1.
Korea
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Korea is a historical state in East Asia, since 1945 divided into two distinct sovereign states, North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and it is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan. Korea emerged as a political entity after centuries of conflict among the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Later Silla divided into three states during the Later Three Kingdoms period. Goryeo, which had succeeded Goguryeo, defeated the two states and united the Korean Peninsula. Around the same time, Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo, Goryeo, whose name developed into the modern exonym Korea, was a highly cultured state that created the worlds first metal movable type in 1234. However, multiple invasions by the Mongol Yuan Dynasty during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation, following the Yuan Dynastys collapse, severe political strife followed, and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye, who established Joseon in 1388. The first 200 years of Joseon were marked by peace and saw the creation of the Korean alphabet by Sejong the Great in the 14th century. During the later part of the dynasty, however, Koreas isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname of the Hermit Kingdom, by the late 19th century, the country became the object of imperial design by the Empire of Japan. Despite attempts at modernization by the Korean Empire, in 1910 Korea was annexed by Japan and these circumstances soon became the basis for the division of Korea by the two superpowers, exacerbated by their incapability to agree on the terms of Korean independence. To date, both continue to compete with each other as the sole legitimate government of all of Korea. Korea is the spelling of Corea, a name attested in English as early as 1614. It is a derived from Cauli, Marco Polos transcription of the Chinese 高麗. This was the Hanja for the Korean kingdom of Goryeo or Koryŏ, Goryeos name was a continuation of the earlier Goguryeo or Koguryŏ, the northernmost of the Samguk, which was officially known by the shortened form Goryeo after the 5th-century reign of King Jangsu. The original name was a combination of the go with the name of a local Yemaek tribe. The name Korea is now used in English contexts by both North and South Korea. In South Korea, Korea as a whole is referred to as Hanguk, the name references the Samhan—Ma, Jin, and Byeon—who preceded the Three Kingdoms in the southern and central end of the peninsula during the 1st centuries BC and AD. It has been linked with the title khan used by the nomads of Manchuria
2.
Namul
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Namul refers to either a variety of edible grass or leaves or seasoned herbal dishes made of them. Wild greens are called sannamul, and spring vegetables are called bomnamul, on the day of Daeboreum, the first full moon of the year, Koreans eat boreum namul with five-grain rice. It is believed that boreum namuls eaten in winter help one stand up the heat in the upcoming summer. For namul as a dish, virtually any type of vegetable, herb, or green can be used, and the ingredient includes roots, leaves, stems, seeds, sprouts, petals, and fruits. Some seaweeds and mushrooms, and even animal products such as tendons are also made into namuls. Although in most cases the vegetables are blanched before being seasoned, namul can be seasoned with salt, vinegar, sesame oil and perilla oil, regular soy sauce and soup soy sauce, doenjang, gochujang, and many other spices and condiments. Namul are typically served as banchan and it is possible to have more than one type of namul served as a banchan at a single meal. Each namul dish may named depending on the ingredients and the methods of preparation. For example, a seasoned chamnamul dish is most likely called chamnamulmuchim, a namul dish made of raw radish is called musaengchae, since it is usually the namul dish made with cooked radish that is called munamul. Korean cuisine Banchan Bibimbap Anju List of Korea-related topics Life in Korea, Korean seasoned vegetables
3.
