1.
Mary Anderson (actress, born 1918)
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Mary Anderson was an American actress, who appeared in 31 films and 22 television productions between 1939 and 1965. She was best known for her supporting role in the film Gone With the Wind. Bebe Anderson was born and raised in Birmingham, Alabama and her younger brother James Anderson was also an actor, best known as Bob Ewell in To Kill a Mockingbird. After two uncredited roles, she made her first important screen appearance in Gone With the Wind, after auditioning as one of the 1,400 actresses involved in the search for Scarlett, she received the supporting role of Maybelle Merriwether. In 1944, she played Alice the nurse, one of the ten characters in the Alfred Hitchcock film Lifeboat, ending her film career in the early 1950s, she occasionally acted on television, for example as Catherine Harrington on Peyton Place in 1964. She made a guest appearance in Perry Mason as Arlene Scott in The Case of the Rolling Bones, Anderson was married to Leonard M. Behrens from 1940 to 1950. Her second marriage was to cinematographer Leon Shamroy from 1953 until his death in 1974 and they had one child, Anderson Alexander Shamroy, who died July 1,1956 at the age of two months. Mary Anderson died on April 6,2014 in Burbank, California and she was under hospice care and died in a condo in Toluca Lake that she shared with her long-time companion, Gordon Carnon. Her death left two surviving credited Gone With the Wind credited cast members, Mickey Kuhn and Olivia de Havilland and she is often confused with the stage actress Mary Anderson or the silent film actress Mary Anderson. Mary Anderson at Find a Grave Mary Anderson at the Internet Movie Database Profile, allmovie. com, accessed April 7,2014
2.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
3.
Per Ahlmark
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Per Axel Ahlmark is a Swedish writer and former politician. He was the leader of the Liberal Peoples Party from 1975 to 1978 and he also served as a member of the Swedish parliament from 1967 to 1978. Per Ahlmark was born in Stockholm, Sweden, as the son of the professor in medicine Axel Ahlmark and he completed upper secondary education at Södra Latin in Stockholm and earned a BA in political science from Stockholm University in 1964. Ahlmark joined the Liberal Youth of Sweden in 1960 and was elected chairman of the organization the same year and he served as chairman of the Liberal Youth until 1962 and as a member of the board of the Liberal Peoples Party from 1960 to 1978. He was elected a member of the house of the Swedish parliament from 1967 to 1969. Following the unicameral reform in Sweden in 1970/1971, Ahlmark served as a member of the parliament until 1978. He also served as a member of the Council of Europe from 1971 to 1976, on 7 November 1975, Ahlmark succeeded Gunnar Helén as leader of the Liberal Peoples Party. From 1976 to 1978, in the first non-socialist government in Sweden in forty years, Ahlmark served as Minister for Employment, on 7 March 1978, Ahlmark retired from party politics due to personal reasons. From 1978 to 1981 he served as chairman of the board of the Swedish Film Institute, Ahlmark has published several political books and many hundreds of articles about politics, literature and international conflicts. During the 1980s he published three books of poetry, one novel and two books of essays and he was a columnist for Expressen, then the largest daily newspaper in Scandinavia, from 1961 to 1995. Since 1997 he is a columnist for Dagens Nyheter, the largest Swedish morning paper, in his writings he accuses the political left in Sweden of being uncritical towards the totalitarian communist regimes especially after 1968. He is a supporter of the state of Israel. From 1970 to 1997 he served as deputy chairman of the Sweden–Israel Friendship Association and he co-founded the Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism in 1983 and served as its deputy chairman until 1995. In 1997 he founded the Sweden–Taiwan Friendship Association, Ahlmark also serves as an advisor to the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity since 1987, and is a member of board of the Geneva-based NGO UN Watch since 1993. In 1994, Ahlmark published the widely debated book Vänstern och tyranniet and his next work, Det öppna såret, makes a summary of new research regarding democracy and dictatorship respectively in terms of war, genocide/mass murder, and famine. In 1997 this book triggered one of the most heated discussions in recent decades in Sweden about freedom and his latest book in the same field is Det är demokratin, dumbom. Ahlmark supported the U. S. -led 2003 invasion of Iraq, in an article in The Washington Times, Ahlmark described Blix as politically weak and easily fooled and a wimp. On account of Ahlmarks 70th birthday in 2009, a new foundation called The Per Ahlmark Foundation was established in October 2008 by the Jewish assembly in Stockholm, the foundation is chaired by the Swedish businessman Robert Weil and honorary chairman is the rabbi Michael Melchior
4.
