Crimea until the late 18th century, the Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the 8th and 11th centuries. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and it is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea and further as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed through the Dnieper down south to Constantinople, on which they did numerous raids, the Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the varangian guard. The Swedish Vikings, called Rus are also believed to be the fathers of Kievan Rus. The Arabic traveller Ibn Fadlan described these Vikings as following, I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys, each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort, the adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece Runestones and the Varangian Runestones
5.
Kungsholmen
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Kungsholmen is an island in Lake Mälaren in Sweden, part of central Stockholm. It is situated north of Riddarfjärden and considered part of the historical province Uppland and its area is 3.9 km2 with a perimeter of 8.9 km. The highest point is at Stadshagsplan at 47 metres, administratively, it is subdivided into the five districts Kungsholmen, Marieberg, Fredhäll, Kristineberg and Stadshagen. Franciscan monks from the Grey Friars Abbey, Stockholm, began living on the island in the 15th century, because of this, the island was named Munklägret. The monks subsisted on cattle-breeding and fishing and they also managed the brickyard Själakoret at Rålambshov. As a result of the Swedish Reformation, which was concluded at the parliament in Västerås 1527, the monks were expelled, at the end of the 16th century, Johan III established an additional brickyard on the northern bank of the island. In 1635 the first bridge to Munklägret was built, a few years later Queen Kristina donated large areas of land in the western part of the island to some of the generals from the Thirty Years War. They built magnificent entails and laid out great gardens,1644 the crown donated the eastern part of Munklägret to the authorities of the city of Stockholm, which then also gets its first city plan. Three years later the remainder of the island was donated, in order to facilitate migration to Munklägret privileges were given to artisans and manufacturers. For example, they were allowed to set up there without having to belong to the guilds. In 1672 Munklägret became a parish and the whole island was renamed Kungsholmen. When the Swedish Empire collapsed in the beginning of the 18th century the crown embarked on an economic policy to develop Kungsholmen. The entails were turned into factories and hospitals, in Hornsberg a cotton manufacture was established, at Marieberg a porcelain factory. In the early 19th century the military began to settle in Kungsholmen, when Samuel Owen settled in Kungsholmen, it had begun developing into a marked district factories and workers. This development was accentuated when the Bolinder brothers start building up their business at Klara Sjö, west of the Kungsbron, the company AB Separator was established at the end of the 19th century. AB Separator would soon become a group of companies and at the beginning of the 20th century had more than 2,000 employees. The industrial breakthrough led to a population explosion. The population grew from just over 4,000 people in 1860 to 26,000 in 1890, during the 1880s several apartment blocks were built to remedy the housing shortage
6.
Royal Dramatic Theatre
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The Royal Dramatic Theatre is Swedens national stage for spoken drama, founded in 1788. Around one thousand shows are put on annually on the theatres eight running stages, the theatre has been at its present location in the Art Nouveau building at Nybroplan, Stockholm, since 1908. The theatre was built by the architect Fredrik Lilljekvist, famous artists like Carl Milles and Carl Larsson were involved in making the decorations, and some of the interior decorations were made by Prince Eugen. The school was split off as an institution in 1967. The first Swedish theatre opened in Bollhuset and Lejonkulan in 1667, while the plays were sometimes open to the public, it remained more or less a court theatre. The first Swedish play, Den Svenska Sprätthöken, was performed in 1737 by the first Swedish theatre company, the Swedish theatre was turned out of their playhouse by Queen Louisa Ulrika of Prussia after the 1753-54 season, and the playhouse was given to a French company. In 1773, king Gustav III fired the French company and encouraged Swedish talents, and thus, a theatre of spoken drama was founded in the same building in 1787, but was not to last long. In 1788 the director fled the country to escape his creditors, so the actors formed a company and asked for the kings protection, Swedens national stage for dramatic art was established by King Gustav III in 1788. It was then that the Royal Theatre in Sweden was officially split in two, and the Royal Theatre became thereafter solely an opera stage, for spoken drama a new theatre was built specifically, called Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern—the Royal Dramatic Theatre, to distinguish it from the Royal Theatre. In 1798, the theatres and operas of Stockholm were united by a monopoly. In 1825, the old Palace building of the theatre caught fire, the theatre was now located in the same building as the Opera, an arrangement that was to continue for almost forty years. The middle of the 19th century was to mean changes both within and without the theatre and this time, however, the strike was broken by the government, which gave some of them raised salaries and fired the others with pensions. There was much criticism about the sharing of localities between the opera and the theatre, as the localities of the Opera were built for singing and considered unsuitable for spoken drama. In 1863, the Royal Dramatic Theatre purchased the playhouse of an old theatre, Mindre teatern. But at the beginning of the 20th century, the playhouse was rundown and in desperate need of renovation, there was lively debate in the press on the subject of refurbishing the national stage at Kungsträdgården. Many different kinds of restoration were proposed, but King Oscar II was not satisfied any of the suggestions. Instead, the decision was made to completely tear down the old theatre building and to build a new, bigger, fresher. From the 1850s onwards, Stockholm as a city and as Swedens definitive capital had changed considerably as had its centre, Fredrik Lilljekvist was appointed head architect, and on February 18,1908 the national stages new theatre building at Nybroplan opened with Strindbergs new play Mäster Olof
7.
Ingmar Bergman
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Ernst Ingmar Bergman was a Swedish director, writer, and producer who worked in film, television, theatre and radio. He directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television and he also directed over 170 plays. From 1953 he forged a creative partnership with his full-time cinematographer Sven Nykvist. Among his company of actors were Harriet and Bibi Andersson, Liv Ullmann, Gunnar Björnstrand, Erland Josephson, Ingrid Thulin, most of his films were set in Sweden, and numerous films from Through a Glass Darkly onward were filmed on the island of Fårö. His work often dealt with death, illness, faith, betrayal, bleakness and insanity. Ingmar Bergman was born in Uppsala, Sweden, the son of Erik Bergman, a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden, and Karin and he grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion. His father was a parish minister with strict ideas of parenting. Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions, such as wetting the bed, there was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels, saints, dragons, prophets, devils, humans. Although raised in a devout Lutheran household, Bergman later stated that he lost his faith at age eight and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962. His interest in theatre and film began early, At the age of nine, he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern, a possession that altered the course of his life. Within a year, he had created, by playing with this toy and he fashioned his own scenery, marionettes, and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts. Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager and his school years were unhappy, and he remembered them unfavorably in later years. Bergman wrote in a response that he had disliked the emphasis on homework. In 1934, aged 16, he was sent to Germany to spend the vacation with family friends. He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler, Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic. The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful, Bergman did two five-month stretches of mandatory military service. In 1937 he entered Stockholm University College to study art and literature and he spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict. At the same time, a romantic involvement led to a break with his father lasted for years
8.