Chili pepper
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The chili pepper is the fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum, members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. In Australia, Britain, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa and in other Asian countries, the substances that give chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin and several related chemicals, collectively called capsaicinoids. After the Columbian Exchange, many cultivars of chili pepper spread across the world, chilies were brought to Asia by Portuguese navigators during the 16th century. Worldwide, some 3.8 million hectares of land produce 33 million tons of chili peppers, India is the worlds biggest producer, consumer and exporter of chili peppers. Guntur in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh produces 30% of all the chilies produced in India, Andhra Pradesh as a whole contributes 75% of Indias chili exports. Chili peppers have been a part of the diet in the Americas since at least 7500 BCE. Bolivia is considered to be the country where the largest diversity of wild Capsicum peppers are consumed, upon their introduction into Europe, chilies were grown as botanical curiosities in the gardens of Spanish and Portuguese monasteries. Chilies were cultivated around the globe after Indigenous people shared them with travelers, diego Álvarez Chanca, a physician on Columbus second voyage to the West Indies in 1493, brought the first chili peppers to Spain and first wrote about their medicinal effects in 1494. It was introduced in India by the Portuguese towards the end of 15th century, today chilies are an integral part of South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines. There is a correlation between the chili pepper geographical dissemination and consumption in Asia and the presence of Portuguese traders, India. The chili pepper features heavily in the cuisine of the Goan region of India, Chili peppers journeyed from India, through Central Asia and Turkey, to Hungary, where they became the national spice in the form of paprika. To Japan, it was brought by the Portuguese missionaries in 1542, in 1995 archaeobotanist Hakon Hjelmqvist published an article in Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift claiming there was evidence for the presence of chili peppers in Europe in pre-Columbian times. According to Hjelmqvist, archaeologists at a dig in St Botulf in Lund found a Capsicum frutescens in a layer from the 13th century, Hjelmqvist thought it came from Asia. Hjelmqvist also said that Capsicum was described by the Greek Theophrastus in his Historia Plantarum, around the first century CE, the Roman poet Martialis mentioned Piperve crudum in Liber XI, XVIII, allegedly describing them as long and containing seeds. Green and red peppers, for example, are the same cultivar of C. annuum. In the same species are the jalapeño, the poblano, New Mexico, serrano, peppers are commonly broken down into three groupings, bell peppers, sweet peppers, and hot peppers. Most popular pepper varieties are seen as falling into one of these categories or as a cross between them, the substances that give chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin and several related chemicals, collectively called capsaicinoids. Capsaicin is also the component in pepper spray, a less-than-lethal weapon
4.
Egg as food
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Eggs are laid by female animals of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and fish, and have been eaten by humans for thousands of years. Bird and reptile eggs consist of an eggshell, albumen. The most popular choice for egg consumption are chicken eggs, other popular choices for egg consumption are duck, quail, roe, and caviar. Egg yolks and whole eggs store significant amounts of protein and choline, due to their protein content, the United States Department of Agriculture categorizes eggs as Meats within the Food Guide Pyramid. Despite the nutritional value of eggs, there are potential health issues arising from egg quality, storage. Chickens and other egg-laying creatures are widely kept throughout the world, in 2009, an estimated 62.1 million metric tons of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens. There are issues of variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning methods of mass production. In 2012, the European Union banned battery husbandry of chickens, bird eggs have been valuable foodstuffs since prehistory, in both hunting societies and more recent cultures where birds were domesticated. The chicken was probably domesticated for its eggs before 7500 BCE, chickens were brought to Sumer and Egypt by 1500 BCE, and arrived in Greece around 800 BCE, where the quail had been the primary source of eggs. In Thebes, Egypt, the tomb of Haremhab, built about 1420 BCE, shows a depiction of a man carrying bowls of ostrich eggs and other large eggs, presumably those of the pelican, as offerings. In ancient Rome, eggs were preserved using a number of methods, the Romans crushed the shells in their plates to prevent evil spirits from hiding there. In the Middle Ages, eggs were forbidden during Lent because of their richness, the word mayonnaise possibly was derived from moyeu, the medieval French word for the yolk, meaning center or hub. Egg scrambled with acidic fruit juices were popular in France in the 17th century, the dried egg industry developed in the 19th century, before the rise of the frozen egg industry. In 1878, a company in St. Louis, Missouri started to transform egg yolk and white into a light-brown, the production of dried eggs significantly expanded during World War II, for use by the United States Armed Forces and its allies. In 1911, the egg carton was invented by Joseph Coyle in Smithers, British Columbia, early egg cartons were made of paper. Bird eggs are a food and one of the most versatile ingredients used in cooking. They are important in many branches of the food industry. The most commonly used bird eggs are those from the chicken, duck and goose eggs, and smaller eggs, such as quail eggs, are occasionally used as a gourmet ingredient in western countries
5.