Swedes
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Swedes are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland, with a substantial diaspora in other countries, the English term Swede has been attested in English since the late 16th century and is of Middle Dutch or Middle Low German origin. The term is believed to have derived from the Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *se. The word must have meant ones own, the same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Swabia. Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in AD98, in Germania 44,45 he mentions the Swedes as a powerful tribe with ships that had a prow in both ends. Which kings ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes, which he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi, who lived in Scandza and these two names are both considered to refer to the same tribe. The Suehans, he says, has very fine horses just as the Thyringi tribe, the Icelander Snorri Sturluson wrote of the 6th-century Swedish king Adils that he had the finest horses of his days. The Suehans supplied black fox-skins for the Roman market, then Jordanes names the Suetidi which is considered to be the Latin form of Svitjod. He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men - together with the Dani, later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes as being of the same height. Originating in semi-legendary Scandza, a Gothic population had crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century AD and they reaching Scythia on the coast of the Black Sea in modern Ukraine, where Goths left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture. In the 5th and 6th centuries, they divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. Crimean Gothic communities appear to have survived intact in the Crimea until the late 18th century, the Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the 8th and 11th centuries. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and it is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea and further as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed through the Dnieper down south to Constantinople, on which they did numerous raids, the Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the varangian guard. The Swedish Vikings, called Rus are also believed to be the fathers of Kievan Rus. The Arabic traveller Ibn Fadlan described these Vikings as following, I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys, each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort, the adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece Runestones and the Varangian Runestones
5.
Kungsholmen
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Kungsholmen is an island in Lake Mälaren in Sweden, part of central Stockholm. It is situated north of Riddarfjärden and considered part of the historical province Uppland and its area is 3.9 km2 with a perimeter of 8.9 km. The highest point is at Stadshagsplan at 47 metres, administratively, it is subdivided into the five districts Kungsholmen, Marieberg, Fredhäll, Kristineberg and Stadshagen. Franciscan monks from the Grey Friars Abbey, Stockholm, began living on the island in the 15th century, because of this, the island was named Munklägret. The monks subsisted on cattle-breeding and fishing and they also managed the brickyard Själakoret at Rålambshov. As a result of the Swedish Reformation, which was concluded at the parliament in Västerås 1527, the monks were expelled, at the end of the 16th century, Johan III established an additional brickyard on the northern bank of the island. In 1635 the first bridge to Munklägret was built, a few years later Queen Kristina donated large areas of land in the western part of the island to some of the generals from the Thirty Years War. They built magnificent entails and laid out great gardens,1644 the crown donated the eastern part of Munklägret to the authorities of the city of Stockholm, which then also gets its first city plan. Three years later the remainder of the island was donated, in order to facilitate migration to Munklägret privileges were given to artisans and manufacturers. For example, they were allowed to set up there without having to belong to the guilds. In 1672 Munklägret became a parish and the whole island was renamed Kungsholmen. When the Swedish Empire collapsed in the beginning of the 18th century the crown embarked on an economic policy to develop Kungsholmen. The entails were turned into factories and hospitals, in Hornsberg a cotton manufacture was established, at Marieberg a porcelain factory. In the early 19th century the military began to settle in Kungsholmen, when Samuel Owen settled in Kungsholmen, it had begun developing into a marked district factories and workers. This development was accentuated when the Bolinder brothers start building up their business at Klara Sjö, west of the Kungsbron, the company AB Separator was established at the end of the 19th century. AB Separator would soon become a group of companies and at the beginning of the 20th century had more than 2,000 employees. The industrial breakthrough led to a population explosion. The population grew from just over 4,000 people in 1860 to 26,000 in 1890, during the 1880s several apartment blocks were built to remedy the housing shortage
6.