Detergent
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A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions. In most household contexts, the term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent, detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions. Detergents, like soaps, work because they are amphiphilic, partly hydrophilic and their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds with water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also foaming agents to varying degrees, detergents are classified into three broad groupings, depending on the electrical charge of the surfactants. The alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic, two different varieties have been popularized, those with branched alkyl groups and those with linear alkyl groups. The former were phased out in economically advanced societies because they are poorly biodegradable. An estimated 6 billion kilograms of detergents are produced annually for domestic markets. Bile acids, such as acid, are anionic detergents produced by the liver to aid in digestion and absorption of fats. The ammonium center is positively charged, non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups. Typical non-ionic detergents are based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside, common examples of the former include Tween, Triton, and the Brij series. These materials are known as ethoxylates or PEGlyates and their metabolites. Glycosides have a sugar as their uncharged hydrophilic headgroup, examples include octyl thioglucoside and maltosides. HEGA and MEGA series detergents are similar, possessing an alcohol as headgroup. Zwitterionic detergents possess a net zero charge arising from the presence of numbers of +1. In World War I, there was a shortage of oils, synthetic detergents were first made in Germany. One of the largest applications of detergents is for household cleaning including dish washing and washing laundry, the formulations are complex, reflecting the diverse demands of the application and the highly competitive consumer market. Both carburetors and fuel injector components of Otto engines benefit from detergents in the fuels to prevent fouling, typical detergents are long-chain amines and amides such as polyisobuteneamine and polyisobuteneamide/succinimide. Reagent grade detergents are employed for the isolation and purification of integral membrane proteins found in biological cells, solubilization of cell membrane bilayers requires a detergent that can enter the inner membrane monolayer
9.
The Seventh Seal
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The Seventh Seal is a 1957 Swedish drama-fantasy film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman. Set in Sweden during the Black Death, it tells of the journey of a knight and a game of chess he plays with the personification of Death. Bergman developed the film from his own play Wood Painting, here the motif of silence refers to the silence of God, which is a major theme of the film. The Seventh Seal is considered a classic of world cinema, as well as one of the greatest movies of all time and it established Bergman as a world-renowned director, containing scenes which have become iconic through homages, critical analysis, and parodies. Disillusioned knight Antonius Block and his nihilistic squire Jöns return after fighting in the Crusades, on the beach immediately after their arrival, the knight encounters Death, personified as a pale, black-cowled figure resembling a monk. The knight, in the middle of a game he has been playing alone, challenges Death to a chess match. Death agrees, and they start a new game, the knight with his squire heads for his castle. Along the way, they pass some actors, Jof and his wife Mia, with their infant son, Mikael, Jof is also a juggler and has visions of Jesus and Mary, but Mia is skeptical of them. The knight and squire enter a church where a fresco of the Dance of Death is being painted, the squire draws a small figure representing himself. Upon revealing the chess strategy that will save his life, the knight discovers that the priest is Death, Leaving the church, the knight speaks to a young woman who has been condemned to be burned at the stake for consorting with the devil. Shortly thereafter, the squire searches an abandoned village for water and he saves a servant girl from being raped by a man robbing a corpse. He recognizes the man as Raval, a theologian, who 10 years prior had convinced the knight to leave his wife, the squire promises to brand the theologian on the face if they meet again. The servant girl joins the squire, the trio ride into town, where the actors met earlier are performing. The actor-manager introduces the actors to the crowd, then is enticed by Lisa. The actors performance is interrupted by the arrival of a procession of flagellants, at a public house, the juggler meets Raval who forces him to dance on the tables like a bear. The squire appears and, true to his word, slices the theologians face, the knight enjoys a country picnic of milk and wild strawberries gathered by the wife of the juggler. The knight says, Ill carry this memory between my hands as if it were bowl filled to the brim with fresh milk. And it will be an adequate sign – it will be enough for me. He invites the actors to his castle, where they will be safer from the plague, along the way, they come across the actor-manager and the blacksmiths wife in the forest
10.
Wild Strawberries (film)
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Wild Strawberries is a 1957 Swedish drama film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman. The original Swedish title is Smultronstället, which literally means The wild strawberry patch but idiomatically signifies an underrated gem of a place, often with personal or sentimental value. The cast includes Victor Sjöström in his final performance as an old man recalling his past, as well as Bergman regulars Bibi Andersson, Ingrid Thulin. Max von Sydow also appears in a small role, Bergman wrote the screenplay while hospitalized. Exploring philosophical themes such as introspection and human existence, Wild Strawberries is often considered to be one of Bergmans greatest and most moving films, grouchy, stubborn and egotistical Professor Isak Borg is a widowed 78-year-old physician who specialized in bacteriology. Before specializing he served as general practitioner in rural Sweden and he sets out on a long car ride from Stockholm to Lund to be awarded the degree of Doctor Jubilaris 50 years after he received his doctorate from Lund University. During the trip, Isak is forced by nightmares, daydreams, old age and he meets a series of hitchhikers, each of whom sets off dreams or reveries into Borgs troubled past. The first group consists of two men and their companion, a woman named Sara who is adored by both men. Sara is a double for the love of Isaks youth, the first group remains with him throughout his journey. Next Isak and Marianne pick up an embittered middle-aged couple, the Almans, the pair exchanges such terrible vitriol and venom that Marianne stops the car and demands that they leave. The couple reminds Isak of his own unhappy marriage, in a dream sequence, Isak is asked by Sten Alman, now the examiner, to read “foreign” letters on the blackboard. So, Alman reads it for him, A doctors first duty is to ask forgiveness, from which he concludes and he reminisces about his childhood at the seaside and his sweetheart Sara, with whom he remembered gathering strawberries, but who instead married his brother. In one dream, he is quizzed by a very judgmental medical professor, Borg finally arrives at his destination and is promoted to Doctor Jubilaris, but this proves to be an empty ritual. That night, he bids a loving goodbye to his friends, to whom the once bitter old man whispers in response to a playful declaration of the young girls love. As he goes to his bed in his sons home, he is overcome by a sense of peace, closure and affirmation of life have finally come, and Borgs face radiates joy. Bergmans idea for the film originated on a drive from Stockholm to Dalarna during which he stopped in Uppsala, driving by his grandmothers house, he suddenly imagined how it would be if he could open the door and inside find everything just as it was during his childhood. That was actually the idea behind Wild Strawberries, later, he would revise the story of the films genesis. In Images, My Life in Film, he comments on his own earlier statement, the truth is that I am forever living in my childhood
11.