Meat
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Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted and killed animals for meat since prehistoric times, the advent of civilization allowed the domestication of animals such as chickens, sheep, pigs and cattle. This eventually led to their use in production on an industrial scale with the aid of slaughterhouses. Meat is mainly composed of water, protein, and fat and it is edible raw, but is normally eaten after it has been cooked and seasoned or processed in a variety of ways. Unprocessed meat will spoil or rot within hours or days as a result of infection with and decomposition by bacteria, most often, meat refers to skeletal muscle and associated fat and other tissues, but it may also describe other edible tissues such as offal. The word meat comes from the Old English word mete, which referred to food in general, the term is related to mad in Danish, mat in Swedish and Norwegian, and matur in Icelandic and Faroese, which also mean food. The word mete also exists in Old Frisian to denote important food, differentiating it from swiets, paleontological evidence suggests that meat constituted a substantial proportion of the diet of even the earliest humans. Early hunter-gatherers depended on the hunting of large animals such as bison. Several breeds of sheep were established in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt by 3500–3000 BC, today, more than 200 sheep-breeds exist. Cattle were domesticated in Mesopotamia after settled agriculture was established about 5000 BC, modern domesticated cattle fall into the groups Bos taurus and Bos indicus, both descended from the now-extinct aurochs. The breeding of cattle, cattle optimized for meat production as opposed to animals best suited for draught or dairy purposes. Domestic pigs, which are descended from boars, are known to have existed about 2500 BC in modern-day Hungary and in Troy, earlier pottery from Jericho. Pork sausages and hams were of commercial importance in Greco-Roman times. Pigs continue to be bred intensively as they are being optimized to produce meat best suited for meat products. Other animals are or have raised or hunted for their flesh. The type of meat consumed varies much between different cultures, changes over time, depending on such as tradition and the availability of the animals. The amount and kind of meat consumed also varies by income, horses are commonly eaten in France, Italy, Germany and Japan, among other countries. Horses and other mammals such as reindeer were hunted during the late Paleolithic in western Europe
6.
Beef
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Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle, particularly skeletal muscle. Humans have been eating beef since prehistoric times, Beef is a complete source of protein, and provides many of the essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals that humans need. Beef skeletal muscle meat can be cut into roasts, short ribs or steak, Some cuts are processed, and trimmings, usually mixed with meat from older, leaner cattle, are ground, minced or used in sausages. The blood is used in varieties of blood sausage. Some intestines are cooked and eaten as-is, but are often cleaned and used as natural sausage casings. The bones are used for making beef stock, Beef from steers and heifers is very similar. According to the most recent National Beef Quality Audit, heifer carcasses had slightly more marbling than steer carcasses, depending on economics, the number of heifers kept for breeding varies. The meat from older bulls is usually tougher, so it is used for mince. Beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, accounting for about 25% of meat production worldwide, after pork and poultry at 38% and 30% respectively. According to the data from OECD, the average Uruguayan ate over 42 kg of beef or veal in 2014, cattle are considered sacred in the culture of India and there is prohibition on selling and consumption of beef in much of India. Though India is the largest producer and exporter of meat in the world. In 2015, the worlds largest exporters of beef including the meat, were India, Brazil. Beef production is important to the economies of Uruguay, Canada, Paraguay, Mexico, Argentina, Belarus. The word beef is from the Latin bōs, in contrast to cow which is from Middle English cou, after the Norman Conquest, the French-speaking nobles who ruled England naturally used French words to refer to the meats they were served. Thus, various Anglo-Saxon words were used for the animal by the peasants, Beef is cognate with bovine through the Late Latin bovīnus. People have eaten the flesh of bovines from prehistoric times, some of the earliest known paintings, such as those of Lascaux. People domesticated cattle around 8000 BC to provide access to beef, milk. Most cattle originated in the Old World, with the exception of bison hybrids, examples include the Wagyū from Japan, Ankole-Watusi from Egypt, and longhorn Zebu from the Indian subcontinent
7.