Royal Dramatic Theatre
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The Royal Dramatic Theatre is Swedens national stage for spoken drama, founded in 1788. Around one thousand shows are put on annually on the theatres eight running stages, the theatre has been at its present location in the Art Nouveau building at Nybroplan, Stockholm, since 1908. The theatre was built by the architect Fredrik Lilljekvist, famous artists like Carl Milles and Carl Larsson were involved in making the decorations, and some of the interior decorations were made by Prince Eugen. The school was split off as an institution in 1967. The first Swedish theatre opened in Bollhuset and Lejonkulan in 1667, while the plays were sometimes open to the public, it remained more or less a court theatre. The first Swedish play, Den Svenska Sprätthöken, was performed in 1737 by the first Swedish theatre company, the Swedish theatre was turned out of their playhouse by Queen Louisa Ulrika of Prussia after the 1753-54 season, and the playhouse was given to a French company. In 1773, king Gustav III fired the French company and encouraged Swedish talents, and thus, a theatre of spoken drama was founded in the same building in 1787, but was not to last long. In 1788 the director fled the country to escape his creditors, so the actors formed a company and asked for the kings protection, Swedens national stage for dramatic art was established by King Gustav III in 1788. It was then that the Royal Theatre in Sweden was officially split in two, and the Royal Theatre became thereafter solely an opera stage, for spoken drama a new theatre was built specifically, called Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern—the Royal Dramatic Theatre, to distinguish it from the Royal Theatre. In 1798, the theatres and operas of Stockholm were united by a monopoly. In 1825, the old Palace building of the theatre caught fire, the theatre was now located in the same building as the Opera, an arrangement that was to continue for almost forty years. The middle of the 19th century was to mean changes both within and without the theatre and this time, however, the strike was broken by the government, which gave some of them raised salaries and fired the others with pensions. There was much criticism about the sharing of localities between the opera and the theatre, as the localities of the Opera were built for singing and considered unsuitable for spoken drama. In 1863, the Royal Dramatic Theatre purchased the playhouse of an old theatre, Mindre teatern. But at the beginning of the 20th century, the playhouse was rundown and in desperate need of renovation, there was lively debate in the press on the subject of refurbishing the national stage at Kungsträdgården. Many different kinds of restoration were proposed, but King Oscar II was not satisfied any of the suggestions. Instead, the decision was made to completely tear down the old theatre building and to build a new, bigger, fresher. From the 1850s onwards, Stockholm as a city and as Swedens definitive capital had changed considerably as had its centre, Fredrik Lilljekvist was appointed head architect, and on February 18,1908 the national stages new theatre building at Nybroplan opened with Strindbergs new play Mäster Olof
7.
Ingmar Bergman
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Ernst Ingmar Bergman was a Swedish director, writer, and producer who worked in film, television, theatre and radio. He directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television and he also directed over 170 plays. From 1953 he forged a creative partnership with his full-time cinematographer Sven Nykvist. Among his company of actors were Harriet and Bibi Andersson, Liv Ullmann, Gunnar Björnstrand, Erland Josephson, Ingrid Thulin, most of his films were set in Sweden, and numerous films from Through a Glass Darkly onward were filmed on the island of Fårö. His work often dealt with death, illness, faith, betrayal, bleakness and insanity. Ingmar Bergman was born in Uppsala, Sweden, the son of Erik Bergman, a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden, and Karin and he grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion. His father was a parish minister with strict ideas of parenting. Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions, such as wetting the bed, there was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels, saints, dragons, prophets, devils, humans. Although raised in a devout Lutheran household, Bergman later stated that he lost his faith at age eight and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962. His interest in theatre and film began early, At the age of nine, he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern, a possession that altered the course of his life. Within a year, he had created, by playing with this toy and he fashioned his own scenery, marionettes, and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts. Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager and his school years were unhappy, and he remembered them unfavorably in later years. Bergman wrote in a response that he had disliked the emphasis on homework. In 1934, aged 16, he was sent to Germany to spend the vacation with family friends. He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler, Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic. The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful, Bergman did two five-month stretches of mandatory military service. In 1937 he entered Stockholm University College to study art and literature and he spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict. At the same time, a romantic involvement led to a break with his father lasted for years
8.