Brink of Life
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Brink of Life, is a 1958 Swedish drama film directed by Ingmar Bergman. Bergman won the Best Director Award and Anderson, Dahlbeck, Ornäs, nordlander Ann-Marie Gyllenspetz as Counsellor Gran Inga Landgré as Greta Ellius Brink of Life received generally mixed reviews from critics. In order for the film to be screened publicly, the Committee imposed the removal of the scene in which Stina is in due to labour. The official document number is,31260, it was signed on 20 April 1960 by Minister Domenico Magrì, Brink of Life, So Close to Life at the Internet Movie Database Brink of Life at the Swedish Film Institute Database
12.
The Magician (1958 film)
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The Magician is a 1958 film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman. Its original Swedish title is Ansiktet, which means The Face, the film stars Max von Sydow as a traveling magician named Albert Vogler. The scientifically minded disbelievers try to expose them as charlatans, the film was distantly inspired by G. K. Chestertons play Magic, which Bergman numbered among his favourites. Bergman staged a production of Magic in Swedish at one point. The film was selected as the Swedish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 31st Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. Max von Sydow – Albert Emanuel Vogler Ingrid Thulin – Manda Vogler Gunnar Björnstrand – Dr. Don Druker of the Chicago Reader called it one of Bergmans most tightly structured and frightening films. Woody Allen selected The Magician as one of the five Bergman films that he would most recommend to those unfamiliar with the filmmaker
13.
The Passion of Anna
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The Passion of Anna is a 1969 Swedish drama film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman, who was awarded Best Director at the 1971 National Society of Film Critics Awards for the film. The audience is introduced to Andreas Winkelman, a man living alone and he meets Anna, who is grieving the recent deaths of her husband and son. She uses a cane as a result of the car crash that killed them, while Anna uses Andreas phone, he listens to her conversation, after which she departs visibly distraught. Anna has left her handbag behind and Andreas searches it, finding and reading a letter from her husband that will prove she is deceptive. Andreas is friends with a couple, Eva and Elis who are also in the midst of psychological turmoil. Elis is a photographer who organizes his work based on emotion. Eva feels Elis has grown tired of her and has problems sleeping, one night while Elis is away, Eva visits Andreas, as she is bored and lonely. They listen to music and drink wine, which makes them drowsy, when she wakes up, they have sex. Afterward, she explains that during her only pregnancy years ago, the medicine they gave her helped her condition but killed the child. She conveys that it allowed her and Elis to share a moment of emotional affinity, Andreas visits Elis whom he promised could photograph him. Elis leaves the room for a moment and Eva enters, in their conversation, Eva reveals that Anna has moved in with Andreas, and though she is not displeased, she warns him to be wary of Anna. Elis enters the room, when Eva asks him why he looks angry and their relationship is not passionate but Andreas and Anna start off relatively content. Anna appears zealous in her faith and steadfast in her search for truth, throughout the film, an unknown person among the island community commits acts of animal cruelty, hanging a dog and violently killing cattle. A friend of Andreas is wrongly accused of crimes, leading the community to threaten and beat him. Within a few days of the death, Anna and Andreas have a physical fight during which they reveal their strong distaste for each other. Afterwards Anna lies in bed while Andreas follows two firetrucks that passed his home and they were headed to a large barn fire. When Andreas arrives, he is told that the man who is the true culprit of the animal cruelty covered a barn full of animals in gasoline and lit it on fire. It is obvious to the community that Andreas friend was unjustly abused and committed suicide because of flimsy human suspicion, therefore, Anna shows up at the fire in her car
14.
The Touch (1971 film)
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The Touch is a 1971 drama film directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Max von Sydow, Bibi Andersson, Elliott Gould, and Sheila Reid. The film tells the story of an affair between a woman and an impetuous foreigner. The film contains references to the Virgin Mary and Nazi concentration camps, produced and distributed by ABC Motion Pictures, it was Bergmans first English language film, but shot on the island of Gotland in Sweden. It received mixed to negative reviews and was a box office bomb, in a village, Karin Vergerus, married to a man named Andreas with children, visits a hospital where her mother has died. She reacts with sorrow, and is seen by a man named David Kovac, David visits the couple, and tells them about his work, including the discovery of a wooden statue of the Virgin Mary. The fact that the statue was brought to the remote village and he also tells Karin that he fell in love with her the day he saw her at the hospital. Karin visits David in his home, and after drinking sherry and she tells him this is her first affair and that she is uncertain if she is in love with him, but it is significant for her. As the affair continues, David becomes overbearing and angry, when she shows up to his home under the influence of alcohol, and having failed to quit smoking as they agreed, he slaps her. He shares his family history with her, telling her many of his relatives were murdered in Nazi concentration camps during World War II, eventually, Andreas visits David, revealing he has been receiving anonymous poison pen letters telling him David is having an affair with Karin. David dismisses the visit as absurd, and denies Andreas claim that David attempted suicide, David leaves for London, and Karin tells Andreas she feels she must go to find out why he left her. Andreas angrily tells her if she leaves, she cannot return to their marriage. In London, Karin meets a woman named Sara and is surprised to hear Sara say she is Davids sister, Sara guesses Karin is pregnant, though Karin refuses to say if the fetus is Andreas or Davids. Sara also declares she and David will never separate, Karin leaves, saying she does not think she will return. Later, David and Karin meet in a greenhouse, David tells her he has found life without her intolerable, and that their relationship has changed him, and that he now cares about what happens to him. He says he has accepted a position at a university and asks Karin to come with him, Karin rejects the offer, citing her duty to remain. He accuses her of lying and cowardice as they separate, paul Scherer at Indiana University South Bend argued the film contains fairly explicit reference to the Garden of Eden and such related themes as Satan, temptation and the fall. Scherer also noted critic James Gay argued anti-Semitism was vaguely a theme in the film, the statue of Mary also features in the films themes. The statue has a smile, and resembles Karins mother
15.