Jeonju
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Jeonju is a city in South Korea and the capital of North Jeolla Province. It is both urban and rural due to the closeness of Wanju County which almost entirely surrounds Jeonju, the name Jeonju literally means Perfect Region. It is an important tourist center famous for Korean food, historic buildings, sports activities, in May 2012, Jeonju was chosen as a Creative Cities for Gastronomy as part of UNESCOs Creative Cities Network. In the fertile Honam plain, famous for Jeonju Hanok Village and exceptional produce, the city was the capital of Hubaekje Kingdom, which was founded by Gyeon Hwon. It was regarded as the capital of the Joseon Dynasty because the Yi royal family originated there. The Chŏnju Kim in North Korea, who Kim Il-sung was descended from, have their seat in Jeonju as well. The town was occupied by the Donghak peasants movement in 1894, Jeonju was given metropolitan status in 1935, and the city was founded in 1949. Since Joseon, it was a metropolis but, left behind the industrialization and it does not have the infrastructure, manufacturing, or heavy industries found in other Korean major cities. Today, Traditional Tour is an industry in the city. Jeonju bibimbap 전주비빔밥, a local food, is well-known across South Korea. There are several very popular vegetarian restaurants serving Jeonju style food, the National Jeonju Museum exhibits ancient relics from the Baekje days. The Jeonju Hanok Village is a village in the heart of Jeonju. It contains many tea shops, souvenir shops, and restaurants. The Jeonju International Sori Festival was among Songlines 25 Best International Festivals in 2014, the Jeonju International Film Festival draws about 50,000 visitors annually. Jeonju is the hometown of the breakdancing crew Last for One, the local mountains and parks are popular for outdoor recreation due to its rural location. There are historical sites in the area, the city has a zoo, a park, and the Hanguk Sound and Culture Hall, a large, modern concert complex on the Chonbuk National University campus. Choi Myung-hee, author of the novel series Honbul that sold over 800,000 copies and she worked on the series for 7 years and 2 months until dying due to cancer. Kim Tae-yeon, member of the group Girls Generation, Kim Sung-kyu, member of South Korean boy band Infinite
8.
Jinju
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Jinju is a city in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It was the location of the first and second Sieges of Jinju by Japanese forces during the Imjin War, the Republic of Korea Air Force Education and Training Command is located in the eastern part of the city. There are cultural-historical tourist attractions in Jinju such as Jinju Castle, the Jinju National Museum, from old times, Jinju was a fountainhead of national culture and spirit. As a city that has held 1, 000-year-old historical heritage of the ancient city, Jinju has been renowned as a home of patriotic spirit, education, culture. Jinju was an ancient city of Goryeonggaya in the Gaya Era and this city was called Geoyeolseong of Baekje during the Three Kingdom Era, and was called Geoyeolju, Cheongju, and Gangju during the Unified Silla Era. Name of this city was changed into Jinju for the first time in the 23rd year of King Taejong of the Goryeo Dynasty and it became Jinju-mok, one of 12 moks in the 2nd year of King Seongjong. In the 33rd year of King Gojong of the Joseon Dynasty, at that time Jinju began to belong to Gyeongsangnam-do, and became capital town of Gyeongsangnam-do. And provincial governor started to reside in Jinju, on April 1,1925, Busan replaced Jinju as provincial capital. On August 15,1949, the government of the Republic of Korea was established, at that