Detergent
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A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions. In most household contexts, the term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent, detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions. Detergents, like soaps, work because they are amphiphilic, partly hydrophilic and their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds with water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also foaming agents to varying degrees, detergents are classified into three broad groupings, depending on the electrical charge of the surfactants. The alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic, two different varieties have been popularized, those with branched alkyl groups and those with linear alkyl groups. The former were phased out in economically advanced societies because they are poorly biodegradable. An estimated 6 billion kilograms of detergents are produced annually for domestic markets. Bile acids, such as acid, are anionic detergents produced by the liver to aid in digestion and absorption of fats. The ammonium center is positively charged, non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups. Typical non-ionic detergents are based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside, common examples of the former include Tween, Triton, and the Brij series. These materials are known as ethoxylates or PEGlyates and their metabolites. Glycosides have a sugar as their uncharged hydrophilic headgroup, examples include octyl thioglucoside and maltosides. HEGA and MEGA series detergents are similar, possessing an alcohol as headgroup. Zwitterionic detergents possess a net zero charge arising from the presence of numbers of +1. In World War I, there was a shortage of oils, synthetic detergents were first made in Germany. One of the largest applications of detergents is for household cleaning including dish washing and washing laundry, the formulations are complex, reflecting the diverse demands of the application and the highly competitive consumer market. Both carburetors and fuel injector components of Otto engines benefit from detergents in the fuels to prevent fouling, typical detergents are long-chain amines and amides such as polyisobuteneamine and polyisobuteneamide/succinimide. Reagent grade detergents are employed for the isolation and purification of integral membrane proteins found in biological cells, solubilization of cell membrane bilayers requires a detergent that can enter the inner membrane monolayer
9.
The Seventh Seal
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The Seventh Seal is a 1957 Swedish drama-fantasy film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman. Set in Sweden during the Black Death, it tells of the journey of a knight and a game of chess he plays with the personification of Death. Bergman developed the film from his own play Wood Painting, here the motif of silence refers to the silence of God, which is a major theme of the film. The Seventh Seal is considered a classic of world cinema, as well as one of the greatest movies of all time and it established Bergman as a world-renowned director, containing scenes which have become iconic through homages, critical analysis, and parodies. Disillusioned knight Antonius Block and his nihilistic squire Jöns return after fighting in the Crusades, on the beach immediately after their arrival, the knight encounters Death, personified as a pale, black-cowled figure resembling a monk. The knight, in the middle of a game he has been playing alone, challenges Death to a chess match. Death agrees, and they start a new game, the knight with his squire heads for his castle. Along the way, they pass some actors, Jof and his wife Mia, with their infant son, Mikael, Jof is also a juggler and has visions of Jesus and Mary, but Mia is skeptical of them. The knight and squire enter a church where a fresco of the Dance of Death is being painted, the squire draws a small figure representing himself. Upon revealing the chess strategy that will save his life, the knight discovers that the priest is Death, Leaving the church, the knight speaks to a young woman who has been condemned to be burned at the stake for consorting with the devil. Shortly thereafter, the squire searches an abandoned village for water and he saves a servant girl from being raped by a man robbing a corpse. He recognizes the man as Raval, a theologian, who 10 years prior had convinced the knight to leave his wife, the squire promises to brand the theologian on the face if they meet again. The servant girl joins the squire, the trio ride into town, where the actors met earlier are performing. The actor-manager introduces the actors to the crowd, then is enticed by Lisa. The actors performance is interrupted by the arrival of a procession of flagellants, at a public house, the juggler meets Raval who forces him to dance on the tables like a bear. The squire appears and, true to his word, slices the theologians face, the knight enjoys a country picnic of milk and wild strawberries gathered by the wife of the juggler. The knight says, Ill carry this memory between my hands as if it were bowl filled to the brim with fresh milk. And it will be an adequate sign – it will be enough for me. He invites the actors to his castle, where they will be safer from the plague, along the way, they come across the actor-manager and the blacksmiths wife in the forest
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