Persona (1966 film)
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Persona is a 1966 Swedish psychological drama film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann. Persona’s story revolves around a nurse named Alma and her patient, a well-known stage actress named Elisabet Vogler. The two move to a cottage, where Alma cares for and talks to Elisabet about intimate secrets, Bergman wrote the film with Ullmann and Andersson in mind for the lead parts, and some idea of exploring their identities, and shot the film in Stockholm and Fårö. Often categorized as a horror, Persona deals with themes of duality, insanity. In its release, the film was subject to cuts because of its subject matter. It won the award for Best Film at the 4th Guldbagge Awards and was Swedens entry for consideration for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Many critics consider it one of the greatest films ever made, the film has influenced many later directors, such as Robert Altman and David Lynch. One of these women is possibly Alma, a nurse who is assigned by a doctor to see a patient. Elisabet is an actress who has suddenly fallen silent and still, although the doctors have determined it is not a result of physical illness or hysteria. While at the hospital, Alma reads Elisabet a letter from her husband and she also becomes distressed seeing TV footage of monk Thích Quảng Đứcs self-immolation in the Vietnam War. The doctor decides Elisabet will recover better in a cottage by the sea, while at the cottage, Alma talks to Elisabet, remarking no one has ever really listened to her before. She speaks about her first affair and her fiancé, Karl-Henrik, one night, she relates how, while in a relationship with Karl-Henrik, she was sunbathing in the nude with a woman she had just met named Katarina, when two young boys came along. Katarina initiated an orgy in which Alma became pregnant, and she had an abortion, Alma drives to town to deliver their letters, but sees Elisabets is unsealed. She reads it, and finds Elisabet has written she is studying Alma and has told of Almas orgy, furious, Alma accuses Elisabet of using her, though she does not know for what purpose. In a resulting brawl, Alma attempts to scald Elisabet with boiling water, but stops when Elisabet cries for her to not to, Alma tells her she knows she is a terrible person, and when Elisabet runs off, Alma chases after her and begs for her forgiveness. Elisabet also sees the Stroop Report photograph of Jews arrested in the Warsaw Ghetto, one night, Alma hears a man outside calling for Elisabet, and finds it is the husband, Mr. Vogler. Mr. Vogler addresses Alma as Elisabet, despite her telling him he is mistaken, Alma meets with Elisabet again, feeling a need to talk about why Elisabet tore the photo of her son. Alma reveals much of Elisabets story, that she wanted the only thing she did not have, to be a mother, Elisabet came to regret the decision, and attempted self-induced abortion, but gave birth to a boy she hates
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Berlin Film Festival Award for Best Actress
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The Silver Bear for Best Actress is the Berlin International Film Festivals award for achievement in performance by an actress. It is selected by the jury of the festival for films in the competition slate. The award was first presented in 1956, and can be for lead or supporting roles, the award was not presented in 1969,1970,1973, and 1974. Sachiko Hidari won the award for two films in the 1964 competition, in 2011 the award was given to the entire female cast of A Separation. Shirley MacLaine is the actress that has won the award more than once. ‡ - indicates the performance was nominated for an Academy Award Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress Volpi Cup for Best Actress Berlinale website Berlin Film Festival at IMDb
17.
James Garner
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James Garner was an American actor, producer, and voice artist. Garner was born in Norman, Oklahoma on April 7,1928 and he was the youngest of three sons of Weldon Warren Bumgarner and Mildred Scott. His older brothers were Jack Garner and Charles Bumgarner, an administrator who died in 1984. His mother died when he was 5 years old, after their mothers death, Garner and his brothers were sent to live with relatives. Garner was reunited with his family in 1934, when Weldon remarried, Garner came to hate one of his stepmothers, Wilma, who beat all three boys. He said that his stepmother also punished him by forcing him to wear a dress in public, when he was 14 years old, he fought with her, knocking her down and choking her to keep her from killing him in retaliation. She left the family and never returned and his brother Jack later commented, She was a damn no-good woman. Garners last stepmother was Grace, whom he said he loved and called Mama Grace, after the war, Garner joined his father in Los Angeles and enrolled at Hollywood High School, where he was voted the most popular student. A high school gym teacher recommended him for a job modeling Jantzen bathing suits and it paid well, but in his first interview for the Archives of American Television, he said he hated modeling, he soon quit and returned to Norman. He played football and basketball at Norman High School), and competed on the track, however, he dropped out in his senior year. In a 1976 Good Housekeeping magazine interview, he admitted, I was a student and I never actually graduated from high school. Shortly after his fathers marriage to Wilma broke up, his father moved to Los Angeles, leaving Garner, after working at several jobs he disliked, Garner joined the United States Merchant Marine at age 16 near the end of World War II. He liked the work and his shipmates, but he suffered from chronic seasickness, Garner enlisted in the California Army National Guard, serving his first 7 months in California. He then went to Korea for 14 months, as a rifleman in the 5th Regimental Combat Team during the Korean War, Garner received the Purple Heart in Korea for the first wound. He qualified for a second Purple Heart, but he did not actually receive it until 1983,32 years after the event, Garner was a self-described scrounger for his company in Korea, a role he later played in The Great Escape and The Americanization of Emily. During the week of Garners death, TCM broadcast most of his movies, introduced by Robert Osborne, Garner subsequently moved to television commercials and eventually to television roles. His first film appearances were in The Girl He Left Behind, Boyne, a librarian from 1997, and involved a 1997 Almanac that was mistakenly left in the past by Boyne and found by Johnny in a bookstore. He changed his last name from Bumgarner to Garner after the studio had credited him as James Garner without permission and he then legally changed it upon the birth of his first child, when he decided she had too many names
18.
Sidney Poitier
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Sir Sidney Poitier, KBE, is a Bahamian-American actor, film director, author and diplomat. In 1964, Poitier became the first Bahamian and first African-American to win an Academy Award for Best Actor, for his role in Lilies of the Field. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Poitier among the Greatest Male Stars of classic Hollywood cinema, from 1997 to 2007, he served as the non-resident Bahamian ambassador to Japan. On August 12,2009, Poitier was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in 2016, he was awarded the BAFTA Fellowship for outstanding lifetime achievement in film. Sidney Poitiers parents were Evelyn and Reginald James Poitier, Bahamian farmers who owned a farm on Cat Island and traveled to Miami to sell tomatoes, Reginald worked as a cab driver in Nassau, Bahamas. Poitier was born in Miami while his parents were visiting and his birth was two months premature and he was not expected to survive, but his parents remained in Miami for three months to nurse him to health. Poitier grew up in the Bahamas, then a British Crown colony, because of his birth in the United States, he automatically received American citizenship. He mentions that the surname Poitier is a French name, Poitier lived with his family on Cat Island until he was 10, when they moved to Nassau. He was raised a Roman Catholic but, later became an agnostic with views closer to deism, at the age of 15, he was sent to Miami to live with his brother. At the age of 16, he moved to New York City, a waiter sat with him every night for several weeks helping him learn to read the newspaper. He lied about his age and enlisted in the Army during World War II in 1943, Poitier joined the North American Negro Theatre, but was rejected by audiences. Contrary to what was expected of African American actors at the time, determined to refine his acting skills and rid himself of his noticeable Bahamian accent, he spent the next six months dedicating himself to achieving theatrical success. By the end of 1949, he had to choose between leading roles on stage and an offer to work for Darryl F. Zanuck in the film No Way Out, Poitiers breakout role was as a member of an incorrigible high school class in Blackboard Jungle. Poitier was the first male actor of African descent to be nominated for a competitive Academy Award and he was also the first actor of African descent to win the Academy Award for Best Actor. Poitier worked relatively little over the year, he remained the only major actor of African descent. He acted in the first production of A Raisin in the Sun on Broadway in 1959 and he also gave memorable performances in The Bedford Incident, and A Patch of Blue co-starring Elizabeth Hartman and Shelley Winters. In 1967, he was the most successful draw at the box office, Poitier was aware of this pattern himself, but was conflicted on the matter. For instance, in 1966, he turned down an opportunity to play the lead in an NBC production of Othello with that spirit in mind, in 2002, Poitier received the 2001 Honorary Academy Award for his overall contribution to American cinema
19.