time, Jinju-bu was raised to Jinju-si and started to have mayor of the city. On January 1,1995, in accordance with the Law pertaining to the establishment of Urban-Rural Integrated City, Jinju-si, there are cultural events held in Jinju every year. Among these are the Jinju Namgang Lantern Festival which is held in October for approximately ten days, other major festivals include, the Nongae Festival, the Korea Drama Festival, the Gaecheon Arts Festival and the Jinju National Bullfighting Contest. The festival features a reenactment of Nongaes suicidal drowning of a Japanese general from uiam bawi below Chokseongnu on the banks of the Nam River. The festival falls around Gaecheonjeol and is regarded as one of Koreas finest. At just over a third of a million, Jinju is a small city by Korean standards. The annual growth of the population is 0. 4% since 1995, people between the ages of 20 and 29 represent 17. 5% of the citys total population, and justify the citys long-standing reputation as an educational city. The senior population, representing 7. 6% of the total population, is higher than the provincial average. This suggests that Jinju is providing senior citizens with livable conditions, such as a variety of welfare programs, gang Se-hwang, a high ranking government official and representative painter, calligrapher and art critic, was born here in 1713, son of Kang Hyeon. Park Minhyuk, main rapper and dancer of six-membered boygroup ASTRO was also here in 1999
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Tongyeong
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Tongyeong is a coastal city in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. In 2010, it had an area of 238.81 km2 and it is divided into 1 eup,6 myeon and 11 dong. Chungmu city and Tongyeong county were reunited in 1995, creating Tongyeong City as it is known today and it consists of Goseong Peninsula, Hansan Island, Mireuk Island and other islets. It was formerly known as Chungmu, after the name of Admiral Yi Sun-sin. The name Tongyeong means command post and is associated with Admiral Yi. Famous people associated with the city include Yi Sun-sin, whose headquarters were located there, and Yun Isang, Chungmu Halmae, or Chungmu Grandmother, is a mythical old woman from Chungmu who gave her name to Chungmu Halmae Kimbap, a common Korean snack food. Chungmu Halmae, though mythical, is one of the most recognized personages from the area, Park Kyung-ni was a famous novelist, who wrote the well-known novel, Toji consisting of 16-volume story, in Korea. Shin Suk-ja is a prisoner held in Yodok political prison camp in North Korea. In August 2011 human rights activists from her hometown started the “Daughter of Tongyeong Rescue Campaign” to rescue her and her children. On May 3,2009, Bevan Docherty of New Zealand won the race in a thrilling photo finish as he crossed the line almost simultaneously with Brad Kahlefeldt of Australia. In 2007, the number of medical institutions was 106, including 4 hospitals,63 clinics. There are also 23 medical institutions related to Tongyeong Health Center affiliated to the Tongyeong City government, there are several famous food in Tongyeong. Chungmu gimbab is Korean sushi made of seaweed and rice, also, there is spicy sauce made with baby octopus. Chungmu gimbab is the food in Tongyeong, used call Chungmu. Tongyeong has several representative traditional educational institutions such as Unjudang, Baegun Seojae, Unjudang established on Hansan Island in 1592, took charge of military education of the Joseon navy. It was later reconstructed with the name as Jeseungdang. Baegun Seojae was a seodang, a village school providing elementary education. Go Si-wan, a Silhak scholar founded it in 1805, the year of King Sunjos reign
10.
