Biofouling
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Biofouling or biological fouling is a phenomenon affecting human-made objects in the presence of water, wherein microorganisms, plants, algae, or small animals accumulate on the objects' surfaces and
Current measurement instrument encrusted with zebra mussels
Plant organisms, bacteria and animals (freshwater sponges) have covered (fouled) the sheath of an electric cable in a canal (Mid-Deûle in Lille, north of France).
Biofouling initial process: (left) Coating of submerged "substratum" with polymers. (moving right) Bacterial attachment and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix formation.
Dead biofouling, under a wood boat (detail)
Careening
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Careening is a method of gaining access to the hull of a sailing vessel without the use of a dry dock. It is used for cleaning or repairing the hull. Before ship's hulls were protected from marine gro
Biofouling
…in conjunction with lead and wood sheathing, they were simply intended to combat wood-boring shipworms. Ships brought ashore on the Torres Strait and careened in preparation for cleaning the hull In 1708, Charles Perry suggested copper sheathing explicitly as an anti-fouling device but the first experiments…
An Old Whaler Hove Down For Repairs, Near New Bedford, a wood engraving drawn by F. S. Cozzens and published in Harper's Weekly, December 1882
HMS Formidable careened in Malta Dockyard, 31 January 1843
A diagram of careening, from the Lärobok i sjömanskap (Textbook of Seamanship) by Wilhelm Linder, 1896