Duel at Diablo
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Duel at Diablo is a 1966 western film starring James Garner in his first Western since leaving Maverick and Sidney Poitier in his first Western. Based on Marvin H. Alberts 1957 novel Apache Rising, the film was written by Albert and Michael M. Grilikhes, the supporting cast includes Bibi Andersson, Bill Travers, Dennis Weaver and John Hoyt, Ralph Nelson has a cameo as an Army Major. The movie was shot on location amidst striking scenery in Utah, a frontier scout, Jess Remsberg, is searching for the murderer of his Comanche wife. All he knows is that it was done by a white man, while crossing the desert he rescues Ellen Grange from a pursuing band of Apaches, and returns her to her businessman husband, Willard Grange. The couple has lived apart for most of the two years, since Ellen Grange was kidnapped by Apaches. She had been rescued, but then returned to the Apaches to live with the son of the chief. Jess learns from his friend, Lt. Scotty McAllister, an army sergeant anxious for a promotion. Jess agrees to act as a scout for an Army cavalry unit of twenty-five inexperienced soldiers taking horses, ammunition, Willard and Ellen are joining them, as is horse breaker Toller, a veteran of the 10th Cavalry. Taller has been contracted to provide horses to the army and will accompany the party, the townsfolk treated Ellen Grange as an outcast after her first abduction, and are now even worse. Some men try to rape her, but she is rescued by Jess, the two had previously had a confrontation in a bar, which, with McAllisters intervention, was resolved without ill feeling. On the morning the supply wagon is to set out it is learned she has again returned voluntarily to the Apaches and her husband does nothing about it, but Jess goes after her. While rescuing her he discovers she has had a child by the son of the Apache chief. Jess rides off with mother and child to catch up with the expedition, the supply wagons, however, have been ambushed by Chata and his warriors, with serious losses of men, food and water. McAllister is seriously wounded, but is able to function, the men also look to Toller for leadership. Using the infant as a shield, Jess and Ellen get through the Apache attackers encircling the besieged cavalry force, McAllister devises a plan to break out of their position and take refuge in Diablo Canyon, where there is water and better cover. As part of the plan Jess is to speed to Fort Concho for help and that done, he can resume the search for his wife’s killer. The besieged unit is able to out and hole up in the canyon. Reinforcements are immediately sent to the canyon, where the unit is under constant attack, Willard Grange is captured by the Apaches and is tied upside down over an open flame overnight so that his cries of agony will prevent the others from resting
20.
John Huston
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John Marcellus Huston was an American film director, screenwriter and actor. During his 46-year career, Huston received 15 Oscar nominations, won twice, Huston was known to direct with the vision of an artist, having studied and worked as a fine art painter in Paris in his early years. He continued to explore the aspects of his films throughout his career, sketching each scene on paper beforehand. Most of Hustons films were adaptations of important novels, often depicting a heroic quest, as in Moby Dick, or The Red Badge of Courage. In many films, different groups of people, while struggling toward a goal, would become doomed, forming destructive alliances, giving the films a dramatic. Many of his films involved themes such as religion, meaning, truth, freedom, psychology, colonialism, Huston has been referred to as a titan, a rebel, and a renaissance man in the Hollywood film industry. Author Ian Freer describes him as cinemas Ernest Hemingway—a filmmaker who was never afraid to tackle tough issues head on, John Huston was born on August 5,1906, in Nevada, Missouri. He was the child of Rhea and Canadian-born Walter Huston. His father was an actor, initially in vaudeville, and later in films and his mother initially worked as a sports editor for various publications but gave it up after Huston was born. Similarly, his father gave up his acting career for steady employment as a civil engineer. He would later become successful on both Broadway and then in motion pictures. He had Scottish, Scots-Irish, English and Welsh ancestry, Hustons parents divorced in 1913, when he was 6, and as a result much of his childhood was spent living in boarding schools. During summer vacations, he traveled with each of his parents separately — with his father on vaudeville tours, the young Huston benefited greatly from seeing his father act on stage, as he was later drawn to the world of acting. Some critics, such as Lawrence Grobel, surmise that his relationship with his mother may have been the cause of his five marriages, and why few of his relationships lasted. Grobel wrote, When I interviewed some of the women who had loved him, according to actress Olivia de Havilland, she was the central character. I always felt that John was ridden by witches and he seemed pursued by something destructive. If it wasnt his mother, it was his idea of his mother, as a child he was often ill and was treated for an enlarged heart and kidney ailments. He recovered after an extended stay in Arizona, and moved with his mother to Los Angeles
21.
The Kremlin Letter
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The Kremlin Letter is an American DeLuxe Color spy film in Panavision directed by John Huston, starring Richard Boone, Orson Welles, Max von Sydow, Bibi Andersson, Patrick ONeal and George Sanders. It was released in February 1970 by 20th Century-Fox, the screenplay was co-written by Huston and Gladys Hill as a faithful adaptation of the novel by Noel Behn, who had worked for the United States Armys Counterintelligence Corps. The Kremlin Letter was a failure and thinly reviewed in 1970. French filmmaker Jean-Pierre Melville called The Kremlin Letter masterly and. saw it as establishing the standard for cinema, late in 1969, a brilliant young United States Navy intelligence officer named Charles Rone finds his commission revoked so that he can be recruited into an espionage mission. Now, the government has suffered a significant failure in an important intelligence operation and has turned back to the independent agents for help. This time, The Highwayman, another member of the old group of independent spies is the man leading the effort to reassemble the network to take on this mission. Rone meets with The Highwayman and another member named Ward. Janis begs off of the mission, saying that he wont work for The Highwayman, but only for Stuydevant, Rone finally bribes him into agreeing to participate. The Warlock joins the operation without hesitation, but The Erector Sets hands have become too arthritic to be of use, instead, he sends his beautiful daughter B. A. in his place, as he has trained her to be as capable as is he. The groups mission is the retrieval of a letter, written without proper authorization, upon finding out about the letter, which was a de facto declaration of war against China, U. S. and British authorities had contacted Polyakov and arranged to buy it back from him. However, Polyakov then committed suicide after being apprehended by Soviet counter-intelligence, the group blackmails Captain Potkin, the Soviet head of counter-intelligence in the U. S. threatening his family to force him to allow them the use of his usually-vacant apartment in Moscow. Once they arrive in the Soviet Union, the terminally ill Highwayman sacrifices his life, Rone is assigned to remain at the apartment with Ward and accept reports verbally from other team members, Rones memory allowing them to avoid the use of written records. Janis, The Warlock and B. A. then set out to establish themselves in parts of Russian society as they try to ascertain the identity of Polyakovs contact. Janis later discerns that the Kitai is also a spy and further happens to spot Kosnov leaving a night club with a woman whom he discovers was Polyakovs devoted wife. She is now married to Kosnov, so B. A. plants a device in their bedroom. After that, B. A. takes up with a local thief and black market operator, though she finds herself terribly unhappy. In the meantime, the Warlock integrates himself into the community of intellectual homosexuals. He then meets one of the students who was Polyakovs former lover
22.