Banchan
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Banchan refers to small dishes of food served along with cooked rice in Korean cuisine. This word is used both in the singular and plural, the basic table setting for a meal called bansang usually consists of bap, guk or tang, gochujang or ganjang, jjigae, and kimchi. According to the number of added, the table setting is called 3 cheop,5 cheop,7 cheop,9 cheop,12 cheop bansang. Banchan are set in the middle of the table to be shared, at the center of the table is the secondary main course, such as galbi or bulgogi, and a shared pot of jjigae. Bowls of cooked rice and guk are set individually, banchan are served in small portions, meant to be finished at each meal and are replenished during the meal if not enough. Usually, the more formal the meals are, the more banchan there will be, jeolla province is particularly famous for serving many different varieties of banchan in a single meal. Banchan is thought to be a result of Buddhist influence at around the mid-Three Kingdoms period, Kimchi is fermented vegetables, usually baechu, seasoned with chili peppers and salt. This is the essential banchan of a standard Korean meal, some Koreans do not consider a meal complete without kimchi. Kimchi can be made with vegetables as well, including scallions, gat. Namul refers to steamed, marinated, or stir-fried vegetables usually seasoned with oil, salt, vinegar, minced garlic, chopped green onions, dried chili peppers. Bokkeum is a dish stir-fried with sauce, Kimchi bokkeum - Stir-fried kimchi, often with pork. Jeyook bokkeum - Stir-fried pork with gochujang sauce and onions, ojingeochae bokkeum — Stir-fried dried shredded squid seasoned with a mixture of gochujang, garlic, and mullyeot. Nakji bokkeum - Stir-fried baby octopus in spicy gochujang sauce, buseot bokkeum - Stir-fried mushrooms such as pyogo, oyster mushrooms, pine mushrooms. Jorim is a dish simmered in a seasoned broth, dubu-jorim — Tofu simmered in diluted soy sauce, a little bit of sesame oil, minced garlic, and chopped green onion. Jang-jorim — Beef simmered in soy sauce, optionally with hard-boiled eggs or hard-boiled quail eggs, gyeran-jjim — Mixed and seasoned eggs steamed in a hot pot. Jeon denotes a variety of pan-fried, pancake-like dishes, pajeon — Thin pancakes with scallions. Kimchijeon — Thin pancakes with old Kimchi, saengseon-jeon — Small portions of fish coated with eggs and pan-fried. Donggeurang ttaeng — Patty made with tofu, meat and vegetables, coated with eggs, danmuji — A pickled radish marinated in a natural yellow dye made from gardenia fruit
11.
Joseon
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The Kingdom of Joseon was a Korean kingdom founded by Yi Seonggye that lasted for approximately five centuries, from July 1392 to October 1897. It was officially renamed the Korean Empire in October 1897 and it was founded following the aftermath of the overthrow of Goryeo in what is today the city of Kaesong. Early on, Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul, the kingdoms northernmost borders were expanded to the natural boundaries at the Yalu and Tumen Rivers through the subjugation of the Jurchens. Joseon was the last dynasty of Korea and its longest-ruling Confucian dynasty, during its reign, Joseon encouraged the entrenchment of Chinese Confucian ideals and doctrines in Korean society. Neo-Confucianism was installed as the new state ideology. Buddhism was accordingly discouraged and occasionally faced persecutions by the dynasty, Joseon consolidated its effective rule over the territory of current Korea and saw the height of classical Korean culture, trade, science, literature, and technology. After the end of invasions from Manchuria, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace, by the late 14th century, the nearly 500-year-old Goryeo established in 918 was tottering, its foundations collapsing from years of war and de facto occupation from the disintegrating Mongol Empire. Following the emergence of the Ming dynasty, the court in Goryeo split into two conflicting factions, the group led by General Yi and the camp led by General Choe. Goryeo claimed to be the successor of the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo, as such, Yi was chosen to lead the attack, however, he revolted and swept back to Gaegyeong and initiated a coup détat, overthrowing King U in favor of his son, Chang of Goryeo. He later killed King U and his son after a failed restoration, in 1392, Yi eliminated Jeong Mong-ju, highly respected leader of a group loyal to Goryeo dynasty, and dethroned King Gongyang, exiling him to Wonju, and before he ascended the throne. The Goryeo Dynasty had come to an end after almost 500 years of rule. After much deliberation, the Taejo Emperor declared the name of the new dynasty to be Joseon, after the ancient Korean state of Gojoseon and he also moved the capital to Hanyang from Kaesong. When the new dynasty was promulgated and officially brought into existence, with Taejos support, Jeong Dojeon kept limiting the royal familys power by prohibiting political involvement of princes and attempting to abolish their private armies. Both sides were aware of each others great animosity and were getting ready to strike first. This incident became known as the First Strife of Princes, one of King Jeongjongs first acts as monarch was to revert the capital to Kaesong, where he is believed to have been considerably more comfortable, away from the toxic power strife. Yet Yi Bangwon retained real power and was soon in conflict with his older brother. Yi Banggan, who yearned for power. In 1400, the tensions between Yi Bangwons faction and Yi Banggans camp escalated into a conflict that came to be known as the Second Strife of Princes
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