Robert Altman
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Robert Bernard Altman was an American film director, screenwriter, and film producer. He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers in American cinema and his style of filmmaking was unique among directors, in that his subjects covered most genres, but with a subversive twist that typically relies on satire and humor to express his personal vision. Altman developed a reputation for being anti-Hollywood and non-conformist in both his themes and directing style, however, actors especially enjoyed working under his direction because he encouraged them to improvise, thereby inspiring their own creativity. He preferred large ensemble casts for his films, and developed a recording technique which produced overlapping dialogue from multiple actors. This produced a natural, more dynamic, and more complex experience for the viewer. He also used highly mobile camera work and zoom lenses to enhance the activity taking place on the screen, critic Pauline Kael, writing about his directing style, said that Altman could make film fireworks out of next to nothing. In 2006, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized Altmans body of work with an Academy Honorary Award and he never won a competitive Oscar despite five nominations. His films MASH, McCabe & Mrs. Miller, and Nashville have been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Altman is one of the few filmmakers whose films have won the Golden Bear at Berlin, the Golden Lion at Venice, and the Golden Palm at Cannes. Altmans ancestry was German, English and Irish, his grandfather, Frank Altman. Altman had a Catholic upbringing, but he did not continue to follow or practice the religion as an adult, although he has referred to as a sort of Catholic. He was educated at Jesuit schools, including Rockhurst High School and he graduated from Wentworth Military Academy in Lexington, Missouri in 1943. In 1943 Altman joined the United States Army Air Forces at the age of 18, during World War II, Altman flew more than 50 bombing missions as a crewman on a B-24 Liberator with the 307th Bomb Group in Borneo and the Dutch East Indies. Upon his discharge in 1946, Altman moved to California and he worked in publicity for a company that had invented a tattooing machine to identify dogs. He entered filmmaking on a whim, selling a script to RKO for the 1948 picture Bodyguard, Altmans immediate success encouraged him to move to New York City, where he attempted to forge a career as a writer. Having enjoyed little success, in 1949 he returned to Kansas City, in February 2012, an early Calvin film directed by Altman, Modern Football, was found by filmmaker Gary Huggins. Altman directed some 65 industrial films and documentaries before being hired by a businessman in 1956 to write. The film, titled The Delinquents, made for $60,000, was purchased by United Artists for $150,000, while primitive, this teen exploitation film contained the foundations of Altmans later work in its use of casual, naturalistic dialogue
23.
Quintet (film)
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Quintet is a 1979 post-apocalyptic science fiction film directed by Robert Altman. It stars Paul Newman, Brigitte Fossey, Bibi Andersson, Fernando Rey, Vittorio Gassman, the story takes place during a new ice age. The camera tracks a blank, frozen, seemingly deserted tundra until two blurry, distant figures can just be made out and they are the seal hunter Essex and his pregnant companion, Vivia, the daughter of one of Essexs late hunting partners. They are traveling north, where Essex hopes to reunite with his brother, Essex and Vivia eventually find Franchas apartment, but the reunion is short-lived. While Essex is out buying firewood, a gambler named Redstone throws a bomb into Franchas apartment, killing everyone inside, Essex sees Redstone fleeing the scene and chases him to the sectors Information Room. Essex witnesses the murder of Redstone by an Italian gambler named St. Christopher, when St. Christopher leaves, Essex searches Redstones pockets and finds a piece of paper with a list of names, Francha, Redstone, Goldstar, Deuca, St. Christopher, and Ambrosia. Puzzled by the mystery, Essex discovers that Redstone had previously checked into the Hotel Electra and he visits the hotel and assumes Redstones identity. Immediately after checking in, Essex is given a welcome by Grigor. Insisting that he means no harm, Grigor invites Essex to the casino, while there he meets Ambrosia, who always plays the sixth man in the game. Essex is unaware that the current Quintet tournament is a fight for the survival of the fittest and those who are killed in game are executed in real life. Grigor and St. Christopher are aware that Essex is not the real Redstone, so they ignore him, Goldstar is the first killed, followed by Deuca, until the only two players left are St. Christopher and Ambrosia. Ambrosia, however, insists that Essex be counted as a player in the game since he has assumed Redstones identity, Grigor agrees and informs St. Christopher that he has to eliminate Essex before he can face off against Ambrosia. Essex and St. Christopher have a showdown outside the city, Essex returns to Franchas apartment and finds the same list that Redstone had. Ambrosia follows Essex to the apartment, Essex slits her throat just before she is about to stab him with a hidden knife. Returning to the Hotel Electra to cremate Ambrosias body, Essex confronts Grigor to demand his prize, Grigor reveals that the only prize is the thrill of the game itself. Grigor insists he stay and participate in tournaments, but a disgusted Essex condemns Quintet. The film ends with Essex taking a walk out into the barren distance. Quintet was filmed on the site of Montreals Expo 67 worlds fair, also, the soundtrack was recorded by the New York Philharmonic
24.
Erich Maria Remarque
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Erich Maria Remarque, born Erich Paul Remark, was a German novelist who created many works about the terror of war. His best known novel All Quiet on the Western Front, about German soldiers in the First World War, was made into an Oscar-winning film and his book made him an enemy of the Nazis, who burned many of his works. Erich Maria Remarque was born on 22 June 1898 into a working family in the German city of Osnabrück to Peter Franz Remark. During World War I, Remarque volunteered to join the German Army at the age of 18, on 12 June 1917, he was transferred to the Western Front, 2nd Company, Reserves, Field Depot of the 2nd Guards Reserve Division at Hem-Lenglet. On 26 June, he was posted to the 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment, 2nd Company, Engineer Platoon Bethe, and was stationed between Torhout and Houthulst. On 31 July, he was wounded by shrapnel in the leg, right arm and neck. After the war he continued his training and worked from 1 August 1919 as a primary school teacher in Lohne, at that time in the county of Lingen. From May 1920 he worked in Klein Berßen in the former County of Hümmling, now Emsland, and from August 1920 in Nahne, on 20 November 1920 he applied for leave of absence from teaching. Remarque worked at a number of different jobs, including librarian, businessman, journalist and his first paid writing job was as a technical writer for the Continental Rubber Company, a German tire manufacturer. At the age of 16, Remarque had made his first attempts at writing, this included essays, poems, the original family name, Remarque, had been changed to Remark by his grandfather in the 19th century. In 1927, Remarque made a second start with the novel Station at the Horizon. It was published in form only in 1998. All Quiet on the Western Front was written in 1927, the novel, published in 1929, described the experiences of German soldiers during World War I. A number of similar works followed, in simple, emotive language they described wartime, in 1931, after finishing The Road Back, Remarque bought a villa in Porto Ronco, Switzerland, planning to live both there and in France. His next novel, Three Comrades, spans the years of the Weimar Republic and his last novel was Shadows in Paradise, he wrote it while living at 320 East 57th Street in New York City. The apartment building played a prominent role in his novel, on 10 May 1933, the German government, on the initiative of the Nazi propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, banned and publicly burned Remarques works. Remarque finally left Germany to live at his villa in Switzerland, according to the data received from the Remarque museum in Osnabrück, Remarques German background as well as his Catholic faith were never questioned by the Nazis. The Nazis continued to decry his writings, claiming anyone who would change the spelling of his name from the German Remark to the French Remarque could not be a true German, the Nazis further made the false claim that Remarque had not seen active service during World War I
25.
I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (film)
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I Never Promised You a Rose Garden is a 1977 American fantasy drama film based on the Joanne Greenberg novel of the same name. Mel Gibson makes his debut in a small uncredited role as a baseball player. Pretty and privileged Deborah is, at the age of 16, after a failed suicide attempt, she lands in a mental institution, where the hostile environment threatens to destabilize her condition even further. Its only through the focused attention of the sympathetic Dr. Fried that Deborah is gradually able to distinguish between dreams and reality again, the film was directed by Anthony Page. Kathleen Quinlan as Deborah Blake Bibi Andersson as Dr. Bibi Andersson played Dr. Fried, in an interview, Greenberg stated that the references to Judaism were removed because the producers were terrified. The author added that the characterizations of mental illness in the film stank on ice, Deborahs name is changed from Blau to Blake. Another major theme of the book, Deborahs artistic talent which flourished in spite of her illness, was reduced to a scene in which she scribbles childishly on a drawing pad. The Kingdom Of Yr is portrayed on-screen, as are some of its gods, the background music for the Yr sequences is a recording of a Balinese Kecak, the ceremonial chant of the sacred monkeys from the Ramayana. The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo, headed by Danny Elfman, in a 2006 interview, Greenberg recalled that she was not consulted on any aspect of the film, and was contacted only by Bibi Andersson. She recalled Andersson telling her that the producers had said Greenberg could not be consulted as she was hopelessly insane, the studio is listed as Imorh Productions, imorh being an Yri word from the novel. The movie was one of the most expensive ever made from New World Pictures, I Never Promised You a Rose Garden I Never Promised You a Rose Garden I Never Promised You A Rose Garden at the Internet Movie Database I Never Promised You a Rose Garden at Rotten Tomatoes
26.
Kathleen Quinlan
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Kathleen Denise Quinlan is an American film and television actress. Her other film appearances include Airport 77, The Promise, The Runner Stumbles, Sunday Lovers, Sunset, Claras Heart, The Doors, Breakdown, and Breach. Quinlan was born in Pasadena, California, the daughter of Josephine, a military supply supervisor, and Robert Quinlan and she was raised in Mill Valley, California, where she attended Tamalpais High School, studied drama and began her acting career. She has been married to actor Bruce Abbott since April 12,1994, Quinlan made her film debut in George Lucas 1973 nostalgic look at the early 60s, American Graffiti at the age of 19. As a young actress, she guest-starred in several 1970s television series, including Police Woman, Ironside, kathleen Quinlan at the Internet Movie Database
27.
Humanitarianism
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Humanitarianism is a moral of kindness, benevolence, and sympathy extended to all human beings. Humanitarianism has been an evolving concept historically, but universality is a theme in its evolution. No distinction is to be made on the grounds of gender, sexual orientation, race, caste, age, religion, ability, the historian G. M. Trevelyan viewed humanitarianism as the product of rationalism upon Puritanism. The idea that mankind could be improved by deliberate social change distinct from the conferring of charity was relatively new, reform distinguished the humanitarian movement from philanthropy. Christian philanthropy tended to reform as political. In contrast, the movement thought reform essential to remove abuses. European individualism can be traced to the Greeks and it was the stoics, who like Aristotle, attributed significance to the human soul, but who, unlike Aristotle, considered all human beings equal in that significance. Natural law, as the stoics conceived it, was based upon this principle of spiritual equality, positive law was subject to the law of nature and, hence, uniquely to the ancient world, the stoics opposed slavery. In 18th century Enlightenment Europe, the idea of the equal moral significance of the individual in this world re-emerged grounded upon reason. Prevention of cruelty to animals involved extension of the principle to non-humans, the stoics had grounded moral significance on capacity to reason. In the 18th century, conflicting religious belief became tolerated to a degree unthinkable a century earlier, in England, pressure on Parliament led to regulation of working hours and amelioration of working conditions. An international dimension was added to humanitarian reform with the founding of the International Red Cross, finally, cruelty to animals became punishable. In contrast, social action in the 19th century was influenced by feeling and, in some instances. The initiative remained with small groups of reformers, which set about influencing public opinion, one reason for the change was the advent of democracy - limited though it was until well into the 19th century. The industrial proletariat crowding into cities made it feasible to hold mass meetings, Political pamphlets had first circulated in England during the civil war. In fiction, novels like Uncle Toms Cabin and those of Charles Dickens drew attention to social wrongs and this led to a change in approach which became less philosophical and more emotive, fastening on the inhumanity to which social action was directed. In 1503, the Spanish Governor in the Indies, Nicolás de Ovando, las Casas, who accompanied him, observed the toll of the work, and suggested the Indians be replaced by Negroes, thus beginning the transatlantic slave trade. Some 900,000 slaves were landed in the Americas by 1600, from the 17th century, demand for African labour expanded greatly with the increased importation of sugar into Europe
28.
Smiles of a Summer Night
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Smiles of a Summer Night is a 1955 Swedish comedy film directed by Ingmar Bergman. It was shown at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival, in 2005 TIME magazine ranked it one of the 100 greatest films since 1923. The film takes place in Sweden around the turn of the twentieth century, Fredrik Egerman is a middle-aged lawyer married to a 19-year-old beauty, Anne. Their two-year marriage is still unconsummated, due to Annes reluctance, Fredrik has a son, Henrik, from his marriage to his late first wife. Henrik is in his twenties and is studying to be a minister but is currently tormented by his love for his step-mother. Henrik is distracting himself from his urges by attempting an inconclusive affair with Fredriks lusty young servant, between his two marriages, Fredrik had an affair with a prominent stage actress, the beautiful Desiree Armfeldt, but she broke off the relationship. Desiree now has a son named Fredrik, born shortly after her affair with Fredrik Egerman. Desiree is now having an affair with an officer, Count Carl-Magnus Malcolm. The Counts wife, Charlotte, is an old friend of Anne Egerman, Fredrik goes to see Desiree one night to pour out his marital troubles to her and ask for her help. Fredrik falls into a puddle outside Desirees house, and Desiree dresses him in the Counts nightshirt, the violently jealous Count shows up and orders Fredrik to leave. After Fredrik goes, the Count and Desiree argue and subsequently decide to part amicably, when the Count returns home, he tells Charlotte about the encounter and orders her to tell Anne Egerman about Fredriks supposed infidelity. When Charlotte visits Anne, she confesses that she loves the Count despite everything, Desiree and Charlotte become temporary allies. Henrik and Anne, unexpectedly finding themselves alone together in a bedroom, consummate their relationship and elope with the assistance of Petra and her new lover Frid, Charlotte then joins Fredrik in the garden pavilion. Learning his wife is with Fredrik, the Count bursts in, Fredrik loses but the Count had loaded the revolver with soot so neither party was ever in danger. The Count reunites with his wife, his feelings for her renewed by his jealousy, Desiree comforts Fredrik and he asks her not to leave him. The dilemmas of the four pairs of lovers appear to be resolved in the course of a night. Armfeldt Jullan Kindahl – Beata Gull Natorp – Malla Birgitta Valberg – Actress Bibi Andersson – Actress Smiles of a Summer Night opened to positive reviews and is viewed favorably today. It has a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes
29.
All These Women
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All These Women, originally released as Now About These Women in the UK, is a 1964 Swedish comedy film directed by Ingmar Bergman. It is a parody of Fellinis 8½, along with Smiles of a Summer Night, the film is one of the few comedy films ever made by Bergman. It was Bergmans first film to be shot in colour, late critic Roger Ebert wrote that it was the worst film he has ever made. 19 All These Women at the Internet Movie Database All These Women at the Swedish Film Institute Database at bergmanorama
30.
The Girls (1968 film)
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The Girls is a 1968 Swedish drama film directed by Mai Zetterling, starring Bibi Andersson, Harriet Andersson and Gunnel Lindblom. It is a feminist reinvention of the ancient Greek play Lysistrata by Aristophanes, in 1996 a documentary on the making of the film, Lines From the Heart, was made by director Christina Olofson. Liz, Marianne and Gunilla are three actresses who have hired to perform in a touring production of Lysistrata. Each woman faces challenges leaving their homes in order to tour, Marianne has left her married boyfriend and finds it difficult to leave her toddler in the hands of babysitters as she goes on tour. Lizs husband is having an affair and wants her to leave while Gunilla, along the tour they are met with polite indifference as audience members either fail to grasp the meaning of the play or are bored by it. Lizs stunt attracts attention from the press but as Liz is not able to identify any one incident that led to her outburst they are dismissive of it. Later all three of the leads go out to dinner and talk over the problem of no one relating to the play wondering if perhaps it would be if they held a woman only show. At dinner they are bothered by several men and when they turn down the advances the men become hostile. On the road, a friend of Lizs husband urges her to home on behalf of her husband, saying he needs a wife to properly support him. Liz argues that she is tired of putting her husband first and she stays on till the end of the play. The tour finishes and the return home feeling as though they while no one is willing to change they have at least made people more aware of the misery of their lives. At a party celebrating the end of the play Liz tells the company that she wants to get a divorce, in 2012, the film was voted one of the 25 best Swedish films of all time. The Girls at the Internet Movie Database The Girls at the Swedish Film Institute Database
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Scenes from a Marriage
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Scenes from a Marriage is a 1973 Swedish Television miniseries written and directed by Ingmar Bergman, and starring Liv Ullmann and Erland Josephson. The story explores the disintegration of the marriage between Marianne, a lawyer specializing in divorce, and Johan, spanning a period of 10 years. Bergmans teleplay draws on his own experiences, including his relationship with Ullmann and it was shot on a small budget in Stockholm and Fårö in 1972. After initially airing on Swedish TV in six parts, the miniseries was condensed into a version and received positive reviews in Sweden. Scenes from a Marriage was also the subject of controversy for its influence on rising divorce rates in Europe. The film was ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the miniseries and film version influenced filmmakers such as Woody Allen and Richard Linklater. It was followed by a sequel, Saraband, in 2003, the TV miniseries six episodes ran between 11 April and 16 May 1973. At about 50 minutes per episode, the miniseries totals 282 minutes, Scenes from each episode appear in the film version, which is 168 minutes long. The episode titles appear in the version as chapter titles. As a boy, he had witnessed his parents violently wrestling, Ingmar also found his mother could be manipulative. The budget was approximately one-third that of Bergmans previous film, Cries and Whispers, with half covered by Swedish Television and it was filmed in Stockholm and Fårö between July and October 1972. Cinematographer Sven Nykvist emphasized close-ups and employed small indoor film sets, Nykvist later regretted not using more tracking shots when he learned the miniseries would have a theatrical release. The filming schedule was one week per episode, Ullmann compared performing in Scenes From a Marriage to appearing in a documentary, saying she felt very connected to the role. She said she was becoming involved in the feminist movement while making the film. Due to Ullmann and Erland Josephsons comfort with their parts, the saved time by not having rehearsals. The miniseries was broadcast in Sweden by SVT2 beginning on 11 April 1973, polls indicated most of the viewers were women. In the United States, a 167-minute version of the miniseries was released in cinemas and it opened in New York City on 21 September 1974. The full miniseries was aired in the U. S. by PBS in March and April 1977
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